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Eptatretus stoutii (Lockington 1878)

Life Expectancy ( Anglèis )

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Estimated life span of Pacific hagfish in the wild is 40 years, and 17 years in captivity.

Typical lifespan
Status: wild:
40 (high) years.

Typical lifespan
Status: captivity:
17 (high) years.

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sitassion bibliogràfica
Schroeder, B. 2006. "Eptatretus stoutii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Eptatretus_stoutii.html
autor
Brett Schroeder, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
Kevin Wehrly, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web

Habitat ( Anglèis )

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Pacific hagfish are found typically on muddy bottoms to depths of 633 meters, but can also be found occasionally on rocky bottoms. They are more common at shallower depths, from 40 to 100 meters. Pacific hagfish may make small migrations from shallow waters in the fall into deeper water. Although this is unconfirmed, it is consistent with seasonal migrations in other hagfish.

Range depth: 16 to 633 m.

Habitat Regions: temperate ; saltwater or marine

Aquatic Biomes: benthic

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Schroeder, B. 2006. "Eptatretus stoutii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Eptatretus_stoutii.html
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Brett Schroeder, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Kevin Wehrly, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web

Distribution ( Anglèis )

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Eptatretus stoutii (Pacific hagfish) are found in cold marine waters of the antitropical north and south Pacific Ocean on muddy sea floors.

Biogeographic Regions: pacific ocean (Native )

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Schroeder, B. 2006. "Eptatretus stoutii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Eptatretus_stoutii.html
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Brett Schroeder, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Kevin Wehrly, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web

Trophic Strategy ( Anglèis )

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Pacific hagfish have two pair of primitive, yet effective, rasps on the tongue used primarily for grasping. After establishing a firm hold on a food source, the hagfish ties and unties a knot within its own body to generate a ripping force. Pacific hagfish feed on a variety of dead or dying organisms, including fish and mammals, but also probably include marine invertebrates in their diet. Male hagfish may eat hagfish eggs.

Animal Foods: mammals; fish; eggs; carrion ; aquatic or marine worms; other marine invertebrates

Primary Diet: carnivore (Scavenger )

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Schroeder, B. 2006. "Eptatretus stoutii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Eptatretus_stoutii.html
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Brett Schroeder, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Kevin Wehrly, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web

Associations ( Anglèis )

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Pacific hagfish are crucial for eliminating dead and dying organsims, and the effect of large-scale removal on the ecosystem could be significant as hagfish are important for recycling nutrients.

Ecosystem Impact: biodegradation ; parasite

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Schroeder, B. 2006. "Eptatretus stoutii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Eptatretus_stoutii.html
autor
Brett Schroeder, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
Kevin Wehrly, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web

Associations ( Anglèis )

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Pacific hagfish produce large amounts of mucilaginous slime, and can tie and untie knots in their body to evade predators. The primary predators of Pacific hagfish are harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) and humans. They have also been found in the stomachs of sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria).

Known Predators:

  • harbor seals (Phoca vitulina)
  • humans (Homo sapiens)
  • sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria)
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Schroeder, B. 2006. "Eptatretus stoutii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Eptatretus_stoutii.html
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Brett Schroeder, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Kevin Wehrly, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web

Morphology ( Anglèis )

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Pacific hagfish resemble lampreys, being long, tubular, and pinkish grey in color. They lack fins, except for a primitive tail fin that proves useless for propulsion. Their eyes are small and reduced, but Pacific hagfish have a good sense of smell and touch. Their mouth contains a ring of short and sensitive tentacles. Hagfish do not have true jaws, but instead have two pair of rasps on the tongue used for pulling and tearing. Large slime glands run the length of their body near the degenerate lateral line. Hagfish have a partial skull and cartilagenous skeleton. They are from 30 to 63.5 cm in length and from 0.8 to 1.4 kg. Females are typically larger than males.

Range mass: 0.8 to 1.4 kg.

Range length: 30.48 to 63.5 cm.

Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: female larger

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Schroeder, B. 2006. "Eptatretus stoutii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Eptatretus_stoutii.html
autor
Brett Schroeder, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Kevin Wehrly, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web

Benefits ( Anglèis )

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In Korea, approximately 5 million pounds of Pacific hagfish meat is consumed yearly, and in many countries the skin is commonly processed into "eelskin" accessories such as purses, wallets, and boots. Hagfish are sometimes found in public aquariums, and their very low metabolic rate is of specific research interest.

Positive Impacts: food ; body parts are source of valuable material; research and education

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Schroeder, B. 2006. "Eptatretus stoutii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Eptatretus_stoutii.html
autor
Brett Schroeder, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Kevin Wehrly, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web

Benefits ( Anglèis )

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There are no negative impacts of Pacific hagfish on humans.

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Schroeder, B. 2006. "Eptatretus stoutii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Eptatretus_stoutii.html
autor
Brett Schroeder, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Kevin Wehrly, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web

Life Cycle ( Anglèis )

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Pacific hagfish hatch from an egg in fully functional form without any intermediate larval stage. Determining the sex of Pacific hagfish below 35 cm in length is difficult as a copulatory organ is absent. Despite over a century of searching, only 200 fertilized eggs of Eptatretus stoutii have been found in Monterey Bay, California.

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Schroeder, B. 2006. "Eptatretus stoutii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Eptatretus_stoutii.html
autor
Brett Schroeder, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
Kevin Wehrly, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web

Sensa tìtol ( Anglèis )

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Pacific hagfish are a member of one of the most primitive craniate groups. Pacific hagfish have changed little over the past 330 million years, and closely resemble the first craniates. The evolutionary path leading to Homo sapiens probably diverged from hagfish approximately 530 million years ago. Hagfish can go several months without eating. One adult Pacific hagfish can fill a seven-liter bucket with slime in minutes.

