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Broad-scale Impacts of Plant Response to Fire ( Anglèis )

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More info for the terms: cover, density, prescribed fire

Season of burn:  In general, early low-bush blueberry is most reduced by
summer fires [50].  Flinn and Wein [58] reported higher stem densities
after burning in fall, when plants had completed photosynthate storage
and had reserves available for new growth.  Smith [138] reported no
increases in density or productivity after plants were burned in summer
in northern Ontario.  Eaton and White [50] observed that the number of
sprouts and flowers was greatest after spring fires.  Plants burned
after July 1 did not sprout until the following year [110].  Plants
burned in August, September, October, or November, do not sprout until
the following spring [50].  Spring fires typically promote fewer
competitors than do fall fires [139].  In commercial blueberry fields,
increases in dry matter and percent cover have been noted after both
spring and fall fires [139].

For further information on early low-bush blueberry to fire, see Fire Case
Studies
. Also see the Research Project Summary Vegetation change in
grasslands and heathlands following multiple spring, summer, and fall
prescription fires in Massachusetts
, which provides information on
prescribed fire and postfire response of plant community species, including
early low-bush blueberry, that was not available when this species review
was originally written.
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cc-publicdomain
sitassion bibliogràfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Vaccinium angustifolium. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Common Names ( Anglèis )

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early low-bush blueberry
low sweet blueberry
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cc-publicdomain
sitassion bibliogràfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Vaccinium angustifolium. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Description ( Anglèis )

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More info for the terms: fruit, shrub

Early low-bush blueberry is an erect, low-growing, variable shrub that
reaches 2 to 24 inches (5-60 cm) in height [17,34,141,157].  It
typically forms dense, extensive colonies [157].  Roots are shallow and
fibrous but may possess a taproot, which can extend to 3 feet (1 m) in
depth [17,66,72].  Woody rhizomes average 0.18 inch (4.5 mm) in diameter
and 2.4 inches (6 cm) in depth [56].

Flowers are borne in short, few-flowered terminals or axillary racemes
[94,111,157].  Fruit is a globular berry averaging 0.12 to 0.4 inch
(4-11 mm) in diameter [94,150]; some cultivars produce fruit up to 1
inch (2.5 cm) in diameter [7].  The berries are very sweet [150].  Each
contains numerous nutlets averaging approximately 0.04 inch (1.2 mm) in
length [157].
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cc-publicdomain
sitassion bibliogràfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Vaccinium angustifolium. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Distribution ( Anglèis )

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Early low-bush blueberry grows from Labrador and Newfoundland westward to
southern Manitoba and Minnesota [160].  It extends southward to northern
Illinois in the West, and from New England through the Appalachians to
West Virginia and Virginia in the East [70,119,157].
licensa
cc-publicdomain
sitassion bibliogràfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Vaccinium angustifolium. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Fire Ecology ( Anglèis )

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More info for the terms: fire frequency, fire regime, forest, frequency, fruit, natural, root crown, seed

Early low-bush blueberry is well adapted to fire [29,144].  It generally
sprouts from the rhizomes or root crown after aboveground vegetation is
removed or damaged by fire.  Some seed may be transported on-site by
birds and mammals, but seedling establishment is generally limited to
favorable sites in good years and appears to play a minimal role in
postfire reestablishment.  Fire removes decadent aboveground vegetation
and promotes vigorous growth [29].  In parts of the Maritimes and the
northeastern United States, peatlands, lakes, and rocky outcrops serve
as natural fire breaks [59].  Fires in these areas are frequently
patchy, creating forest openings into which early low-bush blueberry can
rapidly expand.  Plants within these openings receive sufficient light
for good vigor and fruit production.

Fire frequencies vary across its wide range, but early low-bush blueberry
appears well adapted to survive in many FIRE REGIMES.  In Acadian
forests, fire frequencies range from 60 to 1,000 years [55].  In parts
of southeastern Labrador, fire occurs an average of once every 500 years
[59], and in parts of New Brunswick, an average of once every 370 years
[55].  In drier inland areas, fire-free intervals are much shorter.
Fire is important in maintaining jack pine communities in which low
sweet blueberry occurs as an understory dominant [59].  In jack pine
communities of Minnesota, fire frequency has been estimated at 100 years
[172].  Fire frequencies in Wisconsin pine barrens have been estimated
at 20 to 40 years [163].  Occasional fires maintain the open character
of these communities and allow for the continued prominence of early low-bush
blueberry.

FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
licensa
cc-publicdomain
sitassion bibliogràfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Vaccinium angustifolium. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Fire Management Considerations ( Anglèis )

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More info for the terms: cover, fire management, forest, fruit, fuel, fuel loading, hardwood, lichen, lichens, mesic, prescribed fire, restoration, shrub, xeric

Prescribed fire:  Prescribed fire can be used to improve fruit yields
[77,132].  In order to remove decadent aboveground foliage without
damaging rhizomes, hot fires should be avoided [124]. 

Fuels and flammability:  Fuel loads are low and discontinuous in xeric
jack pine-red pine forests dominated by early low-bush blueberry, common
juniper (Juniperus communis), lichens, and mosses [24].  Fires in these
communities tend to be of irregular intensity.  The probability of crown
fires increases in later successional stages in more mesic stands [24].
In northeastern New York, Stergas and Adams [145] reported that
"fire-line intensities greater than 1500 kW/m can easily develop into
crown fires."  Low rates of spread may be necessary to keep a prescribed
fire under control given the potential fuel loading and heat content of
the aboveground understory vegetation, which is dominated by early low-bush
blueberry, black huckleberry, and lichen [143].  Ash content of low
sweet blueberry ranges from 4.20 to 4.54 percent, high heat content from
20,134 to 20,298 KgJ/kg, and ash-free high heat content from 21,040 to
21,084 kJ/kg [143]:

Wildlife considerations:  In central Wisconsin, prescribed fires are
recommended at 4-year intervals where management aims include limiting
shrub growth and providing habitat for white-tailed deer, sharp-tailed
grouse, and prairie chickens [27].  Fire can be used to aid the
restoration of sand barren vegetation [27].  Vogl [163] reported that
burning at 10-year intervals would allow early low-bush blueberry to reach
maximum fruit yields and allow time for maximum fuel accumulations to
reduce competing oaks, aspen, and birch.  Prescribed fire can be used to
increase grouse numbers in Pennsylvania hardwood forests with a low
sweet blueberry understory [131].

Disease:  Regular burn pruning can limit the spread of red leaf disease
[113] and blueberry leaf spot [12].  However, some diseases such as
powdery mildew and rust (Pucciniastrum myrtilli) tend to increase with
the proliferation of the host plant [12].

Nutrients:  Nutrient content of early low-bush blueberry foliage is altered
by burning [29,78,116].  Leaf tissue from burned plants is typically
higher in nitrogen and phosphorus [78].  Comparative values are
available [29,116].



FIRE CASE STUDY:

SPECIES: Vaccinium angustifolium
FIRE CASE STUDY CITATION :
Tirmenstein, D. A., compiler. 1991. Burn pruning of early low-bush blueberry in Minnesota.
In: Vaccinium angustifolium. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online].
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station,
Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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months[6] = "July";
months[7] = "August";
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document.write(year+", "+months[month]+" "+day);
].


REFERENCE :
Shubat, Deborah Jo. 1983. Management of native lowbush blueberry for
recreational picking in northeastern Minnesota. Minneapolis, MN:
University of Minnesota. 79 p. Thesis. [132].


SEASON/SEVERITY CLASSIFICATION :
May/not reported.


STUDY LOCATION :
Sites are located along Highway 1 in northeastern Minnesota, south of the Ely
Airport, and 2 miles north of Silver Bay on Lake Superior.  Specific locations
are as follows:

     (1) Palisades Site:  located 2.5 miles (4 km) northeast of Silver Bay on
            Highway 61. (SW 1/4 Sec 22, T56N, R7W).
     (2) Isabella Tracks:  cleared area north of Ely on Highway 1,
            approximately 0.5 mile (0.8 km) west of Forest Service
            Headquarters at Isabella, Minnesota.  (NE 1/4, SE 1/4, Sec 1,
            T59N, R9W).
     (3) Isabella Sawbill: 12 miles (19 km) east of Isabella, Minnesota, just
            west of Sawbill Landing (NE 1/4 Sec 1, T60N, R8W).
     (4) Ely North:  2 miles (3 km) south of Ely Airport on Highway 120 and
            Highway 1 (W 1/2, NE 1/4, SW 1/4, Sec 35, T62N, R12W).
     (5) Ely South:  located near Ely, Minnesota (SW 1/4, NW 1/4, NW 1/4, Sec
            11, T61N, R12W).


PREFIRE VEGETATIVE COMMUNITY :
The preburn vegetative community consisted of pure open stands of low
sweet blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium), or stands made up of both low
sweet blueberry and velvetleaf blueberry (V. myrtilloides).

     (1) Palisade Site:  Early low-bush blueberry plants were short and "stunted."
     (2) Isabella Tracks:  Velvetleaf blueberry was the primary lowbush
           blueberry at this site.
     (3) Isabella Sawbill:  This stand was made up of young, vigorous low
            sweet blueberry plants.
     (4) Ely North:  Many weedy species were intermixed with early low-bush
            blueberry.
     (5) Ely South:  This stand exhibited few weedy plants.  The soil surface
            was cover with decomposing branches and small logs.  Early low-bush
            blueberry plants were described as vigorous.


