dcsimg

Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 50 years (captivity) Observations: In the wild, these animals die after first spawning and live up to 15 years. In captivity, however, they may live much longer (Das 1994).
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Habitat ( Anglèis )

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A. rostrata live in freshwater as adults, usually in larger rivers or lakes, primarily swimming near the bottom in search of food. The species prefers to hunt at night and resides in crevices or other shelter from the light during the day, often times burying themselves in the substrate, whether mud, sand or gravel (Landau, 1992).

Aquatic Biomes: lakes and ponds; rivers and streams; coastal

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David, S. 2000. "Anguilla rostrata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Anguilla_rostrata.html
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Solomon David, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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William Fink, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Morphology ( Anglèis )

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Elongate, snakelike body with a small, pointed head. A. rostrata has no pelvic fins, but has one long dorsal fin that extends more than half of the body; dorsal fin is continuous with the caudal and anal fin. The lower jaw projects beyond upper jaw. One small gill slit is found in front of each pectoral fin. Coloration is variable with maturity level, the larval stage is called a leptocephalus, or glass eel. This stage is transparent and leaf-shaped with a prominent black eye. The leptocephalus develops into an elver, characterized by a darker coloring, from gray to greenish brown (Page & Burr, 1991). The next stage, the yellow eel, is the adult form that lives in freshwater; color ranges from yellow to olive-brown. Sexually mature adults, silver eels, are dark brown and gray dorsally, with a silver to white ventral side. Large eyes are prominent in silver eels. Individuals reach lengths up to 152 cm (Page & Burr, 1991).

Other Physical Features: bilateral symmetry

Average mass: 4031.5 g.

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David, S. 2000. "Anguilla rostrata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Anguilla_rostrata.html
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Solomon David, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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William Fink, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Life Expectancy ( Anglèis )

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Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
50.0 years.

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David, S. 2000. "Anguilla rostrata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Anguilla_rostrata.html
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Solomon David, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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William Fink, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Distribution ( Anglèis )

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Geographic Range:

Anguilla rostrata (Lesueur) is a catadromous species that spawns in the Atlantic Ocean and ascends streams and rivers in North and South America. Found in Atlantic, Great Lakes, Mississippi, the Gulf Basin, and south to South America. This species is more common near the sea rather than inland streams and lakes (Page & Burr, 1991).

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native ); atlantic ocean (Native )

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David, S. 2000. "Anguilla rostrata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Anguilla_rostrata.html
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Solomon David, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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William Fink, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Trophic Strategy ( Anglèis )

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Movie: eel feeding.

Feeding habits of A. rostrata vary with level of maturity. The leptocephalus is planktivorous as it drifts to coastal waters and develops into an elver, which feeds on aquatic insects, small crustaceans, and dead fish (Landau, 1992). Yellow and Silver eels are primarily nocturnal carnivorous feeders, consuming insects, crustaceans, clams, worms, fish and frogs. Eels at this stage will also eat dead animal matter. Adult eels use rotational feeding to tear portions from prey by causing a twist in their bodies and spinning to generate force to remove pieces of food (Helfman et al., 1999). This behavior actually wastes large portions of food in eel aquaculture systems (Landau, 1992).

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David, S. 2000. "Anguilla rostrata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Anguilla_rostrata.html
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Solomon David, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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William Fink, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Benefits ( Anglèis )

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Anguilla rostrata is of major economic importance. In Japan and Taiwan, elvers and adults are considered a delicacy and the elvers are also eaten live in Europe. The largest aquaculture of eels is in Japan, and then Europe and the United States to a lesser extent (Landau, 1992). All forms of A. rostrata, however, are sought after commercially, to be shipped to places where they are used as food. There is concern for A. rostrata populations in the United States recently because of over harvesting the elvers and glass eels so not enough eels are reaching adulthood to migrate back to the ocean and reproduce (NS Dept. of Fisheries website, 1999).

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David, S. 2000. "Anguilla rostrata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Anguilla_rostrata.html
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Solomon David, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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William Fink, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Conservation Status ( Anglèis )

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Measures are now being taken to decrease the impact of fisheries on A. rostrata populations in the United States, such as more closely regulating harvesting of glass eels and elvers (Landau, 1992). Ongoing studies still track juveniles and adults during their time in freshwater and movements to the Sargasso Sea for spawning (Sumich, 1999).

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

State of Michigan List: no special status

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David, S. 2000. "Anguilla rostrata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Anguilla_rostrata.html
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Solomon David, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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William Fink, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Behavior ( Anglèis )

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Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical

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David, S. 2000. "Anguilla rostrata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Anguilla_rostrata.html
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Solomon David, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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William Fink, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Reproduction ( Anglèis )

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A. rostrata is a catadromous species, living most of its life in freshwater, but spawning in saltwater (Sumich, 1999). Sexually mature adults migrate to the Sargasso Sea, to spawn and supposedly die. Eels may reside in freshwater systems for up to 20 years before leaving to spawn at sea. The female lays up to 4 million buoyant eggs, which are fertilized by the male. Despite the use of technologically advanced SONAR tracking methods, adult eels are yet to be conclusively observed or captured in the presumed spawning areas in the Sargasso Sea (Sumich, 1999).

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)
Sex: male:
1642 days.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
Sex: female:
1642 days.

