Orestias és un gènere de peixos de la família dels ciprinodòntids i de l'ordre dels ciprinodontiformes.
Orestias és un gènere de peixos de la família dels ciprinodòntids i de l'ordre dels ciprinodontiformes.
Die Andenkärpflinge, Titicaca-Kärpflinge oder Südamerikanischen Hochlandkärpflinge (Orestias) sind eine Gattung aus der Ordnung der Zahnkärpflinge. Sie sind 9 bis 22 Zentimeter große, längliche Raubfische, die vor allem durch das Fehlen der Bauchflossen gekennzeichnet sind. Ihre Nahrung besteht aus tierischem Plankton. Sie kommen im Titicaca-See und anderen peruanischen, bolivianischen und chilenischen Gewässern des Altiplano in Höhenlagen über 3.600 m vor. Viele Arten aus dieser Gattung sind aufgrund von Umweltverschmutzung und Faunenverfälschung durch Fremdfische selten geworden. Eine Art – der Raubkärpfling (Orestias cuvieri) – ist möglicherweise ausgestorben.[1]
Andenkärpflinge werden 9 bis 22 cm lang. Sie unterscheiden sich von anderen Zahnkärpflingen durch das Fehlen der Bauchflossen, des Vomers (Gaumenknochen) und des ersten Postcleithrums, eines Deckknochens im Schultergürtel. Die Anzahl der Wirbel beträgt 31–33; die Anzahl der Schuppen entlang der Seitenlinie liegt bei 0 bis 54 und die Anzahl der Branchiostegalstrahlen beträgt 5 oder 6.[2]
Die Gattung Orestias wurde 1839 durch den französischen Zoologen Achille Valenciennes eingeführt. Die US-amerikanische Ichthyologin Lynne R. Parenti stellte die Gattung zusammen mit den Mittelmeerkärpflingen (Aphanius) innerhalb der Familie Cyprinodontidae in die Tribus Orestini. Die Gattung wurde Mitte 2017 durch den deutschen Ichthyologen Jörg Freyhof und zwei türkische Kollegen in eine eigenständige Familie (Orestiidae) überführt.[3] Der Name der Familie war bereits 1923 durch den US-amerikanischen Zoologen David Starr Jordan eingeführt worden. FishBase und Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes, zwei Online-Datenbanken zur Fischsystematik, stellen die Gattung Orestias zusammen mit Pseudorestias, ihrer Schwestergattung, in die Unterfamilie Orestiinae innerhalb der Cyprinodontidae.[4][5] Eine im April 2022 veröffentlichte phylogenetische Studie zur Systematik der Zahnkärpflinge bestätigt jedoch die Stellung der Gruppe als eigenständige Familie. Die Andenkärpflinge sind näher mit den europäischen, nahöstlichen und nordafrikanischen Aphaniidae und Valenciidae verwandt als mit den übrigen Zahnkärpflingsfamilien der Neuen Welt.[6]
Folgende 44 Arten gehören zur Fischgattung Orestias, die Parenti 1984 aufgrund der verwandtschaftlichen Verhältnisse in vier Artenkomplexe klassifiziert hat[7]
Die Andenkärpflinge, Titicaca-Kärpflinge oder Südamerikanischen Hochlandkärpflinge (Orestias) sind eine Gattung aus der Ordnung der Zahnkärpflinge. Sie sind 9 bis 22 Zentimeter große, längliche Raubfische, die vor allem durch das Fehlen der Bauchflossen gekennzeichnet sind. Ihre Nahrung besteht aus tierischem Plankton. Sie kommen im Titicaca-See und anderen peruanischen, bolivianischen und chilenischen Gewässern des Altiplano in Höhenlagen über 3.600 m vor. Viele Arten aus dieser Gattung sind aufgrund von Umweltverschmutzung und Faunenverfälschung durch Fremdfische selten geworden. Eine Art – der Raubkärpfling (Orestias cuvieri) – ist möglicherweise ausgestorben.
