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Benefits ( Anglèis )

fornì da FAO species catalogs
The total catch reported for this species to FAO for 1999 was 43 557 t. The countries with the largest catches were USA (36 515 t) and Canada (7 040 t). The most common fishing techniques are "demersal bottom trawling" and "groundfish longlining". Utilized fresh, dried/salted, smoked and frozen; eaten steamed, fried, broiled, boiled, microwaved and baked.

Brief Summary ( Anglèis )

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Lives on various type of bottom.Young occur near shore, adults in deeper water.Often migratory.

Size ( Anglèis )

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Female attains 250 cm or more; male 140 cm.

Distribution ( Anglèis )

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North Pacific, from the Bering Sea to the Okhotsk Sea, and from Alaska to California.Tôhoku District northward, the northern part of the Sea of Japan.

Diagnostic Description ( Anglèis )

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Body ovate or rather elongate, compressed. Mouth large. Teeth all pointed, none depressible. Gillrakers short and stout with 7 to 10 on lower part of anterior arch. Scales mostly elongate, the small supplementary scales present but not surrounding the primary scales. Colour olivaceous brown, generally mottled with paler. Lateral line with 145 to 190 scales with a distinct curve above pectoral fin. Dorsal finrays (89) 93 to 97 (109); origin above middle of eye. Anal finrays 64 to 81 (78). Pectoral of ocular side with 14 to 19 rays. Caudal fin strong and lunate.

Arferiment

  • Norman, J. R. - 1934A systematic monograph of the flatfishes (Heterosomata). Vol. I: London: 459 pp.
  • Sakamoto, K. - 1984 Pleuronectidae. In: H. Masuda; K. Amaoka; C. Araga; T. Uyeno; T. Yoshino (eds.). The Fishes of the Japanese Archipelago. Tokai. Univ. Press. 351-354.

Trophic Strategy ( Anglèis )

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Found on various types of bottoms (Ref. 2850). Young are found near shore, moving out to deeper waters as they grow older (Ref. 6885). Older individuals typically move from deeper water along the edge of the continental shelf where they spend the winter, to shallow coastal water (27-274 m) for the summer (Ref. 28499). Feeds on fishes, cephalopods, crabs, clams, squids, and other invertebrates (Ref. 6885).
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Diagnostic Description ( Anglèis )

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Dorsal origin above anterior part of pupil in upper eye, generally low, higher in middle. Caudal spread and slightly lunate. Pectorals small.
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Migration ( Anglèis )

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Oceanodromous. Migrating within oceans typically between spawning and different feeding areas, as tunas do. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km.
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Morphology ( Anglèis )

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Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 90 - 106; Analspines: 0; Analsoft rays: 69 - 80; Vertebrae: 49 - 51
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Biology ( Anglèis )

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Found on various types of bottoms (Ref. 2850). Young are found near shore, moving out to deeper waters as they grow older (Ref. 6885). Older individuals typically move from deeper water along the edge of the continental shelf where they spend the winter, to shallow coastal water (27-274 m) for the summer (Ref. 28499). Feed on fishes, crabs, clams, squids, and other invertebrates (Ref. 6885). Utilized fresh, dried or salted, smoked and frozen; eaten steamed, fried, broiled, boiled, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9988).
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Importance ( Anglèis )

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fisheries: highly commercial; gamefish: yes; aquarium: public aquariums; price category: very high; price reliability: reliable: based on ex-vessel price for this species
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Sakit okean ağqabıq raltusu ( Aser )

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x


Sakit okean ağqabıq raltusu (lat. Hippoglossus stenolepis), Kambalakimilər dəstəsinin Kambalalar fəsiləsinə aid balıq növü.

Pink salmon FWS.jpg Balıq ilə əlaqədar bu məqalə qaralama halındadır. Məqaləni redaktə edərək Vikipediyanı zənginləşdirin.
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Pazifischer Heilbutt ( Alman )

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 src=
Verbreitungsgebiet von Hokkaidō bis Kalifornien

Der Pazifische Heilbutt (Hippoglossus stenolepis) ist der größte Plattfisch im nördlichen Pazifik. Die größte nachgewiesene Länge bei einem Weibchen liegt bei 2,67 Meter bei einem Gewicht von 363 kg. Männchen bleiben kleiner. Der beliebte Speisefisch wird meist bei einem Gewicht von 2,3 bis 4,5 kg mit Langleinen gefangen.

Merkmale

Die Rückenflosse beginnt über der Pupille des unteren Auges. Rücken- und Afterflosse sind niedrig, werden nur in der Körpermitte hoch. Die Schwanzflosse ist breit und leicht mondförmig, die Brustflossen sind klein. Die Augen befinden sich immer auf der rechten Körperseite. Das Seitenlinienorgan bildet über der Brustflosse einen Bogen. Die Schuppen sind Cycloidschuppen und klein. Die Kiefer reichen bis zur Augenmitte. Die Oberseite ist normalerweise braun, die Blindseite weiß.

Flossenformel: Dorsale 90–106, Anale 69–80.

Lebensweise

Der Pazifische Heilbutt lebt auf unterschiedlichen Böden, in Tiefen von 0 bis 1200 Metern. Jungfische leben eher in flachem Wasser und wandern mit fortschreitendem Wachstum immer tiefer. Ältere Tiere verbringen den Winter in größeren Tiefen und halten sich im Sommer vor allem küstennah in Tiefen von 27 bis 274 Metern auf. Der Pazifische Heilbutt ernährt sich von Fischen, Krabben, Muscheln, Kopffüßern und anderen Wirbellosen.

Literatur

  • William N. Eschmeyer, Earl S. Herald: A Field Guide to Pacific Coast Fishes of North America. From the Gulf of Alaska to Baja, California. Houghton Mifflin, Boston MA 1983, ISBN 0-395-33188-9.

