dcsimg

Trophic Strategy ( Anglèis )

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Black bream are usually restricted to estuarine habitats and only leave them during periods of flooding (Ref. 6390). They can withstand a wide range of salinities and sometimes move into freshwater reaches of rivers (Ref. 28468). Black bream are also demersal and tend to inhabit areas where rocky river beds, snags or structures such as jetties provide cover (Ref. 28468), although they are caught in deeper open waters over sand or mud substrates in the Gippsland Lakes (Ref. 28469).Black bream larvae and small juveniles are most abundant over seagrass beds in shallow estuarine waters (Ref. 28468, 28472).
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Morphology ( Anglèis )

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Dorsal spines (total): 10 - 13; Dorsal soft rays (total): 10 - 13; Analspines: 3; Analsoft rays: 8 - 10
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Life Cycle ( Anglèis )

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It is not known whether there is any sex inversion in black bream (Ref. 6390).
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Diagnostic Description ( Anglèis )

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The upper body can vary from silvery to golden brown, bronze, green or black depending on habitat. Chin and belly are usually white and fins are dusky to greenish black. Dorsal and ventral profiles of adults are similarly convex.
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Biology ( Anglèis )

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Endemic in coastal areas, rivers and estuaries of Australia. Most abundant in river mouths and estuaries (Ref. 28468, 28472). Inhabit brackish waters of coastal rivers and lakes, occasionally penetrating fresh water (Ref. 44894). Considered as the only true estuarine sparid in Australia. Larvae and small juveniles are most abundant over seagrass beds in shallow estuarine waters (Ref. 28468, 28472). Spawning period varies considerably between estuaries (Ref. 28468). Remain upstream in sheltered waters to spawn and is not usually found in purely marine habitats (Ref. 44894). Feed on shellfish, worms, crustaceans, small fish and algae. Sold as whole, chilled products in domestic markets (Ref. 6390). One of top angling species in southern Australia (Ref. 6390, 44894), as well as being a delicious table fish (Ref. 2156).
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Importance ( Anglèis )

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fisheries: commercial; gamefish: yes
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Acanthopagrus butcheri ( Catalan; Valensian )

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Acanthopagrus butcheri és un peix teleosti de la família dels espàrids i de l'ordre dels perciformes.[2]

Morfologia

Pot arribar als 60 cm de llargària total.[3]

Distribució geogràfica

És un endemisme de les costes del sud d'Austràlia .[3]

Referències

Enllaços externs

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Acanthopagrus butcheri: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valensian )

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Acanthopagrus butcheri és un peix teleosti de la família dels espàrids i de l'ordre dels perciformes.

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Acanthopagrus butcheri ( Anglèis )

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Acanthopagrus butcheri, the black bream but also commonly known as the southern black bream, southern bream and blue-nosed bream, is a species of marine and freshwater fish of the porgy family, Sparidae. It is a deep-bodied fish, occasionally confused with other similar species that occur within its range, but is generally distinguished from these species by a lack of yellow ventral and anal fins. Southern black bream are endemic to Australia, inhabiting the southern coast from Shark Bay in Western Australia to Ulladulla, New South Wales, as well as Tasmania.

The species is primarily an inhabitant of estuaries and coastal lakes, rarely entering the ocean, as it cannot complete its life cycle in a fully marine environment. During the breeding season, the species is known to penetrate into the upper reaches of rivers to spawn, causing an influx of juveniles in the estuaries a few months later.[2] Black bream are opportunistic predators, consuming a wide range of crustaceans, molluscs, polychaetes and fish.

The southern black bream is a major target for both commercial and amateur fishermen due to its high quality flesh, with over 300 tonnes of fish taken each year by commercial fisheries. Anglers also seek out the fish for its sporting qualities, with the development of lure fishing for bream adding to this attraction. Aquaculture techniques for the species are being developed, with a slow growth rate the major hurdle to large scale food production.

Taxonomy and naming

The southern black bream is one of 20 species in the genus Acanthopagrus, part of the porgy family Sparidae.[3] The Sparidae are perciform fish in the suborder Percoidei.[4] The southern black bream was at first confused with its nearly identical east coast relative, the surf bream (Acanthopagrus australis), with specimens initially grouped under the name Mylio australis by Rudall, Hale and Sheriden.[5] In a 1949 review of the Australian "silver breams," Ian Munro found that M. australis was in fact two separate species, creating the new species name of Mylio butcheri to accommodate the southern black bream. Munro based this classification on a number of new specimens,[6] one of which was from the Gippsland Lakes, Victoria, which he designated to be the holotype. Mylio butcheri was later changed to Acanthopagrus butcheri when the true genus of the species was identified.[7]

Acanthopagrus butcheri has a number of common names, many of which are applied to a number of related fish species, both in Australia and worldwide. The species is commonly referred to in publications as the "southern black bream" to avoid confusion with the black sea bream and other closely related species loosely given the name "black bream." The species is known regionally by the names "black bream," "Perth bream," "Gippsland bream" and the "blue-nose bream."[8] The latter name is given to mature fish over 1 kg in weight, as at this point their snouts begin to develop a bluish tinge.[6] The Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts of the Federal Government designated black bream as preferred name.[1] Black bream has also been designated the standard name by the CSIRO Division of Marine and Atmospheric Research in commercial fishing in Australia.[9]

Description

The southern black bream has a deep, moderately compressed body, with both the dorsal and ventral profiles equally curved.[10] The mouth is of moderate size in comparison with the body, and contains six curved, peg like incisors in the front of both upper and lower jaws. The molars are set in series of four or five on each side of the upper jaw, and in series of three or four on the sides of the lower jaw, becoming smaller in size anteriorly.[10] The body is covered with large scales, which may be cycloid or weakly ctenoid in shape. The head is mostly scale-free, with the exception of parts of the operculum. A low, scaly sheath covers the bases of the soft dorsal, anal and caudal fins. The lateral line scale count is 52–58.[10] There is a single dorsal fin originating a little behind the posterior edge of the operculum, consisting of 10 to 13 spines set in front of 10 to 13 soft rays. The anal fin consists of 3 spines anterior to 8 to 10 soft rays, while the pectoral fin has 14 to 16 rays and the ventral has one large spine and 5 soft rays.[10] The southern black bream is golden brown or bronze coloured on the back and sides, with greenish reflections when fresh, while the belly and chin are white. The fins are all dusky in colour, with the caudal fin often a dusky olive brown.[6] The species has been known to reach a total maximum length of 60 cm (23+12 in) and a weight of 4 kg (8+34 lb) ,[11] but is much more common around 23–25 cm (9–9+34 in) and under 2 kg.[12]

