The Puerto Rican boa (Chilabothrus inornatus) is a large species of boa endemic to Puerto Rico. It is a terrestrial snake with a dark brown coloration. It grows to 1.9 m (6.2 ft) in length. It feeds on small mammals such as rodents and bats, birds and sometimes anole lizards. Like most boas, it is viviparous (bearing live young) and kills its prey using constriction.
It is extremely similar to the Jamaican boa (Chilabothrus subflavus) which was seen as conspecific for some fifty years until they were split in 1901 by Leonhard Hess Stejneger.[6]
The taxon Piesigaster boettgeri was described from Mindanao in the Philippines, by the Spaniard es:Víctor López Seoane in 1881, but was identified as a synonym of this species by Stejneger. Seoane's brother was an officer in the Spanish Navy and thus the localities of the group of specimens Seoane had obtained were confused during their passage to Spain.[6]
Although it has been known under the name E. inornatus for over a century, having been moved to the genus Epicrates (which had been created in 1830 by Johann Georg Wagler) by the Belgian zoologist George Albert Boulenger in 1893 when cataloguing the specimens in the Natural History Museum, London, a number of authors decided to it move to Chilabothrus inornatus in 2013. It had first been moved to Chilabothrus inornatus from the genus Boa in 1844 by either the French herpetologists André Marie Constant Duméril and Gabriel Bibron,[4] or the Italian snake expert Giorgio Jan,[6] only a year after it had been described in that genus by the Dane Johannes Theodor Reinhardt in 1843. Reinhardt had three snakes of this species to study for his description, these are the syntypes and are stored in Copenhagen. They were collected by a certain Dr. Ravn from Puerto Rico.[4][7] It is often still known as Epicrates inornatus in many publications.
The specific epithet inornatus is from the Latin negation of ornatus, meaning 'adorned', thus the boa is 'unadorned'.[6]
A characteristic of the species is the irregular parietal scales. It can grow to some 1.9 m (6.2 ft), with 261 to 271 ventral scales and 67 to 75 caudal scales, according to Stejneger in 1904, who only knew of at least twelve specimens at the time. The colours of the three live specimens he knew of were variable; two he describes as "bistre" (deep, dark, grayish brown), the other as "chestnut" with a darker colour near the tail, the first had a darker ventral surface, the second he describes as "slate" coloured, and the last had a lighter slate-brown underside with the ventral scales having paler edges. The first was patterned with seventy to eighty indistinct dusky cross bars consisting of a row of spots, these cross bars increasing in width to the end of the snake; in the second these patterns were much more distinct, with the crossbars having pale centres but being outlined in blackish colour, the lateral spots being so aligned as to form a blackish line in the front third of its body, but in the last snake there was little evidence of patterning with only a few scattered and obscure darkish spots on its sides. The iris he describes as "silvery gray clouded with dusky".[6]
It grows to 1.8–2.7 m (5.9–8.9 ft) in total length.
It is the largest snake on the island; other sympatric snake species include Alsophis portoricensis, Arrhyton exiguum and very small blindsnakes of the genus Typhlops. The only other species of Epicrates in the area is Chilabothrus monensis, on Mona Island.[6]
The Puerto Rican boa is endemic to Puerto Rico.[1][4][8]
It is found in wooded and rocky places in the foothills.[6] It is more common in the northwest and in the karst regions[1] which are found along the northern coast of the island.
The boa feeds by seizing the prey in its jaws, wrapping several coils around it, and then constricting until the prey has suffocated. The prey is then swallowed headfirst. The feeding habits of the very young are unknown. However, locals claim they eat small lizards, other small vertebrates and some insects.
This species is a sit-and-wait predator as opposed to an active hunter of prey. It is a nocturnal, terrestrial hunter which is not found often in trees. The dissections of 72 snakes from the West Indies show that while young boas of the genus Epicrates feed primarily on anoles, mature boas (with the exception of Epicrates gracilis) feed for some 60% on mammals combined, which distinguishes them ecologically from the other three genera of snakes on the island. Birds constitute some 10% of the diet. The rest of the prey items are composed of Anolis lizards and a very small number of frogs. They also prey on much larger-sized prey than the other snakes. Half of the mammals are non-native species of mice (Mus) and rats (Rattus), it is suspected that the original prey was other small mammals such as Nesophontes, Brotomys and Isolobodon before the introduction of these species. Bats constitute the other half. Newborn snakes may possibly feed on geckos. It is thought that this species in particular feeds less on anoles and more on birds, rodents and bats.[9]
Since the karst region where the Puerto Rican boa lives usually has many caves, the boa has the opportunity to feed on bats -a phenomenon which was previously seen in other Epicrates species. Observations in the 1980s revealed that boas capture the bats in flight by hanging at the opening of the cave, waiting until bats fly out of it. They then grab a bat with their jaws before killing it via constriction.[10][11]
Pregnant females give birth to about 23-26 live boas.