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sitassion bibliogràfica
Schroeder, B. 2006. "Eptatretus stoutii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Eptatretus_stoutii.html
autor
Brett Schroeder, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
Kevin Wehrly, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web

Behavior ( Anglèis )

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A system of sensory organs resembling taste buds, called Schreiner organs, are found throughout the epidermis. The distribution of these organs is more extensive than taste buds in nearly any vertebrate, giving hagfish the ability to sense prey in dark and muddy habitats. This sensory system has no direct homologue in vertebrates and seems specific to hagfish. Hagfish also have well-developed nasal organs used in olfaction.

Perception Channels: chemical

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Schroeder, B. 2006. "Eptatretus stoutii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Eptatretus_stoutii.html
autor
Brett Schroeder, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
Kevin Wehrly, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web

Conservation Status ( Anglèis )

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Pacific hagfish remain common throughout their range.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: no special status

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sitassion bibliogràfica
Schroeder, B. 2006. "Eptatretus stoutii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Eptatretus_stoutii.html
autor
Brett Schroeder, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
Kevin Wehrly, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web

Reproduction ( Anglèis )

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Hagfish reproduction is poorly understood, but evidence has been found indicating sequential hermaphroditic periods thought to arise from population pressures.

Sexes are separate, but hermaphroditic adults can be found. No specific spawning season has been identified as males and females are found at various maturation stages throughout the year. Some females have been found with distinctly separate egg batches in them. Smaller sized egg batches do not develop further until the larger batch has completed development. From 20 to 30 eggs are usually deposited at a time. Eggs have been found at depths of 15 to 25 meters. Age is difficult to determine, as hagfish have a cartilagenous skeleton.

Breeding interval: Breeding intervals are unknown, but there is some evidence that individuals breed once yearly.

Breeding season: There is no evidence of a breeding season.

Range number of offspring: 20 to 30.

Key Reproductive Features: gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sequential hermaphrodite; sexual ; oviparous

Pacific hagfish hatch into fully functional, small hagfish. There is no parental involvement after egg-laying.

Parental Investment: pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female)

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Schroeder, B. 2006. "Eptatretus stoutii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Eptatretus_stoutii.html
autor
Brett Schroeder, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
Kevin Wehrly, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web

Brief Summary ( Anglèis )

fornì da EOL authors

The Pacific hagfish (Eptatretus stoutii) is a species of hagfish. It lives in the mesopelagic to abyssal Pacific ocean, near the ocean floor. It is a jawless fish, a throwback to the Paleozoic Era when fish evolved. Deep-sea diving equipment is known to have been fouled by large amounts of hagfish slime near the bottom of the ocean, extruded by the eel-like fish when they are alarmed.

The hagfish is notorious for its slimy skin. When disturbed, it oozes proteins from slime glands in its skin that respond to water by becoming a slimy outer coating, expanding it into a huge mass of slime. This makes them very unsavory to predators. Hagfish create large amounts of slime in just minutes. One scientist researching this protein excretion concluded that a single hagfish could fill an entire barrel with slime in less than 100 minutes.[1]

In many parts of the world, including the US, hagfish-skin clothing, belts, or other accessories are advertised and sold as "yuppie leather" or "eel-skin"[2] (hagfish are not true eels, which are bony fish with jaws).

The hagfish is eaten in Korea and other Asian countries, along with its eggs and its slime. The section of the fishing industry devoted to hagfish-fishing has grown in recent years.

The hagfish has feelers that enable it to find food more easily. It is an opportunistic feeder, and eats dead and rotting animals that float down from the pelagic zone of the ocean. Swarms of hagfish will descend upon and penetrate the carcass and devour it from the inside out. This mode of marine waste disposal allows the hagfish to efficiently gain nutrients. The resultant rarity of rotting animals on the sea floor is one of the factors that modulates global cycles of phosphorus, carbon and nitrogen.

This fish is often referred to as the "slime eel". This is an incorrect common name / nickname.

From Wikipedia 2013

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Diagnostic Description ( Anglèis )

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No true fins - one dorsal finfold, far back, median, very low, continuous with caudal; caudal broad, rounded; ventral finfold very low, origin somewhat posterior to last gill pore, extending to anus (Ref. 6885). Dark brown, tan, gray, or brownish red, often tinted with blue or purple, never black, lighter ventrally, rarely with large patches of white; preserved specimens light brown (Ref. 6885).
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Life Cycle ( Anglèis )

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Copulatory organ absent (Ref. 51361). Presence of bisexual juvenile gonad, requires further investigation regarding hermaphroditism (Ref. 56947). In one study (Ref. 40710), hermaphroditism is exhibited by only 0.2% of the individuals studied.
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Morphology ( Anglèis )

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Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 0; Analspines: 0; Analsoft rays: 0
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Biology ( Anglèis )

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Inhabits fine silt and clay bottoms (Ref. 6885). Enters large fishes by way of the mouth and anus and feed on its viscera and muscles (Ref. 6885). May greatly diminish catches taken with fixed gears (Ref. 6885). Produces mucilaginous slime when harassed (Ref. 6885). Probably exhibits hermaphroditism (Ref. 56947). Due to its primitive metabolism it is collected for research purposes (Ref. 6885).
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Importance ( Anglèis )

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fisheries: of no interest; aquarium: public aquariums
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पॅसिफिक हॅगफिश ( marathi )

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पॅसिफिक हॅगफिश
species of chordates
Pacific hagfish Myxine.jpgमाध्यमे अपभारण करा
Wikispecies-logo.svg Wikispeciesप्रकार टॅक्सॉन IUCN conservation status
  • data deficient
Taxonomyसाम्राज्यAnimaliaSubkingdomBilateriaInfrakingdomDeuterostomiaPhylumChordataSubphylumVertebrataSuperclassAgnathaClassMyxiniOrderMyxiniformesFamilyMyxinidaeSubfamilyEptatretinaeGenusEptatretusSpeciesEptatretus stoutiiTaxon author William Neale Lockington, इ.स. १८७८ Edit this on Wikidata अधिकार नियंत्रण Blue pencil.svg
 src=
पॅसिफिक हॅगफिश १५० मीटर खोल, कॉर्डेल बॅंक नॅशनल मरीन अभयारण्य, कॅलिफोर्निया.

