Biology
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da Arkive
All sea-squirts filter suspended particles from the water. They maintain a current that passes through their body by beating tiny hair-like structures known as 'cilia'; the water enters through an opening called the 'inhalant siphon', and passes through the pharynx, where plankton and detritus become trapped in mucus and are passed to the stomach. The water then passes out through a second opening called the 'exhalent siphon'. In the star ascidian, the exhalent siphons of all the members of the colony open into a shared chamber, known as the cloaca, water then passes out of a shared exhalent siphon at the centre of the colony (3).
In the star ascidian, the zooids are hermaphroditic (3); after fertilisation, eggs are retained until the tadpole larvae have formed (2). The larvae are then released through the exhalent siphon, and live in the water column for about 36 hours, before settling and forming new colonies (2). Asexual reproduction can also take place through budding (3). Colonies may live for up to one and a half years (3). Star ascidians are predated upon by cowries (members of the genus Trivia), which are gastropod molluscs; cowries also lay their eggs into holes made in the star-ascidian test (3).
Conservation
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da Arkive
No conservation action has been targeted at this species.
Description
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da Arkive
The star ascidian is a colonial sea-squirt (2). The individual members of the colony (known as zooids) are embedded in a jelly-like coating called a 'test' in groups of 3-12 around a common opening; this arrangement gives rise to the star-like patterns referred to by the common name (3). Sea-squirts earn their common name because they expel a jet of water when disturbed (3). They are also known as 'tunicates' due to the tunic-like test of many species. The colour of colonies is variable, but includes blue, brown and yellow; furthermore the colour of the zooids often contrasts with that of the test (3). Sea-squirts belong to the same phylum as humans, the 'chordates'. The free-swimming larval stage is a 'tadpole larva', which possesses a stiff chord known as a 'notochord' as well as a nerve chord, which pass along the flexible tail; the possession of both a notochord and a nerve chord at some point in the lifecycle of an animal is a crucial defining characteristic shared by all chordates (3).
Habitat
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da Arkive
Typically occurs on the lower shore and in shallow depths, but has been recorded at depths of several hundred meters (2). It seems to fare particularly well in sheltered sites, such as docks, and grows on a wide range of stable substrates including rock, algae and artificial surfaces (2).
Range
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da Arkive
Very common and widespread around the coasts of Britain. It also occurs around Ireland and in mainland Europe from the Faeroe Islands and Norway, reaching as far south as the Mediterranean. It is also known from the western Atlantic along parts of the coast of North America, where it is thought to have been introduced on the hulls of ships (2).
Status
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da Arkive
Common and widespread (3).
Threats
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da Arkive
Not currently threatened.
Associations
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da BioImages, the virtual fieldguide, UK
Animal / predator
adult of Erato voluta is predator of Botryllus schlosseri
Animal / rests in
egg capsule of Trivia monacha rests inside nibbled hole common test of Botryllus schlosseri
Brief Summary
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da Ecomare
As the name says, the star ascidian is star-shaped. Each point of the star is an animal and the center of the star is their joint waste hole. Star ascidians are the most common colony-forming sea squirts present in the Netherlands. They look like sturdy, smooth, cartilaginous crust, covered with star-shaped figures. In the delta region, there are more species of colony-forming sea squirts. They were carried here in the 1970s-1990s by ships and when mussel and oyster fishermen transported shellfish.
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Brief Summary
(
olandèis; flamand
)
fornì da Ecomare
Hier is elke punt van het sterretje een dier, en het midden hun gezamenlijke poepgat! De gesterde of paarse geleikorst is de meest algemeen voorkomende kolonievormende zakpijp in Nederland. Ze zien eruit als een stevige gladde, kraakbenige korst. Daarin zie je de stervormige figuurtjes. In het deltagebied komen nog meer soorten kolonievormende zakpijpen voor. Deze zijn daar in de jaren zeventig, tachtig en negentig van de vorige eeuw terechtgekomen door schepen en door transport van schelpdieren door mossel- en oestervissers.
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Asexual Reproduction
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da Egg Characteristics and Breeding Season for Woods Hole Species
Woods Hole, Maine
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- Donald P. Costello and Catherine Henley
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- Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
- autor
- Costello, D.P.