Weblinks

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Pazifischer Heilbutt: Brief Summary ( Alman )

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 src= Verbreitungsgebiet von Hokkaidō bis Kalifornien

Der Pazifische Heilbutt (Hippoglossus stenolepis) ist der größte Plattfisch im nördlichen Pazifik. Die größte nachgewiesene Länge bei einem Weibchen liegt bei 2,67 Meter bei einem Gewicht von 363 kg. Männchen bleiben kleiner. Der beliebte Speisefisch wird meist bei einem Gewicht von 2,3 bis 4,5 kg mit Langleinen gefangen.

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Pacific halibut ( Anglèis )

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Hippoglossus stenolepis, the Pacific halibut, is a species of righteye flounder. This very large species of flatfish is native to the North Pacific and is fished by commercial fisheries, sport fishers, and subsistence fishers.

Distribution

The Pacific halibut is one of the largest flatfish

The Pacific halibut is found on the continental shelf of the North Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea. Fishing for the Pacific halibut is mostly concentrated in the Gulf of Alaska and the Bering Sea, off the west coast of Canada. Small halibut catches are reported in coastal Washington, Oregon, and California. Pacific halibut is broken up into 10 regularity management areas.

Halibut are demersal, living on or near the bottom of the water and prefer water temperatures ranging from 3 to 8 °C (37.4 to 46.4 °F). Pacific halibut belong to the family Pleuronectidae. From November to March, mature halibut concentrate annually on spawning grounds along the edge of the continental shelf at depths from 183 to 457 m (600 to 1,500 ft).

Halibut are strong swimmers and are able to migrate long distances. Halibut of all ages and sizes are involved in a predominantly clockwise (northwest to southeast) migration from their settlement areas (western part of the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea), and reproductive fish also make regular seasonal migrations from more shallow feeding grounds in summer to deeper spawning grounds in winter.[2]

Characteristics

Pacific halibut have diamond-shaped bodies. They are more elongated than most flatfishes, their width being about one-third of their length. They have a high arch in the lateral line over the pectoral fin, and a lunate, or crescent-shaped tail, which is different from other flatfishes.[3] Small scales are embedded in the skin. Halibut have both eyes on their dark upper sides. The color on the dark side varies, but tends to assume the coloration of the ocean bottom. The underside is lighter, appearing more like the sky from below. This color adaptation allows halibut to avoid detection by both prey and predator. They are one of the largest flatfish (only surpassed by the closely related Atlantic halibut), and can weigh up to 500 lb (230 kg) and grow to over 8 ft (2.4 m) long.[4]

Food

Being strong swimmers, halibut are able to eat a large variety of fishes, including cod, turbot, and pollock, and some invertebrates, such as octopus, crab, and shrimp. Sometimes, halibut leave the ocean bottom to feed on pelagic fish, such as salmon, sand lance, and herring, and even seal remains have been found in their stomachs.

Life cycle

Dorsal (upper) side of head
Ventral (lower) side of head
Halibut begin life as larva in an upright position with an eye on each side of their heads. When they are about an inch long, their left eyes migrate over their snouts to the right side of their heads, and the color of their left sides fade.[4]

Spawning takes place during the winter, with the peak of activity occurring from December through February. Most spawning takes place off the edge of the continental shelf in deep waters of 600 to 1,500 ft (183 to 457 m). Male halibut become sexually mature at 7-8 years of age, while females attain sexual maturity at 8-12 years. Females lay 0.5 to 4.0 million eggs annually, depending on the size of the fish.[5]

Fertilized eggs hatch after about 15 days. Free-floating larvae float for up to six months and can be transported several hundred miles counter-clockwise by North Pacific currents. During the free-floating stage, many changes take place in the young halibut, including the movement of the left eye to the right side of the fish. During this time, the young halibut rise to the surface and are carried to shallower water by prevailing currents. At six months, the halibut have their adult form and are about 1.4 in (3.6 cm) long.[5] In the shallower water, young halibut then begin life as bottom-dwellers. Most young halibut ultimately spend from five to seven years in rich, shallow nursery grounds such as the Bering Sea.

Young halibut are highly migratory and generally migrate in a clockwise direction east and south throughout the Gulf of Alaska. Halibut in older age classes tend to be less migratory, but continue to move predominately on a clockwise direction. Mature fish are also involved in winter spawning migrations towards deeper waters, migrating across several areas in some instances.[2] Small, localized spawning populations may occur in deep waters such as in Chatham Strait in northern Southeast Alaska. Because of the free-floating nature of larvae and subsequent mixing of juvenile halibut from throughout the Gulf of Alaska, though, only one genetic stock of halibut is known in the North Pacific.

Halibut growth rates vary depending on locations and habitat conditions, but females grow faster than males. The oldest recorded female and male were 55 years old. The largest recorded sport-caught halibut was 459 lb (208 kg) near Unalaska, Alaska, in 1996.[6]

Length and weight

Pacific Halibut WL.jpg

As Pacific halibut grow longer, they increase in weight, but the relationship between length and weight is not linear. The relationship between total length (L, in inches) and total weight (W, in pounds) for nearly all species of fish can be expressed by an equation of the form: W = c L b {displaystyle W=cL^{b}!,} W=cL^{b}!,

Invariably, b is close to 3.0 for all species, and c is a constant that varies between species.[7] A weight-length relationship based on a least-squares fit to data published in 2003 by the International Pacific Halibut Commission (IPHC)[8] suggests, for Pacific halibut, c = 0.00018872 and b = 3.24.