Distribution and habitat

The southern black bream is endemic to southern Australia, inhabiting coastal waters from Shark Bay, Western Australia in the west to Mallacoota, Victoria in the east and south around the entire Tasmanian coastline.[13] The species is primarily an inshore species, although has been found on rare occasions on deeper reefs on the continental shelf.[7] Southern black bream primarily inhabit estuarine environments,[13] penetrating into the far reaches of freshwater creeks and rivers during the summer spawning season.[14] They are also known from a number of coastal lakes and intermittently open estuaries.[5] In estuarine and freshwater environments they seek out the cover of structures such as fallen tree branches, jetties, oyster leases[15] and rocky areas,[16] while in deeper areas of coastal lakes, they are often found over bare mud and sand substrates.[17] The species is rarely found in the ocean, but are often washed out of creeks during times of high river flow and are able to survive in the marine environment, where they inhabit inshore reefs and rocky shorelines.[16]

The species is most common in southern Victoria, where it inhabits numerous estuaries. The Gippsland Lakes, Mallacoota Inlet and Lake Tyers are the most densely populated bodies of water in the state and the species is often found along the coast.[18] It is not as prolific in South Australia, with the Coorong and Kangaroo Island being the main bream-producing areas in the state. The low numbers may be correlated with the state's lack of rivers and estuaries, although bream have been caught in unexpected areas, including the Gulfs, as well as deep rocky reefs off Streaky Bay in lobster traps.[5] Southern black bream are prevalent in southern Western Australia, with large numbers of estuaries holding the species. The Culham and Stokes Inlets are known to have large populations of the fish.[18]

Biology

Diet and feeding

Southern black bream are opportunistic omnivores,[16] consuming a wide range of prey, including sessile, burrowing, benthic and pelagic species. The diet of the species varies between rivers, with their opportunistic feeding methods showing little pattern between seasons, although they appear to have certain prey preferences when two or more possible prey species are present.[19] Crustaceans, including crabs, prawns, amphipods and copepods, are commonly taken, as are a number of polychaete and annelid worms. Bivalves such as mussels and cockles are crushed in the bream's powerful jaws, with small fish such as gobies and anchovies also taken.[5] Algae of the genus Enteromorpha are also a major component of most fish's diets. Fish feeding in the upper reaches of river have different prey, reflecting the freshwater fauna, with insects, hardyheads, tadpoles, brine shrimp and gastropods taken.[16] Studies from the Swan River suggest that there is a shift in diet with age. Younger fish consume amphipods, polychaetes and small individuals of various molluscs. The number of amphipods consumed decreased in the diets of older fish while the number of large molluscs, crabs and teleosts taken increased.[19] The fish actively forage the substrate while swimming with their head down, snapping their prey down with little chewing.[5]

Life cycle

Southern black bream become sexually mature at different ages throughout their range, with Western and South Australian fish maturing by two to three years of age, while Victorian fish mature at five years.[20] There is also a difference in maturation age between the sexes, as females generally mature one year later than males.[16] The timing of spawning is also variable over the species range, with fish in Western Australia able to spawn from July to November, South Australian fish spawning between November and January and Victorian fish in October to November. Reproducing fish migrate into the upper reaches of rivers and streams,[21] where they shed their eggs, with each fish producing up to three million per season. The eggs are small and pelagic, hatching two days or so after fertilisation.[18] The young bream spend the next four years of their lives living in rivers, estuaries and parts of the coastline, often seen schooling over seagrass beds in shallow reaches of estuaries. It is when they reach five years in age that fish living in the marine environment move offshore to deeper reefs, returning to the rivers to spawn, as they cannot complete their life cycle in the ocean.[22] Southern black bream are known to live to 29 years of age.[11]

A number of unusual reproductive features have been observed in the species including a number hermaphroditic individuals which have both functional ovaries and testes, with the ability for a change to the preference of one sex also occasionally observed.[23] The species has also been known to hybridise with the closely related species Acanthopagrus australis forming viable offspring, themselves able to backcross with the parent species. This is only known from one coastal lake where the two species are landlocked together for extended periods, promoting interbreeding and the production of offspring with morphological traits intermediate between the two species. The setting required to cause hybridisation, however is too rare to consider the two species subspecies, or even a single species.[24]

Predators

Apart from humans, a variety of seabirds are the southern black bream's main predators, with the pelican, little black cormorant and great cormorant prominent.[25] The species is also taken by larger fish including sharks, rays and a number of large predatory teleosts such as mulloway and flathead. A number of ectoparasites are known from the species, including species from the Copepoda, Monogenea, Branchiura, Isopoda and Hirudinea.[26]

Relationship to humans

Southern black bream are one of the most important species to both commercial and recreational fisheries throughout its range, valued for its flavoursome and moist flesh. Due to its marketability, as well as its high tolerance to a wide range of salinity,[27] the species has become a candidate for inland aquaculture in saline dams.

Commercial fishery

The southern black bream is one of the most important species to the commercial fisheries in both Victoria and southern Western Australia, although only small numbers are harvested in South Australian waters due to the lower populations. Victoria produces the majority of the catch, with the Gippsland region alone producing 80% of the state's haul. A. butcheri has been taken from the Gippsland Lakes since the 1880s when they were the predominantly targeted species, although during the 1920s mullet became the most frequently caught species in the lakes. The bream catch from the lakes now fluctuates between 200 and 400 tonnes per year.[18] The Mallacoota inlet and Lake Tyers make up the other important bream-producing regions of the state. In South Australia, bream are only commercially taken from the Coorong which has yielded 10 to 70 tonnes of the species per year since the 1970s.[18] In lower Western Australia the Culham and Stokes inlet produce the bulk of the state's catch, with annual hauls far greater now than during the early 1990s. During the 1970s and 1980s, Western Australia had a modest bream catch of around 26 tonnes per year, a figure which rocketed to 103.9 tonnes in the 1992/3 season before receding to around 28 tonnes per year since 2000.[16] The species is commonly taken by gill nets, beach seine and haul nets, as well as by handline. The fish are normally sold fresh whole or as fillets in local markets throughout the states they are taken in.[5]

Recreational fishery

A southern black bream caught from Snowy River, Victoria

Southern black bream have long been a favourite target for anglers who seek out the species for both its fighting qualities and high quality flesh. Bream are also popular due to their accessibility, with fish commonly caught from harbour and estuary banks, piers and rock walls, therefore eliminating the need for a boat in most regions. Research in Western Australia has shown that anglers take more bream than commercial fishermen, with a 1979 study indicating that at least 232 tonnes were taken,[16] more than double that of the commercial harvest at its peak, although with the advent of catch and release fishing this figure has dropped.[18]