- autor
- C. Henley
Breeding Season
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da Egg Characteristics and Breeding Season for Woods Hole Species
Woods Hole, Maine
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- Donald P. Costello and Catherine Henley
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- Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
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- Costello, D.P.
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- C. Henley
Care of Adults
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da Egg Characteristics and Breeding Season for Woods Hole Species
Woods Hole, Maine
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- Donald P. Costello and Catherine Henley
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- Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
- autor
- Costello, D.P.
- autor
- C. Henley
Egg Characteristics
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da Egg Characteristics and Breeding Season for Woods Hole Species
Woods Hole, Maine
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- Donald P. Costello and Catherine Henley
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- Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
- autor
- Costello, D.P.
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- C. Henley
Fertilization and Cleavage
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da Egg Characteristics and Breeding Season for Woods Hole Species
Woods Hole, Maine
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- Donald P. Costello and Catherine Henley
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- Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
- autor
- Costello, D.P.
- autor
- C. Henley
Later Stages of Development and Metamorphosis
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da Egg Characteristics and Breeding Season for Woods Hole Species
Woods Hole, Maine
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- Donald P. Costello and Catherine Henley
- sitassion bibliogràfica
- Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
- autor
- Costello, D.P.
- autor
- C. Henley
Living Material
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da Egg Characteristics and Breeding Season for Woods Hole Species
Woods Hole, Maine
- Berrill, N. J., 1937. Culture methods for ascidians. In: Culture Methods for Invertebrate Animals, edit. by Galtsoff et al., Comstock, Ithaca, pp. 564-571.
- Berrill, N. J., 1941a. The development of the bud in Botryllus. Biol. Bull., 80: 169-184.
- Berrill, N. J., 1941b. Size and morphogenesis in the bud of Botryllus. Biol. Bull., 80: 185-193.
- Grave, C., 1937. Notes on the culture of eight species of ascidians. In: Culture Methods for Invertebrate Animals, edit. by Galtsoff et al., Comstock, Ithaca, pp. 560-564.
- Grave, C., and P. A. Nichol, 1939. Studies of larval life and metamorphosis in Ascidia nigra and species of Polyandrocarpa. Pap. Tortugas Lab., 32: 1-46. (Carnegie Inst., Wash., Publ. no. 517.).
- Grave, C., and G. Riley, 1935. Development of the sense organs of the larva of Botryllus schlosseri. J. Morph., 57: 185-211.
- Grave, C., and H. Woodbridge, 1924. Botryllus schlosseri (Pallas): The behavior and morphology of the free-swimming larva. J. Morph., 39: 207-247.
- Herdman E. C., 1924. Botryllus. Mem. Liverpool Mar. Biol. Comm., 26: 1-40.
- Oka, H., and H. Watanabe, 1957. Vascular budding, a new type of budding in Botryllus. Biol. Bull., 112: 225-240.
- Pizon, A., 1893. Histoire de la blastogenese chez les Botryllides. Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., ser. 7, 14: 1-386.
- Watterson R. L., 1945. Asexual reproduction in the colonial tunicate, Botryllus schlosseri ( Pallas ) Savigny, with special reference to the developmental history of intersiphonal bands of pigment cells. Biol. Bull., 88: 71-103.
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- Donald P. Costello and Catherine Henley
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- Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
- autor
- Costello, D.P.
- autor
- C. Henley
Methods of Observation
(
Anglèis
)
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Woods Hole, Maine
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- Donald P. Costello and Catherine Henley
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- Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
- autor
- Costello, D.P.
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- C. Henley
Preparation of Cultures
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da Egg Characteristics and Breeding Season for Woods Hole Species
Woods Hole, Maine
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- Donald P. Costello and Catherine Henley
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- Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
- autor
- Costello, D.P.
- autor
- C. Henley
Procuring Gametes
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da Egg Characteristics and Breeding Season for Woods Hole Species
Woods Hole, Maine
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- drit d'autor
- Donald P. Costello and Catherine Henley
- sitassion bibliogràfica
- Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
- autor
- Costello, D.P.
- autor
- C. Henley
Rate of Development
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da Egg Characteristics and Breeding Season for Woods Hole Species
Woods Hole, Maine
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- Donald P. Costello and Catherine Henley
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- Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
- autor
- Costello, D.P.