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David, S. 2000. "Anguilla rostrata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Anguilla_rostrata.html
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Solomon David, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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William Fink, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Trophic Strategy ( Anglèis )

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Observed transient in the intertidal zone (Ref.49162). Occur usually in permanent streams with continuous flow. Hide during the day in undercut banks and in deep pools near logs and boulders. Feed on larvae of Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Plecoptera, Coleoptera, Trichoptera, and Lepidoptera, as well as gastropods, oligochaetes, amphipods, isopods, mysids, and fish from the families Percidae, Cyprinidae, Ictaluridae, Catostomidae and Anguillidae (Ref. 9593). Migrate in autumn to the Sargasso Sea to spawn (Ref. 3242). Adults are caught with eel pots and trot lines. Elvers and glass eels are caught with fine mesh fyke nets and dipnets. Catadromous species. (Ref. 26938). Maximum depth reported taken from Ref. 57178. Feeding ceases with the onset of the reproductive migration. Parasites of the species in fresh water include 1 protozoan, 3 myxosporidians, 11 trematodes, 5 cestodes, 4 nematodes, 2 acanthocephalans and 3 copepods; in brackish water, protozoan Myxidium zealandicum (found on gills and kidney) (Ref. 5951).
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Migration ( Anglèis )

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Catadromous. Migrating from freshwater to the sea to spawn, e.g., European eels. Subdivision of diadromous. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km.
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Life Cycle ( Anglèis )

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Undertakes migration in autumn to the Sargasso Sea where spawning is said to take place. Coloration changes with sexual maturation. Dorsal surface of the pectorals becomes dark, lateral line becomes prominent, eye diameter increases and visual pigments change, body takes on a silvery bronze coloration. Females are usually larger than males and migrate much farther upstream (Ref. 57533). Adults die after spawning (Ref. 30499).Spawn at sea but growth occurs in estuaries or freshwater (Ref. 7135). Spawning grounds believed to be between 20° and 30°N and 60°and 75°W (Ref. 40916, 40917).
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Diseases and Parasites ( Anglèis )

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Johnstonmawsonia Infection. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)
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Allan Palacio
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Diseases and Parasites ( Anglèis )

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Aeromonosis. Bacterial diseases
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Diseases and Parasites ( Anglèis )

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Hysterothylacium Infection 7. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)
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Diagnostic Description ( Anglèis )

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Head rather long; eyes small and placed well forward on head. Lips thick. Caudal vertebrae without transverse processes. Premaxillae not developed as distinct elements in adults. Frontal bones paired, not grown together. Pectoral girdle with 7 to 9 (up to 11 in the young) radial elements. Adults usually white or light-colored below and brownish to blue-black above, but coloration is variable; young with some yellow on the edges of the dorsal and anal fins (Ref. 30499). Caudal fin rounded, joined to dorsal and anal fins. Gill opening on side in front of lower half of well-developed pectoral fin; lower jaw longer than upper; 103-111 vertebrae (Ref. 26938).
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Morphology ( Anglèis )

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Dorsal spines (total): 0; Analspines: 0
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Biology ( Anglèis )

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Occurs in streams, rivers, muddy or silt-bottomed lakes (Ref. 5951); usually in permanent streams with continuous flow (Ref. 86798). Hides during the day in undercut banks and in deep pools near logs and boulders (Ref. 86798). Feeds on larvae of Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Plecoptera, Coleoptera, Trichoptera, and Lepidoptera, as well as gastropods, oligochaetes, amphipods, isopods, mysids, and fish from the families Percidae, Cyprinidae, Ictaluridae, Catostomidae and Anguillidae (Ref. 9593). Migrates in autumn to the Sargasso Sea to spawn (Ref. 3242). Sexual maturity occurs approximately in less than10 years and up to 40 years in freshwater (Ref. 57533). Larvae (transparent leptocephali shaped somewhat like a willow leaf) hatch and develop at sea to metamorphose into elvers in nearshore waters and estuaries (Ref. 57533). Adults are caught with eel pots and trot lines. Elvers and glass eels are caught with fine mesh fyke nets and dipnets. Catadromous species. (Ref. 26938). Maximum depth reported taken from Ref. 57178.
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Importance ( Anglèis )

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fisheries: commercial; aquaculture: commercial; gamefish: yes; aquarium: public aquariums
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Anguila americana ( Catalan; Valensian )

fornì da wikipedia CA
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Anguila americana
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Exemplars immadurs
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Dibuix detallat

L'anguila americana (Anguilla rostrata) és una espècie de peix pertanyent a la família dels anguíl·lids.[4]

Descripció

  • El mascle pot arribar a fer 152 cm de llargària màxima (normalment, en fa 50) i la femella 122.
  • Pes màxim: 7.330 g.
  • Cap més aviat llarg.
  • Ulls petits.
  • Llavis gruixuts.
  • Aleta caudal arrodonida i unida a les aletes dorsal i anal.
  • Nombre de vèrtebres: 103-111.[5][6][7][8]

Reproducció

Migra a la tardor a la mar dels Sargassos per a fresar.[9][10][11]

Alimentació

Menja larves d'Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Plecoptera, Coleoptera, Trichoptera i Lepidoptera, així com gastròpodes, oligoquets, amfípodes, isòpodes, Mysida i peixos (pèrcids, ciprínids, ictalúrids, catostòmids i anguíl·lids).[12]

Depredadors

Al Canadà és depredat pel mascarell comú (Morus bassanus)[13] i als Estats Units pel llobarro atlàntic ratllat (Morone saxatilis),[14] el tauró gris (Carcharhinus plumbeus)[15] i el solraig (Isurus oxyrinchus).[16][17]

Hàbitat

És un peix d'aigua dolça, salabrosa i marina; demersal; catàdrom i de clima subtropical (4°C-25°C; 66°N-7°N, 98°W-21°W) que viu entre 0-464 m de fondària.[5][18]

Distribució geogràfica

Es troba a l'Atlàntic: des de Groenlàndia, i al llarg de les costes del Canadà i els Estats Units, fins a Panamà, les Índies Occidentals i l'illa de Trinitat.[19][5][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56]