Bream are commonly caught around structures within an estuary, including fallen branches, piers, rock walls, bridge abutments and other man made structures as well as on mud and sand banks where shellfish and crustaceans dwell.[28] Although bream are opportunistic feeders, they can often be very difficult to catch in areas subject to high fishing pressure. Light fishing lines and sinkers are used to avoid spooking the fish and, as with all fishing, live bait produces the best results. Various crustaceans such as nippers, prawns and crabs are commonly used alongside various species of beach and tube worm. Frozen and cut bait such as prawns, mussels, cockles and fish pieces are also effective.[8] Rigs are usually kept simple and light, with running ball or bean sinkers used on a light line from two up to four kilograms in breaking strength tied to a size 6 – 1 hook. In fast flowing waters, heavier sinkers may be needed to keep the bait in the target area long enough to be noticed by a fish. Burley is often introduced into the water, with chopped pilchards or chicken pellets soaked in fish oil popular amongst anglers.[29] In recent years, the use of lures and flies on southern black bream has been successfully developed, with the species known to attack both hard bodied minnow and spinnerbait type lures, as well as soft plastic lures and saltwater flies.[29]

The southern black bream is protected by size and bag limits in all the states it inhabits, which anglers must be aware of or face fines. In Western Australia the size limit is 25 cm with only 2 fish over 40 cm allowed to be taken from the Swan or Canning Rivers, while the bag limit varies throughout the state with West Coast allowing 4 per angler, Gascoyne 8 per angler, and Southern and Northern 20 per angler.[30] In South Australia the daily bag limit is 10 per person, with a minimum legal size of 30 cm,[31] which is the same limit as Victoria.[32]

Aquaculture

Southern black bream are relatively easy to grow in captivity, with fish usually spawning during their natural season without needing the addition of hormones.[33] Despite this, bream are not bred on a commercial basis due to a comparatively slow growth rate and a low fillet recovery. Studies by Sarre in 1999, however, showed that the species can survive well in saline ponds with deep enough waters as long as food is supplemented to the ponds. This has led to the proposal of the breeding of the species to stock inland saline ponds for the use of recreational fishing, much like trout and barramundi are stocked elsewhere in Australia. Although the growth rate is currently too slow for food production purposes, genetic selection may allow the breeding of faster-growing fish for market purposes. Southern black bream are currently bred to stock depleted estuaries, and thus their requirements for farming are already well known.[34]

Similar species

A number of other members of the Sparidae inhabit Australian waters and maybe confused with A. butcheri. The yellowfin bream, Acanthopagrus australis is the most similar species to A. butcheri, overlapping in northern Victoria, with hybridisation events suggesting a recent divergence time, allowing few genetic differences to accumulate between the species.[24] As its name suggests, the yellow fins of the yellowfin bream are distinctive. Overlapping the distribution of A. butcheri in the west is Acanthopagrus morrisoni, the western yellowfin bream, which can be distinguished by the prominent yellow ventral, anal and lower caudal fins.[13] The tarwhine, Rhabdosargus sarba, is also similar in shape, but possesses gold horizontal stripes which allow for identification.[13]