- autor
- C. Henley
Botryllus schlosseri
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da wikipedia EN
Botryllus schlosseri is a colonial ascidian tunicate. It is commonly known as the star tunicate,[2] but it also has several other common names, including star ascidian and golden star tunicate.[3][4] Colonies grow on slow-moving, submerged objects, plants, and animals in nearshore saltwater environments.
Description
Individual zooids may grow to 3 millimetres (0.12 in) in size, with colonies reaching 50 millimetres (2.0 in) long .[5]
Tunicate colonies of
Didemnum (left) and
Botryllus schlosseri (right) overgrowing individuals of the tunicate
Styela clava
This species can be distinguished from Botrylloides sp. by the pattern of zooid growth. B. schlosseri zooids emanate from a center in the manner of the arms of a star. Also, there usually are fewer zooids per cluster (5–8 in B. schlosseri and 10 or more in Botrylloides). There are many colors in which this species can be found, ranging from orange, blue and grey. A colony can be easily be separated from the main body to form an independent colony usually referred to as a subclone. Two colonies may also fuse together if they share common alleles for historecognition.[6]
Distribution
The native range of Botryllus schlosseri is the north eastern Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and the North Sea.[1] Its range has spread over the last 100 years to a nearly worldwide extent. Ranging in the western Atlantic Ocean from the Bay of Fundy to North Carolina, it is regarded as an invasive species and is "the most common colonial tunicate in North America."[7]
Biology
Botryllus schlosseri is used as a model organism. Clones have been maintained in continuous laboratory culture for several decades, with new adults developing from buds that form from the body wall of existing adults. Under typical culture conditions, asexual reproduction occurs on an approximately two week cycle, during which a new bud will grow and begin to actively feed, while the adult it emerged from regresses and is eventually re-absorbed.[8][9]
When sexually productive, these Botryllus are known to produce,"yellowish-white or pale orange tadpole larva" exhibiting an oval outline.[10]
Colonial tunicates are the only chordates that are able to reproduce both sexually and asexually.[11][12][13] B. schlosseri is a sequential (protogynous) hermaphrodite, and in a colony, eggs are ovulated about two days before the peak of sperm emission.[14] Thus self-fertilization is avoided, and cross-fertilization is favored. Although avoided, self-fertilization is still possible in B. schlosseri. Self-fertilized eggs develop with a substantially higher frequency of anomalies during cleavage than cross-fertilized eggs (23.1% vs. 1.6%).[14] Also a significantly lower percentage of larvae derived from self-fertilized eggs metamorphose (51.5% vs 87.2%), and the growth of the colonies derived from their metamorphosis is significantly slower. These observations suggest that self-fertilization leads to inbreeding depression associated with developmental deficits likely arising from expression of deleterious recessive mutations.[15]
Genome
The genome has been sequenced.[16] It is 580 megabases in length organised into 16 chromosomes. It contains nearly 14,000 intron containing predicted genes and 13,500 intron-less predicted genes. The data also confirmed that the Tunicata are the closest invertebrate relative of humans.[17]
References
-
^ a b c Claude Monniot (2009). "Botryllus schlosseri (Pallas, 1766)". World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved January 20, 2010.
-
^ "Star Tunicate (Botryllus schlosseri)". Slater Museum of Natural History.
-
^ "Star Ascidian (Botryllus schlosseri)". WhatsThatFish.
-
^ David Chapman (2008). Exploring the Cornish Coast. Penzance: Alison Hodge. p. 21. ISBN 9780906720561.
-
^ M. J. de Kluijver & S. S. Ingalsuo. "Botryllus schlosseri". Macrobenthos of the North Sea: Tunicata. Universiteit van Amsterdam. Archived from the original on September 1, 2010. Retrieved January 20, 2010.
-
^ Irving L. Weissman, Yasunori Saito & Baruch Rinkevich (1990). "Allorecognition histocompatibility in a protochordate species: is the relationship to MHC somatic or structural?". Immunological Reviews. 113: 227–241. doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.1990.tb00043.x. PMID 2180808. S2CID 43085720.
-
^ Andrew J. Martinez & Candace Storm Martinez (2003). Marine Life of the North Atlantic: Canada to New England. Aqua Quest Publications. p. 272. ISBN 978-1-881652-32-8.