TARGET SPECIES PHENOLOGICAL STATE :
not reported


SITE DESCRIPTION :
Paired plots, burned and unburned, were located at four of the location.
The fifth site (Palisade) had only the unburned plot.  All plots were on
level ground in full sun.  Soils were as follows:

           P         IT           IS           EN           ES
                  a      b      a     b      a      b      a     b
pH        4.5    5.3    5.3    5.3   5.4    5.0    5.4    5.0   4.1
organic
 matter   high   low    low    low    med.  low    low    low   med.
nitrogen  low    low    low    low    low   low    low    low   low
texture   loam  loamy  sandy  loamy  loamy  loamy  sand  loamy  sand
                 sand   loam   sand   sand   sand         sand 

a unburned plot   P  Palisade site     IS Isabella Sawbill site
b burn plot       ES  Ely South site   IT Isabella Tracks site
                  EN  Ely North site


FIRE DESCRIPTION :
      Palisades Site - not burned.
      Isabella Tracks - mechanically pruned and burn-pruned plots.
      Isabella Sawbill - mechanically pruned and burn-pruned plots.
      Ely North - mechanically pruned and burn-pruned plots.
      Ely South - mechanically pruned and burn-pruned plots.

Dried straw was spread across the burn-pruned plots prior to ignition.


FIRE EFFECTS ON TARGET SPECIES :
             stems/     flower buds/      stem length       stand
             0.1 m sq.  plant                 (cm)          age (yrs)
Isabella
Tracks-
  unburned     2.3          6                 22               3
  burned       2            8                 24               3

Isabella
Sawbill
  unburned     3           2.3                22               2.6
  burned       5           2.4                22               2

Ely North    
  unburned     2           2                  23               4
  burned       2.3         1                  23               4

Ely South
  unburned     3          11.6                35               4
  burned       2           5.5                25               5


FIRE MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS :
Both burning and mechanical pruning increased stem numbers.  However,
mechanically pruned plants produced more flower buds than the
burn-pruned plants.  Tests indicated that mulch should not be applied to
recently pruned plants.  Fertilizers proved to be most effective on
mechanically pruned and untreated plants.  They had little effect on
recently burned plants.  Best results were observed when plants were
mechanically clipped or fire pruned in April or November.  This
experiment suggests that semicultivated stands of early low-bush blueberry in
Minnesota may need to be pruned every 4 to 5 years rather than every
other year as is most common in parts of the Northeast.
licensa
cc-publicdomain
sitassion bibliogràfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Vaccinium angustifolium. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Fire Management Implications ( Anglèis )

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Both burning and mechanical pruning increased stem numbers.  However,
mechanically pruned plants produced more flower buds than the
burn-pruned plants.  Tests indicated that mulch should not be applied to
recently pruned plants.  Fertilizers proved to be most effective on
mechanically pruned and untreated plants.  They had little effect on
recently burned plants.  Best results were observed when plants were
mechanically clipped or fire pruned in April or November.  This
experiment suggests that semicultivated stands of early low-bush blueberry in
Minnesota may need to be pruned every 4 to 5 years rather than every
other year as is most common in parts of the Northeast.

Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification) ( Anglèis )

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More info on this topic.

More info for the term: phanerophyte

  
   Phanerophyte
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sitassion bibliogràfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Vaccinium angustifolium. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat characteristics ( Anglèis )

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More info for the term: hardwood

Early low-bush blueberry grows in a wide variety of habitats [105].  It
occurs in mixed conifer and hardwood forests, in headlands, high moors,
upland bogs, peaty barrens, along sandy riverbanks, and on exposed rocky
outcrops of the Canadian Shield [49,56,105,157].  Early low-bush blueberry is
a prominent component of jack pine (Pinus banksiana) barrens, maple
groves, oak savannas, and poplar regeneration forests [105,145,157].  It
is common in abandoned pastures and clearcuts, and along roadsides
[141,157].

Climate:  Early low-bush blueberry is tolerant of a wide range of
temperatures [154].  It grows in areas having a dry, sunny, continental
climatic regime receiving an average of 20 inches (500 mm) of
precipitation annually, as well as in areas having cloudy maritime
climates receiving 61 to 79 inches (1,560-1,950 mm) of precipitation
annually [83].

Shade:  Shade is detrimental to the growth of early low-bush blueberry in the
Atlantic Provinces but is necessary for optimal growth in Manitoba's
dry, sunny continental climate [83].

Soils:  Early low-bush blueberry is most commonly associated with light,
well-drained acidic soils [124].  Soils generally have a high organic
content but may be relatively low in available mineral nutrients
[29,77].  Soils are often shallow and discontinuous [152].  Early low-bush
blueberry grows on loam, sandy loam, gravelly loam, and silt or clay
loam developed from sandstone, shale, or glacial drift [49,78,124].
Parent materials vary but include granite, quartzite, gneiss, shale, and
sandstone pavement [152].  In much of eastern Ontario, soils have formed
over Precambrian bedrock [137].  Early low-bush blueberry grows on acidic
soils with pH ranging from 2.8 to 6.6 [157] but reportedly thrives on
soils with a pH of 4.2 to 5.2 [70,97,157].  Plants generally grow better
on undisturbed rather then tilled soil [96].  Early low-bush blueberry occurs
at elevations from sea level to 4,950 feet (1,500 m) [72,150].
licensa
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sitassion bibliogràfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Vaccinium angustifolium. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Cover Types ( Anglèis )

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More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

     1  Jack pine
     5  Balsam fir
    12  Black spruce
    13  Black spruce - tamarack
    14  Northern pin oak
    15  Red pine
    16  Aspen
    18  Paper birch
    20  White pine - northern red oak - red maple
    21  Eastern white pine
    24  Hemlock - yellow birch
    25  Sugar maple - beech - yellow birch
    27  Sugar maple
    30  Red spruce - yellow birch
    32  Red spruce
    33  Red spruce - balsam fir
    34  Red spruce - Fraser fir
    35  Paper birch - red spruce - balsam fir
    37  Northern white-cedar
    39  Black ash - American elm - red maple
    43  Bear oak
    44  Chestnut oak
    51  White pine - chestnut oak
    52  White pine - black oak - northern red oak
    53  White oak
    55  Northern red oak
    60  Beech - sugar maple
   107  White spruce
   108  Red maple
   110  Black oak
licensa
cc-publicdomain
sitassion bibliogràfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Vaccinium angustifolium. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Ecosystem ( Anglèis )

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More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

   FRES10  White - red - jack pine
   FRES11  Spruce - fir
   FRES14  Oak - pine
   FRES15  Oak - hickory
   FRES17  Elm - ash - cottonwood
   FRES18  Maple - beech - birch
   FRES19  Aspen - birch
licensa
cc-publicdomain
sitassion bibliogràfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Vaccinium angustifolium. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Plant Associations ( Anglèis )

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More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the terms: bog, forest

   K081  Oak savanna
   K094  Conifer bog
   K095  Great Lakes pine forest
   K096  Northeastern spruce - fir forest
   K100  Oak - hickory forest
   K106  Northern hardwoods
   K107  Northern hardwoods - fir forest
   K108  Northern hardwoods - spruce forest
   K109  Transition between K104 and K106
   K110  Northeastern oak - pine forest
   K111  Oak - hickory - pine forest
licensa
cc-publicdomain
sitassion bibliogràfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Vaccinium angustifolium. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Immediate Effect of Fire ( Anglèis )

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More info for the terms: fire severity, muskeg, rhizome, severity

Early low-bush blueberry is tolerant of heat [56].  Underground portions of
the plant generally survive wildfires or prescribed fires [157], even
even when all aboveground vegetation is consumed [28,41].  In jack pine
barrens, rhizomes have survived brief exposure to fires producing soil
surface temperatures up to 1,013 degrees Fahrenheit (545 deg C) [140].
However, exposure to temperatures of 1,295 to 1,513 degrees Fahrenheit
(702-823 deg C) for 80 sec apparently resulted in some rhizome mortality
[111].

Fire effects vary with fire severity and intensity, and season of burn
[136].  Rhizome mortality increases as heat penetration into the soil
increases [136].  In a northern Wisconsin muskeg, survival was poor
after hot fires burned out layers of sphagnum [161].  Plants are
generally most severely harmed by hot summer fires which occur when food
reserves are low [55].  Seedlings that lack a well-developed rhizome
system are often killed by recurring fires [96].
licensa
cc-publicdomain
sitassion bibliogràfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Vaccinium angustifolium. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Importance to Livestock and Wildlife ( Anglèis )

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More info for the term: fruit

Browse:  The black bear, eastern cottontail, and white-tailed deer feed
on the foliage of early low-bush blueberry [71].  In spruce-fir forests of
north-central Maine, it is preferred deer browse [112].  In central
Pennsylvania, deer use is light year-round [30]; deer often eat
overwintering shoots during the early spring [17] and browse plants
during fall and winter [131].  Early low-bush blueberry is an important moose
browse in parts of Maine [112] but is rarely eaten in northeastern
Minnesota [85].  Domestic sheep commonly avoid early low-bush blueberry
browse [72].

Fruit and flowers:  Fruit is readily eaten by a wide variety of birds
and mammals [70].  In some areas, it is a particularly important late
summer-early fall ptarmigan food [158].  Flower buds are readily eaten
by ruffed grouse during the winter and are considered a major food
source during February in some areas [131]. 