References

  1. ^ a b Australian Biological Resources Study (14 December 2012). "Species Acanthopagrus butcheri (Munro, 1949)". Australian Faunal Directory. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Australian Government. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
  2. ^ Williams, J.; Hindell, J. S.; Swearer, S. E.; Jenkins, G. P. (2012). "Influence of freshwater flows on the distribution of eggs and larvae of black bream Acanthopagrus butcheri within a drought-affected estuary". Journal of Fish Biology. 80 (6): 2281–2301. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03283.x. ISSN 1095-8649. PMID 22551182.
  3. ^ Gomon, Martin F.; Bray, Dianne J. "Acanthopagrus". Fishes of Australia. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
  4. ^ "Acanthopagrus butcheri". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 30 September 2007.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Herman T-C. Weng (1971). "The Black Bream, Acanthopagrus butcheri (Munro): Its life history and fishery in South Australia". PhD Thesis. University of Adelaide. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. ^ a b c Munro, Ian S. (1949). "Revision of Australian silver breams, Mylio and Rhabdosargus". Memoirs of the Queensland Museum. 12 (4): 182–223.
  7. ^ a b Hosese, D.F.; Bray, D.J.; Paxton, J.R.; Alen, G.R. (2007). Zoological Catalogue of Australia Vol. 35 (2) Fishes. Sydney: CSIRO. p. 1126. ISBN 978-0-643-09334-8.
  8. ^ a b Starling, Steve (1988). The Fisherman's handbook – How to find, identify and catch the top Australian angling fish. NSW: Angus and Robertson Publishers. ISBN 1-86460-130-2.
  9. ^ CSIRO Marine Research (2015). "Standard Fish Names in Australia (commercial species)". CAAB – Codes for Australian Aquatic Biota. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
  10. ^ a b c d Scott, T.D.; C.J.M. Glover; R.V. Southcott (1980). Marine and Freshwater Fishes of South Australia 2nd Edition. Adelaide: Government Printer.
  11. ^ a b Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2014). "Acanthopagrus butcheri" in FishBase. August 2014 version.
  12. ^ Kuiter, R.H. (1993). Coastal fishes of south-eastern Australia. U.S.A: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 1-86333-067-4.
  13. ^ a b c d Hutchins, B.; Swainston, R. (1986). Sea Fishes of Southern Australia: Complete Field Guide for Anglers and Divers. Melbourne: Swainston Publishing. p. 187. ISBN 1-86252-661-3.
  14. ^ Hoeksema, S.D.; I.C. Potter (2006). "Diel, seasonal, regional and annual variations in the characteristics of the ichthyofauna of the upper reaches of a large Australian microtidal estuary". Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. Elsevier. 67 (3): 503–520. Bibcode:2006ECSS...67..503H. doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2005.12.003. Archived from the original on 2011-05-20. Retrieved 2007-10-10.
  15. ^ Connell, S.D.; M.J. Anderson (1999). "Predation by fish on assemblages of intertidal epibiota: effects of predator size and patch size". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. Elsevier. 241 (1): 15–29. doi:10.1016/S0022-0981(99)00067-2.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g Norris, J.V.; J.E. Tregonning; R.C.J. Lenanton; G.A. Sorre (2002). "Biological synopsis of the Black Bream, Acanthopagrus butcheri (Munro) (Teleosti: Sparidae) in Western Australia with reference to information from other states". Fisheries Research Report. Perth: Department of Fisheries, Government of Western Australia. 93. Archived from the original on 2007-10-05. Retrieved 2007-10-03.
  17. ^ Hobday, D.; M. Moran (1983). "Age, growth and fluctuating year class strength of Black Bream in Gippsland Lakes, Victoria". Internal Report. Melbourne: Victorian Ministry for Conservation. Marine Sciences Laboratories. 20.
  18. ^ a b c d e f Kailola, P.J.; M.J Williams; R.E. Stewart (1993). Australian fisheries resources. Canberra: Bureau of Resource Sciences. ISBN 0-642-18876-9.
  19. ^ a b Sarre, G.A.; M.E. Platell; I.C. Potter (2000). "Do the dietary compositions of Acanthopagrus butcheri in four estuaries and a coastal lake vary with body size and season and within and amongst these water bodies?". Journal of Fish Biology. Blackwell Synergy. 56 (1): 103–122. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2000.tb02089.x.
  20. ^ Morison, Alexander K.; Patrick C. Coutin; Simon G. Robertson (1998). "Age determination of black bream, Acanthopagrus butcheri (Sparidae), from the Gippsland Lakes of south-eastern Australia indicates slow growth and episodic recruitment". Marine and Freshwater Research. CSIRO. 48 (6): 491–498. doi:10.1071/MF97237.
  21. ^ Kanandjembo, A.N.; I. C. Potter; M. E. Platell (2001). "Abrupt shifts in the fish community of the hydrologically variable upper estuary of the Swan River". Hydrological Processes. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 15 (13): 2503–2517. Bibcode:2001HyPr...15.2503K. doi:10.1002/hyp.295. S2CID 128493821.
  22. ^ Burridge, Christopher P.; Vincent L. Versace (2007). "Population Genetic Structuring in Acanthopagrus butcheri (Pisces: Sparidae): Does Low Gene Flow Among Estuaries Apply to Both Sexes?". Marine Biotechnology. Springer Science+Business Media, Inc. 9 (1): 33–44. doi:10.1007/s10126-006-6023-7. PMID 16937020. S2CID 36465594.
  23. ^ Rowland, S.J.; R. Snape. "Labile protogynous hermaphroditism in the black bream, Acanthopagrus butcheri (Munro) (Sparidae)". Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. 114 (1): 225–232. ISSN 0370-047X.
  24. ^ a b Rowland, S.J. (1984). "Hybridization between the Estuarine Fishes Yellowfin Bream, Acanthopagrus australis (Gunther), and Black Bream, A. butcheri (Munro)(Pisces : Sparidae)". Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. CSIRO. 35 (4): 427–440. doi:10.1071/MF9840427.
  25. ^ Coutin, P.C.; Reside, J. (2003). "Fish predation by great cormorants, Phalacrocorax carbo carboides, in the Gippsland Lakes, south-eastern Australia". In Cowx, I.G. (ed.). Interactions between fish and birds: implications for management. Oxford: Fishing News Books. pp. 196–210. ISBN 0-632-06385-8.
  26. ^ Byrnes, T.; Rohde, K. (1992). "Geographical distribution and host specificity of ectoparasites of Australian bream, Acanthopagrus spp. (Sparidae)". Folia Parasitologica. 39 (3): 249–264. ISSN 0015-5683.
  27. ^ Partridge, Gavin J.; Greg I. Jenkins (2002). "The effect of salinity on growth and survival of juvenile black bream (Acanthopagrus butcheri)". Aquaculture. Elsevier. 210 (1): 219–230. doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00817-1.
  28. ^ Horrobin, P. (1997). Guide to Favourite Australian Fish. Singapore: Universal Magazines. pp. 18–19.
  29. ^ a b Gill, Trevor (2004). "Secrets of the wily Black Bream" (PDF). Southern Fisheries. Adelaide: Primary Industries SA. 9 (4): 6–10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-08-30. Retrieved 2007-10-10.
  30. ^ Department of Fisheries (2007). "Recreational Fishing". Government of Western Australia. Archived from the original on 2007-10-05. Retrieved 2007-10-10.
  31. ^ PIRSA Fisheries (2020). "Catch Limits & Legal Lengths". Black Bream. Government of South Australia. Retrieved 2020-03-16.
  32. ^ Department of Primary Industries (2007). "Recreational Fishing Guide". Limits and Closed Seasons. Government of Victoria. Archived from the original (pdf) on 2007-08-29. Retrieved 2007-10-10.
  33. ^ Partridge G.J., Jenkins G.I. & Frankish K.R. (2003) Hatchery Manual for the Production of Snapper (Pagrus auratus) and Black Bream (Acanthopagrus butcheri). WestOne Publishing, Perth, Australia.
  34. ^ Doupe, Robert G.; Gavin A. Sarre; Gavin J Partridge; Alan J Lymbery; Greg I Jenkins (2007). "What are the prospects for black bream Acanthopagrus butcheri (Munro) aquaculture in salt-affected inland Australia?". Aquaculture Research. Blackwell Synergy. 36 (14): 1345–1355. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2005.01350.x.

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Acanthopagrus butcheri: Brief Summary ( Anglèis )

fornì da wikipedia EN

Acanthopagrus butcheri, the black bream but also commonly known as the southern black bream, southern bream and blue-nosed bream, is a species of marine and freshwater fish of the porgy family, Sparidae. It is a deep-bodied fish, occasionally confused with other similar species that occur within its range, but is generally distinguished from these species by a lack of yellow ventral and anal fins. Southern black bream are endemic to Australia, inhabiting the southern coast from Shark Bay in Western Australia to Ulladulla, New South Wales, as well as Tasmania.

The species is primarily an inhabitant of estuaries and coastal lakes, rarely entering the ocean, as it cannot complete its life cycle in a fully marine environment. During the breeding season, the species is known to penetrate into the upper reaches of rivers to spawn, causing an influx of juveniles in the estuaries a few months later. Black bream are opportunistic predators, consuming a wide range of crustaceans, molluscs, polychaetes and fish.

The southern black bream is a major target for both commercial and amateur fishermen due to its high quality flesh, with over 300 tonnes of fish taken each year by commercial fisheries. Anglers also seek out the fish for its sporting qualities, with the development of lure fishing for bream adding to this attraction. Aquaculture techniques for the species are being developed, with a slow growth rate the major hurdle to large scale food production.

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Acanthopagrus butcheri ( Spagneul; Castilian )

fornì da wikipedia ES

Acanthopagrus butcheri es una especie de peces de la familia Sparidae en el orden de los Perciformes.