पॅसिफिक हॅगफिश (शास्त्रीय नाव: एप्पटेटस स्टौटीई) ही हॅगफिश ची एक प्रजाती आहे. हे मेसोपेलाजिक पासून महासागरांच्या तळापर्यंत असलेल्या भागामध्ये राहतात. माशांना जबडा नसतो आणि त्याच्या शरीराची योजना पेलियोझोइक माश्यासारखी असते. ते स्वतःचे संरक्षण करण्यासाठी प्रचंड प्रमाणात चिखल उधळतात.

वर्णन

पॅसिफिक हॅगफिशचे शरीर लांब (ईल सारखे) आहे, परंतु त्यान्चा ईलशी संबंध नाही. आत्तापर्यन्त 63 सें.मी. (25 इंच) हे सर्वात लाम्बीचे आढळून आले आहेत, मॅच्युरिटीनुसार सर्वसाधारण लांबी 42 सें.मी. (17 इंच) असते.

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पॅसिफिक हॅगफिश: Brief Summary ( marathi )

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 src= पॅसिफिक हॅगफिश १५० मीटर खोल, कॉर्डेल बॅंक नॅशनल मरीन अभयारण्य, कॅलिफोर्निया.

पॅसिफिक हॅगफिश (शास्त्रीय नाव: एप्पटेटस स्टौटीई) ही हॅगफिश ची एक प्रजाती आहे. हे मेसोपेलाजिक पासून महासागरांच्या तळापर्यंत असलेल्या भागामध्ये राहतात. माशांना जबडा नसतो आणि त्याच्या शरीराची योजना पेलियोझोइक माश्यासारखी असते. ते स्वतःचे संरक्षण करण्यासाठी प्रचंड प्रमाणात चिखल उधळतात.

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विकिपीडियाचे लेखक आणि संपादक

Pacific hagfish ( Anglèis )

fornì da wikipedia EN

The Pacific hagfish (Eptatretus stoutii) is a species of hagfish. It lives in the mesopelagic to abyssal Pacific ocean, near the ocean floor. It is a jawless fish and has a body plan that resembles early paleozoic fish. They are able to excrete prodigious amounts of slime in self-defense.

Description

The Pacific hagfish has a long, eel-like body, but is not closely related to eels. Maximum body lengths of 63 cm (25 in) have been reported; typical length at maturity is around 42 cm (17 in). It is dark brown, gray or brownish red, often tinted with blue or purple. The belly is lighter and sometimes has larger white patches. It has no true fins, but there is a dorsal fin-fold. The head, as in all agnathans, does not have jaws, and the sucker-like mouth is always open.[4] The Pacific hagfish confused the scientists at first because Linnaeus mistakenly classified the organism as an "intestinal worm".[5]

Hagfish have loosely fitting, slimy skins, and are notorious for their slime-production capability. When disturbed, they ooze proteins from slime glands in the skin that respond to water by becoming a slimy outer coating, expanding into a huge mass of slime. This makes the fish very unsavory to predators, and can even be used to clog the gills of predatory fish. Pacific hagfish can create large amounts of slime in just minutes.[6] The slime is notoriously difficult to remove from fishing gear and equipment, and has led to Pacific fishermen bestowing the nickname of 'slime eel' on the species.[7]

Hagfish also possess the unique ability to tie their bodies into knots. This adaptation becomes useful when the fish needs to remove the suffocating nature of its own slime by pulling itself through a knot. The knots also provide aid in the process of ripping apart meat.[8]

Distribution and habitat

The Pacific hagfish occurs in the Eastern North Pacific from Canada to Mexico. It inhabits fine silt and clay bottoms on the continental shelves and upper slopes at depths from 16–966 metres (52–3,169 ft). The species appears to be abundant within its range.[1]

Diet

Pacific hagfish at 150 metres' depth, Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary, California

While Pacific hagfish likely take polychaete worms and other invertebrates from the sea floor, they are also known to enter dead, dying or inhibited large fish through the mouth or the anus, and feed on their viscera.[4]

The diet of other hagfish species includes shrimps, hermit crabs, cephalopods, brittlestars, bony fishes, sharks, birds and whale flesh,[9] but specific information about the Pacific hagfish is lacking.