Longevitat

Pot assolir els 43 anys d'edat.[40]

Observacions

És inofensiu per als humans.[5]

Referències

  1. Schrank, F. von P., 1798. Fauna Boica. Durchgedachte Geschichte der in Baieren einheimischen und zahmen Thiere. Nürnberg. Fauna Boica v. 1: i-xii + 1-720.
  2. Lesueur, C. A., 1817. A short description of five (supposed) new species of the genus Muraena, discovered by Mr. Le Sueur, in the year 1816. J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. v. 1 (pt 1, núm. 5): 81-83.
  3. Catalogue of Life (anglès)
  4. The Taxonomicon (anglès)
  5. 5,0 5,1 5,2 5,3 FishBase (anglès)
  6. Smith, C.L., 1997. National Audubon Society field guide to tropical marine fishes of the Caribbean, the Gulf of Mexico, Florida, the Bahamas, and Bermuda. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., Nova York, Estats Units. 720 p.
  7. Wenner, C.A., 1978. Anguillidae. A: W. Fischer (ed.). FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. West Atlantic (Fishing Area 31). Vol. 1. (pag. var.). FAO, Roma.
  8. IGFA, 2001. Base de dades de registres de pesca IGFA fins al 2001. IGFA, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, Estats Units.
  9. Wenner, C.A., 1978.
  10. Barbin, G.P. i J.D. McCleave, 1997. Fecundity of the American eel Anguilla rostrata at 45° N in Maine, USA. J. Fish Biol. 51(4):840-847.
  11. Schmidt, J., 1925. The breeding places of the eel. Rep. Smithson. Inst. 1924:279-316.
  12. Lookabaugh, P.S. i P.L. Angermeier, 1992. Diet patterns of American eel, Anguilla rostrata, in the James River Drainage, Virginia. J. Freshwat. Ecol. 7(4):425-431.
  13. Montevecchi, W.A., D.K. Cairns i R.A. Myers, 2002. Predation on marine-phase Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar by gannets (Morus bassanus) in the northwest Atlantic. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 59:602-612.
  14. Walter, J.F. III i H.M. Austin, 2003. Diet composition of large striped bass (Morone saxatilis) in Chesapeake Bay. Fish Bull. 101(2):414-423.
  15. Medved, R.J. i J.A. Marshall, 1981. Feeding behavior and biology of young sandbar sharks, Carcharhinus plumbeus (Pisces, Carcharhinidae), in Chincoteague Bay, Virginia. Fish. Bull. 79(3):441-447.
  16. Stillwell, C.E. i N.E. Kohler, 1982. Food, feeding habits, and estimates of daily ration of the shortfin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus) in the Northwest Atlantic. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 39(3):407-414.
  17. FishBase (anglès)
  18. Baensch, H.A. i R. Riehl, 1995. Aquarien Atlas. Band 4. Mergus Verlag GmbH, Verlag für Natur- und Heimtierkunde, Melle, Alemanya. 864 p.
  19. Kenny, J.S., 1995. Views from the bridge: a memoir on the freshwater fishes of Trinidad. Julian S. Kenny, Maracas, St. Joseph, Trinitat i Tobago. 98 p.
  20. Barton, M i C. Wilmhoff, 1996. Inland fishes of the Bahamas - new distribution records for exotic and native species from New Providence Island. Bahamas J. Sci. 3(2):7-11.
  21. Bigelow, H.B. i W.C. Schroeder, 1953. Fishes of the Gulf of Maine. Fish. Bull. 53:1-577.
  22. Bussing, W.A., 1998. Peces de las aguas continentales de Costa Rica. Segona edició. San José, Costa Rica: Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica. 468 p.
  23. Butsch, R.S., 1939. A list of Barbadian fishes. J. B.M.H.S. 7(1):17-31.
  24. Böhlke, J.E. i C.C.G. Chaplin, 1993. Fishes of the Bahamas and adjacent tropical waters. Segona edició. University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas, Estats Units.
  25. Caldwell, K.D., 1966. Marine and freshwater fishes of Jamaica. Bull. Inst. Jamaica (17):7-109.
  26. Cervigón, F., R. Cipriani, W. Fischer, L. Garibaldi, M. Hendrickx, A.J. Lemus, R. Márquez, J.M. Poutiers, G. Robaina i B. Rodríguez, 1992. Fichas FAO de identificación de especies para los fines de la pesca. Guía de campo de las especies comerciales marinas y de aquas salobres de la costa septentrional de Sur América. FAO, Roma. 513 p. Preparado con el financiamiento de la Comisión de Comunidades Europeas y de NORAD.
  27. Claro, R., 1994. Características generales de la ictiofauna. p. 55-70. A R. Claro (ed.) Ecología de los peces marinos de Cuba. Instituto de Oceanología Academia de Ciencias de Cuba i Centro de Investigaciones de Quintana Roo.
  28. Claro, R. i L.R. Parenti, 2001. The marine ichthyofauna of Cuba. p. 21-57. A: Claro, R., K.C. Lindeman i L.R. Parenti (eds) Ecology of the marine fishes of Cuba. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC i Londres. 253 p.
  29. Coad, B.W., 1995. Encyclopedia of Canadian fishes. Canadian Museum of Nature and Canadian Sportfishing Productions Inc. Singapur.