Morfología

Los machos pueden llegar alcanzar los 60 cm de longitud total.[1]

Distribución geográfica

Es un endemismo de las costas del sur de Australia.

Referencias

  1. FishBase (en inglés)

Bibliografía

  • Eschmeyer, William N., ed. 1998. Catalog of Fishes. Special Publication of the Center for Biodiversity Research and Information, núm. 1, vol. 1-3. California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco, California, Estados Unidos. 2905. ISBN 0-940228-47-5.
  • Fenner, Robert M.: The Conscientious Marine Aquarist. Neptune City, Nueva Jersey, Estados Unidos : T.F.H. Publications, 2001.
  • Helfman, G., B. Collette y D. Facey: The diversity of fishes. Blackwell Science, Malden, Massachusetts, Estados Unidos , 1997.
  • Hoese, D.F. 1986: . A M.M. Smith y P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlín, Alemania.
  • Maugé, L.A. 1986. A J. Daget, J.-P. Gosse y D.F.E. Thys van den Audenaerde (eds.) Check-list of the freshwater fishes of Africa (CLOFFA). ISNB, Bruselas; MRAC, Tervuren, Flandes; y ORSTOM, París, Francia. Vol. 2.
  • Moyle, P. y J. Cech.: Fishes: An Introduction to Ichthyology, 4a. edición, Upper Saddle River, Nueva Jersey, Estados Unidos: Prentice-Hall. Año 2000.
  • Nelson, J.: Fishes of the World, 3a. edición. Nueva York, Estados Unidos: John Wiley and Sons. Año 1994.
  • Wheeler, A.: The World Encyclopedia of Fishes, 2a. edición, Londres: Macdonald. Año 1985.

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Acanthopagrus butcheri: Brief Summary ( Spagneul; Castilian )

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Acanthopagrus butcheri es una especie de peces de la familia Sparidae en el orden de los Perciformes.

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Acanthopagrus butcheri ( Basch )

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Acanthopagrus butcheri Acanthopagrus generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Sparidae familian sailkatzen da.

Banaketa

Erreferentziak

  1. Froese, Rainer & Pauly, Daniel ed. (2006), Acanthopagrus butcheri FishBase webgunean. 2006ko apirilaren bertsioa.

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Acanthopagrus butcheri: Brief Summary ( Basch )

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Acanthopagrus butcheri Acanthopagrus generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Sparidae familian sailkatzen da.

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Acanthopagrus butcheri ( Fransèis )

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Acanthopagrus butcheri est un poisson estuarien de la famille des Sparidae. C'est un poisson parfois confondu avec Acanthopagrus australis mais qui s'en distingue par l'absence de jaune sur les nageoires ventrale et anale.

Description

Acanthopagrus butcheri a un corps haut et relativement comprimé latéralement, avec les nageoires dorsale et ventrale symétriquement courbes[1]. La bouche est de taille modérée comparée au corps et possède six incisives à l'avant des mâchoires inférieure et supérieure. Les molaires sont positionnées par groupe de quatre ou cinq sur chacun des côtés de la mâchoire supérieure et par groupe de trois ou quatre sur les côtés de la mâchoire inférieure, les molaires les plus antérieures étant les plus petites [1]. Le corps est couvert de grandes écailles qui peuvent être de forme cycloïde ou légèrement cténoïde. La tête est essentiellement dépourvue d'écailles, excepté les opercules. Un fourreau d'écailles couvre les bases des rayons mous des nageoires dorsale, anale et caudale. La ligne latérale compte de 52 à 58 écailles[1]. Il y a une unique nageoire dorsale, qui commence légèrement en arrière de la limite postérieure de l'opercule et qui comporte de 10 à 13 rayons épineux placés en avant de 10 à 13 rayons mous. La nageoire anale consiste en 3 rayons épineux antérieurs et de 8 à 10 rayons mous, alors que la nageoire pectorale possède de 14 à 16 rayons et la nageoire ventrale possède une longue épine et cinq rayons mous [1]. Acanthopagrus butcheri est argenté, de brun-doré ou bronze à gris-vert sur le dos comme sur les flancs avec parfois des reflets verdâtres, suivant son habitat. Le ventre est blanc. Les nageoires sont toutes sombres, et pourvues de bordures noires. La nageoire caudale étant souvent brun-olive sombre [2].

L'espèce atteint un maximum de 60 cm et un poids de 4 kg, avec un âge maximal de 29 ans[3] mais est plus commune à des tailles de 23 à 25 cm et sous 2 kg [4]. À trois ans, les individus mesurent entre 6 et 16 cm.

Distribution and habitat

Acanthopagrus butcheri, comme de nombreux sparidés, est capable de supporter de grandes variations de salinité. C'est une espèce endémique du Sud de l'Australie habitant les eaux côtières, de la Baie Shark, à l'Ouest, dans l'État d'Australie-Occidentale, à Mallacoota, à l'Est, dans l'État de Victoria, ainsi que toutes les côtes de Tasmanie, au Sud[5]. Cette espèce est avant tout une espèce côtière bien qu'elle soit parfois trouvée sur des hauts-fonds du plateau continental[6]. Elle habite surtout dans les environnements estuariens[5], remontant assez haut dans les rivières et les ruisseaux lors de la ponte, en été austral[7]. Acanthopagrus butcheri est aussi notoirement présent dans les lagunes et dans les embouchures, de manière intermittente[8].

C'est le seul sparidé estuarien d'Australie. Les larves et les juvéniles vivent dans les herbiers des estuaires peu profonds. Dans les estuaires et les secteurs d'eau douce, cette espèce recherche la protection de structures immergées telles que des branches d'arbre, des jetées, des tables à huitres[9] ainsi que des zones rocheuses[10], alors que dans les eaux plus profondes des lacs côtiers ou des étangs salins, elle est souvent présente sur des substrats sableux ou vaseux dégagés [11]. Acanthopagrus butcheri est rarement présent en milieu marin mais est souvent repoussé des ruisseaux lors des périodes d'inondation et est capable de survivre en mer, où il colonise les hauts-fonds côtiers et les littoraux rocheux [10].