The Pacific hagfish's skin can absorb amino acids.[10]

Reproduction

Hagfish fertilise their eggs externally after the female has laid them. On average females lay about 28 eggs, about 5 mm (0.20 in) in diameter, which are carried around after they have been fertilised. Females will however try to stay in their burrows during this period to ensure the protection of their eggs.[11]

Use by humans

There is a well-developed hagfish fishery on the US West Coast that mostly supplies the Asian leather-market. Hagfish-skin clothing, belts, or other accessories are advertised and sold as "yuppie leather" or "eel-skin".[11][1]

References

  1. ^ a b c Mincarone, M.M. (2011). "Eptatretus stoutii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011: e.T196044A8997397. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T196044A8997397.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ Froese, R.; Pauly, D. (2017). "Myxinidae". FishBase version (02/2017). Retrieved 18 May 2017.
  3. ^ Van Der Laan, Richard; Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ronald (11 November 2014). "Family-group names of Recent fishes". Zootaxa. 3882 (1): 1–230. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1. PMID 25543675.
  4. ^ a b Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2015). "Eptatretus stoutii" in FishBase. 12 2015 version.
  5. ^ Jensen, D (1966). "The Pacific Hagfish". Scientific American. 214 (2): 82–90. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0266-82. PMID 5901290. Retrieved 2022-03-18.
  6. ^ Zintzen, V.; Roberts, C. D.; Anderson, M. J.; Stewart, A. L.; Struthers, C. D.; Harvey, E. S. (2011). "Hagfish predatory behaviour and slime defence mechanism". Scientific Reports. 1 (1): 131. Bibcode:2011NatSR...1E.131Z. doi:10.1038/srep00131. PMC 3216612. PMID 22355648.
  7. ^ Theisen, Birgit (1976). "The olfactory system in the Pacific hagfishes Eptatretus stoutii, Eptatretus deani, and yxine circifrons". Acta Zoologica. 57 (3): 167–173. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6395.1976.tb00224.x.
  8. ^ Pacific, Aquarium of the. "Aquarium of the Pacific | Online Learning Center | Pacific Hagfish". www.aquariumofpacific.org. Retrieved 2017-09-27.
  9. ^ Zintzen, V.; Rogers, K. M.; Roberts, C. D.; Stewart, A. L.; Anderson, M. J. (2013). "Hagfish feeding habits along a depth gradient inferred from stable isotopes" (PDF). Marine Ecology Progress Series. 485: 223–234. Bibcode:2013MEPS..485..223Z. doi:10.3354/meps10341.
  10. ^ Bucking, Carol. "Digestion under Duress: Nutrient Acquisition and Metabolism during Hypoxia in the Pacific Hagfish". Retrieved 6 December 2011.
  11. ^ a b Barss, William (1993), "Pacific hagfish, Eptatretus stouti, and black hagfish, E. deani: the Oregon Fishery and Port sampling observations, 1988-92", Marine Fisheries Review (Fall, 1993), retrieved April 21, 2010

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Pacific hagfish: Brief Summary ( Anglèis )

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The Pacific hagfish (Eptatretus stoutii) is a species of hagfish. It lives in the mesopelagic to abyssal Pacific ocean, near the ocean floor. It is a jawless fish and has a body plan that resembles early paleozoic fish. They are able to excrete prodigious amounts of slime in self-defense.

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Eptatretus stoutii ( Spagneul; Castilian )

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El mixino morado (Eptatretus stoutii) a veces mal nombrado "anguila de limo" es una especie de pez agnato de la familia Myxinidae. Vive a profundidades abisales del Océano Pacífico aunque se han encontrado ejemplares en el Parque nacional Morrocoy en Venezuela. Se trata de un fósil viviente, contemplarlo supone un retroceso a la era Paleozoica, cuando los peces agnatos eran los únicos vertebrados existentes. Cuando un equipo de buceo baja para contemplar las llanuras abisales, en repetidas ocasiones han visto obstruidos sus conductos de respiración por el lodo o mucosidad que utilizan estos animales para huir cuando están asustados.

Anatomía y comportamiento

Los mixinos son peces en forma de anguila o serpiente; que carecen de mandíbula y huesos, poseen 12 pares de dientes en la boca y una lengua dentada, sus ojos no están tan desarrollados para darle buena visión, siendo sus únicos sensores 4 tentáculos que se ubican en su cabeza, dos al frente y dos a los extremos de la boca.

Poseen glándulas mucosas a lo largo de su cuerpo, boca y cola, las cuales producen una mucosidad pegajosa y olorosa que aleja a sus depredadores.

La boca está adaptada para pegarse y tragar, sin embargo el mixino morado se alimenta de cadáveres de peces, a diferencia de los petromizóntidos (lampreas) que se alimentan de peces vivos.

Aparato cardiovascular y estructura del corazón

El aparato cardiovascular del mixino morado, al igual que otros mixinos, consta de un corazón situado en la región anterior del tronco, que está formado por un músculo cardíaco que bombea la sangre. El corazón está constituido por tres cámaras situadas en serie: seno venoso, aurícula y ventrículo. El retorno de la sangre se produce a través de dos venas cardinales que a través del hígado, luego la sangre pasa a la aurícula y al ventrículo para ser bombeada a la aorta.

Aparato digestivo

La boca del mixino está adaptada para adherirse y succionar carroña, la deglución es muy sencilla puesto que el mixino ensaliva la carne con su lodo o mucosidad, después el hígado secreta bilis que junto a la baba y los ácidos estomacales hacen posible su digestión.

Gónadas

Las gónadas son esponjosas, lo que ha llevado a pensar que quizás los mixinos morados sean hermafroditas. Sin embargo algunas gónadas se asemejan más a los ovarios y presentan folículos en muy pocos sectores.

Ojos y fisiología de la visión

Los ojos del Eptatretus stoutii son muy primitivos, y no poseen ni córnea y ni pupila desarrolladas; además carecen de músculos extraoculares y de los nervios craneales de la visión: III (motor ocular común), IV (traclear) y el VI (motor ocular externo).

Sistema nervioso central

El encéfalo del Eptatretus stoutii comprende un cerebro dividido en dos y a una médula espinal aplanada en los adultos. Un hemisferio del cerebro contiene los bulbos olfatorios y el diencéfalo; El otro hemisferio telencefálico es un sistema caudal que además posee un mesencéfalo en forma de cuña.

Ambos hemisferios hacen del cerebro un tejido ventricular fibroso. La médula espinal es gruesa y laminosa en ella están presentes los núcleos motores.