Historic records, some dating back to the 18th century, indicate that during the first few centuries of Spanish colonization in Puerto Rico the boa was relatively abundant, and oil produced from the snake's fat was utilized extensively as an export (see snake oil). Impacts to the boa resulting from the oil trade were undoubtedly heightened by a concurrent reduction of habitat. Deforestation of the island began during this period and continued until, by the early 20th century, very little natural forest remained. Predation by the mongoose, introduced into Puerto Rico in the 19th century, has been postulated as a further cause for the boa's present status, but there is no direct evidence to support this idea.
In 1904 Stejneger mentions that during his time the snake was rather rare, he himself, as well as a number of other collecting parties in the newly acquired territory, were unable to see one during their expeditions on the island, although a trail of one was seen. Other collecting parties were able to collect five specimens in 1900 and in those first few years the island became a possession of the United States, and bring these to the mainland, almost doubling the specimens known at the time. In the previous century only six other specimens had been secured, these were all in Europe -one in Milan (used by Jan), one in Paris (studied by Duméril and Bibron from Bayamón, there was also a second specimen from Haiti, but this one is now thought to have been misidentified), two or more somewhere in Spain (those of Seoane supposedly from Mindanao), and the three original syntypes used by Reinhardt in Copenhagen.[6]
After the invasion and annexation of the territory by the United States a few years before Stejneger and numerous other Americans were able to collect on the island, there was a subsequent economic decline due of the loss of traditional agricultural markets for sugar, and much of the forests have regrown on the island. There is an indication that the boa has recovered somewhat in recent years, although not to the degree that protective measures can be dropped. To prevent its extinction, a few conservation efforts have been attempted, including a conservation area for it in San Patricio State Forest in Puerto Rico.
The Puerto Rican boa (Chilabothrus inornatus) is a large species of boa endemic to Puerto Rico. It is a terrestrial snake with a dark brown coloration. It grows to 1.9 m (6.2 ft) in length. It feeds on small mammals such as rodents and bats, birds and sometimes anole lizards. Like most boas, it is viviparous (bearing live young) and kills its prey using constriction.
Chilabothrus inornatus, también conocida como boa de Puerto Rico, culebrón puertorriqueño o boa puertorriqueña, es una boa endémica de la isla de Puerto Rico. Pertenece al género Chilabothrus de la subfamilia Boinae. Es una serpiente terrestre con una coloración marrón oscura. Crece hasta 1,9 m (6,2 pies) de longitud. Se alimenta de pequeños mamíferos como roedores y murciélagos, pájaros y lagartijas. Al igual que todas las boas, es vivíparo (con crías vivas) y mata a sus presas con constricción, exprimiendo a sus víctimas hasta la muerte.
El epíteto genérico epicrates se deriva de la palabra del griego clásico ἐπικρατής, que significa 'poderoso', y el epíteto específico inornatus proviene de la negación latina de ornatus, que significa 'adornado', por lo que la boa es 'sin adornos'.
Es extremadamente similar a la especie jamaicana Chilabothrus subflavus, que fue vista como la misma especie durante unos cincuenta años hasta que Leonhard Hess Stejneger la separó de esta especie en 1901.[1] Aunque se conoce con el nombre de E. inornatus desde hace más de un siglo, se trasladó al género Epicrates (que fue creado en 1830 por Johann Georg Wagler) por el zoólogo belga George Albert Boulenger en 1893 al catalogar los especímenes en el Museo de Historia Natural de Londres, una serie de autores decidieron mudarse a Chilabothrus inornatus en 2013.
Primero fue trasladado a Chilabothrus inornatus del género Boa en 1844 por los herpetólogos franceses André Marie Constant Duméril y Gabriel Bibron, o el experto italiano en serpientes Giorgio Jan, solo un año después de que el danés Johannes Theodor Reinhardt lo describiera en ese género en 1843. Reinhardt tenía tres serpientes de esta especie para estudiar para su descripción, estos eran sintipos y estaban almacenados en Copenhague. Fueron recogidos por cierto Dr. Ravn de Puerto Rico. A menudo todavía se conoce como Epicrates inornatus en muchas publicaciones.[2][3][4]
Chilabothrus inornatus se evalúa como preocupación menor debido a su gran distribución, la falta de amenazas generalizadas y la capacidad de habitar ambientes alterados. Las cifras de población han disminuido en el pasado, pero esta boa todavía es relativamente común en muchas áreas y ocurre en varias áreas protegidas.[5]
Evaluaciones anteriores publicadas por UICN:
Esta especie está ampliamente distribuida en Puerto Rico, se describe como común, y es especialmente abundante en áreas kársticas no perturbadas del noroeste de Puerto Rico. Esta especie tiene un rango de elevación de 0 a 480 m sobre el nivel del mar.