Qarachi[1][2][3] (genus Orestias) nisqaqa Antikunap quchankunapi - Piruwpi, Buliwyapi, Chilipi - kawsaq challwakunam, 3,600 mitru hanaqkama.
Qarachikunaqa 9-manta 22-kama sintimitru sunim.
Trucha, huk Piruwman apamusqa, musuq uywa nisqa challwakunapas aswan allinta miraykuptinmi, achka qarachi rikch'aqkunam llakipayaspa pisiykuchkanmi. Titiqaqa quchapi kawsaq huk rikch'aqninmi - amantu (Orestias cuvieri) nisqa - 1930, 1940 watakunapiña wañurqan.[4]
Kunanqa Titiqaqa pachapi q'illu qarachiraqmi (Orestias luteus), ispipas (Orestias ispi), Orestias mulleri nisqapas kawsanku. Chinchayquchapitaq huk rikch'aqkunatam (Orestias elegans, Orestias empyraeus) tarinchik.
Wikispecies nisqaqa qillqasqa p'anqayuqmi kay hawa: Qarachi
Qarachi (genus Orestias) nisqaqa Antikunap quchankunapi - Piruwpi, Buliwyapi, Chilipi - kawsaq challwakunam, 3,600 mitru hanaqkama.
Qarachikunaqa 9-manta 22-kama sintimitru sunim.
Trucha, huk Piruwman apamusqa, musuq uywa nisqa challwakunapas aswan allinta miraykuptinmi, achka qarachi rikch'aqkunam llakipayaspa pisiykuchkanmi. Titiqaqa quchapi kawsaq huk rikch'aqninmi - amantu (Orestias cuvieri) nisqa - 1930, 1940 watakunapiña wañurqan.
Kunanqa Titiqaqa pachapi q'illu qarachiraqmi (Orestias luteus), ispipas (Orestias ispi), Orestias mulleri nisqapas kawsanku. Chinchayquchapitaq huk rikch'aqkunatam (Orestias elegans, Orestias empyraeus) tarinchik.
Qarachi (kastilla aru: Carache), Titiqaqa qutana jakiri, wali llixini, walja ch'akani challwa.
Orestias is a genus of pupfish. Older systematics classified them into the own family Orestiidae. They are found in lakes, rivers and springs in the Andean highlands of South America, and several species are considered threatened.[2] They are egg-laying fish that feed on small animals and plant matter.[3][4] The largest species can reach a total length of 27 cm (10.6 in), but most remain far smaller.[5][6] Their most characteristic feature is the absence of the ventral fin, although this is shared by a few other pupfish.[6] Despite their moderate to small size, they are important to local fisheries and a few species are farmed.[7]
Several species are locally and colloquially known as carache. The name of the genus is a reference to Orestes, a Greek mythological character who Valenciennes described as the "nymph of the mountains".[8]
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Orestias is restricted to freshwater habitats at an altitude of 2,800–4,600 m (9,200–15,100 ft) in the Andes of central and southern Peru, western Bolivia, and northeastern Chile.[2] Although freshwater habitats at low and middle altitudes in the Andes are relatively rich in fish, few are found in the highest, with Orestias and the catfish Astroblepus and Trichomycterus being the primary—in many places only—native genera.[4][9] Of the 45 recognized species of Orestias, the majority are found in Lake Titicaca (including 23 endemics to its basin), with the remaining from other Altiplano lakes, rivers or springs.[2] In addition to differences in feeding, the many species in Lake Titicaca segregate by habitat preference, with some living among totora reeds, some among submerged macrophytes, some at the bottom in water too deep for macrophytes (deeper than 10 m or 33 ft), and some pelagically in the open water.[10] Orestias species found elsewhere than Lake Titicaca often have very small ranges.[2]
Relatively little is known about the behavior of Orestias.[4]
They feed on small crustaceans (such as amphipods and cladocera), aquatic insects and larvae (such as chironomids), snails, small fish, fish eggs, algae, macrophyte seeds and plant detritus.[3][11][12] There are significant variations depending on exact species, especially in Lake Titicaca where there is a degree of niche differentiation, including some that mainly feed on zooplanktonic organisms, two (O. albus and O. cuvieri) that are particularly willing to take other fish, primarily smaller Orestias (fish eggs are regularly consumed by a wider range of species), several that mainly feed on small bottom- or plant-living organisms, and some that are generalists that will feed on a wide range of things,[3][4][10][12] sometimes varying depending on season.[11]
Females tend to grow larger than males. Although generally rather dull-coloured, breeding males may become partially yellow or orange. The eggs, up to a few hundred, are placed in shallow water among vegetation. Orestias appear to reach maturity when around one year old.[4]
