Cyprinodon (lat. Cyprinodon) - balıq-əsgərlər fəsiləsinə aid heyvan cinsi.
Cyprinodon és un gènere de peixos de la família dels ciprinodòntids i de l'ordre dels ciprinodontiformes.
Cyprinodon és un gènere de peixos de la família dels ciprinodòntids i de l'ordre dels ciprinodontiformes.
Die Wüstenkärpflinge Nordamerikas sind entwicklungsgeschichtlich urtümliche Killifische.
Sie gehören zur Gattung Cyprinodon, deren Verbreitungsgebiet sich von den Wüsten Kaliforniens und Nevadas über Texas und Arizona nach Mexiko erstreckt.
Viele dieser Arten müssen in der Natur starke Änderungen in ihren Lebensbedingungen bewältigen. Der Salzgehalt in diesen Wüstengewässern ändert sich im Jahresverlauf oftmals stark. Im Sommer konzentrieren sich die Salze durch die Wasserverdunstung stark, um bei seltenen, aber manchmal doch ergiebigen Regenfällen wieder stark verdünnt zu werden. Auch die Wassertemperaturen sind starken Schwankungen unterworfen: Der Unterschied zwischen der Höchsttemperatur am Tage und dem Tiefstwert in der Nacht kann 20 °C und mehr betragen.
Die Wüstenkärpflinge Nordamerikas sind entwicklungsgeschichtlich urtümliche Killifische.
Sie gehören zur Gattung Cyprinodon, deren Verbreitungsgebiet sich von den Wüsten Kaliforniens und Nevadas über Texas und Arizona nach Mexiko erstreckt.
Viele dieser Arten müssen in der Natur starke Änderungen in ihren Lebensbedingungen bewältigen. Der Salzgehalt in diesen Wüstengewässern ändert sich im Jahresverlauf oftmals stark. Im Sommer konzentrieren sich die Salze durch die Wasserverdunstung stark, um bei seltenen, aber manchmal doch ergiebigen Regenfällen wieder stark verdünnt zu werden. Auch die Wassertemperaturen sind starken Schwankungen unterworfen: Der Unterschied zwischen der Höchsttemperatur am Tage und dem Tiefstwert in der Nacht kann 20 °C und mehr betragen.
Cyprinodon is a genus of pupfishes found in waters that range from fresh to hypersaline. The genus is primarily found in Mexico, the Caribbean Islands and southern United States (Arizona, California, Florida, Nevada, New Mexico, Oklahoma and Texas), but C. variegatus occurs as far north as Massachusetts and along the entire Gulf of Mexico coastline, and C. dearborni and C. variegatus are found in northern South America.[1][2] Many species have tiny ranges and are highly threatened, in some cases already extinct.[2][3][4] Cyprinodon are small; the largest reaches 10 cm (3.9 in) in length and most other species only reach about half that size.[1]
_(12598764423).jpg)
A few Cyprinodon species have quite large ranges, notably C. variegatus, but the vast majority have small ranges, typically restricted to one or two Mexican states or US states, Hispaniola, or a Bahaman island. C. longidorsalis and C. diabolis have both been said to have the smallest native range of any vertebrate species, with the former being restricted to a spring pool that covers about 10 m2 (110 sq ft) and the latter to an 18 m2 (190 sq ft) shelf in a spring pool, but C. longidorsalis is now only found in captivity as its habitat has disappeared.[3][5] While most Cyprinodon species have separate distributions, seven (C. beltrani, C. esconditus, C. labiosus, C. maya, C. simus, C. suavium and C. verecundus) are endemic in Lake Chichancanab in Quintana Roo, Mexico,[6][7] and three (the endemic C. brontotheroides and C. desquamator, and the widespread C. variegatus) live in the hypersaline lakes on San Salvador Island in the Bahamas.[2] In a few other cases separate species do come into contact towards the edges of their distributions where they often hybridize, notably C. eximius X C. pachycephalus and C. atrorus X C. bifasciatus, but also C. variegatus in places where it has been introduced by humans into the ranges of other Cyprinodon species.[2]
Although the individual Cyprinodon species often have a highly specific habitat, overall the genus occurs in a remarkably range of places, such as springs (including those isolated in deserts), pools, lakes, coastal lagoons, creeks, streams and rivers. Their salinity and temperature range is very broad, like those living in hot springs (taken to the extreme in C. julimes in water up to 46 °C or 115 °F, and C. pachycephalus up to 49 °C or 120 °F),[8][9] and those of hypersaline habitats where the salinity far exceeds that of sea water.[10][11] Certain species may even experience very large variations in the temperature and salinity over a relatively short period. For example, some populations of C. variegatus live in water where the temperature has been known to change from 15 to −1.8 °C (59 to 29 °F) in less than 24 hours (in the coldest temperatures they bury into the substrate).[12] Some populations of C. nevadensis tolerate water temperatures between 2 and 44 °C (36–111 °F), and C. salinus live in waters where the temperature may change by as much as 19 °C (34 °F) in a day and 40 °C (72 °F) in a season.[12][13] Furthermore, the salinity of C. salinus' habitat may vary from less than one-third of that of sea water to almost five times as much as sea water in a season.[10]