This relationship predicts a 20-inch (51 cm) Pacific halibut will weigh about 3.0 lb (1.4 kg), a 36-inch (91 cm) halibut will weigh about 20 lb (9.1 kg), and a 58-inch (150 cm) halibut will weigh about 100 lb (45 kg).

Commercial fishing

Commercial halibut fishing probably began in 1888 when three sailing ships from New England fished off the coast of Washington.[6] As the industry grew, company-owned steamers carrying several smaller dories, from which the fishing was actually conducted, dominated the halibut industry. Subsequently, smaller boats of schooner design from 60 to 100 ft (18.3 to 30.5 m) were used by fishermen. These boats carried crews of five to eight and were specifically designed for halibut fishing. Today, many types of boats are used in the halibut industry. Most of the old-style halibut schooners have been replaced by more versatile craft that may also be used in commercial salmon seine, troll, gill net, and crab fisheries.

Halibut gear consists of units of leaded ground line in lengths of 100 fathoms (600 ft; 183 m) referred to as “skates”. Each skate has about 100 hooks attached to it. “Gangens”, or the lines to which the hooks are attached, are either tied to or snapped onto the ground line. A “set” consists of one or more baited skates tied together and laid on the ocean bottom with anchors at each end. Each end has a float line with a buoy attached. Hooks are typically baited with frozen herring, octopus, or other fresh fish. Depending on the fishing ground, depth, time of year, and bait used, a set is pulled 2-20 hours after being fished. Longlines are normally pulled off the ocean floor by a hydraulic puller of some type. The halibut are cleaned soon after being boated and are kept on ice to retain freshness. Homer, Alaska, claims the title of "Halibut Capital of the World" because of the large volume of both sport and commercial halibut fishing in the area.[9]

In 2018, the International Pacific Halibut Commission set the catch limit at 2,823 tonnes, of which 2,402 tonnes were for commercial fisheries and 421 tonnes were for recreational fisheries.[10]

Sport fishing

Filleting a 20-lb Pacific halibut
Smoked Pacific halibut on smoker racks

Sport fishing for halibut in Alaska is a very popular activity; it is a strong fighter and one of the world's largest bony fish with an impressive yield of firm, white flesh.[3] Over 65% of the effort and harvest occurs in Cook Inlet, southeast Alaska, the Kodiak area, and near the mouth of Deep Creek in the Lower Cook Inlet.

Halibut taken by anglers are generally 15 to 20 lb (6.8 to 9.1 kg) in weight, but fish over 150 lb (68 kg) are regularly caught. The current Alaska state record for a sport-caught halibut is 459 lb (208 kg),[6] and a fish must weigh at least 250 lb (113 kg) to qualify for the state's trophy fish program. Anglers use stout saltwater gear to harvest halibut. Most anglers prefer to fish with bait, especially herring, but also squid, octopus, cod pieces, or other small bottom fish. To get the bait down to the halibut, it is usually fished on a wire spreader or a sliding-sinker rig with sinker size 4 oz (113 g) to 4 lb (1.81 kg), depending on such factors as depth and current.[3]

Halibut, along with salmon, provide sustenance for several Pacific Coast native groups. Many of these groups smoke and dry the halibut for winter use. Sportsmen's effort and interest in catching these fish is increasing each year. In southeast Alaska, halibut are second only to king salmon in sport-angler preference.[6] Fishing for Pacific halibut is regulated by the International Pacific Halibut Commission. Members from the United States and Canada meet yearly to review research, check the progress of the commercial fishery, and make regulations for the next fishing season. The management of halibut fishing by this commission is intended to allow a sustainable yield.

References

  1. ^ "Hippoglossus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. ^ a b "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-06-04. Retrieved 2010-12-16.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  3. ^ a b c Schultz, Ken. Ken Scultz’s Essentials of Fishing.John Wiley and & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, 2010. ISBN 978-0-470-44431-3, pp. 66-67
  4. ^ a b Pacific halibut NOAA FishWatch. Retrieved 7 November 2012.
  5. ^ a b The Pacific Halibut: Biology, Fishery and Management IPHC Technical Report No. 40, 1998
  6. ^ a b c d Bethers, Mike. Pacific Halibut. Alaska Department of Fish & Game. Read Online Accessed 5/23/2010
  7. ^ R. O. Anderson and R. M. Neumann, Length, Weight, and Associated Structural Indices, in Fisheries Techniques, second edition, B.E. Murphy and D.W. Willis, eds., American Fisheries Society, 1996.
  8. ^ Halibut weight/length chart (Imperial) published by the IHPC 2003 Archived 2010-07-14 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ Mckibben Jackinsky (6 August 2011). "Homer touting reputation as halibut 'capital'". Deseret News. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  10. ^ "IPHC NEWS RELEASE 2018-05 Revised Pacific Halibut Catch Limits for 2018". International Pacific Halibut Commission. Retrieved 26 March 2018.

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Pacific halibut: Brief Summary ( Anglèis )

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Hippoglossus stenolepis, the Pacific halibut, is a species of righteye flounder. This very large species of flatfish is native to the North Pacific and is fished by commercial fisheries, sport fishers, and subsistence fishers.

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Hippoglossus stenolepis ( Basch )

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Hippoglossus stenolepis Hippoglossus generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Pleuronectidae familian sailkatzen da.

Banaketa

Erreferentziak

  1. Froese, Rainer & Pauly, Daniel ed. (2006), Hippoglossus stenolepis FishBase webgunean. 2006ko apirilaren bertsioa.

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Hippoglossus stenolepis: Brief Summary ( Basch )

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Hippoglossus stenolepis Hippoglossus generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Pleuronectidae familian sailkatzen da.