Wildlife species that feed on the fruit include:  mammals - black bear,
red fox, raccoon, red-backed vole, and many species of mice
[17,70,99,132]; birds - American robin, common crow, and eastern
bluebird [70,132].  Wildlife species that eat the fruits of Vaccinium
spp. in general include:  mammals - white-footed mouse, fox squirrel,
red squirrel, eastern spotted skunk, gray fox, and many species of
chipmunks [100,108,124,157,160]; birds - wild turkey, ruffed grouse,
spruce grouse, gray catbird, brown thrasher, rufous-sided towhee,
northern mockingbird, black-capped chickadee, red-cockaded woodpecker,
starling, cardinal, scarlet tanager, Canada goose, herring gull,
whimbrel, quail, and thrushes [108,157,160].
licensa
cc-publicdomain
sitassion bibliogràfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Vaccinium angustifolium. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Key Plant Community Associations ( Anglèis )

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More info for the terms: codominant, forest, habitat type

Early low-bush blueberry occurs as an understory dominant or codominant in a
variety of forest communities.  Common overstory dominants include
eastern white pine (Pinus strobus), jack pine (P. banksiana), sugar
maple (Acer saccharum), red maple (A. rubrum), and northern red oak
(Quercus rubra).  Common codominants include Canada beadruby
(Maianthemum canadense), pointed-leaved tick trefoil (Desmodium
glutinosum), mapleleaf viburnum (Viburnum acerifolium), and hairgrass
(Deschampsia spp.).  Early low-bush blueberry is listed as an indicator or
dominant species in the following habitat type classifications:

Field guide: Habitat classification system for Upper Peninsula of
  Michigan and Northeast Wisconsin [43]
Field guide to forest habitat types of northern Wisconsin [98].
licensa
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sitassion bibliogràfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Vaccinium angustifolium. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Life Form ( Anglèis )

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More info for the term: shrub

Shrub
licensa
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sitassion bibliogràfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Vaccinium angustifolium. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Management considerations ( Anglèis )

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More info for the terms: fern, forest, fruit

Competition:  In some areas, early low-bush blueberry is described as a
"troublesome" brush species that can interfere with red pine
regeneration [52].  In other areas, however, jack pine regenerates
better in monotypic stands of early low-bush blueberry than in mixed stands
of sweet-fern, bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum), and fireweed
(Epilobium angustifolium) [41].

Herbicides:  Early low-bush blueberry can be controlled by 2,4-D, and 2,4,5-T
[124].  Herbicides such as hexazinone and Terbacil have been widely used
in commercial fields to eliminate weeds that compete with early low-bush
blueberry [77,137,172].

Environmental Considerations:  Early low-bush blueberry is tolerant of acid
rain (pH < 3.5) [129].  Studies indicate that plants can survive at
least short-term exposure to acid rain with a pH of 2.5.  Early low-bush
blueberry could increase in response to acid rain in boreal forests
[129].  It is apparently resistant to emissions produced by zinc
smelters [91].

Wildlife:  The reproductive success of black bears has been correlated
to annual blueberry crops.  Poor blueberry crops can limit black bear
reproductive success as well as overall survival in aspen-birch-conifer
forests of northeastern Minnesota.  In Wisconsin bears depredations
such as damage to crops and beehives and livestock losses typically
increase during poor berry years [125].

Timber harvest:  Although opening a closed stand can improve the growth
and vigor of early low-bush blueberry, clearcutting and postharvest burning
does not ensure the development of a lush stand of blueberry [65].  Hall
[65] observed that after growing in the heavy shade of a closed forest
canopy, many plants were killed by postharvest burns.  Survival may be
greater if plants are allowed to grow and increase in vigor before
burning [65].  Thinning for pulpwood cuttings can result in vigorous
growth of early low-bush blueberry [65,70] as plants spread by rhizomes into
opened areas.  Response to various types of timber treatments has been
reported [9,10,134].

Fruit production:  Early low-bush blueberry fruit production is strongly
influenced by weather conditions, climate, pollinator availability,
light intensity, genetic factors, and nutrient levels at the time of bud
initiation [16,70,147].  Fruit production is limited under low light
intensity [67,150]; production is virtually nil at 50 to 500
foot-candles [67].  Shade produced by competing weeds can often reduce
fruit yields [67].

Cross-pollination by insects is necessary for good fruit set
[87,103,168].  Aalders and Hall [1] observed that fruit set ranged from
approximately 81 to 90 percent in cross-pollinated plants but from only
0 to 52 percent in self-pollinated plants.  Yields tend to be lower in
fields containing both velvetleaf blueberry and early low-bush blueberry than
in fields containing only early low-bush blueberry [1].  In some areas, the
widespread use of insecticides has decimated wild bee populations.
Although honeybees are less effective pollinators than wild bees,
growers often add honeybees in an effort to improve fruit set
[1,102,111,166].
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sitassion bibliogràfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Vaccinium angustifolium. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Nutritional Value ( Anglèis )

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More info for the terms: fruit, natural

The food value of berries and browse varies seasonally, and with site
characteristics, geographic location, and fire history [29,143].

Fruit:  Fruit is an excellent source of vitamin C, natural sugars,
niacin, and manganese [31,123].  Berries are relatively high in
carbohydrates and soluble solids but contain little sodium or fat
[13,31,123,164]. Fruit averages approximately 41 calories per 0.5 cup
[123], with sugar concentration ranging from 0.03 to 0.34 percent [168].
Overall nutrient value is rated as moderately low [164].  Average
vitamin and mineral content of early low-bush blueberry fruit on a wet weight
basis is available [31].

Browse:  Nitrogen typically decreases from July 22 to September 22
during crop years but increases during years in which no fruit
production occurs [147].  Levels of phosphorus, calcium, manganese,
potassium, and magnesium also exhibit seasonal fluctuations [147].
Nutrient content of early low-bush blueberry leaves is as follows [72]:

Nutrients -              N          P           K         Ca          Mg
Range of
Concentration (%) -  1.50-2.00  0.08-0.121  0.40-0.55  0.40-0.65  0.15-0.20
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sitassion bibliogràfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Vaccinium angustifolium. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Occurrence in North America ( Anglèis )

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     CT  DE  IA  IL  IN  ME  MA  MI  MN  NH
     NJ  NY  NC  OH  PA  RI  TN  VT  VA  WV
     WI  LB  MB  NB  NF  NS  ON  PE  PQ  SK
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sitassion bibliogràfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Vaccinium angustifolium. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Other uses and values ( Anglèis )

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More info for the terms: cover, fresh, fruit

Traditional uses:  Native Americans traditionally valued early low-bush
blueberry fruit.  Berries were eaten fresh, dried, baked and added to
soups, or mixed with venison and other meats [72,132,157].  Early
European settlers ate the fruit fresh or used it to make jams, jellies,
and preserves [157].

Modern uses:  Early low-bush blueberry is the most important commercial
blueberry in the northeastern United States and Canada [34].  It is
grown commercially in Ontario, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, and
Maine [31,113].  A major portion of the crop is gathered from managed
wild stands [157].
 
Most fruit is used in processed foods such as pie or muffin mixes,
pastries, jam, ice cream, and yogurt [17,31,72,132].  Berries are also
used to make wine and various juice products [17,72].  Early low-bush
blueberry is the blueberry most commonly used for commercial canning
[123].  Fruit is also freeze-dried.  The development of the frozen food
industry in the 1940's promoted rapid expansion of early low-bush blueberry
cultivation [157].

Recreation use:  Throughout its range, the early low-bush blueberry is prized
by recreational berry-pickers.  Blueberry picking is an important
recreational activity in many areas [93].  In the early 1980's, an
estimated 20 percent of all summer tourists engaged in blueberry picking
in parts of the Great Lakes region [132].

Horticultural value:  Plants are ornamental and can be used as
shrubbery, hedges, or as fruiting ground cover [123].  The cultivar
'Tophat' is used only for ornamental purposes and is well suited for
bonsai [123].  Early low-bush blueberry has potential for use in breeding
northern fruit-producing stock [45,81] and is well suited to small
farms, since 5 to 10 acres is sufficient to produce a significant
quantity of fruit [7].
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Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Vaccinium angustifolium. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Phenology ( Anglèis )

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More info on this topic.

More info for the terms: fruit, seed

Phenological development of early low-bush blueberry varies according to
geographic location and specific weather conditions [22,62].
Temperature and day length are important regulatory influences [72,76].
Initial floral development begins in the year prior to flowering and
fruiting [3].  Floral bud primordia appear during June and early July
[22] when day length reaches approximately 15 hours [3].  Development
may continue until late October if air temperatures remain above 32
degrees Fahrenheit (0 deg C) with long periods above 50 degrees
Fahrenheit (10 deg C) [72].  Leaves harden by mid-July, color by late
August, and abscise by late October [72,119].

Plants are dormant in fall [157] and overwinter in a leafless state
[72].  Active annual growth can begin as early as March or April [22],
but in many areas, both vegetative and flower bud development begins in
early May after air temperatures have exceeded 50 degrees Fahrenheit (10
deg C) for a least 3 to 4 consecutive days [72].  Vegetative shoots
grow until midsummer [83].

Plants generally flower in May or June of their 2nd year [72,167].  A
few flowers may open as early as March in unusually good years, and some
plants occasionally flower as late as September or October [154].
Flowering may be delayed by 2 or 3 weeks in cool, coastal areas [72].
Fruit generally ripens from midsummer to late summer, approximately 50
days after anthesis [171].  In an Ontario study, seed dispersal began
from June 11 to June 20, peaked in early July, and ended in September
[153].  Generalized flowering and fruiting dates for various locations
are as follows:

Location        Flowering               Fruiting        

VA              May-June                July-August [150]
NS              June-late July          early-mid-August [72,157]
Pictou Co.,NS   ----                    July 17- Oct. 27 [151]
ME              ----                    mid July-August [77]
MI              May-June                July-August [44]
NJ              April                   ---- [154]
ON              May-early June          June-September [153,154,141].
       