Fisiología de la audición, estructura del oído

El oído de este pez no está adaptado para percibir sonidos de forma sencilla siendo únicamente su función percibir algunas ondas; este oído es un oído interno y su falta de desarrollo solo le permite al mixino morado sentir los sonares y ondas de ecolocalización a través de la perilinfa.

Mucosidad

 src=
Cabezas de mixinos.

Es muy característica la extrema viscosidad de la piel de esta especie. La función de esta piel, cubierta por una gran masa de lodo, es secretar mediante glándulas parecidas a las sudoríparas un tipo de proteínas y enzimas, parecidas al limo, muy desagradables para los depredadores. Estas glándulas son activadas por el contacto con el agua, y esto solo ocurre cuando un depredador o buceador inconsciente toca al animal, ya que si no ocurre esto, Eptatretus stoutii tiene la piel cubierta de lodo y el agua no llega a las glándulas secretoras de estas proteínas. Investigaciones sobre este animal han llevado a conclusiones increíbles, como a la que se llegó en la Revista Muse de que un solo ejemplar podría llenar de lodo secretado un barril en menos de 100 minutos[cita requerida]

Alimentación

Eptatretus stoutii es una especie oportunista que se alimenta sin ningún problema de animales muertos y podridos que flotan por debajo de las zonas pelágicas del océano. Cuando un cadáver, por ejemplo de ballena, llega a estas profundidades, enjambres de estos animales penetran por alguna cavidad en el cuerpo muerto y empiezan a devorarlo de dentro a fuera. Este modo eficaz de eliminación de desechos marinos ayuda a mantener limpio el fondo del océano de los cadáveres de animales, lo que ayuda a regular los ciclos de fósforo, carbono y nitrógeno.

Utilización

En muchas partes del mundo, incluidos los Estados Unidos, se venden prendas de vestir, como cinturones u otros accesorios hechos con la piel de Eptatretus stoutii, anunciándolos como si fueran hechos con piel de anguila (que no son agnatos, sino peces óseos con mandíbulas).

Esta especie se come en Corea y otros países asiáticos, junto con sus huevos y secreciones. La sección de la industria pesquera dedicada a la pesca de este animal ha crecido en los últimos años, ya que la gente empieza a descubrir sus ventajas económicas y beneficios para la salud.

Referencias

  • Parte de este artículo es una traducción de la Wikipedia en inglés.
  •  src= Wikispecies tiene un artículo sobre Eptatretus stoutii.
  • Parte de este artículo es un resumen del libro "Ciencias Biológicas" de Yaditzha Irausquin.
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Eptatretus stoutii: Brief Summary ( Spagneul; Castilian )

fornì da wikipedia ES

El mixino morado (Eptatretus stoutii) a veces mal nombrado "anguila de limo" es una especie de pez agnato de la familia Myxinidae. Vive a profundidades abisales del Océano Pacífico aunque se han encontrado ejemplares en el Parque nacional Morrocoy en Venezuela. Se trata de un fósil viviente, contemplarlo supone un retroceso a la era Paleozoica, cuando los peces agnatos eran los únicos vertebrados existentes. Cuando un equipo de buceo baja para contemplar las llanuras abisales, en repetidas ocasiones han visto obstruidos sus conductos de respiración por el lodo o mucosidad que utilizan estos animales para huir cuando están asustados.

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Eptatretus stoutii ( Basch )

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Eptatretus stoutii Eptatretus generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Myxinidae familian sailkatzen da.

Erreferentziak

  1. Froese, Rainer & Pauly, Daniel ed. (2006), Eptatretus stoutii FishBase webgunean. 2006ko apirilaren bertsioa.

Kanpo estekak

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Eptatretus stoutii: Brief Summary ( Basch )

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Eptatretus stoutii Eptatretus generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Myxinidae familian sailkatzen da.

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Eptatretus stoutii ( Fransèis )

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La myxine du pacifique, Eptatretus stoutii (Lockington, 1878) est une espèce de myxiniforme répandue dans les eaux de l'océan Pacifique. Il s'agit d'un poisson agnathe, donc sans machoire et relativement primitif en termes d'évolution. Sa structure corporelle ressemble à celle d'un poisson du Paléozoique, ce qui lui confère un statut de fossile vivant. Ce poisson est capable de secréter de grandes quantités de mucus pour se défendre des prédateurs.

Description

E. stoutii a un corps allongé semblable à celui des anguilles, bien que ces dernières fassent partie d'un taxon très différent et plus évolué. La longueur maximale jamais enregistrée est de 63 cm; la taille moyenne est d'environ 42 cm. La couleur est marron foncé, sans vraies nageoires et possède (comme tous les agnathes) une bouche sans mâchoires[1].

Distribution et habitat

Cette espèce est présente dans le nord-est du Pacifique, du Mexique au Canada. Il vit entre 16 et 966 m de profondeur sur les fonds limoneux et argileux du plateau continental. Il semble être abondant dans son habitat[2].

Biologie

Il se nourrit de céphalopodes et d'autres invertébrés des fonds marins, mais aussi de carcasses de poissons osseux, de requins, d'oiseaux et de baleines. Les œufs de cette espèce sont fécondés après le dépôt par la femelle, qui pond normalement environ 28 œufs de 5 mm de diamètre.

Notes et références

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Eptatretus stoutii: Brief Summary ( Fransèis )

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La myxine du pacifique, Eptatretus stoutii (Lockington, 1878) est une espèce de myxiniforme répandue dans les eaux de l'océan Pacifique. Il s'agit d'un poisson agnathe, donc sans machoire et relativement primitif en termes d'évolution. Sa structure corporelle ressemble à celle d'un poisson du Paléozoique, ce qui lui confère un statut de fossile vivant. Ce poisson est capable de secréter de grandes quantités de mucus pour se défendre des prédateurs.