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Flétan du Pacifique ( Fransèis )

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Hippoglossus stenolepis

 src=
Flétan du Pacifique comparé à l'humain

Le flétan du Pacifique (Hippoglossus stenolepis) est une espèce de grands poissons plats de la famille des Pleuronectidae, que l'on rencontre de la Californie à l'Alaska et de la Sibérie à la mer du Japon. C'est une espèce d'importance commerciale. Il est très proche du flétan de l'Atlantique (Hippoglossus hippoglossus), qui, lui, est généralement un peu plus grand.

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Hippoglossus stenolepis ( Galissian )

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 src=
O fletán do Pacífico é un dos maiores peixes planos.

O fletán do Pacífico ou halibut do Pacífico,[1] Hippoglossus stenolepis Schmidt, 1904),[2] é un peixe teleósteo da orde dos pleuronectiformes e familia dos pleuronéctidos, unha das dúas que integran o xénero Hippoglossus.[3]

É un dos maiores peixes planos, propia do Pacífico norte, onde constitúe unha grande importancia pesqueira.

Taxonomía

A especie foi descrita en 1904 polo científico ruso Piotr Iúlievich Schmidt, que propuxo para ela o nome científico Hippoglossus stenolepis baseándose en diferenzas anatómicas como a forma das escamas, a lonxitude da aleta pectoral e a forma do corpo, características que o distinguen do hipogloso do Atlántico (Hippoglossus hippoglossus). O nome específico, stenoilepis, derivouno dos termos do grego antigo στενός stenós, "estreito", e λεπίσ lepís, "escama".[4]

Características

O hipogloso do Pacífico ten o corpo en forma romboidal.

É proporcionalmente máis alongado que a maioría dos peixes planos; a súa anchura é aproximadamente un terzo da lonxitude.

A liña lateral describe un arco sobre a aleta pectoral.

A punta da aleta caudal ten foma de media lúa, o que diferencia esta especie doutros pleuronectiformes.[5]

 src=
Cara pigmentada.
 src=
Cara cega.

As súas pequenas escamas están incrustadas na pel.

Ten ambos os ollos na cara pigmentada ou superior.

A cor do lado pigmentado é variábel, pero tende a imitar a ooloración do fondo oceánico onde repousa.

A cara inferior é abrancazada.

Esta adaptación da cor permite ao fletán do Pacífico evitar a súa detección por presas e depredadores.

É un dos peixes planos máis grandes, tan só superado polo hipogloso do Atlántico, co que está estreitamente emparentado. Pode chegar a medir máis de 2,4 m de lonxitude e a pesar até os 230 kg.[6]

Hábitat e distribución

 src=
Área de distibución de H. stenolepis.

O hipogloso do Pacífico é un peixe mariño, demersal, oceanódromo, que vive no fondo ou preto del, e prefire as augas con temperaturas que oscilan entre os 3 e os 8 °C.

O hipogloso do Pacífico encóntrase na plataforma continental do océano Pacífico norte e do mar de Bering.

A súa pesca concéntrase principalmente no golfo de Alaska e no mar de Bering, na costa oeste de Canadá. As capturas de exemplares pequenos fanse nas costas dos estados de Washington, Oregón e California (Estados Unidos).[7]

Bioloxía

Magníficos nadador, é capaz de migrar a grandes distancias. Espécimes de todas as idades e tamaños realizan periódicas migracións dextroxiras (do noroeste ao sueste), desde as súas áreas de reprodución (parte occidental do golfo de Alaska e mar de Bering), pero tamén realizan migracións estacionais regulares desde zonas de alimentación de augas máis superficiais en verán, ás augas máis profundas das zonas de desova en inverno. De novembro a marzo, os hippoglosos do Pacífico maduros concéntranse para a desova no bordo da plataforma continental, a profundidades de entre 183 e 457 m.[7]

Nutrición

Sendo como son bos nadadores, son capaces de comer unha gran variedade de peixes, como bacallaus, rodaballos, abadexos, e algúns invertebrados, como polbos, luras e camaróns e outros crustáceos. Ás veces, deixan o fondo oceánico para alimentarese de peixes peláxicos, tales como salmóns, arenques e outros, dos que se encontraron restos nos seus estómagos.

Notas

  1. Lahuerta Mouriño, Fernando e Francisco X. Vázquez Álvarez (2000): Vocabulario multilingüe de organismos acuáticos. Santiago de Compostela: Xunta de Galicia / Termigal. ISBN 84-453-2913-8, p. 82.
  2. Hippoglossus stenolepis Schmidt, 1904 no WoRMS.
  3. Hippoglossus Cuvier, 1816 no WoRMS.
  4. Hippoglossus stenolepis Schmidt, 1904 en FishBase.
  5. Schultz, Ken, 1950- (2010). Ken Schultz's Essentials of fishing : the only guide you need to catch freshwater and saltwater fish. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-44431-3. OCLC 460062372.
  6. Paific Halibut en FishWatch (en inglés).
  7. 7,0 7,1 "International Pacific Halibut Commission." (PDF). Arquivado dende o orixinal (PDF) o 04 de xuño de 2015. Consultado o 21 de maio de 2015.

Véxase tamén

Bibliografía

Outros artigos

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Hippoglossus stenolepis: Brief Summary ( Galissian )

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 src= O fletán do Pacífico é un dos maiores peixes planos.

O fletán do Pacífico ou halibut do Pacífico, Hippoglossus stenolepis Schmidt, 1904), é un peixe teleósteo da orde dos pleuronectiformes e familia dos pleuronéctidos, unha das dúas que integran o xénero Hippoglossus.

É un dos maiores peixes planos, propia do Pacífico norte, onde constitúe unha grande importancia pesqueira.