Many species of the genus became rare in recent decades due to predation by, and competition with introduced fish species (especially rainbow trout and Argentinian silverside), pollution, overfishing and other human activities in their habitats.[13][14] In the 1960s, an expedition to Lake Titicaca led by Jacques Cousteau reported seeing many dead Orestias and when studied they were found to be infected by a disease introduced with the trout.[15]
The two largest species in the genus, the Titicaca orestias (O. cuvieri) at up to 22 cm (8.7 in) in standard length and 27 cm (10.6 in) in total length, and O. pentlandii up to 20 cm (7.9 in) and 23.5 cm (9.3 in) respectively,[5][6] have fared the worst. The Titicaca orestias was last seen in 1939 and is almost certainly extinct.[13] O. pentlandii is from the same lake and it may have disappeared in its native form.[14] It was still regarded as "only" vulnerable by the IUCN in 2009, but in 2014 the species was regarded as critically endangered in a review of Lake Titicaca fish.[13] In the 1990s, some were introduced to a small highland lake in Peru in an attempt of safeguarding the species, but over time they have changed (possibly due to genetic drift, inbreeding depression, or their new and different habitat) and now appear very different from the original O. pentlandii of Lake Titicaca.[16] The remaining Orestias of Lake Titicaca are also threatened to various degrees,[13][14] as are the three species in Lake Junin and its vicinity,[9] which in turn may threaten the Lake Junin giant frog that feeds on the fish and invertebrates.[17] Many Orestias found elsewhere are vulnerable because of their highly restricted ranges,[6] like O. ascotanensis where the entire habitat covers 18 km2 (7 sq mi) of Salar de Ascotán and O. chungarensis found only in Lake Chungará.[18][19]
Despite their moderate to small size, some species are important to local fisheries, but they are overfished, there are few regulations and limited enforcement of the rules that do exist.[14][16] In Lake Titicaca, the moderately sized O. agassizii and O. luteus (complexes) represent more than 90% of the total catches of native fish species,[7] but others like the small open-water ispi (O. forgeti and O. ispi) are also frequently caught.[20] The natives have now been greatly surpassed by fisheries for the non-native introduced trout and Argentinian silverside.[14] Because of pollution, studies have revealed levels of metals in Orestias of Lake Titicaca that exceed the internationally recommended safety thresholds for human consumption.[21] O. agassizii and O. luteus are also farmed and spawned in captivity; both to supply the food market and for release to support their vulnerable wild populations.[7][22]
There are currently 45 recognized species in this genus,[5] divided depending on their relationships into four species complexes.[6] The genus is estimated to be 5 million years old, with a significant diversification occurring within the last one million years. Lüssen (2003) researched the phylogeny of several species including mtDNA sequence data; because hybridization is known to occur (Villwock 1964, Parenti 1984), mtDNA data cannot be relied upon on its own to resolve the evolution of this genus. For example, O. agassizii and O. luteus reach a similar maximum standard length of c. 17 cm (6.5 in),[21] but otherwise they are quite different. Despite this, hybrids between them are known.[7]
Some species restricted to the Lake Titicaca basin (which includes the inflowing rivers and connected smaller lakes like Arapa, Lagunillas and Saracocha), and some restricted to other lakes, rivers and springs elsewhere in the Andean highlands. O. agassizii (often spelled agassii instead[23]) is the only member of the genus found both in the Lake Titicaca basin and elsewhere.[6]
All restricted to the Lake Titicaca basin.[6]
All restricted to the Lake Titicaca basin.[6]
All restricted to the Lake Titicaca basin.[6]
Orestias is a genus of pupfish. Older systematics classified them into the own family Orestiidae. They are found in lakes, rivers and springs in the Andean highlands of South America, and several species are considered threatened. They are egg-laying fish that feed on small animals and plant matter. The largest species can reach a total length of 27 cm (10.6 in), but most remain far smaller. Their most characteristic feature is the absence of the ventral fin, although this is shared by a few other pupfish. Despite their moderate to small size, they are important to local fisheries and a few species are farmed.