Il est très commun dans le Sud de l'État de Victoria, où il habite de nombreux estuaires. Les lacs du Gippsland, l'anse de Mallacoota et le lac Tyers sont les eaux les plus densément peuplées de l'État et l'espèce est fréquente le long du littoral [12]. Elle n'est pas aussi prolifique en Australie-Méridionale, où les îles Coorong et Kangourou sont les secteurs les plus peuplés de l'État. Cette faible densité peut être expliquée par le fait que cet État présente très peu de rivières et d'estuaires, bien que Acanthopagrus butcheri ait été pêché dans des pièges à homards dans des secteurs inattendus tels que le Golfe Saint Vincent et des haut-fonds rocheux profonds présents au large de la baie Streaky [8]. Acanthopagrus butcheri est répandu au Sud de l'Australie-Occidentale, avec de très nombreux estuaires abritant cette espèce. Les anses Culham et Stokes sont connues pour abriter de nombreuses populations de ce poisson [12].

Taxonomie

Acanthopagrus butcheri est l'une des onze espèces du genre Acanthopagrus, de la famille des Sparidae. Acanthopagrus butcheri a été tout d'abord confondue avec sa proche cousine Acanthopagrus australis, avec des spécimens regroupés sous le nom de Mylio australis par Rudall, Hale and Sheriden [8]. En 1949, lors d'une révision des dorades présentes en Australie Ian Munro trouva que M. australis consistait en fait en deux espèces distinctes et créa la nouvelle espèce Mylio butcheri. Munro basa cette classification sur un nombre de nouveaux spécimens[2] dont l'un provenait des lacs du Gippsland de l'État de Victoria, et qu'il désigna comme l'holotype. Mylio butcheri fut plus tard changée en Acanthopagrus butcheri lorsque le genre exact fut identifié[6].

A. butcheri n'a pas de nom vernaculaire en français, mais en possède plusieurs en anglais, qui sont aussi employés pour d'autres espèces cousines, tant en Australie qu'ailleurs. L'espèce est appelée "southern black bream", et régionalement "black bream," "Perth bream," "Gippsland bream" et "blue-nose bream"[13]. "Blue-nose bream" est utilisé pour des poissons dépassant le poids de 1 kg, en raison du fait qu'à partir de cette taille leur museau commence à prendre des nuances bleutées [2].

Reproduction

Acanthopagrus butcheri acquiert la maturité sexuelle à un âge qui dépend des zones. C'est 2 ou 3 ans en Australie-Occidentale et Australie-Méridionale, alors que c'est 5 ans dans l'État de Victoria[14]. L'âge de maturité sexuelle dépend aussi du sexe, les femelles devenant en général matures un an plus tard que les mâles[10]. La période de ponte dépend elle aussi des zones ; les populations d'Australie-Occidentale pouvant pondre de juillet à novembre, celles d'Australie-Méridionale de novembre à janvier et celle de Victoria d'octobre à novembre. Lors de la saison de reproduction, cette espèce est connue pour remonter les fleuves et rivières afin de pondre, causant un afflux de juvéniles quelques mois plus tard. Les reproducteurs migrent dans le cours supérieur des fleuves et des ruisseaux[15] où ils disséminent leurs œufs, chaque individu femelle en produisant de 300 000 à 3 millions par saison. Les œufs sont petits et pélagiques et éclosent deux jours après la fécondation[12]. Les juvéniles passent les quatre années suivantes de leur vie dans les fleuves, les estuaires et une partie du littoral, souvent observés en bancs au-dessus des herbiers des bordures peu profondes des estuaires. C'est lorsqu'ils atteignent 5 ans que les individus vivant en milieu marin gagnent les hauts-fonds de haute mer, ne retournant dans les fleuves qu'aux périodes de reproduction, étant donné qu'ils ne peuvent pas achever leur cycle biologique en mer[16]. Acanthopagrus butcheri est susceptible de vivre jusqu'à l'âge de 29 ans[3].

Certaines caractéristiques peu communes ont été observées chez Acanthopagrus butcheri, notamment l'existence d'individus hermaphrodites qui ont à la fois des ovaires et des testicules fonctionnels, avec la capacité parfois observée de changer pour l'un des deux sexes[17]. Acanthopagrus butcheri est aussi connue pour l'hybridation avec sa cousine Acanthopagrus australis engendrant une progéniture viable, capable de frayer avec les espèces parentes. C'est le cas uniquement dans un lac côtier où les deux espèces sont confinées ensemble sur des périodes étendues, ce qui facilite les croisements et la création d'une progéniture ayant des caractéristiques morphologiques intermédiaires entre les deux espèces. Les conditions requises pour causer l'hybridation sont cependant trop rares pour considérer les deux espèces comme des sous-espèces ou même une unique espèce[18].

Alimentation

Ce sparidé est un omnivore opportuniste[10], se nourrissant une large gamme de proies, comprenant des espèces sessiles, enfouies, benthiques et pélagiques. Son alimentation varie suivant les rivières et son comportement opportuniste ne permet pas de faire apparaitre de constance entre les saisons, bien qu'il semble privilégier certaines proies lorsqu'un panel de proies est présent dans son biotope[19].

Les crustacés, comprenant crabes, crevettess, amphipodes et copépode, sont régulièrement consommés, de même que nombre de vers polychètes ou annélides. Les bivalves tels que des moules et des coques sont broyés entre ses puissantes mâchoires, tout comme des petits poissons tels que les gobies et les anchois[8]. Les algues du genre Enteromorpha sont aussi une composante importante d'une majorité de poissons. Dans les parties hautes des ruisseaux, l'alimentation comporte différentes proies qui reflètent la biodiversité dulcicole, avec des insectes, des têtards, des crevettes d'eau douce et des gastéropodes[10]. Des études menées sur la Rivière Swan suggèrent que le régime alimentaire varie suivant l'âge. Les juvéniles consomment des amphipodes, des vers polychètes et les individus moyens se nourrissent de divers mollusques. La quantité d'amphipodes consommés décroît dans l'alimentation des spécimens plus vieux tandis que la quantité de gros mollusque, crabes et poissons augmente[19]. Acanthopagrus fouille activement le substrat, tête basse, et gobant ses proies avec un minimum de mastication[8].

Prédateurs

En dehors des Hommes, les oiseaux de mer constituent les prédateurs majeurs d'Acanthopagrus butcheri, avec principalement le pélican, le cormoran noir et le grand cormoran[20].

Acanthopagrus butcheri est également la proie de plus gros poissons tels que les requins, les raies et nombre de grands poissons téléostéens comme le Maigre africain (Argyrosomus japonicus) et des platycéphalidés. Certains ectoparasites sont connus pour cette espèce comme des copépodes, des monogènes, des branchioures, de isopodes et des sangsues[21].