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sitassion bibliogràfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Vaccinium angustifolium. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Plant Response to Fire ( Anglèis )

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More info for the terms: cover, density, fire intensity, forest, fruit, rhizome, root crown, seed, severity, wildfire

Early low-bush blueberry generally sprouts from rhizomes and the root crown
after aboveground vegetation is consumed by fire [65,83].  Plants may
also sprout from buds located on the stem base [83,157], but stems that
arise from underground rhizomes are generally more vigorous than those
that develop from partially burned aboveground stems [107].  Rhizome
sprouting is much slower than crown sprouting [148].  Some
reestablishment via seed germination may occur under favorable
conditions [117].

Fire intensity and severity, season of burn, community type, and soil
are important factors influencing postfire response [138,148,161].
Cover and stem density commonly increase rapidly [55], and recovery may
be well underway within 4 to 5 postfire months [55,57].  Early low-bush
blueberry was well represented within 4 months after an intense fire
destroyed all aboveground vegetation in a spruce stand in Manitoba [84].
In many areas, including parts of Nova Scotia and Ontario, early low-bush
blueberry regains prominence 2 to 3 years after fire [6,106,144].
Although initially reduced after fire in jack pine and black spruce
communities, early low-bush blueberry increased beyond prefire levels after 5
years [10,42,109].  Recovery may be delayed after hot fires.  Early low-bush
blueberry was present within 13 years after a severe wildfire in a red
pine-white pine forest [11]. Hall and others [72] reported that V. a.
forma nigrum tends to increase more rapidly than does V. a. forma
angustifolium in fields that are burned regularly.

Fruit is not produced the year of the burn but is produced in abundance
during the next 3 postfire years [25,28,161].  In general, young
healthy plants regenerate more successfully than older, decadent ones
[93].  Where clones are extremely decadent, it may take three seasons of
postfire growth before fruit production and vigor reach "satisfactory
levels" [131].  Some researchers report that burning too frequently can
cause fruit yields to decline [25].

Increases in early low-bush blueberry after fire may be due in part to the
stimulatory effect of nutrients added by ash deposition or changes in pH
[70].  Blackened ground absorbs heat and may promote earlier fruit
ripening [28].
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sitassion bibliogràfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Vaccinium angustifolium. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Post-fire Regeneration ( Anglèis )

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More info for the terms: rhizome, root crown, shrub

   Small shrub, adventitious-bud root crown
   Rhizomatous shrub, rhizome in soil
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sitassion bibliogràfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Vaccinium angustifolium. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Regeneration Processes ( Anglèis )

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More info for the terms: cover, fresh, fruit, presence, seed, shrubs, stratification

Early low-bush blueberry reproduces vegetatively and by seed [72,111].

Seed:  Plants generally first flower at approximately 4 years of age
[72].  Researchers have reported a range of 56 to 64 seeds per berry
[21,153].  Viability ranges from 30 to 50 percent [153].  Some clones
are self-fertile, others self-sterile [1].  Flowers are generally
pollinated by wild bees [119].  Shrubs with relatively few flowers may
fail to attract pollinators, and shrubs with fewer than 30 flowers
rarely produce fruit.  Productive plants may bear more than 400 flowers
[156].

Seed dispersal:  Seeds of early low-bush blueberry are dispersed by various
birds and mammals [72,124].  In New England and the Maritime Provinces,
the American robin and black bear are particularly effective long
distance dispersal agents [72,100,,126,154].  Deer mice, chipmunks, and
the red-back vole are important local dispersers [9,100].

Seed banking:  Seed banking has not been documented, but researchers
have reported the presence of seeds within the top layers of soil [65].
Seed can remain viable for up to 12 years when properly stored [124],
and limited seed banking may occur.

Germination:  In laboratory tests, germination ranged from 30 to 80
percent [153].  Seed germinates best when exposed to light [72].  Fresh
seed germinates readily at 70 degrees Fahrenheit (21 deg C) under a
regime of 16 hours light per 24-hour period [72].  Germination generally
begins within 3 to 4 weeks and continues for 6 to 8 weeks [48].
Stratification and pretreatment with gibberellin can speed germination
[48,125].

Seedling establishment:  Seedling establishment appears variable.
Seedlings are commonly observed in parts of the Maritime Provinces and
in northern Maine [157], where seeds germinate on open sites with high
moisture availability [119].  Seedlings are sometimes observed in
clearcuts, on burned sites, and in abandoned fields [119].  However,
seedlings are rare in eastern Ontario and in many other parts of this
species' range [153].  In Ontario, seedling establishment is unlikely
unless the following conditions occur: (1) a cool spring follows
dispersal, (2) August and September are wet, (3) the winter is mild or
there is a good snow cover, and (4) the spring is wet.  These conditions
have been observed only once during a 40-year period [153].  Poor
seedling establishment is generally attributable to unfavorable soil
temperatures and water stress [142].

Vegetative regeneration:  In many areas, vegetative expansion is the
primary mode of regeneration [8,153].  In the absence of disturbance,
clones increase by expansion of rhizomes [15,119,124].  After fire or
other types of disturbance, plants often sprout from the stem base, from
underground rhizomes [157], or from unburned belowground portions of
aerial stems [15].  Rhizomes subjected to heat treatment often develop
significantly greater numbers of shoots than do untreated rhizomes [56].
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Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Vaccinium angustifolium. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Season/Severity Classification ( Anglèis )

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May/not reported.

Site Description ( Anglèis )

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Paired plots, burned and unburned, were located at four of the location.
The fifth site (Palisade) had only the unburned plot.  All plots were on
level ground in full sun.  Soils were as follows:

           P         IT           IS           EN           ES
                  a      b      a     b      a      b      a     b
pH        4.5    5.3    5.3    5.3   5.4    5.0    5.4    5.0   4.1
organic
 matter   high   low    low    low    med.  low    low    low   med.
nitrogen  low    low    low    low    low   low    low    low   low
texture   loam  loamy  sandy  loamy  loamy  loamy  sand  loamy  sand
                 sand   loam   sand   sand   sand         sand 

a unburned plot   P  Palisade site     IS Isabella Sawbill site
b burn plot       ES  Ely South site   IT Isabella Tracks site
                  EN  Ely North site

Successional Status ( Anglèis )

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More info for the terms: cover, forest

Facultative Seral Species

Early low-bush blueberry is an important recolonizer [57].  Its sprouts are
prominent on disturbed sites such as clearcuts, burns, fields, and
pastures [17,72,157].  Cover is typically higher on fields derived from
hayfields than those derived from woodlots [68].  Early low-bush blueberry is
an important seral species during the transition from field to forest in
various eastern old-field communities [72].
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sitassion bibliogràfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Vaccinium angustifolium. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Taxonomy ( Anglèis )

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More info for the terms: bog, natural

The scientific name of early low-bush blueberry is Vaccinium
angustifolium Ait. (Ericaceae) [77,93]. Autopolyploidy and
allopolyploidy are common in Vaccinium spp. [137] and contribute to the
taxonomic complexity of this group [34]. Most researchers recognize low
sweet blueberry as a single, highly polymorphic, species. Thus, earlier
treatments that recognized many varieties and forms of early low-bush
blueberry are now considered misleading and inappropriate [157].

Early low-bush blueberry hybridizes with many species, including highbush
blueberry (V. corymbosum), velvetleaf blueberry, bog blueberry (V.
uliginosum), hillside blueberry (V. pallidum), ground blueberry (V.
myrsinites), downy blueberry (V. atrococcum), and V. caesariense
[34,150,155,157]. Interspecific hybrid swarms have been reported [137].
The entity formerly known as V. angustifolium var. hypolasium Fernald
(var. integrefolium Leepage) may be a natural hybrid of velvetleaf
blueberry, sweet hurt's blueberry (Vaccinium boreale), and early low-bush
blueberry [137]. Hybrids of early low-bush blueberry and highbush blueberry
have been designated as V. atlanticum Bicknell [150].
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Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Vaccinium angustifolium. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites ( Anglèis )

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More info for the terms: rhizome, seed, softwood

Early low-bush blueberry may have potential use for rehabilitating certain
types of disturbed sites.  It is tolerant of metals and grows in stunted
form on industrially damaged sites near Sudbury, Ontario [165].  Plants
have recolonized strip-mined areas in West Virginia [79] and reclaimed
mined peatlands of the Northeast [53].  Rhizomes can sometimes aid in
preventing soil erosion on steep slopes [72].

Early low-bush blueberry can be readily propagated from hard, semihard, and
softwood cuttings, and from rhizome segments [26,63,90,95].  Side-shoot
cuttings can be used to supplement regular cuttings where rapid
propagation is desired [90].  Cuttings generally root within 6 weeks
[4]; those taken in fall and winter often root best [82].  Detailed
information on vegetative propagation techniques is available
[14,47,63,82,95].