-
^ Manni, L.; Zaniolo, G.; Cima, F.; Burighel, P.; Ballarin, L. (1 February 2007). "Botryllus schlosseri: A model ascidian for the study of asexual reproduction". Developmental Dynamics. 236 (2): 335–352. doi:10.1002/dvdy.21037. PMID 17191252. S2CID 5955920.
-
^ Lauzon, Robert J.; Brown, Christina; Kerr, Louie; Tiozzo, Stefano (February 2013). "Phagocyte dynamics in a highly regenerative urochordate: Insights into development and host defense". Developmental Biology. 374 (2): 357–373. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.11.006. PMID 23174529.
-
^ Heather C. Boyd; Weissman, I. L.; Saito, Y. (1990). "Morphologic and genetic verification that Monterey Botryllus and Woods Hole Botryllus are the same species". The Biological Bulletin. 178 (3): 239–250. doi:10.2307/1541825. JSTOR 1541825. PMID 29314942.
-
^ Stem cells : from hydra to man. Bosch, Thomas C. G. Dordrecht: Springer. 2008. ISBN 9781402082740. OCLC 233972733.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: others (link) -
^ Kürn, Ulrich; Rendulic, Snjezana; Tiozzo, Stefano; Lauzon, Robert J. (August 2011). "Asexual Propagation and Regeneration in Colonial Ascidians". The Biological Bulletin. 221 (1): 43–61. doi:10.1086/BBLv221n1p43. ISSN 0006-3185. PMID 21876110. S2CID 37526690.
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^ Ricci, Lorenzo; Salmon, Bastien; Olivier, Caroline; Andreoni-Pham, Rita; Chaurasia, Ankita; Alié, Alexandre; Tiozzo, Stefano (2022). "The Onset of Whole-Body Regeneration in Botryllus schlosseri: Morphological and Molecular Characterization". Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology. 10: 843775. doi:10.3389/fcell.2022.843775. ISSN 2296-634X. PMC 8882763. PMID 35237607.
-
^ a b Gasparini F, Manni L, Cima F, Zaniolo G, Burighel P, Caicci F, Franchi N, Schiavon F, Rigon F, Campagna D, Ballarin L (July 2014). "Sexual and asexual reproduction in the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri". Genesis. 53 (1): 105–20. doi:10.1002/dvg.22802. PMID 25044771. S2CID 205772576.
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^ Bernstein, H; Hopf, FA; Michod, RE (1987). The molecular basis of the evolution of sex. Adv Genet. Advances in Genetics. Vol. 24. pp. 323–70. doi:10.1016/S0065-2660(08)60012-7. ISBN 9780120176243. PMID 3324702.
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^ Voskoboynik A, Neff NF, Sahoo D, Newman AM, Pushkarev D, Koh W, Passarelli B, Fan HC, Mantalas GL, Palmeri KJ, Ishizuka KJ, Gissi C, Griggio F, Ben-Shlomo R, Corey DM, Penland L, White RA, Weissman IL, Quake SR (2013) The genome sequence of the colonial chordate, Botryllus schlosseri. Elife 2:e00569. doi:10.7554/eLife.00569
-
^ Delsuc, Frédéric; Brinkmann, Henner; Chourrout, Daniel; Philippe, Hervé (February 2006). "Tunicates and not cephalochordates are the closest living relatives of vertebrates" (PDF). Nature. 439 (7079): 965–968. Bibcode:2006Natur.439..965D. doi:10.1038/nature04336. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 16495997. S2CID 4382758.
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Botryllus schlosseri: Brief Summary
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da wikipedia EN
Botryllus schlosseri is a colonial ascidian tunicate. It is commonly known as the star tunicate, but it also has several other common names, including star ascidian and golden star tunicate. Colonies grow on slow-moving, submerged objects, plants, and animals in nearshore saltwater environments.
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Botryllus schlosseri
(
Fransèis
)
fornì da wikipedia FR
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Ascaid réaltach
(
Irlandèis
)
fornì da wikipedia GA
Is Tunicata (na túinicigh) í an ascaid réaltach nó Botryllus schlosseri. Is Ainmhí beag coilíneach í a fhásann ar rudaí neamhbheo, phlandaí agus ainmhithe mallghluaiseacha san fharraige.
Dáileadh
In oirthuaisceart an Aigéin Atlantaigh, sa Mheán Mhuir agus sa Mhuir Thuaidh a mhaireann an ascaid réaltach go dúchasach. Le 100 bliain anuas faightear í in áiteanna ar fud an domhain, nach mór.