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Kyrrahafslúða ( Islandèis )

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Kyrrahafslúða (fræðiheiti: Hippoglossus stenolepis) er fiskur af flyðruætt og ein af stærstu tegundum flatfiska. Kyrrahafslúða getur orðið 250 cm löng og getur vegið um og yfir 250kg. Kyrrahafslúðan er langlíf og getur orðið um 55 ára gömul. Útbreiðslusvæði Kyrrahafslúðu er frá Kaliforníu upp að Beringshafi, vestur yfir til Japans. Kyrrahafslúða er veidd til atvinnu, frístundar og sjálfsþurftar.[1]

Útlit

Eins og aðrir flatfiskar er kyrrahafslúðan pressuð til hliðar og hefur bæði augun öðru megin. Flestar lúður eru með augun á hliðinni sem snýr upp. Munnurinn er frekar stór og nær niður fyrir neðra augað. Kyrrahafslúðan er demants laga og er breidd hennar um einn þriðji af lengdinni. Litur hliðarinnar sem snýr upp er mismunandi, frá gráum, brúnum og svörtum lit en ræðst oftast af litaafbrigðum sjávarbotnsins, oft frekar dökkur. Undirhliðin er ljós til þess að hún sjáist verr að neðan.Hreistrið er smátt og grafið í roðinu þannig að það líti út fyrir að vera slétt. Kyrrahafslúðan er ein af stærstu tegundum flatfiska og aðeins er náinn ættingi hennar, Atlantshafslúðan eins og við þekkjum hana, stærri. Kyrrahafslúðan getur vegið allt að 250kg og orðið allt að 250cm löng. Kyrrahafslúðan er sterkur syndari og getur því étið margskonar dýr. [1]

Útbreiðslusvæði

Kyrrahafslúðu má finna frá ströndum Kaliforníu, norður að Alaskaflóa, í Beringshafi og alla leið vestur til Japan. Mest af kyrrahafslúðu má finna í Beringshafi og Alaskaflóa þar sem mesta veiðin er stunduð. Kyrrahafslúðan lifir á eða nálægt botninum þar sem hún stundar fæðuöflun. Hagstæð skilyrði fyrir kyrrahafslúðu er að vera í 2 til 8 gráðu heitu vatni og á 6 til 300 metra dýpi. Þó sumar hafa fundist við 1000 metra dýpi þá eru flestar veiddar á 30 til 300 metra dýpi á sumrin. Fullorðni fiskurinn gengur tíðarbundið á milli dýpri sjávar og grunnsjávar. Yfir sumartíðina gengur hann á grunna bakka en heldur svo aftur í djúpan sjó yfir vetrar tímann. Þessi tíðarganga tengist vetrar hrygningu og öflun fæðu yfir sumarið. [2]

Fæða

Kyrrahafslúðan étur það sem kjaftur hennar ræður við. Lirfulúða étur svif en ungviðið étur lítil krabbadýr eða aðrar smáar lífverur sem lifa á botninum. Fullorðni fiskurinn étur margt eins og þorsk, síld, kolkrabba, rækju, krabbadýr, aðra flatfiska og jafnvel aðrar lúður ásamt öðrum tegundum. [3]

Æxlun og lífsferill

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Fyrstu 6 mánuðirnir

Hrygnan stækkar hraðar en hængurinn en verður kynþroska seinna. Hængurinn verður kynþroska um 8 ára aldur en hrygnan um 12 ára. Hrygningartíminn er frá nóvember og út mars. Kyrrahafslúðan hrygnir á miklu dýpi eða frá 90 til 500 metra dýpi. Hrygnan sleppir allt frá nokkrum þúsundum til nokkra milljóna eggja og eru þau frjóvguð af hængnum þegar þeim hefur verið sleppt. Eggin klekjast eftir um 15 daga og lirfurnar fljóta um djúpan sjóinn. Þegar lirfan hefur þroskast tekur hún upp á því að færast í grynnri sjó þar sem næringin er meiri og ferðast þær hundruða kílómetra frá hrygningarstöðinni.

Kyrrahafslúðulirfur byrja líf sitt í venjulegri stöðu, það er að segja með augun sitt hvoru meginn. Þegar lirfan er orðin um 3 cm löng byrjar annað augað að færast í átt að hinu, á sama tíma byrja litir hliðanna að verða augljósari, önnur hliðin dökk og hin ljós og lirfan fer að líta út eins og við þekkjum kyrrahafslúðuna í dag. Kyrrahafslúðan étur svif fyrsta árið sitt en færist svo yfir í það að borða smá krabbadýr. Því meira sem lúðan stækkar því stærri bráð fer hún að éta eins og þorsk, síld, loðnu kolkrabba, rækju, krabba og fleira. [4]

Veiðar

Veiðar á Kyrrahafslúðu hófust árið 1888 við stendur Kanada og suðaustur-Alaska. Veitt var með árabátum sem færðu aflan yfir í stærri skip. Hún var síðar veidd með skonnortum eða seglskipum og iðnaðurinn dafnaði. Veiðar á kyrrahafslúðu voru og eru aðeins leyfðar með handfærum eða línu. Um 24.000 tonn er nú landað árlega en um 96% af útflutningi er skipt milli Kanada og Bandaríkjanna, þó með nýlegri MSC vottun hefur það leitt til eftirspurnar í Evrópu.[5]

Frístundaveiðar

Frístundarveiðar á kyrrahafslúðu hafa lengi verið vinsælar. Fyrir 1973 var aðeins leyfð frístundaveiða á kyrrahafslúðu á þeim tíma sem atvinnuveiðar áttu sér stað. Lúðan hefur mikið þol og er einn stærsti beinfiskurinn með miklu hvítu kjöti. Það er vinsæl íþrótt í Alaska að veiða kyrrahafslúðu á sjóstöng, lengi hefur kóngalaxinn verið vinsælasti fiskurinn í frístundaveiðar en kyrrahafslúðan kemur strax á eftir að vinsældum.[6]