  30. Coker, G.A., C.B. Portt i C.K. Minns, 2001. Morphological and ecological characteristics of Canadian freshwater fishes. Can. Manuscr. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. Núm. 2554. 89 p.
  31. De Boer, B., D. Hoogerwerf, I. Kristensen i J. Post, 1973. Antillean fish guide. STINAPA No. 7. Curaçao (Antilles Neerlandeses): Caribbean Marine Biological Institute.
  32. Erdman, D.S., 1983. Nombres vulgares de los peces en Puerto Rico (Common names of fishes in Puerto Rico). Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Technical report, vol 3. núm. 2, 2a edició revisada. 44 p.
  33. Erdman, D.S., 1984. Exotic fishes in Puerto Rico. P. 162-176. A: W.R. Courtney, Jr. i J.R. Stauffer, Jr. (eds.). Distribution, biology and management of exotic fishes. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
  34. Etnier, D.A. i W.C. Starnes, 1993. The fishes of Tennessee. The University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville (Tennessee), Estats Units.
  35. Facey, D.E. i G.W. Labar, 1981. Biology of American eels in Lake Champlain, Vermont. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 110(3):396-402.
  36. Fahay, M., 1983. Guide to the early stages of marine fishes occuring in the Western North Atlantic Ocean, Cape Hatteras to the Southern Scotian Shelf. J. Northwest Atl. Fish. Sci. 4:1-423.
  37. Ferraris, C.J. Jr., 2003. Family Anguillidae (Freshwater eels). P. 33-34. A: R.E. Reis, S.O. Kullander i C.J. Ferraris, Jr. (eds.). Checklist of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America. Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS, Brasil.
  38. Helfman, G.S. i E.L. Bozeman, 1984. Size, age and sex of American eels in a Georgia River. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 113(2):132-141.
  39. Hurley, D.A., 1972. The American eel (Anguilla rostrata) in Eastern Lake Ontario. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 29:535-543.
  40. 40,0 40,1 Jessop, B.M., 1987. Migrating American eels in Nova Scotia. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 116(2):161-170.
  41. Lazzari, M.A., 2001. Dynamics of larval fish abundance in Penobscot Bay, Maine. Fish. Bull. 99(1):81-93.
  42. Leim, A.H. i W.B. Scott, 1966. Fishes of the Atlantic coast of Canada. Bull. Fish. Res. Board Can. (155):485 p.
  43. Lim, P., Meunier, F.J., Keith, P. and Noël, P.Y., 2002. Atlas des poissons et des crustacés d'eau douce de la Martinique. Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, París. Patrimoines Naturels, 51: 120p.
  44. Miller, R.R., 2005. Freshwater fishes of México. The University of Chicago Press. 490 p.
  45. Moring, J.R., 1990. Seasonal absence of fishes in tidepools of a boreal environment (Maine, USA). Hydrobiologia 194(2):163-168.
  46. Ogden, J.C., J.A. Yntema i I. Clavijo, 1975. An annotated list of the fishes of St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. Spec. Publ. Núm. 3.
  47. Page, L.M. i B.M. Burr, 1991. A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Estats Units. 432 p.
  48. Ramjohn, D.D. 1999. Checklist of coastal and marine fishes of Trinidad and Tobago. Marine Fishery Analysis Unit, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Land and Marine Resources, Trinitat i Tobago. Fisheries Information Series 8, 151 p.
  49. Robins, C.R. i G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Estats Units. 354 p.
  50. Scharpf, C., 2005. Annotated checklist of North America freshwater fishes, including subspecies and undescribed forms. American Currents 31(4):1-44.
  51. Scott, W.B. i E.J. Crossman, 1973. Freshwater fishes of Canada. Bull. Fish. Res. Board Can. 184:1-966.
  52. Scott, W.B. i M.G. Scott, 1988. Atlantic fishes of Canada. Can. Bull. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 219: 731 p.
  53. Sierra, L.M., R. Claro i O.A. Popova, 1994. Alimentación y relaciones tróficas. p. 263-284. A Rodolfo Claro (ed.) Ecología de los Peces Marinos de Cuba. Instituto de Oceanología Academia de Ciencias de Cuba i Centro de Investigaciones de Quintana Roo, Mèxic.
  54. Smith, D.G., 1968. The occurrence of larvae of the American eel, Anguilla rostrata, in the Straits of Florida and nearby areas. Bull. Mar. Sci. 18(2):280-293.
  55. Wilk, S.J., W.W. Morse i D.E. Ralph, 1978. Length-weight relationships of fishes collected in the New York Bight. Bull. New Jersey Acad. Sci. 23(2):58-64.
  56. Zaneveld, J.S., 1983. Caribbean Fish Life. Index to the local and scientific names of the marine fishes and fishlike invertebrates of the Caribbean area (Tropical Western Central Atlantic Ocean) E.J. Brill / Dr. W. Backhuys, Leiden, 163 p.