Early low-bush blueberry can also be propagated by seed [124]. Cleaned seed
averages 1,972,174 per pound (4,344/g) [44].  Seedlings can be
transplanted to flats after 6 to 7 weeks [12].
licensa
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Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Vaccinium angustifolium. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Associations ( Anglèis )

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The berries are relished by wildlife and humans alike, particularly birds. (NPIN, 2007) Cross-pollination by insects is necessary for good fruit set. (USDA FEIS, 1991)

The black bear, moose, eastern cottontail, and white-tailed deer feed on the foliage. Domestic sheep commonly avoid low sweet blueberry browse. Flowers and fruit are readily eaten by a wide variety of birds and mammals. Mammal species include black bear, red fox, raccoon, red-backed vole, white-footed mouse, fox squirrel, red squirrel, eastern spotted skunk, gray fox, and many species of chipmunks and mice. Birds include ptarmigan, American robin, common crow, wild turkey, ruffed grouse, spruce grouse, gray catbird, brown thrasher, rufous-sided towhee, northern mockingbird, black-capped chickadee, red-cockaded woodpecker, starling, cardinal, scarlet tanager, Canada goose, herring gull, whimbrel, quail, and thrushes, and eastern bluebird. (USDA FEIS, 1991)

The reproductive success of black bears has been particularly correlated to annual blueberry crops. Poor blueberry crops can limit black bear reproductive success as well as overall survival in some regions. Bear depredations such as damage to crops and beehives and livestock losses typically increase during poor berry years. (USDA FEIS, 1991)

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Conservation Status ( Anglèis )

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This plant is listed by the U.S. federal government or a state. Common names are from state and federal lists. In Iowa low sweet blueberry is listed as Threatened. (USDA PLANTS, 2009)
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Cyclicity ( Anglèis )

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Blooming occurs April through June. Fruit is born June through September. (Hultman, 1978) The plant flowers in May and fruits in July. (Peattie, 1930) The active growth period is Spring and Summer. The fruit/seed period begins in the Summer and ends in the Summer. (USDA PLANTS, 2009) Bloom time is May and June. (NPIN, 2007)
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Dispersal ( Anglèis )

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Plants often form large colonies. (UW, 2009)
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Distribution ( Anglèis )

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USA: CT , DE , IL , IN , IA , ME , MD , MA , MI , MN , NH , NJ , NY , OH , PA , RI , TN , VT , VA , WV , WI (NPIN, 2007)

Canada: MB , NB , NL , NS , ON , PE , QC , SK (NPIN, 2007)

Native Distribution: Lab. to Sask., s. to New England, DE, WV, OH, n. IL & IA (NPIN, 2007)

USDA Native Status: L48(N), CAN(N), SPM(N) (NPIN, 2007)

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Ecology ( Anglèis )

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Low sweet blueberry occurs as an understory dominant or codominant in a variety of forest communities. Common overstory dominants include eastern white pine (Pinus strobus), jack pine (P. banksiana), sugar maple (Acer saccharum), red maple (A. rubrum), and northern red oak (Quercus rubra). Common codominants include Canada beadruby (Maianthemum canadense), pointed-leaved tick trefoil (Desmodium glutinosum), mapleleaf viburnum (Viburnum acerifolium), and hairgrass (Deschampsia spp.). Low sweet blueberry is listed as an indicator or dominant species in the following habitat type classifications. (USDA FEIS, 1991)

This species is highly fire resilient in both natural and artificial regimes. Fire treatment may be used to enhance fruiting, which is low the first season and high for the following three. The causility is debated and may range from increased nutrients, favorable pH, increased heat from black soil, and reduction of competitors. (USDA FEIS, 1991)

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Habitat ( Anglèis )

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Thickets and dry woods, particularly with acid soils. (Hultman, 1978) Native habitat consitutes open, conifer woods, sandy or rocky balds, and old fields. (NPIN, 2007) Habitat can be moist to dry. This can include woods, forests, bogs, and clearings. It can grow in rocky or sandy soil. (UW, 2009)
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Life Expectancy ( Anglèis )

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This is a perennial. (USDA PLANTS, 2009)
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Morphology ( Anglèis )

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Overall this is a low shrub. (Hultman, 1978) The plant is an erect shrub. (Peattie, 1930) It is a low, straggling shrub form. (NPIN, 2007) Roots are shallow and fibrous but may possess a taproot. (USDA FEIS, 1991)

Flowers are white and bell-like. (Hultman, 1978) Flowers have 10 stamens. Racemes (common pedicels) are short, about 5-flowered. The corolla is green, or greenish bordered with red and cylindric-urn-shaped. (Peattie, 1930) Small, white, pink-tinged, bell-shaped flowers. (NPIN, 2007) Flowers are white, 5-parted, and urn-shaped. The lobes are shorter than the tube. (UW, 2009)

Fruit Dark blue berries are covered with a white powder, have many seeds, and are edible. (Hultman, 1978) The fruit are oblate-spheroid a bloom. They are sweet and edible. (Peattie, 1930) Fruit are blue, shiny berries with many seeds. (UW, 2009)

Leaves are egg-shaped and may have a few bristle-tipped teeth. They become leathery with age. (Hultman, 1978) Leaf margins are entire. Leaves are oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, spatulate or elliptic, acute, and narrowed at base. The margin is sharply serrulate, sparingly pubescent on both surfaces at first, finally smooth or nearly smooth. (Peattie, 1930) Glossy foliage turns from red-green in spring to dark blue-green in summer to maroon-purple in fall. (NPIN, 2007) Leaves are deciduous, smooth, and narrowly elliptical with tiny, sharp teeth. (UW, 2009)

Stems branches and branchlets are wrinkled, yellowish green, and pubescent at least in lines. (Peattie, 1930) Multiple stems have twiggy branches. (NPIN, 2007)

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Size ( Anglèis )

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Plant is up to 3' tall. (Hultman, 1978) Plant is less than a meter tall, being 25-50 cm tall. (Peattie, 1930) The plant is usually 6" to 2' tall and wide. (NPIN, 2007) Plants can be 2"-14" tall. (UW, 2009)

Flowers are 3/8" long. (UW, 2009)

Fruit 9-15 mm thick. (Peattie, 1930)

Leaves 1.5-2". (Hultman, 1978)

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Uses ( Anglèis )

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Berries are edible. (Hultman, 1978) Berries are sweet and edible. (Peattie, 1930) Native American uses include the following. Infusion of leaves given to infants for colic, used by women after a miscarriage, and as a blood purifier. Infusion of roots used by women to induce labor. Fruits eaten for food in a variety of preparations and used ceremonially by those desiring health and prosperity for the coming season. (UM, 2009)

Fruit is an excellent source of vitamin C, natural sugars, niacin, and manganese. The berries are relatively high in carbohydrates and soluble solids but contain little sodium or fat. Fruit averages approximately 41 calories per 0.5 cup, with sugar concentration ranging from 0.03 to 0.34 percent. Accordingly the overall nutrient value is rated as moderately low. (USDA FEIS, 1991)

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Vaccinium angustifolium ( Aser )

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Vaccinium angustifolium (lat. Vaccinium angustifolium) - erikakimilər fəsiləsinin qaragilə cinsinə aid bitki növü.

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Vaccinium angustifolium: Brief Summary ( Aser )

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Vaccinium angustifolium (lat. Vaccinium angustifolium) - erikakimilər fəsiləsinin qaragilə cinsinə aid bitki növü.

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Vaccinium angustifolium ( Anglèis )

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Vaccinium angustifolium, commonly known as the wild lowbush blueberry, is a species of blueberry native to eastern and central Canada (from Manitoba to Newfoundland) and the northeastern United States, growing as far south as the Great Smoky Mountains and west to the Great Lakes region.[3][4] Vaccinium angustifolium is the most common species of the commercially used wild blueberries and is considered the "low sweet" berry.[5]

Etymology

The species epithet angustifolium is a combination of the Latin words angustum meaning 'narrow', and folium meaning 'leaf'.

Description

V. angustifolium growing in a forest of another fire-adapted species, Pinus banksiana

Vaccinium angustifolium is a low spreading deciduous shrub growing 5 to 60 cm (2 to 24 in) tall.[6] Its rhizomes can lie dormant up to 100 years, and when given the adequate amount of sunlight, soil moisture, and oxygen content they will sprout. The leaves are glossy blue-green in summer, turning a variety of reds in the fall. The leaf shape is broad to elliptical. Buds are brownish red in stem axils. The flowers are white or pink,[7] bell-shaped, 4 to 6 mm (0.16 to 0.24 in) long. The fruit is a small sweet dark blue to black berry, full of antioxidants and flavonoids. This plant grows best in wooded areas, old abandoned farmyards or open areas with well-drained acidic soils. In some areas it produces natural blueberry barrens, where it is practically the only species covering large areas.[8]

Several buds may be on a healthy stem, and each bud can open up and have several blossoms. A blueberry field that has full plant coverage can have as many as 150 million blossoms per acre.

The Vaccinium angustifolium plant is fire-tolerant, and its numbers often increase in an area following a forest fire. Traditionally, blueberry growers burn their fields every few years to eliminate shrubs and fertilize the soil. In Acadian French, a blueberry field is known as a brûlis (from brûlé 'burnt') because of that technique, which is still in use.

Distribution and habitat

The lowbush blueberry is native to central and eastern Canada as well as north-central and eastern United States.[9] In its native habitat the plant grows in open conifer woods, old fields, and sandy or rocky balds.[10]

Geographical change

Glacier ice from the Ice Age sculpted the Maine landscape and is responsible for creating some of the most productive Vaccinium angustifolium habitat.[11]

Ecology

Many animals feed on the fruit and foliage of the lowbush berry, some of which include black bears, racoons, foxes, white-tailed deer and birds.[6]

Its leaves are also popular among caterpillars. It is a larval host to the pale tiger moth, the peppered moth,[12] the chain-dotted geometer, the saw-wing moth, the blueberry gray moth, the mousy angle moth,[13] Caloptilia vacciniella, Andromeda underwing, the shadowy arches, the two-spot dart,[14] the dingy cutworm moth, the speckled cutworm,[15] the decorated owlet, the pirate looper, Norman's dart, the gray swordgrass moth, the pink-edged sulphur butterfly, the pawpaw sphinx moth, and the blueberry leaftier moth.