Most species in the genus are seriously threatened. C. arcuatus, C. ceciliae, C. inmemoriam, C. nevadensis calidae and an undescribed species popularly known as the "Perrito de Sandia" are already extinct.[13][14][15][16][17] C. arcuatus was restricted to springs in the US state of Arizona and probably also in the Mexican state of Sonora,[14] while all the others were restricted to spring systems in Mexico.[18][19]
Three species from southwestern Nuevo León, C. alvarezi, C. longidorsalis and C. veronicae, have become extinct in the wild, only surviving in captivity.[18][20][21] A few other Mexican species still considered endangered or vulnerable by the IUCN, including at least C. maya, C. simus and C. verecundus of Lake Chichancanab, also appear to only survive in captivity.[22][23] Several others have very small remaining populations in the wild.[19] Among the species that survive in the wild, the rarest is perhaps C. diabolis from the tiny Devils Hole in Nevada; in recent decades its population has fluctuated between a few tens and a few hundred individuals.[24] Primary threats to pupfish are habitat loss due to water extraction, drought and pollution, and introduced species.[3][19]
Most Cyprinodon species feed on algae, cyanobacteria and detritus, but may also supplement their diet with small crustaceans and aquatic insect larvae.[13][22] Some species mainly feed on small animals like aquatic insects.[11] C. variegatus, a species that otherwise has a diet typical of pupfish, will clean other fish by feeding on parasites on their body.[25]
In the two places where several species live together they have diverged into different niches, including the fish-eating C. maya (Lake Chichancanab), zooplankton-eating C. simus (Lake Chichancanab), amphipod- and bivalve-eating C. labiosus and C. verecundus (Lake Chichancanab), scale-eating C. desquamator (San Salvador Island lakes), and ostracod- and gastropod-eating C. brontotheroides (San Salvador Island lakes).[2][22]
Cyprinodon pupfish are short-lived, typically reaching an age of no more than a year in the wild,[13] although some may reach as much as three years.[25] Especially those from habitats that experience major environmental fluctuations (for example, large variations in temperature) rapidly reach maturity and are already able to breed when 1–1.5 month old.[13] Despite some species' ability to survive in a wide temperature range, their requirements for breeding often are much more specific. For example, although some populations of C. nevadensis can live in water that ranges between 2 and 44 °C (36–111 °F), they only breed from 24 to 30 °C (75–86 °F).[13] However, there are exceptions like C. rubrofluviatilis that will breed at a relative wide range from 13 to 34 °C (55–93 °F).[11] Consequently, pupfish living in stable habitats breed year-round, but those in more seasonal habitats generally only at certain times of the year where the conditions are optimal.[13] When breeding, males assume a relatively bright nuptial coloration.[13]
There are two primary breeding strategies: In species of small isolated habitats like springs, each large male (or medium-sized male, if large males are absent) defends a territory and displays to visiting females that will lay their eggs inside the territory.[13][26] In at least some species, small males will attempt to fertilize eggs by sneaking into a territory of a larger male.[26] Once deposited, neither sex cares for the eggs, although they do get a level of protection by being inside the territory of a male. A male will attempt to attract several females to lay their eggs in his territory and a female may lay eggs in the territories of several males.[13] Another breeding strategy is used by species that inhabit rivers. Here the males do not maintain a territory and groups of pupfish gather to breed. A male typically will lead a female to the edge of the group to spawn, although on occasion it may occur in the middle of the group.[13] The eggs of Cyprinodon pupfish are adhesive and stick to the substrate,[13] or they are covered in sand.[25]
_male.jpg)
There are currently 49 recognized species in this genus:[1][2]
Cyprinodon is a genus of pupfishes found in waters that range from fresh to hypersaline. The genus is primarily found in Mexico, the Caribbean Islands and southern United States (Arizona, California, Florida, Nevada, New Mexico, Oklahoma and Texas), but C. variegatus occurs as far north as Massachusetts and along the entire Gulf of Mexico coastline, and C. dearborni and C. variegatus are found in northern South America. Many species have tiny ranges and are highly threatened, in some cases already extinct. Cyprinodon are small; the largest reaches 10 cm (3.9 in) in length and most other species only reach about half that size.