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Ascaid réaltach: Brief Summary
(
Irlandèis
)
fornì da wikipedia GA
Is Tunicata (na túinicigh) í an ascaid réaltach nó Botryllus schlosseri. Is Ainmhí beag coilíneach í a fhásann ar rudaí neamhbheo, phlandaí agus ainmhithe mallghluaiseacha san fharraige.
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Botryllus schlosseri
(
Galissian
)
fornì da wikipedia gl Galician
Botryllus schlosseri[2] é un tunicado ascidiáceo colonial, que crece en obxectos mergullados, de movementos lentos, plantas e animais en ambientes de auga salgada próximos á costa.
Descrición
Os zooides individuais poden crecer ata os 3 mm, e as colonias chegan a ser de 50 mm de longo.[3]
Colonias de tunicados
Didemnum (esquerda) e
Botryllus schlosseri (dereita) crecendo sobre individuos do tunicado
Styela clava
Esta especie pode distinguirse de Botrylloides sp. polo padrón de crecemento dos zooides. Os zooides de B. schlosseri emanan do centro como se fosen os brazos dunha estrela. Ademais , xeralmente hai menos zooides por agrupamento (de 5 a 8 en B. schlosseri e 10 ou máis en Botrylloides). A especie pode presentarse en diversas cores, que van do laranxa, ao azul e gris. Unha colonia pode ser separada doadamente do corpo principal para formar unha colonia independente xeralmente chamado subclón. Dúas colonias poden tamén fusionarse se comparten alelos comúns para o historrecoñecemento.[4]
Distribución
A área de distribución nativa de Botryllus schlosseri é o nordés do océano Atlántico, o mar Mediterráneo e o mar do Norte.[1] Porén, a súa área estendeuse durante os últimos 100 anos ata abranguer case por todo o mundo. Nalgunhas zonas, como a costa oeste do Atlántico en Norteamérica, considérase unha especie invasora, que se converteu no "tunicado colonial máis común de Norteamérica".[5]
Bioloxía
Botryllus schlosseri utilízase como organismo modelo. Os clons mantivéronse en cultivos de laboratorio continuos durante varias décadas, nos que os novos adultos se desenvolven a partir de xemas que se forman na parede corporal dos adultos existentes. Baixo as condicións de cultivo típicas, a reprodución asexual ten lugar en aproximadamente un ciclo de dúas semanas, durante os cales crece unha nova xema e empeza a alimentarse activamente, mentres que os adultos dos cales emerxeron sofren regresión e son finalmente reabsorbidos.[6]
Cando son sexualmente produtivos, estes Botryllus producen, "larvas con forma de cágado brancas amareladas ou laranxas claras" que mostran un perfil oval.[7]
Os tunicados coloniais son os únicos cordados que teñen a capacidade de reproducirse tanto sexualmente coma asexualmente. B. schlosseri é un hermafrodita secuencial (protoxino), e nunha colonia, os ovos son expulsados uns dous días antes do pico de emisión de esperma.[8] Así evítase a autofecundación e favorécese a fecundación cruzada. Aínda que sexa evitada, a autofecundación segue sendo posible en B. schlosseri. Os ovos autofecundados desenvólvense cunha frecuencia de anomalías substancialmente máis alta durante a segmentación que a dos ovos resultantes de fecundacións cruzadas (23,1% fronte a 1,6%).[8] Ademais, unha porcentaxe significativamente menor de larvas derivadas de ovos autofecundados sofren metamorfose (51,5% fonte a 87,2%), e o crecemento das colonias derivadas da súa metamorfose é significativamente máis lenta. Estas observacións suxiren que a autofecundación orixina unha depresión por endogamia asociada con déficits de desenvolvemento orixinados probablemente pola expresión de mutacións recesivas deletéreas.[9]
Xenoma
O xenoma desta especie foi secuenciado.[10] Ten unha lonxitude de 580 megabases e está organizado en 16 cromosomas. Comprende case 14 000 xenes preditos que conteñen intróns e 13 500 xenes preditos sen intróns. Os datos tamén confirmaron que os Tunicata son os invertebrados máis próximos relacionados cos vertebrados, e, por tanto, co Homo sapiens.[11]
Notas
-
↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 Claude Monniot (2009). "Botryllus schlosseri (Pallas, 1766)". World Register of Marine Species. Consultado o 20 de xaneiro de 2010.