Pêche et aquaculture

Acanthopagrus butcheri est une cible majeure tant pour les pêcheries commerciales que pour la pêche récréative, compte tenu de sa chair de bonne qualité. Plus de 300 tonnes de ce poisson sont prélevées chaque année par les pêcheurs professionnels. Les pêcheurs amateurs apprécient également ce poisson pour ses qualités combatives, notamment depuis le développement de leurres adaptés à cette espèce. Les techniques d'aquaculture sont en cours de développement, avec toutefois un taux de croissance relativement faible.

Espèces similaires

D'autres membres de la famille des Sparidés sont présents dans les eaux australiennes et peuvent être confondues avec A. butcheri. Acanthopagrus australis est l'espèce la plus proche. Ces deux espèces se côtoient dans le Nord de l'État de Vicoria, avec quelques occurrences d'hybridation suggérant une divergence génétique récente, ce qui ne permet pas de recenser beaucoup de différences génétiques entre les deux espèces[18]. À l'Ouest de l'Australie, Acanthopagrus latus côtoie Acanthopagrus butcheri, mais s'en distingue par le jaune ostentatoire de ses nageoires ventrales, anale et caudale[5]. Rhabdosargus sarba a également une forme semblable mais possède des rayures horizontales dorées qui permettent son identification[5].

Références

  1. a b c et d (en) T.D. Scott, C.J.M. Glover et R.V. Southcott, Marine and Freshwater Fishes of South Australia 2nd Edition, Adelaide, Government Printer, 1980
  2. a b et c (en) Ian S. Munro, « Revision of Australian silver breams, Mylio and Rhabdosargus », Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, vol. 12, no 4,‎ 1949, p. 182–223
  3. a et b FishBase, consulté le 25 janvier 2015
  4. (en) R.H. Kuiter, Coastal fishes of south-eastern Australia, U.S.A, University of Hawaii Press, 1993 (ISBN 978-1-86333-067-1, LCCN )
  5. a b c et d (en) B. Hutchins et R. Swainston, Sea Fishes of Southern Australia: Complete Field Guide for Anglers and Divers, Melbourne, Swainston Publishing, 1986 (ISBN 978-1-86252-661-7, OCLC ), p. 187
  6. a et b D.F. Hosese, D.J. Bray, J.R. Paxton et G.R. Alen, Zoological Catalogue of Australia Vol. 35 (2) Fishes, Sydney, CSIRO, 2007 (ISBN 978-0-643-09334-8), p. 1126
  7. (en) S.D. Hoeksema et I.C. Potter, « Diel, seasonal, regional and annual variations in the characteristics of the ichthyofauna of the upper reaches of a large Australian microtidal estuary », Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, Elsevier, vol. 67, no 3,‎ 2006, p. 503–520 (DOI , lire en ligne, consulté le 10 octobre 2007)
  8. a b c d et e (en) Herman T-C )Weng, « The Black Bream, Acanthopagrus butcheri (Munro): Its life history and fishery in South Australia », PhD Thesis, University of Adelaide,‎ 1971
  9. (en) S.D. Connell et M.J. Anderson, « Predation by fish on assemblages of intertidal epibiota: effects of predator size and patch size », Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, Elsevier, vol. 241, no 1,‎ 1999, p. 15–29 (DOI )
  10. a b c d et e (en) J.V. Norris, J.E. Tregonning, R.C.J. Lenanton et G.A. Sorre, « Biological synopsis of the Black Bream, Acanthopagrus butcheri (Munro) (Teleosti: Sparidae) in Western Australia with reference to information from other states », Fisheries Research Report, Perth, Department of Fisheries, Government of Western Australia, vol. 93,‎ 2002 (lire en ligne, consulté le 3 octobre 2007)
  11. (en) D. Hobday et M. Moran, « Age, growth and fluctuating year class strength of Black Bream in Gippsland Lakes, Victoria », Internal report, Melbourne, Victorian Ministry for Conservation. Marine Sciences Laboratories, vol. 20,‎ 1983
  12. a b et c (en) P.J. Kailola, M.J Williams et R.E. Stewart, Australian fisheries resources, Canberra, Bureau of Resource Sciences, 1993 (ISBN 978-0-642-18876-2)
  13. (en) Steve Starling, The Fisherman's handbook - How to find, identify and catch the top Australian angling fish, NSW, Angus and Robertson Publishers, 1988 (ISBN 978-1-86460-130-5, OCLC )
  14. (en) Alexander K. Morison, Patrick C. Coutin et Simon G. Robertson, « Age determination of black bream, Acanthopagrus butcheri (Sparidae), from the Gippsland Lakes of south-eastern Australia indicates slow growth and episodic recruitment », Marine and Freshwater Research, CSIRO, vol. 48, no 6,‎ 1998, p. 491–498 (DOI )
  15. (en) A.N. Kanandjembo, I. C. Potter et M. E. Platell, « Abrupt shifts in the fish community of the hydrologically variable upper estuary of the Swan River », Hydrological Processes, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 15, no 13,‎ 2001, p. 2503–2517 (DOI )
  16. (en) Christopher P. Burridge et Vincent L. Versace, « Population Genetic Structuring in Acanthopagrus butcheri (Pisces: Sparidae): Does Low Gene Flow Among Estuaries Apply to Both Sexes? », Marine Biotechnology, Springer Science+Business Media, Inc., vol. 9, no 1,‎ 2007, p. 33–44 (PMID , DOI )
  17. (en) S.J. Rowland et R. Snape, « Labile protogynous hermaphroditism in the black bream, Acanthopagrus butcheri (Munro) (Sparidae) », Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 1re série, vol. 114,‎ -, p. 225–232 (ISSN )
  18. a et b (en) S.J. Rowland, « Hybridization between the Estuarine Fishes Yellowfin Bream, Acanthopagrus australis (Gunther), and Black Bream, A. butcheri (Munro)(Pisces : Sparidae) », Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, CSIRO, vol. 35, no 4,‎ 1984, p. 427–440 (DOI )
  19. a et b (en) G.A. Sarre, M.E. Platell et I.C. Potter, « Do the dietary compositions of Acanthopagrus butcheri in four estuaries and a coastal lake vary with body size and season and within and amongst these water bodies? », Journal of Fish Biology, Blackwell Synergy, vol. 56, no 1,‎ 2000, p. 103–122 (DOI )
  20. (en) P.C. Coutin et J. Reside, « Fish predation by great cormorants, Phalacrocorax carbo carboides, in the Gippsland Lakes, south-eastern Australia », dans Cowx, I.G., Interactions between fish and birds: implications for management, Oxford, Fishing News Books, 2003 (ISBN 0-632-06385-8), p. 196–210
  21. (en) T. Byrnes et K. Rohde, « Geographical distribution and host specificity of ectoparasites of Australian bream, Acanthopagrus spp. (Sparidae) », Folia Parasitologica (Ceske Budejovice), vol. 39, no 3,‎ 1992, p. 249–264 (ISSN )

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Acanthopagrus butcheri: Brief Summary ( Fransèis )

fornì da wikipedia FR

Acanthopagrus butcheri est un poisson estuarien de la famille des Sparidae. C'est un poisson parfois confondu avec Acanthopagrus australis mais qui s'en distingue par l'absence de jaune sur les nageoires ventrale et anale.