Sjálfsþurftarveiðar

Frumbyggjar Alaska hafa lengi vel veitt kyrrahafslúðu til að reykja eða þurrka fyrir veturinn. Fyrir löngu voru notaðir krókar úr tré eða beini og línan var gerð úr trefjaþráðum eða sinum dýra. Tveir menn réru saman á kanó og veiddu lúðuna, drógu hana um borð og drápu fiskinn með kylfum. Lúðuveiðar er enn partur af hefðum innfæddra þar sem lúðan er snædd í brúðkaupum, jarðaförum og öðrum veislum. Þrátt fyrir þessa löngu hefð þá viðurkenndi Alþjóðlega Kyrrahafslúðunefndin (International Pacific Halibut Commission) ekki veiði til sjálfsþurftar fyrr en árið 2003. [7]

Afli og markaður

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Afli Kyrrahafslúðu á árunum 1950-2015

Sáttmáli er milli Kanada og Bandaríkjanna að fylgjast með stofninum og stunda sjálfbærar veiðar. Stofnunin Alþjóðlega Kyrrahafslúðunefndin (IPHC) sér um að meta stofninn hverju sinni og er það í höndum The North Pacific Fishery Management Council (NPFMC) að úthluta kvóta.

Kyrrahafslúða er mikilvæg tegund í Kanada og Bandaríkin (aðallega Alaska), þó hafa Rússar og Japanir aðeins verið að veiða af lúðunni. Veiðar náðu hámarki árið 1968 en tók svo dýfu á árunum sem fylgdu. Árið 1983 jukust veiðar aftur og héldust nokkuð miklar í þrjá áratugi. En frá árinu 2011 hafa veiðar farið minnkandi og er nú árlega landað um 24.000 tonnum.

Markaðnum er aðallega skipt á milli Kanada og Bandaríkjanna en með tilkomu MSC vottun hefur Evrópa sýnt áhuga. Kyrrahafslúðan er eftirsótt afurð til matar því hún inniheldur hátt hlutfall af prótíni, vítamínum, steinefnum og Omega-3 fitusýrum.[8]

Tilvísanir

  1. 1,0 1,1 http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=halibut.main
  2. http://www.fishbase.org/summary/Hippoglossus-stenolepis.html
  3. https://alaskaseagrant.org/
  4. http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/static/education/wns/pacific_halibut.pdf
  5. http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/fm-gp/sustainable-durable/fisheries-peches/halibut-fletan-eng.htm
  6. https://iphc.int/management/fisheries/recreational-fisheries
  7. https://iphc.int/management/fisheries/subsistence-fisheries
  8. http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=halibut.uses

Heimildir

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Kyrrahafslúða: Brief Summary ( Islandèis )

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Kyrrahafslúða (fræðiheiti: Hippoglossus stenolepis) er fiskur af flyðruætt og ein af stærstu tegundum flatfiska. Kyrrahafslúða getur orðið 250 cm löng og getur vegið um og yfir 250kg. Kyrrahafslúðan er langlíf og getur orðið um 55 ára gömul. Útbreiðslusvæði Kyrrahafslúðu er frá Kaliforníu upp að Beringshafi, vestur yfir til Japans. Kyrrahafslúða er veidd til atvinnu, frístundar og sjálfsþurftar.

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Pacifische heilbot ( olandèis; flamand )

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Vissen

De Pacifische heilbot (Hippoglossus stenolepis) is een straalvinnige vis uit de familie van schollen (Pleuronectidae), orde platvissen (Pleuronectiformes), die voorkomt in de Noordelijke IJszee en het noordwesten, het noordoosten en het oosten van de Grote Oceaan (zie verspreidingskaartje). De soort leeft op de bodem van de zee.

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Rechter- (donker) en linkerkant (licht) van de Pacifische heilbot.

Beschrijving

De heilbot is een platvis die (mits ongemoeid gelaten) een enorme lengte kan bereiken, tot wel 2,58 meter (hoogst geregistreerde gewicht is 363 kilogram). De hoogst geregistreerde leeftijd is 42 jaar.

De ruggengraat van de vis bevat 49 tot 51 wervels. De "rugvin" heeft 90 - 106 en de "aarsvin" 69 - 80 vinstralen.

Leefwijze

De heilbot is een zoutwatervis die voorkomt op een diepte van 0 tot maximaal 1200 meter. De vis voedt zich hoofdzakelijk met dierlijk voedsel, waaronder andere vissen.

Relatie tot de mens

De Pacifische heilbot is voor de beroepsvisserij van groot belang langs de westkust van Noord-Amerika, vooral in Alaska. Deze heilbot is ook van belang voor de zeehengelsport. De soort kan worden bezichtigd in sommige openbare aquaria.

Externe links

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Pacifische heilbot: Brief Summary ( olandèis; flamand )

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De Pacifische heilbot (Hippoglossus stenolepis) is een straalvinnige vis uit de familie van schollen (Pleuronectidae), orde platvissen (Pleuronectiformes), die voorkomt in de Noordelijke IJszee en het noordwesten, het noordoosten en het oosten van de Grote Oceaan (zie verspreidingskaartje). De soort leeft op de bodem van de zee.

 src= Rechter- (donker) en linkerkant (licht) van de Pacifische heilbot.
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Stillehavskveite ( norvegèis )

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Stillehavskveite (Hippoglossus stenolepis) tilhører gruppen kveiter og er en beinfisk i flyndrefamilien. Arten lever i nord i Stillehavet og er nært beslektet med kveite.

