The worm pearlfish (Encheliophis vermicularis) is an eel-like fish in the family Carapidae.
The worm pearlfish is typically 15 cm long and is characterized by its long, slender body and lack of scales.[4][5]
Worm pearlfish lack the pectoral or pelvic fins that are common characters of the family Carapidae.[5] The upper half of its body is blackish-pinkish in color and its underside is silver. Its tail is black and tapered.
Compared to other members of the family Carapidae, the worm pearlfish has a relatively weak jaw. The maxillaries and premaxillaries in worm pearlfishes are joined by short connective fibers in the small mouth opening. Both the maxillaries and premaxillaries are connected to the fish's skin, which creates a small mouth opening.[6] Worm pearlfishes’ mouths are smaller and weaker than mouths of pearlfishes in other genera because they feed on soft, unresisting food in a confined space, as opposed to swift-moving, unconstrained prey.[7] Their upper jaw is lined with an outside row of strong, curved teeth, and an inner row of conical teeth.[6] Worm pearlfishes’ lower jaws contain one row of 20 conical teeth or more.[7] Teeth are arranged in a cardiform (comb-like) design – Parmentier suggests they are used in a saw-like fashion to cut into internal tissues of their hosts.[7]
E. vermicularis lives in a marine, reef-based environment in a tropical climate.[3] They are an epibenthic species – they live near to the bottom of the seafloor. They seek out shallow-water sea cucumbers around in inshore waters and coral reefs which range in depth from 0-30 meters.[5][8]
They can be found in the Indo-Pacific, the Gulf of Aden, around the Philippines and Society Islands, and north to the Ryukyus to the eastern Pacific.[3]
The worm pearlfish is a parasite of holothurians, each host is normally home to a pair of these fishes. Species recorded as hosting the worm pearlfish include Holothuria leucospilota, H. scabra, H. lubrica and Thelenota ananas.[3] The worm pearlfish is an uncommon species.[9]
While other members of the family Carpidae can be commensal, the genus Encheliophis is obligately parasitic. Worm pearlfish, specifically, prefer the coelomic cavity of the genus Holothuria (sea cucumbers). In particular, worm pearlfish have been found to prefer the sea cucumber species H. leucospilota, though they have been found in the sea cucumber species Holothuria atra as well.[10][4]
Worm pearlfish feed exclusively on the internal tissue of the host, entering through the anal region of the sea cucumber without causing the sea cucumber to release its Cuvierian tubules – a defense mechanism which entangles possible predators.[4] The pearlfish appears to be chemotaxic (responsive to chemical gradients in water) and is attracted to chemicals the coelomic fluid and Cuvierian tubules, which leads it to the sea cucumber's anus.[10] Because the other species worm pearlfish prey on, H. atra, lack Cuvierian tubules, worm pearlfish are most likely not only attracted by the Cuvierian tubules.[4] The anus of the sea cucumber contracts upon tactile stimulation by the worm pearlfish, but once it needs to respire and relax the anus again, pearlfish is able to penetrate the anus headfirst.[5] Once inside, the worm pearlfish eats the sea cucumber's internal tissues – mostly the gonads.
Not much is known about the sexual behavior of worm pearlfish. Sexually mature male-female pairs of worm pearlfish been found cohabiting in sea cucumbers, so worm pearlfish are thought to mate and spawn inside their hosts.[11] Larvae may then be expelled by the normal expiration of the sea cucumber. Like all members of the family Carapidae, worm pearlfish are hatched as holoplanktonic – i.e. temporarily planktonic – larvae from planktonic elliptical eggs, but it is unclear if spawning is seasonal or sporadic.[11]
The worm pearlfish (Encheliophis vermicularis) is an eel-like fish in the family Carapidae.
Encheliophis vermicularis Encheliophis generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Carapidae familian sailkatzen da.
Encheliophis vermicularis Encheliophis generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Carapidae familian sailkatzen da.
Encheliophis vermicularis is een straalvinnige vissensoort uit de familie van parelvissen (Carapidae).[1] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1842 door Müller.
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
蟲紋細潛魚（學名：Encheliophis vermicularis）為輻鰭魚綱鼬魚目鼬魚亞目隱魚科細潛魚屬（英语：Encheliophis）[4][2]的其中一種。體長可達20公分[來源請求]，平均約13公分[2]。
分佈於西起印度洋亞丁灣，南至菲律賓群島及法屬波里尼西亞社會群島周邊，北止於琉球群島的太平洋海域[2]的熱帶岩礁環境[4][2]。為底棲性魚類。
本物種會寄生於多種海參的體內，例如：玉足海参（Holothuria leucospilota）、糙海参（H. scabra）、H. lubrica及梅花参（Thelenota ananas）[2]。每條海參體內都會有一對雌魚和雄魚。 不過，其實本物種本身是一種很罕見的物種[5]。