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Acanthopagrus butcheri ( olandèis; flamand )

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Vissen

Acanthopagrus butcheri is een straalvinnige vissensoort uit de familie van zeebrasems (Sparidae).[1] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1949 door Munro.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. (en) Acanthopagrus butcheri. FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. 12 2011 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2011.
Geplaatst op:
22-10-2011
Dit artikel is een beginnetje over biologie. U wordt uitgenodigd om op bewerken te klikken om uw kennis aan dit artikel toe te voegen. Beginnetje
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Acanthopagrus butcheri ( svedèis )

fornì da wikipedia SV

Acanthopagrus butcheri[4] är en fiskart som först beskrevs av Munro, 1949. Den ingår i släktet Acanthopagrus och familjen havsrudefiskar.[5][6] Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.[5]


Beskrivning

Acanthopagrus butcheri har en hög, oval kroppsform, lång ryggfena med 10 – 13 taggstrålar och 10 – 13 mjukstrålar samt en analfena med 3 taggstrålar och 8 – 10 mjukstrålar. Kroppsfärgen är variabel, och kroppens övre del varierar från silverfärgat över gulbrunt, bronsfärgat, grönt eller svart. Buken, tillsammans med käken är vanligtvis vita. Fenorna är mörka till grönaktigt svarta. Som mest kan fisken bli 60 cm lång och väga 4 kg, men är oftast mindre.[7]

Ekologi

Arten finns främst i flodmynningar och flodernas tidvattenområden. Den kan även förekomma i kustnära havsvatten, framför allt i samband med tidvatten, och det händer att den går upp i rent sötvatten, men den är framför allt en brackvattenart.[7][8] Den söker gärna skydd under eroderade flodstränder och bland sjunkna trädstammar i hålor på upptill 25 meters djup.[1]

Födan består av musslor, kräftdjur, maskar och alger.[7]

Fortplantning

Lektiden varierar betydligt från flodområde till flodområde; leken sker nämligen uppströms i lugna, skyddade vatten. Larver och yngel håller till vid grunda, sjögräsklädda bottnar i flodernas tidvattensområden.[7]

Utbredning

Arten finns i Indiska oceanens och Stilla havets södra delar vid södra Australien,[7] inklusive Tasmanien och Kangaroo Island[1].

Kommersiell användning

Acanthopagrus butcheri anses vara en läcker matfisk och är föremål för ett kommersiellt fiske. Den är även en populär sportfisk.[7]

Referenser

  1. ^ [a b c] Russell, B., Pollard, D., Carpenter, K.E. & Iwatsuki, Y. 2009 Acanthopagrus butcheri Från: IUCN 2014. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3 www.iucnredlist.org. Läst 1 juni 2017.
  2. ^ Acanthopagrus butcheri Munro, 1949” (på engelska). ITIS. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=647908. Läst 29 april 2011.
  3. ^ Eschmeyer, W.N. (ed.) (1998) Catalog of fishes., Special Publication, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. 3 vols. 2905 p.
  4. ^ Scott, T.D., C.J.M. Glover and R.V. Southcott (1974) The marine and freshwater fishes of South Australia., A.B. James, Government Printer, South Australia. 2nd ed. 392 p.
  5. ^ [a b] Roskov Y., Abucay L., Orrell T., Nicolson D., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., DeWalt R.E., Decock W., De Wever A., Nieukerken E. van, Zarucchi J., Penev L. (red.) (2017). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2017 Annual Checklist.” (på engelska). Species 2000: Naturalis, Leiden, Nederländerna. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2017/search/all/key/acanthopagrus+butcheri/match/1. Läst 1 juni 2017.
  6. ^ FishBase. Froese R. & Pauly D. (eds), 2011-06-14
  7. ^ [a b c d e f] Torres, Armi G.; Ortañez, Auda Kareen. Acanthopagrus butcheri (Munro, 1949) Southern black bream” (på engelska). Fishbase. http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=14601. Läst 1 juni 2017.
  8. ^ ”Black Bream - Acanthopagrus butcheri (på engelska). State of New South Wales. http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/fisheries/recreational/saltwater/sw-species/black-bream. Läst 1 juni 2017.

Externa länkar

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Acanthopagrus butcheri: Brief Summary ( svedèis )

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Acanthopagrus butcheri är en fiskart som först beskrevs av Munro, 1949. Den ingår i släktet Acanthopagrus och familjen havsrudefiskar. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.


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布氏棘鯛 ( cinèis )

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二名法 Acanthopagrus butcheri
Munro, 1949 Acanthopagrus butcheri distribution.png

布氏棘鯛輻鰭魚綱鱸形目鱸亞目鯛科的其中一,分布於南澳大利亞淡水、半鹹水及鹹水域,本魚因棲地不同而有不同的體色,銅色、銀色、黑色、綠色等都有,下巴及腹部通常為白色,魚鰭墨綠色,背鰭硬棘10-13枚;背鰭軟條10-13枚;臀鰭硬棘3枚;臀鰭軟條8-10枚,體長可達60公分,棲息在沿海、溪流、湖泊、河口區,屬肉食性,以貝類軟體動物魚類甲殼類等為食,可做為食用魚及遊釣魚。

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布氏棘鯛: Brief Summary ( cinèis )

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布氏棘鯛為輻鰭魚綱鱸形目鱸亞目鯛科的其中一,分布於南澳大利亞淡水、半鹹水及鹹水域,本魚因棲地不同而有不同的體色,銅色、銀色、黑色、綠色等都有,下巴及腹部通常為白色,魚鰭墨綠色,背鰭硬棘10-13枚;背鰭軟條10-13枚;臀鰭硬棘3枚;臀鰭軟條8-10枚,體長可達60公分,棲息在沿海、溪流、湖泊、河口區,屬肉食性,以貝類軟體動物魚類甲殼類等為食,可做為食用魚及遊釣魚。

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cc-by-sa-3.0
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维基百科作者和编辑