Production Cycle

Vaccinium angustifolium has a two year production cycle.[16] The first year is known as the vegetative year and the second is known as the fruit-bearing year.

In order to be productive each year, most farmers divide their land to have half their crop in the vegetative year while the other half is in the fruit-bearing year.[17]

Pruning

Native Americans regularly burned away trees and shrubs in parts of eastern Maine to stimulate blueberry production. Modern farmers use various methods of burning or mowing to accomplish this.[18] There are several methods growers use to stimulate blueberry production on their land, such as burning the land or using a flail mower, bush hog, lawnmower, etc. to cut the plants off as close to the ground as possible without scalping the land. These procedures are used to promote the spreading of rhizomes under the soil. Some growers use a sickle bar mower in the fall after the crop has been harvested to mow the plants off, leaving roughly 1 to 2 inches of stem so the growers can then burn the remainder of the plants in the spring, using less fuel for the fire.

Farmers then treat their crops with pesticides to control weeds and insects.[19] The fields are then left for new growth to emerge, develop, and flourish for the remainder of the year.

Pollination

During the harvest or fruit bearing year, blueberry growers rent honey bee hives to put in their fields for pollination. These hives are placed in the fields at a density range of anywhere from 1-8 hives per acre. The hives are placed in the fields at 10-20% bloom allowing the bees to have enough forage rather than going elsewhere to forage. Hives are left in blueberry fields for 2 weeks on average, allowing the bees to pollinate the variety of clones in the field, all of which bloom at different times during the two-week period.

Some growers also use bumble bees as well in hopes of maximum pollination. Bumblebees will fly in colder and wetter weather conditions than the honey bee will, and they also pollinate in a different way than the honey bee. Bumblebees can sonicate the flowers, which releases pollen from deep inside the poricidal anthers. This is known as buzz-pollination.

Blueberry growers also rely on many wild bees for pollination, including solitary bees like Andrena carlini and Colletes inaequalis.[20]

State fruits

Giant blueberry person in Oxford, Nova Scotia

The lowbush blueberry is the state fruit of Maine,[21] and the wild low bush blueberry is also the Nova Scotian Provincial Berry.[22] Oxford, Nova Scotia is nicknamed "Wild Blueberry Capital of Canada."[23] Maine's state dessert is blueberry pie made with wild blueberries.[24]

References

  1. ^ "Vaccinium angustifolium". Tropicos. Missouri Botanical Garden.
  2. ^ "Vaccinium angustifolium". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew – via The Plant List. Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online
  3. ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Vaccinium angustifolium". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 2013-08-04.
  4. ^ "Vaccinium angustifolium". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.
  5. ^ "About Maine Wild Blueberry - Cooperative Extension: Maine Wild Blueberries - University of Maine Cooperative Extension". Cooperative Extension: Maine Wild Blueberries. Retrieved 2022-11-30.
  6. ^ a b Tirmenstein, D. A. (1991). "Vaccinium angustifolium". Fire Effects Information System (FEIS). US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service (USFS), Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory.
  7. ^ "About Maine Wild Blueberry - Cooperative Extension: Maine Wild Blueberries - University of Maine Cooperative Extension". Cooperative Extension: Maine Wild Blueberries. Retrieved 2022-11-30.
  8. ^ Vander Kloet, Sam P. (2009). "Vaccinium angustifolium". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 8. New York and Oxford – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  9. ^ "Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2022-10-08.
  10. ^ "Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center - The University of Texas at Austin". www.wildflower.org. Retrieved 2022-10-08.
  11. ^ "Geological History and Climate Change | Wild Blueberry Heritage Center". Retrieved 2022-11-30.
  12. ^ "Species Biston betularia - Pepper & Salt Geometer - Hodges#6640". bugguide.net.
  13. ^ "Species Macaria argillacearia - Mousy Angle Moth - Hodges#6282". bugguide.net.
  14. ^ "Species Eueretagrotis perattentus - Two-spot Dart Moth - Hodges#11008". bugguide.net.
  15. ^ "Species Lacanobia subjuncta - Speckled Cutworm - Hodges#10299". bugguide.net.
  16. ^ "Two-Year Wild Blueberry Production Cycle - Cooperative Extension: Maine Wild Blueberries - University of Maine Cooperative Extension". Cooperative Extension: Maine Wild Blueberries. Retrieved 2022-11-30.
  17. ^ "About Maine Wild Blueberry - Cooperative Extension: Maine Wild Blueberries - University of Maine Cooperative Extension". Cooperative Extension: Maine Wild Blueberries. Retrieved 2022-11-30.
  18. ^ "The University of Maine - Cooperative Extension: Maine Wild Blueberries - 229-Pruning Lowbush Blueberry Fields". Umaine.edu. 1914-06-30. Retrieved 2013-08-04.
  19. ^ "Two-Year Wild Blueberry Production Cycle - Cooperative Extension: Maine Wild Blueberries - University of Maine Cooperative Extension". Cooperative Extension: Maine Wild Blueberries. Retrieved 2022-11-30.
  20. ^ Bushmann, Sara L.; Drummond, Francis A. (August 2015). "Abundance and Diversity of Wild Bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) Found in Lowbush Blueberry Growing Regions of Downeast Maine". Environmental Entomology. 44 (4): 975–989. doi:10.1093/ee/nvv082. ISSN 1938-2936. PMID 26314043. S2CID 23922592.
  21. ^ "State Berry - Wild Blueberry | Maine Secretary of State Kids' Page". www.maine.gov. Retrieved 2022-10-08.
  22. ^ Heritage, Canadian (2017-08-15). "Nova Scotia". www.canada.ca. Retrieved 2022-10-08.
  23. ^ Orkin, David (2017-03-05). Nova Scotia. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 289. ISBN 9781784770402.
  24. ^ "State Dessert - Blueberry Pie | Maine Secretary of State Kids' Page". www.maine.gov. Retrieved 2022-12-01.

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Vaccinium angustifolium: Brief Summary ( Anglèis )

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Vaccinium angustifolium, commonly known as the wild lowbush blueberry, is a species of blueberry native to eastern and central Canada (from Manitoba to Newfoundland) and the northeastern United States, growing as far south as the Great Smoky Mountains and west to the Great Lakes region. Vaccinium angustifolium is the most common species of the commercially used wild blueberries and is considered the "low sweet" berry.

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Vaccinium stenophyllum ( Spagneul; Castilian )

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Vaccinium stenophyllum es una especie de arándano nativo del este y centro de Canadá y el noreste de Estados Unidos, creciendo también al sur de Virginia Occidental y oeste de la región de Grandes Lagos, Minnesota y Manitoba.[1]

Crecimiento

Es un arbusto bajo de hojas, mide unos 60 centímetros de alto, aunque usualmente alcanza 35 centímetros de alto o menos. Las hojas son azul-verdes brillantes en el verano, volviéndose púrpuras en el otoño. La forma de la hoja es amplia. Los brotes son de color rojo pardo en ejes troncales. Las flores son blancas, en forma de campana, de 5 milímetros de largo.

Características

 src=
V. stenophyllum en un bosque de Pinus banksiana otra especie adaptada al fuego.

El fruto es una baya pequeña oscura y dulce. Esta planta crece mejor en áreas boscosas y produce un buen drenaje ácido. En algunas áreas produce páramos naturales de arándano. La planta Vaccinium stenophyllum es tolerante al fuego y su población a menudo aumenta en un área después de un incendio forestal. Tradicionalmente, los productores de arándanos queman sus campos cada cierta cantidad de años para deshacerse de arbustos y fertilizar el suelo. En Acadia francesa, un campo de arándanos es conocido como un "brûlis" (de brûlé, quemado) debido a esa técnica, que todavía sigue en uso.

Distribución

La planta se comercializa en Canadá, Maine y Massachusetts. Es un favorito de osos negros, roedores, y aves. La planta es el fruto del estado de Maine.

Producción

 src=
Recolectando arándanos por un tractor de arándanos en Nueva Brunswick, Canadá.

En el 2006, la producción de arándanos silvestres en Quebec alcanzó 35.000 toneladas. Unas 29.000 toneladas fueron producidas de plantaciones comerciales de arándanos, y 6.000 toneladas fueron recolectadas en el bosque. La mayoría de los arándanos, o 33.000 toneladas, han sido comercializadas bajo varias formas elaboradas, y particularmente en la forma de arándanos silvestres congelados.

Taxonomía

Vaccinium stenophyllum fue descrita por Ernst Gottlieb von Steudel y publicado en Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 2: 740. 1841.[2]

Etimología

Ver: Vaccinium

stenophyllum: epíteto latíno que significa "con hojas estrechas".[3]

Sinonimia
  • Cyanococcus angustifolium (Aiton) Rydb.
  • Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton
  • Vaccinium angustifolium Benth.[4]

Referencias

Bibliografía

  1. Breedlove, D.E. 1986. Flora de Chiapas. Listados Floríst. México 4: i–v, 1–246.
  2. CONABIO. 2009. Catálogo taxonómico de especies de México. 1. In Capital Nat. México. CONABIO, Mexico City.
  3. Standley, P. C. & L. O. Williams. 1966. Ericaceae. In Standley, P. C. & L. O. Williams (eds.), Flora of Guatemala - Part VIII, Number 2. Fieldiana, Bot. 24(8/2): 88–127.