-
↑ "Star ascidian (Botryllus schlosseri)". ARKive. Arquivado dende o orixinal o 13 de xullo de 2010. Consultado o 20 de xaneiro de 2010.
-
↑ M. J. de Kluijver & S. S. Ingalsuo. "Botryllus schlosseri". Macrobenthos of the North Sea: Tunicata. Universiteit van Amsterdam. Arquivado dende o orixinal o 01 de setembro de 2010. Consultado o 20 de xaneiro de 2010.
-
↑ Irving L. Weissman, Yasunori Saito & Baruch Rinkevich (1990). "Allorecognition histocompatibility in a protochordate species: is the relationship to MHC somatic or structural?". Immunology Review 113: 227–241. PMID 2180808. doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.1990.tb00043.x.
-
↑ Andrew J. Martinez & Candace Storm Martinez (2003). Marine Life of the North Atlantic: Canada to New England. Aqua Quest Publications. p. 272. ISBN 978-1-881652-32-8.
-
↑ Manni, L.; Zaniolo, G.; Cima, F.; Burighel, P.; Ballarin, L. (1 de febreiro de 2007). "Botryllus schlosseri: A model ascidian for the study of asexual reproduction". Developmental Dynamics 236 (2): 335–352. doi:10.1002/dvdy.21037.
-
↑ Heather C. Boyd; Weissman, I. L.; Saito, Y. (1990). "Morphologic and genetic verification that Monterey Botryllus and Woods Hole Botryllus are the same species". The Biological Bulletin 178 (3): 239–250. JSTOR 1541825. doi:10.2307/1541825.
-
↑ 8,0 8,1 Gasparini F, Manni L, Cima F, Zaniolo G, Burighel P, Caicci F, Franchi N, Schiavon F, Rigon F, Campagna D, Ballarin L (July 2014). "Sexual and asexual reproduction in the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri". Genesis 53 (1): 105–20. PMID 25044771. doi:10.1002/dvg.22802.
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↑ Bernstein, H; Hopf, FA; Michod, RE (1987). "The molecular basis of the evolution of sex". Adv Genet. Advances in Genetics 24: 323–70. ISBN 9780120176243. PMID 3324702. doi:10.1016/S0065-2660(08)60012-7.
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↑ Voskoboynik A, Neff NF, Sahoo D, Newman AM, Pushkarev D, Koh W, Passarelli B, Fan HC, Mantalas GL, Palmeri KJ, Ishizuka KJ, Gissi C, Griggio F, Ben-Shlomo R, Corey DM, Penland L, White RA, Weissman IL, Quake SR (2013) The genome sequence of the colonial chordate, Botryllus schlosseri. Elife 2:e00569. doi 10.7554/eLife.00569
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↑ http://phys.org/news/2013-08-scientists-sequence-genome-human-closest.html
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Botryllus schlosseri: Brief Summary
(
Galissian
)
fornì da wikipedia gl Galician
Botryllus schlosseri é un tunicado ascidiáceo colonial, que crece en obxectos mergullados, de movementos lentos, plantas e animais en ambientes de auga salgada próximos á costa.
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Botryllus schlosseri
(
Italian
)
fornì da wikipedia IT
Botryllus schlosseri (Pallas, 1766) è una ascidia coloniale della famiglia Styelidae.
Descrizione
Forma colonie incrostanti, di consistenza gelatinosa, lunghe sino a 5 cm e larghe circa 2 cm.
Gli zooidi, lunghi 2–3 mm, sono aggregati in ciuffi da 3 a 16 individui disposti in cerchio attorno a un'apertura cloacale comune, assumendo una tipica forma a fiore o a stella.
La colorazione è estremamente variabile: si va dal bianco al nero, passando per l'arancio, il rosso, il marrone, il verde e il viola.
Può essere confusa con Botrylloides leachii, le cui colonie hanno però in genere forma più allungata e nastriforme.
Distribuzione e habitat
È una specie invasiva che negli ultimi 100 anni ha esteso notevolmente il suo areale: è presente su entrambe le sponde dell'Atlantico, dal Maine alla Florida sul versante orientale e dalle isole Faroe sino al Portogallo sul versante occidentale, nonché nel mar Mediterraneo e nel mar Nero.