Bibliografia

  • Anònim, 2001. Base de dades de la col·lecció de peixos del National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution). Smithsonian Institution - Division of Fishes.
  • Anònim, 2002. Base de dades de la col·lecció de peixos del American Museum of Natural History. American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West, NY 10024-5192, Estats Units.
  • Clarke, A. i N.M. Johnston, 1999. Scaling of metabolic rate with body mass and temperature in teleost fish. J. Anim. Ecol. 68:893-905.
  • Degani, G. i M.L. Gallagher, 1985. The relationship between growth, food conversion and oxygen consumption in developed and underdeveloped American eels, Anguilla rostrata Lesueur. J. Fish Biol. 27:635-641.
  • Hinegardner, R. i D.E. Rosen, 1972. Cellular DNA content and the evolution of teleostean fishes. Am. Nat. 106(951): 621-644.
  • Holmberg, B. i R.L. Saunders, 1979. The effects of pentachlorophenol on swimming performance and oxygen consumption in the American eel (Anguilla rostrata). P. 144-149. A: F. Thurow (ed.). Eel research and management. Rapports et Process-Verbaux des Reunions, Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer 174.
  • Kotlyar, A.N., 1984. Dictionary of names of marine fishes on the six languages. All Union Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography, Moscou. 288 p.
  • Museu Suec d'Història Natural. Base de dades de la col·lecció d'ictiologia. Secció d'Ictiologia, Departament de Zoologia de Vertebrats. Estocolm, Suècia, 1999.
  • Nelson, J.S., E.J. Crossman, H. Espinosa-Pérez, L.T. Findley, C.R. Gilbert, R.N. Lea i J.D. Williams, 2004. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico. American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 29, Bethesda, Maryland, Estats Units.
  • Ohno, S., L. Christian i M. Romero, 1973. On the question of American eels, Anguilla rostrata, versus European eels, Anguilla anguilla. Experientia 29:35-40.
  • Passakas, T., 1981. Comparative studies on the chromosomes of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla L.) and the American eel (Anguilla rostrata Le Sueur). Folia Biol. 29(1):41-58.
  • Ricker, W.E., 1973. Russian-English dictionary for students of fisheries and aquatic biology. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Ottawa.
  • Rixon, C.A.M., I.C. Duggan, N.M.N. Bergeron, A. Ricciardi i H.J. Macisaac, 2005. Invasion risks posed by the aquarium trade and live fish markets on the Laurentian Great Lakes. Biodivers. Conserv. 14:1365-1381.
  • Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea i W.B. Scott, 1980. A list of common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. (12)1-174.
  • Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea i W.B. Scott, 1991. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Pub. (20):183 p.
  • Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea i W.B. Scott, 1991. World fishes important to North Americans. Exclusive of species from the continental waters of the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. (21):243 p.
  • Tagliavini, J., I.J. Harrison i G. Gandolfi, 1995. Discrimination between Anguilla anguilla and Anguilla rostrata by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. J. Fish Biol. 47:741-743.
  • Vasil'ev, V.P., 1980. Chromosome numbers in fish-like vertebrates and fish. J. Ichthyol. 20(3): 1-38.
  • Wonham, M.J., J.T. Carlton, G.M. Ruiz i L.D. Smith, 2000. Fish and ships: relating dispersal frequency to success in biological invasions. Mar. Biol. 136(6):1111-1121.
  • Wu, H.L., K.-T. Shao i C.F. Lai (eds.), 1999. Latin-Chinese dictionary of fishes names. The Sueichan Press, Taiwan.


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Anguila americana: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valensian )

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L'anguila americana (Anguilla rostrata) és una espècie de peix pertanyent a la família dels anguíl·lids.

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Úhoř americký ( Cech )

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Úhoř americký (Anguilla rostrata) je druh ryb z čeledi úhořovití, blízký příbuzný evropského úhoře říčního, od kterého je vnějšími znaky nerozeznatelný.

Popis

Tělo je dlouhé, hadovitého tvaru. Hřbetní, řitní a ocasní ploutev splývají v jeden celistvý ploutevní lem. Břišní ploutve zcela scházejí. Prsní ploutve se nacházejí hned za hlavou. Kůže je na první pohled hladká, produkující velké množství slizu. Šupiny jsou velice drobné, oválné a zarostlé hluboko v kůži úhoře. Na rozdíl od většiny ostatních druhů ryb se tyto šupiny nepřekrývají. Skřele jsou poměrně malé, a protože v bahně a ve velkých hloubkách není dýchání žábrami dostačující, má úhoř silně vyvinuté kožní dýchání, které mu umožňuje dokonce i dočasné opuštění vody. Ústa jsou koncová a poměrně hluboce rozeklaná, dosahující k úrovni oka. Zbarvení se mění v průběhu života. Nejmladší, tzv. sklovití úhoři (z anglického glass eels) nemají žádnou pigmentaci, ale v průběhu růstu a vstupu do sladkých vod se objevuje maskovací zbarvení. V češtině se také pro ně ujal původně francouzský termín monté. Žlutí úhoři (z anglického yellow eels) mají tmavý, dohněda zbarvený hřbet, který přechází do žlutavé barvy na břiše. S nástupem pohlavní dospělosti a migrací na trdliště se mění ve stříbrné úhoře (silver eels). Celé tělo zesvětlá a získá kovový lesk, břicho je stříbřité. V tomto stadiu se také výrazně zvětší oči, a začíná se uzavírat trávicí trakt. Mláďata úhoře se nazývají monté.

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-09]

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Úhoř americký: Brief Summary ( Cech )

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Úhoř americký (Anguilla rostrata) je druh ryb z čeledi úhořovití, blízký příbuzný evropského úhoře říčního, od kterého je vnějšími znaky nerozeznatelný.

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Amerikanischer Aal ( Alman )

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Der Amerikanische Aal (Anguilla rostrata) ist ein Knochenfisch aus der Gattung der Aale (Anguilla).

Merkmale

Sein Körper ist wie der anderer Aalartiger schlangenartig lang gestreckt. Männchen erreichen eine Länge von bis zu 152 Zentimetern, Weibchen von bis zu 122 Zentimetern. Das dokumentierte Maximalgewicht liegt bei 7,3 Kilogramm. Der relativ lange Kopf trägt die kleinen Augen weit vorne. Die Lippen sind kräftig. Ausgewachsene Tiere sind bräunlich bis blauschwarz mit hellem, bis weißem Bauch. Jungtiere weisen einen gelblichen Rand an der Schwanz- und Afterflosse auf. Die Schwanzflosse ist abgerundet und mit der Rücken- und der Afterflosse verwachsen. Die Kiemenöffnung sitzt vor der unteren Hälfte der gut entwickelten Brustflosse. Der Unterkiefer ist länger als der Oberkiefer.

Die Art ist dem Europäischen Aal (Anguilla anguilla) sehr ähnlich, kann aber aufgrund der geringeren Rippenzahl (im Mittel 107,2 anstatt 114,7) und aufgrund molekularer Merkmale, wie zum Beispiel über Allozymanalysen unterschieden werden[1].