Several species are locally and colloquially known as carache. The name of the genus is a reference to Orestes, a Greek mythological character who Valenciennes described as the "nymph of the mountains".
Orestias es un género de peces actinopeterigios de agua dulce,[2] distribuidos por ríos de América del Sur.[3]
Existen 45 especies reconocidas en este género:[2]
Orestias es un género de peces actinopeterigios de agua dulce, distribuidos por ríos de América del Sur.
Orestias est un genre de poisson de la famille des Cyprinodontidae et de l'ordre des Cyprinodontiformes.
Selon l'IUCN, un grand nombre d'espèces que regroupe ce genre Orestias sont au moins classées Vulnérable (VU).
Selon FishBase (1er Décembre 2017)[1] :
Orestias est un genre de poisson de la famille des Cyprinodontidae et de l'ordre des Cyprinodontiformes.
Orestias is een geslacht van straalvinnige vissen uit de familie van de eierleggende tandkarpers (Cyprinodontidae).
Orestias is een geslacht van straalvinnige vissen uit de familie van de eierleggende tandkarpers (Cyprinodontidae).
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Orestias – rodzaj ryb z rodziny karpieńcowatych. Dawniej umieszczano go w osobnej rodzinie Orestiidae. Przedstawiciele są planktonem zwierzęcym. Osiągają długość od 9 do 22 cm. Rzuca się w oczy brak płetwy brzusznej. Są endemitami jezior w Peru, Boliwii i Chile na wysokościach do 3600 m n.p.m. Wiele gatunków stało się rzadkich z powodu konkurencji z rybami wprowadzonymi przez człowieka, zanieczyszczeń i innych działań człowieka. Jednego z nich (Orestias cuvieri) widziano po raz ostatni w 1939, sądzi się więc, że już wyginął. Inne zajmują bardzo niewielkie obszary (Parenti 1984).
Amerykański ichtiolog Lynne R. Parenti podzielił 43 gatunki zaliczane do rodzaju, tworząc w 1984 roku 4 grupy. W 2003 Lüssen przeprowadził badania filogenetyczne, opierając się na sekwencjach mtDNA i posługując się hybrydyzacją. Jednakże mitochondrialny DNA nie pomógł w wielkim stopniu wiarygodnie wyjaśnić ewolucji rodzaju.
Gatunki zaliczane do tego rodzaju [2]:
Orestias – rodzaj ryb z rodziny karpieńcowatych. Dawniej umieszczano go w osobnej rodzinie Orestiidae. Przedstawiciele są planktonem zwierzęcym. Osiągają długość od 9 do 22 cm. Rzuca się w oczy brak płetwy brzusznej. Są endemitami jezior w Peru, Boliwii i Chile na wysokościach do 3600 m n.p.m. Wiele gatunków stało się rzadkich z powodu konkurencji z rybami wprowadzonymi przez człowieka, zanieczyszczeń i innych działań człowieka. Jednego z nich (Orestias cuvieri) widziano po raz ostatni w 1939, sądzi się więc, że już wyginął. Inne zajmują bardzo niewielkie obszary (Parenti 1984).
Orestias là một chi cá trong họ Cyprinodontidae thuộc bộ cá chép răng. Nhiều loài cá trong chi này còn được gọi là cá carache.
Orestias là một chi cá trong họ Cyprinodontidae thuộc bộ cá chép răng. Nhiều loài cá trong chi này còn được gọi là cá carache.