Cresce su fondali rocciosi, alghe e spesso anche su substrati artificiali (moli, banchine, cime).
Si sviluppa ottimalmente a basse profondità ma è possibile reperirla sino a 100 metri di profondità.
Riproduzione
Si riproduce, sia per via sessuale che per gemmazione durante tutto l'anno, con un picco di attività riproduttiva nel periodo dall'autunno alla primavera.
Comportamenti sociali
Si sviluppa partendo da larve planctoniche che si bloccano su scogli e si riproducono asessualmente, costituendo in tal modo una colonia omogenea, sia dal punto di vista genetico sia strutturalmente. Talvolta può succedere che due colonie cerchino di mescolarsi; nel caso le larve siano uguali da un punto di vista genetico allora la fusione risulta possibile, altrimenti la colonia ospitante produce sostanze tossiche atte a respingere l'intruso.[1]
Note
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^ David W. Pfenning e Paul W. Sherman, Riconoscere i parenti, in Le Scienze 1995; 324: 75.
Bibliografia
- Egidio Trainito, Atlante di flora e fauna del Mediterraneo, 2004ª ed., Milano, Il Castello, 2004, ISBN 88-8039-395-2.
- Mojetta A., Ghisotti A, Flora e Fauna del Mediterraneo, Mondadori, 2003, ISBN 88-04-38574-X.
- Andrew J. Martinez, Marine Life of the North Atlantic: Canada to New England, Aqua Quest Publications, 2003, ISBN 1-881652-32-7.
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Botryllus schlosseri: Brief Summary
(
Italian
)
fornì da wikipedia IT
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Sterretje (dier)
(
olandèis; flamand
)
fornì da wikipedia NL
De paarse geleikorst, gesterde geleikorst of sterretje (Botryllus schlosseri) is een kolonievormende zakpijp uit de familie Styelidae.
Leefwijze
Bij sommige kolonies delen groepjes zoïden een uitstroomsifo. De 2 mm brede zoïden zijn stervormig gerangschikt rondom die gemeenschappelijke atriopore. Dankzij hun witte kleur steken ze duidelijk af tegen de geleiachtige grondmassa van de kolonie. De meesten filteren voedseldeeltjes uit het water door middel van een zeefachtige structuur in de farynxwand. De aanzuiging van water geschiedt via een instroomsifo, dat via een uitstroomsifo de farynx weer verlaat. Sommige soorten leven solitair, maar velen vormen kolonies, waarin de individuen zijn geplaatst rond een gemeenschappelijke uitstroomsifo. Zulke kolonies kunnen meters hoog of breed worden. De larven hebben de vorm van kikkervisjes, die een staart met daarin een notochord en een holle, dorsale zenuwstreng hebben.
Verspreiding en leefgebied
Het sterretje komt voor vanaf de laagwaterlijn tot het ondiepe sublittoraal, op rotsen en schelpen, maar vooral op grote bruinwieren (Laminariaceae).
Eigenschap
Het sterretje is een veelbestudeerd modelorganisme voor het onderzoek aan transplantatie (en afstoting) en aan evolutionaire ecologie. Een opvallende eigenschap van deze soort is namelijk dat er natuurlijke transplantatie bij voorkomt: verschillende individuen kunnen versmelten tot één individu.
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties -
David Burnie (2001) - Animals, Dorling Kindersley Limited, London. ISBN 90-18-01564-4 (naar het Nederlands vertaald door Jaap Bouwman en Henk J. Nieuwenkamp).
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Sterretje (dier): Brief Summary
(
olandèis; flamand
)
fornì da wikipedia NL
De paarse geleikorst, gesterde geleikorst of sterretje (Botryllus schlosseri) is een kolonievormende zakpijp uit de familie Styelidae.
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Diet
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da World Register of Marine Species
plankton feeder
North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)
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Distribution
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da World Register of Marine Species
semi-cosmopolitan
van der Land, J. (ed). (2008). UNESCO-IOC Register of Marine Organisms (URMO).
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Distribution
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da World Register of Marine Species
Bay of Fundy to North Carolina
North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)
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Habitat
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da World Register of Marine Species
circalittoral of the Gulf and estuary
North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)
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