Stillehavskveite kan trolig bli opp mot 55 år gammel, men individer på mer enn 25 år er svært sjeldne.[1] Den kan måle mer enn 250 cm og bli over 250 kg tung (Alaska Fisheries Science Center hevder opp mot 300 kg, men bevis for så store stillehavskveiter mangler helt).

Rekordkveiter

Det største eksemplaret man kjenner til skal ha vært en hunn som målte 267 cm,[2] men fangsten mangler seriøs dokumentasjon. Også nordmannen Kenneth Andre Mjelle nevner denne fiskens størrelse og hevder samtidig at den kan veie opp mot 363 kg i sin masteroppgave i molekylær biologi fra 2006, men uten å føre en eneste referanse.[3]

Den 5. september 2003 landet fiskebåten «Miss Mary» ei stillehavskveite på cirka 249 kg (553 lb). Den skal ha målt cirka 249 cm og er trolig rekord for arten. Fangsten ble gjort på line utenfor St. Lawrence Island i Beringhavet.[4] Rekorden på stang er ei stillehavskveite på cirka 208 kg (459 lb), tatt av sportsfiskeren Jack Tragis fra Fairbanks i Unalaska Bay (Alaska) i 1996.[4]

Referanser

Eksterne lenker

(en) Hippoglossus stenolepis Schmidt, 1904 Pacific halibut - FishBase

iktyologistubbDenne iktyologirelaterte artikkelen er foreløpig kort eller mangelfull, og du kan hjelpe Wikipedia ved å utvide den.
Det finnes mer utfyllende artikkel/artikler på .
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Stillehavskveite: Brief Summary ( norvegèis )

fornì da wikipedia NO

Stillehavskveite (Hippoglossus stenolepis) tilhører gruppen kveiter og er en beinfisk i flyndrefamilien. Arten lever i nord i Stillehavet og er nært beslektet med kveite.

Stillehavskveite kan trolig bli opp mot 55 år gammel, men individer på mer enn 25 år er svært sjeldne. Den kan måle mer enn 250 cm og bli over 250 kg tung (Alaska Fisheries Science Center hevder opp mot 300 kg, men bevis for så store stillehavskveiter mangler helt).

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Halibut pacyficzny ( polonèis )

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Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Halibut pacyficzny[2] (Hippoglossus stenolepis) – gatunek ryby flądrokształtnej z rodziny flądrowatych (Pleuronectidae).

Występowanie

Żyje w północnej części Oceanu Spokojnego.

Opis

Największy zaobserwowany osobnik miał 267 cm długości. Może osiągnąć wiek do około 42 lat.

Odżywianie

Jest drapieżnikiem. Żywi się rybami, kałamarnicami, krabami, mięczakami i innymi bezkręgowcami.

Przypisy

  1. Hippoglossus stenolepis, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Multimedialna Encyklopedia Powszechna WIEM edycja 2006. Young Digital Poland S.A., 2006.

Bibliografia

  • CharlesCh. Clover CharlesCh., The End of the Line: How overfishing is changing the world and what we eat, London: Ebury Press, 2004, ISBN 0-09-189780-7, OCLC 56083896 .
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Halibut pacyficzny: Brief Summary ( polonèis )

fornì da wikipedia POL

Halibut pacyficzny (Hippoglossus stenolepis) – gatunek ryby flądrokształtnej z rodziny flądrowatych (Pleuronectidae).

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Тихоокеанский белокорый палтус ( russ; russi )

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Неполовозрелый тихоокеанский белокорый палтус северных Курильских островов. Глазная сторона
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Неполовозрелый тихоокеанский белокорый палтус северных Курильских островов. Слепая сторона

Питание

Хищная рыба, питающаяся преимущественно рыбой (минтаем и другими видами), ракообразными (краб-стригун, креветки, раки-отшельники), кальмарами и осьминогами. Состав рационы претерпевает значительные сезонные, региональные и возрастные изменения. Молодь потребляет креветок и крабов-стригунов[6]. В погоне за добычей может отрываться от грунта[4].

Размножение

Тихоокеанские белокорые палтусы размножаются икрометанием. Продолжительность жизни согласно разным источникам от 40 до 55 лет. Эти рыбы быстро растут и к 10—12 годам достигают длины 90—100 см. Половозрелыми палтусы становятся в возрасте 4—10 лет (самцы) и 6—14 лет (самки). После достижения половой зрелости резко увеличивается прирост массы: на 1 см длины в это время он составляет 200—500 г. В Беринговом море нерест в октябре—марте, у берегов Камчатки — в декабре—феврале, в Охотском море — в августе—сентябре. Плодовитость от 600 тысяч до 4 млн икринок. Икра крупная (2,9—3,6 мм), батпелагическая, развивается в толще воды, преимущественно, в слое 75—400, примерно в течение 1,5 месяца. После выклева личинки остаются в толще воды, затем поднимаются в верхние слои и течением их относит в прибрежные зоны, где нагуливаются у дна на глубине 40—50 м[2].

Взаимодействие с человеком

Тихоокеанские белокорые палтусы являются ценным промысловым видом донных рыб. В отличие от других камбаловых их мясо содержит сравнительно большое количество белка (жир 0,9—9,8 %, белок 14—22,9 %). Жир концентрируется у плавников и костей. В продажу поступает без головы или целиком в мороженом и охлаждённом видах[2]. Мясо с плотной, слоистой текстурой и нежным вкусом годится для жарки, варки и запекания[7]. В США и Канаде, где мясо этого палтуса пользуется большим спросом, основным районом лова является залив Аляска (1966—1970 гг. улов в среднем составлял 33 тысячи тонн в год). Промысел регулируется в рамках специальной комиссии (International Pacific Halibut Commission). В Беринговом море вылов не превышал 6 тысяч тонн. В России целевой промысел этого палтуса отсутствует. Белокорые тихоокеанские палтусы в качестве прилова попадаются в донные ярусы, жаберные сети, тралы и снюрреводы при промысле прибрежных и глубоководных рыб[2]. Этот вид является объектом морского спортивного рыболовства. Обычно попадаются рыбы массой 6,8—9,1 кг, однако нередки и гиганты весом свыше 68 кг. Текущий спортивный рекорд на Аляске составляет 208 кг[8].