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Kyrrahafsslímáll ( Islandèis )

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Kyrrahafsslímáll (fræðiheiti: Eptatretus stouti) er slímáll með heimkynni við botn kyrrahafsins allt frá rökkursvæðinu niður í undirdjúpin (sjá úthafssvæði).

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Eptatretus stoutii ( Italian )

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Eptatretus stoutii (Lockington, 1878) è una specie di missiniforme diffuso nelle acque dell'Oceano Pacifico.

Descrizione

E. stoutii ha un corpo affusolato simile a quello delle anguille anche se non è strettamente imparentato a queste ultime. La lunghezza massima mai registrata è di 63 cm; anche se normalmente misurano sui 42 cm. La colorazione è marrone scura, manca di pinne vere e proprie e possiede (come tutti gli agnati) una bocca sprovvista di mandibole.[2]

Distribuzione e habitat

Questa specie è riscontrabile nel Pacifico nord-orientale dal Messico al Canada. Abita a 16-966 m di profondità su fondali di limo e argilla della piattaforma continentale. Pare che sia comune lungo tutto il suo areale.[1]

Biologia

Si ciba di cefalopodi e altri invertebrati sul fondale, ma anche di carcasse di pesci ossei, squali, uccelli e balene. Le uova di questa specie vongono fertilizzate in seguito alla deposizione da parte della femmina, la quale depone normalmente circa 28 uova di 5 mm di diametro.

Note

  1. ^ a b (EN) Mincarone, M.M., Eptatretus stoutii, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ fishbase.org, http://www.fishbase.org/summary/Chauliodus-macouni.html Titolo mancante per url url (aiuto). URL consultato il 31-12.2016.

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Eptatretus stoutii: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Eptatretus stoutii (Lockington, 1878) è una specie di missiniforme diffuso nelle acque dell'Oceano Pacifico.

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Eptatretus stoutii ( olandèis; flamand )

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De blinde prik (Eptatretus stoutii) is een soort uit de familie der slijmprikken (Myxinidae).

Hij leeft in de Stille Oceaan, voornamelijk langs de westkust van Noord-Amerika, en in de buurt van de oceaanbodem. Het is een kaakloze vis die zich voornamelijk voedt met aas. Soms echter, dringt hij in het lichaam van vissen binnen langs de anus of de mond en eet hij deze zijn spieren en ingewanden. Een bijzonderheid is dat deze soort voedingsstoffen kan opnemen via de huid.[2]

De vis staat erom bekend dat hij zeer taai slijm produceert wanneer hij wordt verstoord.

Geplaatst op:
03-11-2011
Dit artikel is een beginnetje over biologie. U wordt uitgenodigd om op bewerken te klikken om uw kennis aan dit artikel toe te voegen. Beginnetje Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. (en) Eptatretus stoutii op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. Chris N. Glover, Carol Bucking & Chris M. Wood (2011) "Adaptations to in situ feeding: novel nutrient acquisition pathways in an ancient vertebrate" Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 278: 3096–3101. DOI:10.1098/rspb.2010.2784.
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Śluzica brunatna ( polonèis )

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Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Śluzica brunatna[3] (Eptatretus stoutii) – gatunek pasożytniczego, morskiego bezżuchwowca z rodziny śluzicowatych (Myxinidae), w rybołówstwie uznawany za szkodnika.

Występowanie

 src=
Śluzice brunatne u wybrzeży Kalifornii

Występuje w przybrzeżnych wodach północno-wschodniego Pacyfiku, od południowych wybrzeży Alaski po Dolną Kalifornię i Meksyk, najliczniej wzdłuż wybrzeży Oregonu i Kalifornii. Spotykany na głębokościach 16–966 m[2][4].

Cechy morfologiczne

Ciało silnie wydłużone, o głębokości 4–9% długości całkowitej (TL). W części przedskrzelowej nieco głębsze niż szersze, lekko ścieśnione grzbieto-brzusznie w stronę ogona. Przeciętna długość wynosi 40 cm, maksymalna do około 67 cm TL[4]. Pysk tępo zaokrąglony. Otwór gębowy zaopatrzony w liczne, rogowe ząbki położone wokół lejka przyssawki oraz w 3 pary małych wąsików. Oczy uwstecznione, niewidoczne. Na każdym z boków ciała występuje od 10 do 14 (zwykle 12[4]) bardzo małych otworów skrzelowych[3]. Płetwa grzbietowa dobrze rozwinięta, o wysokości 1–4 mm. Płetwa ogonowa zaokrąglona[4].

Ubarwienie ciemnobrązowe, jasnobrązowe, szare lub brązowoczerwone, często z niebieskim lub fioletowym przebarwieniem, nigdy czarne[5]. Spotykane są osobniki albinotyczne[6].

Biologia i ekologia

Śluzica brunatna pasożytuje na dużych rybach. Przez ich otwór gębowy lub odbyt dostaje się do tkanki mięsnej ofiary. Zjada również martwe ryby[3].

Prawdopodobnie jest gatunkiem hermafrodytycznym[5]. Rozmnaża się w głębszych wodach. Osobniki żeńskie składają od 10 do około 40 jaj, osłoniętych rogową otoczką. Rozmiary jaj dochodzą do 28,6 x 7,5 mm[2]. Każde jajo jest zaopatrzone w nitki z zadziorkami, którymi przyczepia się do podłoża[3].