Cyprinodon es un género de peces actinopeterigios de agua dulce,[2] distribuidos por ríos de América del Norte y América Central.[3]
Existen 49 especies reconocidas en este género:[2]
Cyprinodon es un género de peces actinopeterigios de agua dulce, distribuidos por ríos de América del Norte y América Central.
Cyprinodon on hammaskillien (Cyprinodontidae) heimoon kuuluva kalasuku.
FishBasen mukaan sukuun kuuluu 49 lajia.[1] Alla on joitakin:
Cyprinodon on hammaskillien (Cyprinodontidae) heimoon kuuluva kalasuku.
Cyprinodon est un genre de poisson de la famille des Cyprinodontidae et de l'ordre des Cyprinodontiformes. Les Cyprinodon vivent dans les mares qui se forment après une forte pluie. Ce petit poisson est capable de vivre dans une eau à plus de 40 degrés. Il grandit et se reproduit à toute allure et, sitôt la mare asséchée, il meurt. Auparavant, il aura enfoui ses œufs dans le sable pour donner naissance à de nouveaux poissons à la prochaine pluie[1]. Les nombreuses espèces, dont beaucoup sont cantonnées à un milieu très limité, se répartissent sur une grande partie des Amériques, de l'Argentine aux États-Unis.
Selon l'IUCN, un grand nombre d'espèces que regroupe ce genre Cyprinodon sont soit vulnérables (VU), soit en danger (EN), soit en danger critique d'extinction (CR), voire éteintes en milieux naturelle (EW). Certaines espèces sont complètement éteintes (EX). Les principales raisons de ces statuts sont l'anthropisation des habitats[réf. nécessaire].
Selon Fishbase (28/04/2015)[2]:
Cyprinodon est un genre de poisson de la famille des Cyprinodontidae et de l'ordre des Cyprinodontiformes. Les Cyprinodon vivent dans les mares qui se forment après une forte pluie. Ce petit poisson est capable de vivre dans une eau à plus de 40 degrés. Il grandit et se reproduit à toute allure et, sitôt la mare asséchée, il meurt. Auparavant, il aura enfoui ses œufs dans le sable pour donner naissance à de nouveaux poissons à la prochaine pluie. Les nombreuses espèces, dont beaucoup sont cantonnées à un milieu très limité, se répartissent sur une grande partie des Amériques, de l'Argentine aux États-Unis.
Cyprinodon is een geslacht van straalvinnige vissen uit de familie van eierleggende tandkarpers (Cyprinodontidae).[1]
Het geslacht is voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven in 1803 door Bernard Germain de Lacépède (ex Bosc).
Cyprinodon is een geslacht van straalvinnige vissen uit de familie van eierleggende tandkarpers (Cyprinodontidae).
Het geslacht is voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven in 1803 door Bernard Germain de Lacépède (ex Bosc).
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Cyprinodon – rodzaj ryb karpieńcowatych (Cyprinodontidae).
Wody słodkie i słonawe południowo-zachodniej części Ameryki Północnej. Spotykane w zbiornikach wody stojącej, okresowo wysychających (na obszarach pustynnych), na terenach bagiennych, w źródłach geotermalnych oraz w wolno płynących strumieniach. Wiele gatunków to endemity.