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Vaccinium stenophyllum: Brief Summary ( Spagneul; Castilian )

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Vaccinium stenophyllum es una especie de arándano nativo del este y centro de Canadá y el noreste de Estados Unidos, creciendo también al sur de Virginia Occidental y oeste de la región de Grandes Lagos, Minnesota y Manitoba.​

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Kanadanmustikka ( Finlandèis )

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Kanadanmustikka (Vaccinium angustifolium) on puolukoiden sukuun kuuluva laji, joka kasvaa luonnonvaraisena Kanadan itä- ja keskiosissa ja Yhdysvaltojen koillisosassa. Eteläisimmät esiintymisalueet ovat Länsi-Virginiassa ja läntisimmät Minnesotassa ja Manitobassa.

Kanadanmustikka on kesävihanta varpu, joka kasvaa parhaimmillaan 60 senttimetrin pituiseksi, mutta yleensä pituus on 35 cm tai vähemmän. Lehdet ovat kiiltävän sinivihreitä kesällä ja muuttuvat syksyllä purppuranvärisiksi. Kukat ovat valkoisia, 5 mm pitkiä. Marja on makea ja väriltään tummansinisestä mustaan.

Kanadanmustikka kestää metsäpaloja ja yleistyy usein alueilla, joilla on ollut metsäpalo. Joillakin alueilla se peittää laajoja alueita lähes ainoana lajina.[2]

Kanadanmustikkaa kasvatetaan kaupallisesti Kanadassa ja Yhdysvaltojen Mainessa. Siitä on jalostettu Ruotsissa pakkasta kestävä lajike Putte.[3]

Lähteet

Aiheesta muualla

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Kanadanmustikka: Brief Summary ( Finlandèis )

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Kanadanmustikka (Vaccinium angustifolium) on puolukoiden sukuun kuuluva laji, joka kasvaa luonnonvaraisena Kanadan itä- ja keskiosissa ja Yhdysvaltojen koillisosassa. Eteläisimmät esiintymisalueet ovat Länsi-Virginiassa ja läntisimmät Minnesotassa ja Manitobassa.

Kanadanmustikka on kesävihanta varpu, joka kasvaa parhaimmillaan 60 senttimetrin pituiseksi, mutta yleensä pituus on 35 cm tai vähemmän. Lehdet ovat kiiltävän sinivihreitä kesällä ja muuttuvat syksyllä purppuranvärisiksi. Kukat ovat valkoisia, 5 mm pitkiä. Marja on makea ja väriltään tummansinisestä mustaan.

Kanadanmustikka kestää metsäpaloja ja yleistyy usein alueilla, joilla on ollut metsäpalo. Joillakin alueilla se peittää laajoja alueita lähes ainoana lajina.

Kanadanmustikkaa kasvatetaan kaupallisesti Kanadassa ja Yhdysvaltojen Mainessa. Siitä on jalostettu Ruotsissa pakkasta kestävä lajike Putte.

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Bleuet à feuilles étroites ( Fransèis )

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Vaccinium angustifoliumAirelle à feuilles étroites, Bleuet à feuille dentelée, Bleuet nain

Le Bleuet à feuilles étroites (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton), aussi connu sous divers autres noms, est une espèce d'arbustes à petits fruits comestibles, de la famille des Ericaceae. C'est un arbuste de 30 cm, étalé et très ramifié croissant dans l'est de l'Amérique du Nord.

Le fruit de l'arbuste, le bleuet, est le symbole de Dolbeau-Mistassini, dans la région du Lac-Saint-Jean au Québec, ville considérée comme la « capitale mondiale du bleuet ». Il est aussi le fruit symbole de l'État du Maine aux États-Unis. Il ne faut pas confondre l'airelle à feuilles étroites (bleuet) avec la myrtille. Le nom bleuet se réfère aux espèces qui ne poussent qu'en Amérique du Nord, alors que le nom de myrtille s'applique aux espèces qui poussent en Europe et en Asie[1]. Au Canada, les espèces proches sont Vaccinium myrtilloides ou airelle fausse-myrtille, et Vaccinium corymbosum ou airelle en corymbe[2], dont les cultivars constituent aussi les variétés à gros fruits cultivées au Canada et aux États-Unis.

Véritable tradition culinaire québécoise, l'usage des bleuets pour des fins alimentaires remonte aux Amérindiens. On trouve des bonbons, du thé, des biscuits, des chocolats[3] et des tartes préparés avec des bleuets.

Dénominations

Description

 src=
Vaccinium angustifolium

Les feuilles caduques de 2 à 4 cm de long sont angustifoliées, finement dentées, luisantes, vert foncé et deviennent rouges en automne.

Au printemps, apparaissent les fleurs campanulées de 5 à 10 mm, blanches ou rosées, parfois réunies en grappes pendantes de 3 à 5 cm de long.

Les baies sphériques (bleuet) de 0,5 à 2 cm de diamètre sont noir bleuté et sucrées.

Cette espèce est résistante au feu et se développe en masse après des incendies de forêt, mais ne résiste pas à une température de moins de −32 °C.

Taxinomie

Cette espèce a été décrite pour la première fois en 1789 par le botaniste britannique d'origine écossaise William Aiton (1731-1793).

Liste des variétés et formes

Selon Tropicos (24 juin 2013)[12] (Attention liste brute contenant possiblement des synonymes) :

  • variété Vaccinium angustifolium var. angustifolium
  • variété Vaccinium angustifolium var. hypolasium Fernald
  • variété Vaccinium angustifolium var. integrifolium Lepage
  • variété Vaccinium angustifolium var. laevifolium House
  • variété Vaccinium angustifolium var. myrtilloides (Michx.) House
  • variété Vaccinium angustifolium var. nigrum (Alph. Wood) Dole
  • forme Vaccinium angustifolium fo. angustifolium
  • forme Vaccinium angustifolium fo. chiococcum (W. Deane) B. Boivin
  • forme Vaccinium angustifolium fo. leucocarpum (W. Deane) Rehder
  • forme Vaccinium angustifolium fo. nigrum (Alph. Wood) B. Boivin

Culture

Il affectionne les sols froids, très acides, tourbeux, sablonneux et humides. Il adore le soleil. Le plant du bleuet sauvage entre en floraison au mois de juin, et ses fruits atteignent leur maturité début août.

Le mélampyre linéaire est considéré comme mauvaise herbe dans la culture de cette plante[13].

Intérêt médical

Le bleuet arrive en tête de l'indice ORAC[14] des fruits et légumes aux effets antioxydants. De sérieuses études ont constaté des effets positifs sur la mémoire. Le bleuet préviendrait aussi la fatigue oculaire, améliorerait la vision et réduirait le cholestérol dans certains cas.

Cancer

Selon les docteurs Richard Béliveau et Denis Gingras, l'efficacité du bleuet pour lutter contre le cancer a été soulignée par des recherches scientifiques très récentes[Lesquelles ?]. Selon ces derniers, « les données scientifiques récentes suggèrent qu'une classe de molécules particulièrement abondantes dans les bleuets et myrtilles, les anthocyanidines, pourrait être responsable des effets antiangiogéniques de ces fruits et, de ce fait, contribuer à limiter la croissance des tumeurs ».[réf. souhaitée]

Diabète

Les travaux d'une équipe de chercheurs canadiens[15] semblent confirmer les propriétés antidiabétiques du bleuet. Dans le cadre de ces travaux menés en laboratoire, les bleuets sauvages ont été transformés en extraits à partir de quatre parties, soit les feuilles, le fruit, la tige et les racines.

Le fruit aurait la propriété de stimuler la production d'insuline en régénérant les cellules du pancréas. Un résultat intéressant puisque aucun médicament sur le marché ne produit cet effet.

Au Canada, l'extrait de bleuet est déjà utilisé, sous forme de supplément, comme traitement complémentaire du diabète de type 2.

Importance économique

Cette espèce a une grande importance économique dans l'est de l'Amérique du Nord et notamment dans la région du Lac Saint-Jean au Québec, où l'on récolte les bleuets à l'état sauvage.

Les exportations du bleuet vers le Japon ont explosé depuis que des études confirment ses effets antioxydants. Selon Jean-Eudes Senneville, responsable des Bleuets sauvages du Québec, « les Japonais mangeaient entre 4 et 5 millions de livres de bleuets par année en 1990. Ils en ont consommé 10 fois plus en 2006 et considèrent le fruit comme un alicament ».

Production

 src=
L'exploitation du bleuet.

En 2006, la production de bleuets sauvages du Québec a atteint 70 millions de livres[16]. De cela, 55 millions ont été produites à partir de bleuetières spécialement aménagées, et 15 millions ont été récoltées en forêt. La grande majorité de ces bleuets, soit 67,5 millions de livres, a été mise en marché sous diverses formes transformées, et notamment sous forme de bleuets sauvages surgelés.

Les chiffres de production pour le Canada comprennent les espèces sauvages semi-cultivées et l'espèce cultivée (V. corymbosum - highbush). La production canadienne atteint 163 000 tonnes en 2014[17]. Les autres producteurs importants sont les Etats-Unis et le Chili.

Transformation

Les bleuets sont récoltés soit par des producteurs dans des bleuetières ou par des citoyens qui les récolteront en forêt. Par la suite, les bleuets sont acheminés à un point d'achat puis envoyés à l'usine de transformation, communément appelée usine de congélation. On en trouve à Normandin, Mistassini, Dolbeau, Saint-Félicien, New-Port et Saint-Bruno, les trois dernières appartenant à l'entreprise de commercialisation Bleuets Sauvages du Québec. Ils sont entreposés, puis transformés en moins de trois jours pour être finalement congelés, en vue d'une autre transformation pendant l'hiver ou emballés et vendus partout à travers le monde.