Wśród drapieżników żywiących się tym gatunkiem wymieniane są ptaki morskie, płetwonogie i walenie[7]. Biologów zainteresowała przyczyna braku ryb na liście drapieżników. Stwierdzono, że liczne gruczoły skórne pobudzonej lub zagrożonej śluzicy brunatnej wydzielają znaczne ilości śluzu[3]. Prawdopodobnie jest to mechanizm obronny skierowany przeciwko zwierzętom oddychającym skrzelami. Gęsty śluz w połączeniu z wodą morską tworzy kleistą substancję zdolną do zatkania szczelin skrzelowych drapieżnika i zmniejszenia strumienia przepływającej przez nie wody, co utrudnia lub uniemożliwia rybie oddychanie[7].

 src=
Dwie śluzice brunatne zjadające resztki karmazyna twardokolcego

Znaczenie gospodarcze

Do lat 80. XX wieku gatunek ten nie miał znaczenia gospodarczego. Jego mięso uważane było za niejadalne[3]. Śluzica brunatna jest uznawana przez rybaków za szkodnika, ponieważ powoduje znaczne straty w połowach ryb, w tym gatunków o dużym znaczeniu gospodarczym. W skrajnych przypadkach straty sięgały do 41% złowionych ryb[4].

Od roku 1988 w Stanach Zjednoczonych odnotowano rosnące połowy śluzicy brunatnej, którą – po zamrożeniu – eksportowano do Korei Południowej. W kolejnych latach rozpoczęto komercyjne połowy z użyciem pułapek, dzięki czemu żywe śluzice dostarczane są do Korei. Na rynkach azjatyckich wykorzystywane są w celach konsumpcyjnych[8], a ich skóry są stosowane do produkcji wyrobów galanterii i odzieży skórzanej, jako imitacja skór węgorzy, tzw. „eel skins”[4].

Przypisy

  1. Eptatretus stoutii, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. a b c Eptatretus stoutii. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).
  3. a b c d e f Stanisław Rutkowicz: Encyklopedia ryb morskich. Gdańsk: Wydawnictwo Morskie, 1982, s. 128–129. ISBN 83-215-2103-7.
  4. a b c d e f Hagfishes of the World A catalogue of Myxinidae known to date. W: Michael M. Mincarone: Revisão taxonômica da família Myxinidae [Tese de Doutorado]. Porto Alegre: 2007.
  5. a b Eptatretus stoutii. (ang.) w: Froese, R. & D. Pauly. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. www.fishbase.org [dostęp 7 stycznia 2013]
  6. David Jensen. Albinism in the California Hagfish Eptatretus stoutii. „Science”. 130 (3378), s. 798, 1959 (ang.).
  7. a b Lim et al. Hagfish slime ecomechanics: testing the gill-clogging hypothesis. „The Journal of Experimental Biology”. 209, s. 702–710, 2005. DOI: 10.1242/jeb.02067 (ang.).
  8. Commercial Hagfish Fishery (ang.). California Department of Fish and Wildlife. [dostęp 7 stycznia 2013].
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Śluzica brunatna: Brief Summary ( polonèis )

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Śluzica brunatna (Eptatretus stoutii) – gatunek pasożytniczego, morskiego bezżuchwowca z rodziny śluzicowatych (Myxinidae), w rybołówstwie uznawany za szkodnika.

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Eptatretus stoutii ( ucrain )

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Поширення

Міксина поширена в абісальній зоні на півночі Тихого океану біля берегів Канади та США.

Опис

 src=
Група Eptatretus stoutii на глибині 150 м біля берегів Каліфорнії.

Тіло завдовжки 35-42 см. Самці менші за самиць. Міксина на морді має щупальця, які дозволяють їй знайти їжу більш легко. У час небезпеки шкірні залози цієї міксини виділяють білок, який при реакції із водою перетворюється на слиз. Тіло тварини за лічені секунди покривається величезною кількістю слизу і міксина стає непривабливою для хижака.[1]

Спосіб життя

Цей вид мешкає на континентальних шельфах і верхніх схилах на глибинах від 16-966 м. Цей вид живе дрібні мулисті і глинисті ґрунти.

Розмноження

Дослідження статевих залоз показує, що нерест відбувається протягом усього року. Зрілі самиці відкладають, в середньому, 28 яєць до 5 мм у довжину. Копулятивний орган у цього виду відсутній. [2]

Живлення

Eptatretus stoutii можна зустріти у тілах загиблих тварин (наприклад, китів та риб), які потрапили на велику (до одного кілометра) глибину. Він не тільки поїдає трупи, але і живе у них і навіть розмножується серед рештків, що розкладаються.

Раніше зоологи думали, що цей довгий і слизький "санітар" харчується так само, як і інші міксини, які, наблизившись до жертви (не важливо, живої або мертвої), проникають всередину за допомогою потужного язика, наділеного роговими зубцями, і поїдають м'язи і нутрощі, сидячи в виїденій "норі". Проте експерименти Кріса Гловера з Університету Кентербері у 2011 році, а також його колег з Канади показали, що, швидше за все, він, розташувавшись на трупі, всмоктує органічні речовини через шкірні покриви.[3][4]

Примітки

  1. Theisen, Birgit. The Olfactory System in the Pacific Hagfishes Eptatretus stoutii, Eptatretus deani, and Myxine circifrons. Blackwell publishing. Процитовано 6 December 2011.
  2. Barbs, William. Pacific hagfish, Eptatretus stouti, and black hagfish, E. deani: The Oregon fishery and port... National Marine Fisheries Service. Процитовано 6 December 2011.
  3. Bucking, Carol. Digestion under Duress: Nutrient Acquisition and Metabolism during Hypoxia in the Pacific Hagfish. Процитовано 6 December 2011.
  4. Barras, Colin. The hag with impeccable table manners. Процитовано 6 December 2011.