Согласно данным учётных траловых съемок, в 1990-е годы улов этого палтуса в заливе Аляска составлял 1773, у Алеутских островов — 1585 кг на кв. км; в восточной части Берингова моря – 2,4 кг на га, в западной части Берингова моря — 36,3, а в Охотском море – 0,1 кг за часовое траление, биомасса оценивается в – 319,8, 17,8, 68,7, 6.5 и 17.6 тысяч тонн, соответственно. Численность популяции в прикамчатских водах в настоящее время стабильна[2].

Примечания

  1. Каталог позвоночных Камчатки и сопредельных морских акваторий / Р. С. Моисеев, А. М. Токранов. — Петропавловск-Камчатский: Камчатский печатный двор, 2000. — С. 41. — 166 с. — ISBN 5-85857-003-8.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Токранов А.М., Орлов А.М., Шейко Б.А. Промысловые рыбы материкового склона Прикамчатских вод. — Петропавловск-Камчатский: Изд-во «Камчатпресс», 2005. — С. 30—31. — 52 с. — ISBN 5-9610-0022-2.
  3. 1 2 3 Тихоокеанский белокорый палтус (англ.) в базе данных FishBase.
  4. 1 2 3 Рыбы Приморья - Hippoglossus stenolepis Schmidt, 1904 (неопр.). Институт биологии моря ДВО РАН, Владивосток. Проверено 10 февраля 2016.
  5. Schultz, Ken. Ken Scultz’s Essentials of Fishing. — New Jersey: John Wiley and & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, 2010. — P. 66—67. — ISBN 978-0-470-44431-3.
  6. Токранов А.М., Орлов А.М., Шейко Б.А. Промысловые рыбы материкового склона прикамчатских вод. — Петропавловск-Камчатский: Камчатпресс, 2005. — С. 14—15. — 52 с. — ISBN 5-9610-0022-2.
  7. Белокорый тихоокеанский палтус (неопр.). Институт Маркетинга Морепродуктов Аляски (Alaska Seafood Marketing Institute – ASMI) (4 мая 2012). Проверено 10 февраля 2016.
  8. Pacific Halibut Species Profile, Alaska Department of Fish and Game (неопр.). Alaska Department of Fish and Game. Проверено 10 февраля 2016.
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Тихоокеанский белокорый палтус: Brief Summary ( russ; russi )

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 src= Неполовозрелый тихоокеанский белокорый палтус северных Курильских островов. Глазная сторона  src= Неполовозрелый тихоокеанский белокорый палтус северных Курильских островов. Слепая сторона Питание

Хищная рыба, питающаяся преимущественно рыбой (минтаем и другими видами), ракообразными (краб-стригун, креветки, раки-отшельники), кальмарами и осьминогами. Состав рационы претерпевает значительные сезонные, региональные и возрастные изменения. Молодь потребляет креветок и крабов-стригунов. В погоне за добычей может отрываться от грунта.

Размножение

Тихоокеанские белокорые палтусы размножаются икрометанием. Продолжительность жизни согласно разным источникам от 40 до 55 лет. Эти рыбы быстро растут и к 10—12 годам достигают длины 90—100 см. Половозрелыми палтусы становятся в возрасте 4—10 лет (самцы) и 6—14 лет (самки). После достижения половой зрелости резко увеличивается прирост массы: на 1 см длины в это время он составляет 200—500 г. В Беринговом море нерест в октябре—марте, у берегов Камчатки — в декабре—феврале, в Охотском море — в августе—сентябре. Плодовитость от 600 тысяч до 4 млн икринок. Икра крупная (2,9—3,6 мм), батпелагическая, развивается в толще воды, преимущественно, в слое 75—400, примерно в течение 1,5 месяца. После выклева личинки остаются в толще воды, затем поднимаются в верхние слои и течением их относит в прибрежные зоны, где нагуливаются у дна на глубине 40—50 м.

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狹鱗庸鰈 ( cinèis )

fornì da wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Hippoglossus stenolepis
Schmidt俄语Шмидт, Пётр Юльевич, 1904

狹鱗庸鰈輻鰭魚綱鰈形目鰈亞目鰈科的其中一,為溫帶海水魚,分布於北太平洋區,從北海道鄂霍次克海墨西哥下加利福尼亞海域,棲息深度0-1200公尺,體長可達267公分,棲息在底層水域,會進行洄游,以魚類甲殼類貝類烏賊等為食,生活習性不明,為高經濟價值的食用魚、遊釣魚及觀賞魚。

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 src= 維基物種中有關狹鱗庸鰈的數據

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狹鱗庸鰈: Brief Summary ( cinèis )

fornì da wikipedia 中文维基百科

狹鱗庸鰈為輻鰭魚綱鰈形目鰈亞目鰈科的其中一,為溫帶海水魚,分布於北太平洋區,從北海道鄂霍次克海墨西哥下加利福尼亞海域,棲息深度0-1200公尺,體長可達267公分,棲息在底層水域,會進行洄游,以魚類甲殼類貝類烏賊等為食,生活習性不明,為高經濟價值的食用魚、遊釣魚及觀賞魚。

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drit d'autor
维基百科作者和编辑