Lebensweise

Der Lebensraum der erwachsenen Fische liegt in den Seen, Flüssen und Bächen Nord- und Mittelamerikas, von Grönland bis Brasilien. Tagsüber verstecken die Tiere sich am Gewässergrund, nachts gehen sie auf Nahrungssuche. Als Beute dienen Insektenlarven, Würmer, kleine Krebstiere und Fische. Die Zeit bis zur Geschlechtsreife variiert stark, liegt aber bei mindestens ein bis vier Jahren. Die Tiere bilden eine dicke Fettschicht und wandern dann bis in die Sargassosee im zentralen westlichen Atlantik. Während der Wanderung verkümmert der Darm, der After schließt sich. In der Sargassosee laichen die Aale wahrscheinlich in großer Tiefe und sterben dann. Die durchsichtigen Larven (zunächst Weidenblattlarve (Leptocephalus), dann Glasaal genannt) schwimmen zu den Flussmündungen und weiter stromaufwärts.

Quellen

  1. M. Nieddu, G. Pichiri, P. Coni, S. Salvadori, A.M. Deiana, R. Mezzanotte: A comparative analysis of European and American eel (Anguilla anguilla and Anguilla rostrata) genomic DNA: 5S rDNA polymorphism permits the distinction between the two populations. In: Genome. Band 41, 1998, S. 728–732.

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Der Amerikanische Aal (Anguilla rostrata) ist ein Knochenfisch aus der Gattung der Aale (Anguilla).

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American eel ( Anglèis )

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The American eel (Anguilla rostrata) is a facultative catadromous fish found on the eastern coast of North America. Freshwater eels are fish belonging to the elopomorph superorder, a group of phylogenetically ancient teleosts.[2] The American eel has a slender, supple, snake-like body that is covered with a mucus layer, which makes the eel appear to be naked and slimy despite the presence of minute scales. A long dorsal fin runs from the middle of the back and is continuous with a similar ventral fin. Pelvic fins are absent, and relatively small pectoral fins can be found near the midline, followed by the head and gill covers. Variations exist in coloration, from olive green, brown shading to greenish-yellow and light gray or white on the belly. Eels from clear water are often lighter than those from dark, tannic acid streams.[3]

The eel lives in fresh water and estuaries and only leaves these habitats to enter the Atlantic Ocean to make its spawning migration to the Sargasso Sea.[4] Spawning takes place far offshore, where the eggs hatch. The female can lay up to 4 million buoyant eggs and dies after egg-laying. After the eggs hatch and the early-stage larvae develop into leptocephali, the young eels move toward North America, where they metamorphose into glass eels and enter freshwater systems where they grow as yellow eels until they begin to mature.

The American eel is found along the Atlantic coast including the tributaries of the Chesapeake Bay, the Delaware River, and the Hudson River, and as far north as the Saint Lawrence River. It is also present in the river systems of the eastern Gulf of Mexico and in some areas further south. Like all anguillid eels, American eels hunt predominantly at night, and during the day they hide in mud, sand, or gravel very close to shore, at depths of roughly 5–6 feet (1.5–1.8 m). They feed on crustaceans, aquatic insects, small insects, and probably any aquatic organisms that they can find and eat.[5]

American eels are economically important in various areas along the East Coast as bait for fishing for sport fishes such as the striped bass, or as a food fish in some areas. Their recruitment stages, the glass eels, are also caught and sold for use in aquaculture, although this is now restricted in most areas.

Eels were once an abundant species in rivers, and were an important fishery for aboriginal people. The construction of hydroelectric dams has blocked their migrations and locally extirpated eels in many watersheds. For example, in Canada, the vast numbers of eels in the St. Lawrence and Ottawa Rivers have dwindled.[6]

Etymology

The American eel Anguilla rostrata was first described in 1817 by Lesueur. Anguilla is Latin for eel, and rostrata is a Latin word that can mean either "beaked or curved" or "long nose". French: Anguille d'Amérique, Spanish: Anguila americana.

Description

Juvenile eels

American eels can grow to 1.22 m (4.0 ft) in length and to 7.5 kg (17 lb) in weight. Females are generally larger than males, lighter in color, with smaller eyes and higher fins.[7] The body is elongate and snake-like. Its dorsal and anal fins are confluent with the rudimentary caudal fin. It lacks ventral fins but pectoral fins are present. The lateral line is well-developed and complete. The head is long and conical, with rather small, well-developed eyes. The mouth is terminal with jaws that are not particularly elongated. The teeth are small, pectinate or setiform in several series on the jaws and the vomer. Minute teeth also present on the pharyngeal bones, forming a patch on the upper pharyngeals. Tongue present with thick lips that are attached by a frenum in front. Nostrils are superior and well separated. Gill openings are partly below pectoral fins, relatively well-developed and well separated from one another. Inner gill slits are wide.[8]

The scales are small, rudimentary, cycloid, relatively well embedded below the epidermis and therefore often difficult to see without magnification.[9] The scales are not arranged in overlapping rows as they often are in other fish species but are rather irregular, in some places distributed like "parquet flooring". In general, one row of scales lies at right angle to the next, although the rows immediately above and below the lateral line lie at an angle of approximately 45°. Unlike other bony fishes, the first scales do not develop immediately after the larval stage but appear much later on.[10]

Several morphological features distinguish the American eel from other eel species. Tesch (1977)[11] described three morphological characteristics which persist through all stages from larvae to maturing eels: the total number of vertebrae (mean 107.2), the number of myomeres (mean 108.2), and the distance between the origin of the dorsal fin to the anus (mean 9.1% of total length).