Gran parte de la aparente rareza de la boa se relaciona indudablemente con las dificultades de los observadores para detectar visualmente la especie en los bosques. Aunque la especie es probablemente menos abundante de lo que era en la época precolombina, los informes recientes indican que todavía está muy extendida en Puerto Rico.
Esta especie se encuentra en una variedad de hábitats. Ocurre en bosques húmedos, bosques secos, paisajes kársticos, cuevas e incluso entornos alterados como plantaciones, jardines rurales y áreas urbanas.
Esta especie, sin duda, ha sido amenazada en el pasado y ha disminuido en número. La pérdida de hábitat y la fragmentación son la principal amenaza para la especie. La construcción de carreteras destruye el hábitat y crea áreas donde las serpientes mueren al cruzar las carreteras. Es depredado por gatos y mangostas, y capturado para el comercio de mascotas. Las personas suelen matar a estos animales cuando los vean por miedo a ellas.
Esta especie es capturada y vendida en el comercio de mascotas. En una escala muy pequeña, la grasa se extrae de esta especie porque su aceite se usa en la medicina tradicional.
Esta especie se encuentra en muchas áreas protegidas. Está legalmente protegido por la Ley de Especies en Peligro de Estados Unidos de 1973.
Datos: Q250012
Multimedia:
Especies: Chilabothrus inornatus
Chilabothrus inornatus, también conocida como boa de Puerto Rico, culebrón puertorriqueño o boa puertorriqueña, es una boa endémica de la isla de Puerto Rico. Pertenece al género Chilabothrus de la subfamilia Boinae. Es una serpiente terrestre con una coloración marrón oscura. Crece hasta 1,9 m (6,2 pies) de longitud. Se alimenta de pequeños mamíferos como roedores y murciélagos, pájaros y lagartijas. Al igual que todas las boas, es vivíparo (con crías vivas) y mata a sus presas con constricción, exprimiendo a sus víctimas hasta la muerte.
El epíteto genérico epicrates se deriva de la palabra del griego clásico ἐπικρατής, que significa 'poderoso', y el epíteto específico inornatus proviene de la negación latina de ornatus, que significa 'adornado', por lo que la boa es 'sin adornos'.
Epicrates inornatus Epicrates generoko animalia da. Narrastien barruko Boidae familian sailkatuta dago.
Epicrates inornatus Epicrates generoko animalia da. Narrastien barruko Boidae familian sailkatuta dago.
Chilabothrus inornatus, le Boa de Porto Rico, est une espèce de serpents de la famille des Boidae[1].
Cette espèce est endémique de Porto Rico[1].
Il est plus fréquent dans la région des karsts à l’extrémité nord-ouest de l’île.
C'est un boa terrestre vivipare de couleur marron-foncée qui peut atteindre une taille de 180 à 270 cm.
Le boa se nourrit en saisissant sa proie dans ses mâchoires, s’enroulant autour d’elle et resserrant ses anneaux jusqu’à ce qu’elle soit étouffée. La proie est ensuite avalée la tête la première. Il se nourrit de petits mammifères, oiseaux et lézards
La région des karsts où vivent les boas est une région où l’on rencontre des grottes, ce qui offre aux serpents l’opportunité de se nourrir de chauves-souris. Ils les attendent à l’entrée de la grotte et les saisissent au vol lorsqu’elles en sortent.
Les femelles donnent naissance à 23 à 26 jeunes boas par portée.
Des enregistrements, certains datant des années 1700, indiquent que durant les premiers siècles de colonisation espagnole de Porto Rico le boa était relativement abondant, et l’huile produite à partir de la graisse du serpent était un produit couramment exporté. Le marché de l’huile, ainsi que la destruction de son habitat, ont eu un impact important sur le boa. La déforestation de l’île commença à cette époque et au début du XXe siècle une partie mineure de la forêt naturelle subsistait. Quand une expédition du muséum d’histoire naturelle des États-Unis visite Porto Rico en 1900, le boa est devenu tellement rare qu’aucun spécimen ne peut être collecté. L’introduction de la petite mangouste indienne qui s’attaque aux serpents est une explication supplémentaire de la situation actuelle du boa. Il semblerait que les effectifs de boas aient quelque peu ré-augmenté ces dernières années, bien que les mesures de sauvegarde soient toujours d’actualité.
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