Ciało silnie wygrzbiecone, niewielkich rozmiarów (od dwóch do kilkunastu centymetrów), często żywo ubarwione o wyraźnie zaznaczonym dymorfizmie płciowym. Gatunki jajorodne. Należą do ryb najbardziej odpornych na ekstremalne warunki środowiska. Wytrzymują krótkotrwały wzrost temperatury do 45 °C (Cyprinodon macularius), dobowe różnice temperatur do 20 °C oraz wody o dużym zasoleniu. Tolerują wysokie zmiany zasolenia np. Cyprinodon macularius może żyć zarówno w wodzie słodkiej jak i w wodzie o zasoleniu 90‰, a Cyprinodon variegatus był obserwowany żywy w wodzie o zasoleniu 144‰. Gatunki bytujące w zbiornikach okresowo wysychających bardzo szybko osiągają dojrzałość płciową, składają zapłodnioną ikrę w podłożu i najczęściej giną z braku wody. Młode wylęgają się po ponownym zalaniu zbiornika wodami deszczowymi.
Obecnie większość gatunków z rodzaju Cyprinodon to gatunki w różnym stopniu zagrożone wyginięciem, kilka już wyginęło[2].
Ze względu na niewielkie wymiary i często atrakcyjne ubarwienie, a także interesującą biologię budzą coraz większe zainteresowanie wśród akwarystów. Są rybami agresywnymi, silnie terytorialnymi. Żywią się głównie wysysanymi z podłoża składnikami pokarmowymi (pobierają do pyska porcję mułu, filtrują i wypluwają lub wypychają otworami skrzelowymi) oraz ślimakami, owadami i ikrą.
Gatunki zaliczane do tego rodzaju[3]:
Symbolem EX oznaczone w klasyfikacji IUCN jako gatunki wymarłe, a EW – wymarłe na wolności.
Cyprinodon – rodzaj ryb karpieńcowatych (Cyprinodontidae).
Cyprinodon là một chi cá trong họ Cyprinodontidae thuộc bộ cá chép răng (bộ cá sóc).
Hiện hành có 49 loài được ghi nhận trong chi này:
Cyprinodon là một chi cá trong họ Cyprinodontidae thuộc bộ cá chép răng (bộ cá sóc).
Cyprinodon Lacépède, 1803
Карпозу́бики (лат. Cyprinodon) — род лучепёрых рыб из семейства карпозубых (Cyprinodontidae). Обитают в водоёмах Северной, Центральной и Южной Америки[1]. Размеры от 3 см (Cyprinodon diabolis) до 10 см (Cyprinodon maya)[1].
В водоёме откладывает икру и когда он высыхает, рыба умирает. Икра остаётся в засохшем иле до сезона дождей. В воде из икры вылупляется уже взрослая особь. Раздельнополые. Размножаются методом спаривания. Ест частички пищи. Обитают в тёплой воде, oдин вид ципринодона (Cyprinodon macularius) обитает даже в горячих источниках Калифорнии с температурой воды 52 °С[2].
В роде карпозубиков (Cyprinodon) 57 видов[1][3]:
Карпозу́бики (лат. Cyprinodon) — род лучепёрых рыб из семейства карпозубых (Cyprinodontidae). Обитают в водоёмах Северной, Центральной и Южной Америки. Размеры от 3 см (Cyprinodon diabolis) до 10 см (Cyprinodon maya).
В водоёме откладывает икру и когда он высыхает, рыба умирает. Икра остаётся в засохшем иле до сезона дождей. В воде из икры вылупляется уже взрослая особь. Раздельнополые. Размножаются методом спаривания. Ест частички пищи. Обитают в тёплой воде, oдин вид ципринодона (Cyprinodon macularius) обитает даже в горячих источниках Калифорнии с температурой воды 52 °С.
鱂屬（Cyprinodon）是鯉齒鱂科下的一個屬。其下生物主要發現於墨西哥、加勒比地區和美國南部各地。其下有的種分佈並不集中，有些是特有種。[1][2]
其下許多種的生存環境都受到了威脅，有的已經瀕臨滅絕。[3][4][5][6] C. alvarezi 和 C. longidorsalis 已經在野外滅絕。[7][8]
鱂屬生物個體都較小，最大的不10厘米（3.9英寸），平均長度只有此數據的一半。[9]