Distribution and natural habitat

Geographic range

The distribution of the American eel encompasses all accessible freshwater (streams and lakes), estuaries and coastal marine waters across a latitudinal range of 5 to 62 N.[12] Their natural range includes the eastern North Atlantic Ocean coastline from Venezuela to Greenland and including Iceland.[13] Inland, this species extends into the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River[14] and its tributaries as far upstream as Minnesota and Wisconsin[15]

Nonindigenous occurrences of this species in the United States were recorded from Lake Mead on the Colorado River and on the Arizona border.[16] It was stocked on a few occasions in Sacramento and San Francisco bay, California, in the late 1800s. No apparent evidence of survival on these occasions was noted.[17] It was also stocked and unintentionally introduced in various states, including Illinois, Indiana,[18] Nebraska, Nevada,[16] North Carolina,[19] Ohio and Pennsylvania,[20] . Stockings of this species also occurred in Utah in the late 1800s, but soon disappeared.[20][21]

Natural habitat

American eel in Long Pond, Littleton, Massachusetts, in 2021

Eels are bottom dwellers. They hide in burrows, tubes, snags, masses of plants, other types of shelters.[8] They are found in a variety of habitats including streams, rivers, and muddy or silt-bottomed lakes during their freshwater stage, as well as oceanic waters, coastal bays and estuaries.[6][13][14][22] Individuals during the continental stage occasionally migrate between fresh, salt and brackish water habitats and have varying degrees of residence time in each.[23][24][25] During winter, eels burrow under the mud and enter a state of torpor (or complete inactivity) at temperatures below 5 °C (41 °F).[26] although they may occasionally be active during this period.[6] Temperature requirements are suggested to be flexible. It has been found that American eels during elver stage can survive temperature as low as −0.8 °C (30.6 °F). Barila and Stauffer (1980) reported a final mean temperature preference at 16.7 °C (62.1 °F). Karlsson et al. (1984) disagreed with this interpretation and found the final temperature preference of 17.4 ± 2.0 °C with a 95% confidence interval.

Seasonal patterns described by Fletcher and Anderson (1972) generalize annual movements from freshwater to estuaries and coastal bays to feed during spring, then either a return during the fall to overwinter (juvenile and immature adults), or a southward migration to the spawning grounds (silver eels Continental phase eels appear highly plastic in habitat use. Eels are extremely mobile and may access habitats that appear unavailable to them, using small watercourses or moving through wet grasses. Small eels (<100 mm total length) are able to climb and may succeed in passing over vertical barriers.[27] Habitat availability may be reduced by factors such as habitat deterioration, barriers to upstream migration (larger eels), and barriers (i.e. turbines) to downstream migration that can result in mortality.[6]

Life cycle

The American eel's complex life history begins far offshore in the Sargasso Sea in a semelparous and panmictic reproduction.[28][29][30] In 1926 Marie Poland Fish described the collection of eggs that she observed hatch into eels,[31] which she expanded in her taxonomic description of the larval egg development.[32] From there, young eels drift with ocean currents and then migrate inland into streams, rivers and lakes. This journey may take many years to complete with some eels travelling as far as 6,000 kilometers. After reaching these freshwater bodies they feed and mature for approximately 10 to 25 years before migrating back to the Sargasso Sea in order to complete their life cycle.[6]

Life stages are detailed below.[33]

1. Eggs: The eggs hatch within a week of deposition in the Sargasso Sea. McCleave et al. (1987) suggested that hatching peaks in February and may continue until April. Wang and Tzeng (2000) proposed, on the basis of otolith back-calculations, that hatching occurs from March to October and peaks in August. However, Cieri and McCleave (2000) argued that these back-calculated spawning dates do not match collection evidence and may be explained by resorption. Fecundity for many eels is between about 0.5 to 4.0 million eggs, with larger individuals releasing as many as 8.5 million eggs.[34] The diameter of egg is about 1.1 mm. Fertilization is external, and adult eels are presumed to die after spawning. None has been reported to migrate up rivers.

2. Leptocephali: The leptocephalus is the larval form, a stage strikingly different from the adult form the eels will grow into. Leptocephali are transparent with a small pointed head and large teeth and are frequently described "leaf-like". The laterally compressed larvae are passively transported west and north to the coastal waters on the eastern coast of North America, by the surface currents of the Gulf Stream system, a journey that will last between 7 and 12 months.[11][29] Vertical distribution is usually restricted to the upper 350 m of the ocean. Growth has been evaluated at about 0.21 to 0.38 mm per day.

3. Glass eel: As they enter the continental shelf, leptocephali metamorphose into glass eels (juveniles), which are transparent and possess the typical elongate and serpentine eel shape. The term glass eel refers to all developmental stages between the end of metamorphosis and full pigmentation.[10] Metamorphosis occurs when leptocephali are about 55 to 65 mm long. Mean age at this metamorphosis has been evaluated at 200 days and estuarine arrival at 255 days; giving 55 days between glass eel metamorphosis and estuarine arrival. Young eels use selective tidal stream transport to move up estuaries. As they enter coastal waters, the animals essentially transform from a pelagic oceanic organism to a benthic continental organism.

4. Elvers: Glass eels become progressively pigmented as they approach the shore; these eels are termed elvers. The melanic pigmentation process occurs when the young eels are in coastal waters. At this phase of the life cycle, the eel is still sexually undifferentiated. The elver stage lasts about three to twelve months. Elvers that enter fresh water may spend much of this period migrating upstream. Elver influx is linked to increased temperature and reduced flow early in the migration season, and to tidal cycle influence later on.[11]

5. Yellow eels: This is the sexually immature adult stage of American eel. They begin to develop a yellow color and a creamy or yellowish belly. In this phase, the eels are still mainly nocturnal. Those remained in estuarine environment continue to go through their life cycle more quickly than those traveled into freshwater. Those in freshwater, however, tend to live longer and attain much larger sizes. Sexual differentiation occurs during the yellow stage and appears to be strongly influenced by environmental conditions. Krueger and Oliveira (1999) suggested that density was the primary environmental factor influencing the sex ratio of eels in a river, with high densities promoting the production of males. From life history traits of four rivers of Maine, Oliveira and McCleave (2000) evaluated that sexual differentiation was completed by 270 mm total length.