La transformation comporte plusieurs étapes différentes selon l'usine, mais le procédé reste toujours le même. Dans un premier temps, on retirera les feuilles et insectes, puis les bleuets seront nettoyés à l'eau et à l'ozone, ce qui permet d'en enlever les impuretés, comme le sable et les roches, ainsi que des bactéries.

Une fois propre, le petit fruit sera congelé individuellement, dans un tunnel de congélation rapide, trier, selon la grosseur, puis emballé et entreposé en chambres froides.

Par la suite, les bleuets sont expédiés aux différents acheteurs partout dans le monde, en particulier au Japon où le bleuet est considéré comme un alicament, mais aussi en Europe, aux États-Unis ou encore en Amérique du Sud. Il existe plusieurs certifications disponibles pour le bleuet sauvage comme : le conventionnel, le boréal et le biologique. Les bleuets sont récoltés, transformés et congelés séparément en fonction de leur certification.

  • Le bleuet conventionnel est un bleuet cultivé en forêt ou en bleuetières qui peut contenir des traces de pesticides.
  • Le bleuet boréal est un bleuet naturel répondant à des normes de production sévères; le champ de bleuet ne doit avoir été exposé à aucun pesticide depuis au moins douze mois précédent la récolte pour être classé boréal selon les normes établis par l'organisme Écocert.
  • Le bleuet boréal GAP:
  • Le bleuet biologique ne contient aucun pesticide et a poussé dans la forêt.

Une saison de bleuet commence vers le début août et se termine vers la mi-septembre.

Statistiques[18]

Notes et références

  1. « bleuet », Le Grand Dictionnaire terminologique, Office québécois de la langue française.
  2. Le bleuet sauvage au Canada sur le site du gouvernement du Nouveau-Brunswick
  3. Découvrir — Des forêts et des lacs. Consulté le 14 août 2008.
  4. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS), www.itis.gov, CC0 https://doi.org/10.5066/F7KH0KBK, consulté le 24 juin 2013
  5. a b c d et e Vaccinium angustifolium sur le site Vascan de Canadensys, consulté le 19 avril 2013
  6. a b c et d Nom vernaculaire en français d’après Termium plus, la banque de données terminologiques et linguistiques du gouvernement du Canada
  7. Voir définition donnée par le Grand dictionnaire terminologique de l’Office québécois de la langue française.
  8. Michel Leboeuf, Arbres et Plantes forestières du Québec et des Maritimes, Waterloo (Québec), Éditions Michel Quitin, 2007, 391 p. (ISBN 978-2-89435-331-8), p. 218.
  9. Parmi les espèces de bleuets nains récoltés, citons Vaccinium angustifolium[1]
  10. « Espèce d'airelle d'Amérique du Nord, à feuilles coriaces, qui produit le bleuet. » Larousse
  11. « Le terme bleuet, qui désigne couramment le fruit du bleuetier, est également utilisé pour désigner l'arbuste lui-même ».GDT
  12. Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden., consulté le 24 juin 2013
  13. « La production du bleuet sauvage dans une perspective de développement durable », sur perlebleue.ca, 15 octobre 2016.
  14. (en) Article sur les teneurs en ORAC de plusieurs fruits sur le site (en) http://www.wilblueberries.com
  15. (en) Martineau LC, Couture A, Haddad, P, et al.Anti-diabetic properties of the Canadian lowbush blueberry Vaccinium angustifolium, Ait, Phytomedecine, 2006 Nov., 13(9-10):612-623.
  16. Source : Syndicat des producteurs de bleuets du Québec.
  17. Aperçu statistique de l'industrie fruitière du Canada pour 2014 AAC
  18. http://www.spbq.ca/index.php?searchword=statistique&ordering=&searchphrase=all&option=com_search

Voir aussi

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Bleuet à feuilles étroites: Brief Summary ( Fransèis )

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Vaccinium angustifolium • Airelle à feuilles étroites, Bleuet à feuille dentelée, Bleuet nain

Le Bleuet à feuilles étroites (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton), aussi connu sous divers autres noms, est une espèce d'arbustes à petits fruits comestibles, de la famille des Ericaceae. C'est un arbuste de 30 cm, étalé et très ramifié croissant dans l'est de l'Amérique du Nord.

Le fruit de l'arbuste, le bleuet, est le symbole de Dolbeau-Mistassini, dans la région du Lac-Saint-Jean au Québec, ville considérée comme la « capitale mondiale du bleuet ». Il est aussi le fruit symbole de l'État du Maine aux États-Unis. Il ne faut pas confondre l'airelle à feuilles étroites (bleuet) avec la myrtille. Le nom bleuet se réfère aux espèces qui ne poussent qu'en Amérique du Nord, alors que le nom de myrtille s'applique aux espèces qui poussent en Europe et en Asie. Au Canada, les espèces proches sont Vaccinium myrtilloides ou airelle fausse-myrtille, et Vaccinium corymbosum ou airelle en corymbe, dont les cultivars constituent aussi les variétés à gros fruits cultivées au Canada et aux États-Unis.

Véritable tradition culinaire québécoise, l'usage des bleuets pour des fins alimentaires remonte aux Amérindiens. On trouve des bonbons, du thé, des biscuits, des chocolats et des tartes préparés avec des bleuets.

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Việt quất bụi thấp ( vietnamèis )

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Việt quất bụi thấp hay Việt quất bụi, Việt quất đất bạc màu[1] (tên khoa học: Vaccinium angustifolium), là một loài cây thuộc chi Việt quất có nguồn gốc từ miền trung CanadaĐông Bắc Hoa Kỳ, ranh giới sinh sống của chúng nằm ở bang Virginia Tây ở phía Nam và vùng Ngũ Đại Hồ, bang Minnesota, Manitoba ở phía Tây.

Đặc điểm

Việt quất là một cây bụi rụng lá cao 35 phân, có một số cây có thể cao 60 phân. Lá cây rộng bản hay có hình dạng êlíp; màu xanh lục pha xanh lam và bóng nhoáng vào mùa hè, đến mùa thu chuyển sang màu tím. Chồi cây có màu đỏ nâu ở phần cuống. Hoa hình chuông, màu trắng, dài chừng 5 ly.

Quả mọng, nhỏ, màu từ xanh đậm đến đen, có mùi thơm nhẹ, chín giữa mùa hạ, được con người và nhiều loại động vật ưa thích[1]. Thậm chí khả năng sinh sản của loài gấu đen hoang dã phụ thuộc vào việc việt quất được mùa hay không[1]. Việt quất bụi thấp sinh trưởng tốt nhất trong khu vực có nhiều cây hoặc trong khu vực trống trải, có đất chua và tiêu nước tốt. Ở một số nơi gần như chỉ có việt quất mọc trên nguyên cả một khoảng đất rộng lớn mà không có loài thực vật khác.

Việt quất bụi thấp chịu lửa tốt và chúng thường phát triển mạnh sau những vụ cháy rừng. Thông thường, những nhà vườn trồng loại việt quất này cứ cách vài năm lại đốt các vườn việt quất để loại bỏ sâu bệnh, cỏ dại, cây bụi và để làm đất thêm màu mỡ. Trong tiếng Pháp vùng Acadia, một vườn việt quất được gọi là "brûlis", từ này bắt nguồn từ chữ brûlé - có nghĩa là "đốt cháy" - nhằm ám chỉ phương pháp này.

Phân bổ

Loài Việt quất bụi thấp thực vật bản địa cũng được trồng ở bang Maine, bang Massachusetts trong các khu vưởn nhỏ. Nó là cây ăn quả biểu tượng cho bang Maine.

Sản xuất

 src=
Một công nhân đang điều khiển xe khai thác quả việt quất tại một vườn việt quất ở New Brunswick, Canada

Vào năm 2006, sản lượng việt quất ở bang Quebec đã đạt tới 70 triệu pound. Trong đó, 55 triệu đưo85c sản xuất từ các vườn việt quất và 15 triệu còn lại là việt quất hoang dại khai thác trong rừng. Phần lớn số việt quất này - chừng 67,5 triệu pound - đã được tung ra thị trường, đặc biệt dưới dạng quả đông lạnh.

Chú thích

  1. ^ a ă â Lê Quang Long, Nguyễn Thị Thanh Huyền, trang 306

Tham khảo

  • Lê Quang Long (chủ biên); Nguyễn Thị Thanh Huyền (2007). Từ điển tranh về các loại củ & quả. Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh: Nhà xuất bản Giáo dục. tr. 306.

Liên kết ngoài


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết phân họ thực vật Vaccinioideae này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
licensa
cc-by-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visité la sorgiss
sit compagn
wikipedia VI

Việt quất bụi thấp: Brief Summary ( vietnamèis )

fornì da wikipedia VI

Việt quất bụi thấp hay Việt quất bụi, Việt quất đất bạc màu (tên khoa học: Vaccinium angustifolium), là một loài cây thuộc chi Việt quất có nguồn gốc từ miền trung CanadaĐông Bắc Hoa Kỳ, ranh giới sinh sống của chúng nằm ở bang Virginia Tây ở phía Nam và vùng Ngũ Đại Hồ, bang Minnesota, Manitoba ở phía Tây.

licensa
cc-by-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visité la sorgiss
sit compagn
wikipedia VI