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Eptatretus stoutii ( vietnamèis )

fornì da wikipedia VI

Cá mút đá myxin Thái Bình Dương (tên khoa học: Eptatretus stoutii)[1] là một loài cá không hàm sinh sống ở Thái Bình Dương. Loài này sinh sống ở gần đáy biển. Chúng trông giống lươn. Eptatretus stoutii được William Neale Lockington mô tả lần đầu tiên vào năm 1878. Chúng thuộc chi Eptatretus, và họ Myxinidae.[2][3]

Cá mút đá myxin có một tiếng xấu vì da nhầy nhụa của nó. Khi bị quấy rầy, nó chảy protein từ các tuyến chất nhờn trong da của nó, phản ứng với nước bằng cách trở thành một lớp phủ bên ngoài nhầy nhụa, mở rộng nó thành một khối lượng lớn chất nhờn. Điều này làm cho chúng thành một thức ăn rất không lành mạnh cho kẻ thù. Chúng tạo ra một lượng lớn chất nhờn trong vài phút. Một nhà khoa học nghiên cứu bài tiết protein này kết luận rằng một cá mút đá myxin duy nhất có thể lấp đầy thùng chứa đầy chất nhờn trong ít hơn 100 phút.[4]

Ở nhiều nơi trên thế giới, trong đó có Mỹ, quần áo da, thắt lưng, hoặc các phụ kiện khác cá mút đá myxin được quảng cáo và bán như là "da yuppie" hay "da cá chình"[5] (cá mút đá myxin không phải cá chình thực sự).

Thói quen ăn uống

Cá mút đá myxin Thái Bình Dương đặc tính là có thể hấp thụ các chất dinh dưỡng thông qua da của nó, duy nhất trong số tất cả 50.000 động vật có xương sống, và người ta tin rằng là con vật gần gũi nhất chúng ta có thể biết đến với các vật có xương sống đầu tiên. Cá đào vào xác chết, phơi da của nó để làm thối rữu vật giàu chất dinh dưỡng. Chris Glovet, tại Đại học Canterbury ở Christchurch, New Zealand, kiểm tra lý thuyết của ông bằng cách đặt mẫu da của cá mút đá myxin ở giữa nước biển giàu chất dinh dưỡng và một dung dịch tương tự như chất dịch cơ thể của cá mút đá myxin. Họ phát hiện ra rằng trên thực tế các axit amin chảy xuyên qua.[6][7]

 src=
Pacific hagfish at 150 metres' depth, Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary, California.

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ Fernholm, B. (1998) Hagfish systematics., p. 33-44. In J.M. Jørgensen, J.P. Lomholt, R.E. Weber and H. Malte (eds.) The biology of hagfishes. Chapman & Hall, London. 578 p.
  2. ^ Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (2011). “Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. Truy cập ngày 24 tháng 9 năm 2012.
  3. ^ FishBase. Froese R. & Pauly D. (eds), 2011-06-14
  4. ^ Muse magazine, 2006
  5. ^ Barss, William (1993), “Pacific hagfish, Eptatretus stouti, and black hagfish, E. deani: the Oregon Fishery and Port sampling observations, 1988-92”, Marine Fisheries Review (Fall, 1993), truy cập ngày 21 tháng 4 năm 2010
  6. ^ Bucking, Carol. “Digestion under Duress: Nutrient Acquisition and Metabolism during Hypoxia in the Pacific Hagfish.”. Truy cập ngày 6 tháng 12 năm 2011.
  7. ^ Barras, Colin. “The hag with impeccable table manners”. Truy cập ngày 6 tháng 12 năm 2011.

Tham khảo

 src= Wikimedia Commons có thư viện hình ảnh và phương tiện truyền tải về Eptatretus stoutii


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Eptatretus stoutii: Brief Summary ( vietnamèis )

fornì da wikipedia VI

Cá mút đá myxin Thái Bình Dương (tên khoa học: Eptatretus stoutii) là một loài cá không hàm sinh sống ở Thái Bình Dương. Loài này sinh sống ở gần đáy biển. Chúng trông giống lươn. Eptatretus stoutii được William Neale Lockington mô tả lần đầu tiên vào năm 1878. Chúng thuộc chi Eptatretus, và họ Myxinidae.

Cá mút đá myxin có một tiếng xấu vì da nhầy nhụa của nó. Khi bị quấy rầy, nó chảy protein từ các tuyến chất nhờn trong da của nó, phản ứng với nước bằng cách trở thành một lớp phủ bên ngoài nhầy nhụa, mở rộng nó thành một khối lượng lớn chất nhờn. Điều này làm cho chúng thành một thức ăn rất không lành mạnh cho kẻ thù. Chúng tạo ra một lượng lớn chất nhờn trong vài phút. Một nhà khoa học nghiên cứu bài tiết protein này kết luận rằng một cá mút đá myxin duy nhất có thể lấp đầy thùng chứa đầy chất nhờn trong ít hơn 100 phút.

Ở nhiều nơi trên thế giới, trong đó có Mỹ, quần áo da, thắt lưng, hoặc các phụ kiện khác cá mút đá myxin được quảng cáo và bán như là "da yuppie" hay "da cá chình" (cá mút đá myxin không phải cá chình thực sự).

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태평양먹장어 ( Corean )

fornì da wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

태평양먹장어(학명: Eptatretus stoutii)는 먹장어과 먹장어속에 속하는 원양 어류이다. 몸길이는 최대 63cm이다. 고생대의 초기 어류와 비슷한 모습을 갖추고 있으며, 자기방어로 끈끈물을 분비하는 습성이 있다.

각주

  1. Mincarone, M.M. (2013). “Eptatretus stoutii”. 《IUCN Red List of Threatened Species2013: e.T196044A8997397. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T196044A8997397.en.
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