6. Silver eels: As the maturation process proceeds, the yellow eel metamorphoses into a silver eel. The silvering metamorphosis results in morphological and physiological modifications that prepare the animal to migrate back to the Sargasso Sea. The eel acquires a greyish colour with a whitish or cream coloration ventrally.[11][13] The digestive tract degenerates, the pectoral fins enlarge to improve swimming capacity, eye diameter expands and visual pigments in the retina adapt to the oceanic environment, the integument thickens,[11] percentage of somatic lipids increases to supply energy for migrating and spawning, gonadosomatic index and oocyte diameter increase, gonadotropin hormone (GTH-II) production increases, and osmoregulatory physiology changes.

Feeding

Eels are nocturnal and most of their feeding therefore occurs at night.[28] Having a keen sense of smell, eels most likely depend on scent to find food. The American eel is a generalist species which colonizes a wide range of habitats. Their diet is therefore extremely diverse and includes most of the aquatic animals sharing the same environment. The American eel feeds on a variety of things such as worms, small fish, clams and other mollusks, crustaceans such as soft-shelled crabs and a lot of macroinvertebrate insects. A study on gastric examination of eels revealed that "macroinvertebrates, predominantly of the Class Insecta, were eaten by 169 eels (99% of feeding eels)" and "the stonefly Acroneuria was the single most numerically dominant taxon observed in the diet, occurring in 67% of eel stomachs that contained food".[35]

Leptocephalus

Little is known about the food habits of leptocephali. Recent studies on other eel species (Otake et al. 1993; Mochioka and Iwamizu 1996) suggest that leptocephali do not feed on zooplankton but rather consume detrital particles such as marine snow and fecal pellets or particles such as discarded houses of larvacean tunicates.

Glass eel and elver

Based on laboratory experiments on European glass eels, Lecomte-Finiger (1983) reported that they were morphologically and physiologically unable to feed. However, Tesch (1977) found that elvers at a later stage of pigmentation, stage VIA4, were feeding.[11] Stomach examination of elvers caught during their upstream migration in the Petite Trinité River on the north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence revealed that elvers fed primarily on insect larvae.

Yellow eel

The yellow eel is essentially a nocturnal benthic omnivore. Prey includes fishes, molluscs, bivalves, crustaceans, insect larvae, surface-dwelling insects, worms, frogs and plants. The eel prefers small prey animals which can easily be attacked.[11] Food type varies with body size.[11] Stomachs of eels less than 40 cm and captured in streams contained mainly aquatic insect larvae, whereas larger eels fed predominantly on fishes and crayfishes. Insect abundance decreased in larger eels. The eel diet adapts to seasonal changes and the immediate environment. Feeding activity decreases or stops during the winter, and food intake ceases as eels physiologically prepare for the spawning migration.[34]

Predation

Little information about predation on eels has been published. It was reported that elvers and small yellow eels are prey of largemouth bass and striped bass, although they were not a major parts of these predators' diet.[36] Leptocephali, glass eels, elvers, and small yellow eels are likely to be eaten by various predatory fishes. Older eels are also known to eat incoming glass eels.[37] They also fall prey to other species of eels, bald eagles, gulls, as well as other fish-eating birds.[38] American eels also make up the entirety of the diet of adult rainbow snakes, lending the species one of their common names; eel moccasin.[39]

Commercial fisheries

Global capture of American eel in tonnes reported by the FAO, 1950–2009[40]

The major outlet for US landings of yellow and silver eels is the EU market.[8]

In the 1970s, the annual North Atlantic harvest averaged 125,418 kg, with an average value of $84,000. In 1977, the eel landings from Maine, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts were about 79,700, 2,700, and 143,300 kg, valued at $263,000, $5,000, and $170,000, respectively (US Department of Commerce 1984)

During the 1980s and early 1990s, the American eel was one of the top three species in commercial value to Ontario's fishing industry. At its peak, the eel harvest was valued at $600,000 and, in some years, eel accounted for almost half of the value of the entire commercial fish harvest from Lake Ontario. The commercial catch of American eel has declined from approximately 223,000 kilograms (kg) in the early 1980s to 11,000 kg in 2002.[41]

Conservation

According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, the American eel is at very high risk of extinction in the wild.[42][1]

Substantial decline in numbers and fishery landings of American eels over their range in eastern Canada and the US was noted, raising concerns over the status of this species. The number of juvenile eels in the Lake Ontario area decreased from 935,000 in 1985 to about 8,000 in 1993 and was approaching zero levels in 2001. Rapid declines were also recorded in Virginia, as well as in New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island in Canada.

Because of its complex life cycle, the species face a broad range of threats, some of which are specific to certain growth stage. Being catadromous, the eels' reproductivity success depends heavily on free downstream passage for spawning migration. It also depends on the availability of diverse habitats for growth and maturation.

Sex ratio in the population can also be affected because males and females tend to utilize different habitats. Impacts on certain regions may greatly impact the number of either sex.

Despite being able to live in a wide range of temperatures and different levels of salinity, American eels are very sensitive to low dissolved oxygen level,[43] which is typically found below dams. Contaminations of heavy metals, dioxins, chlordane, and polychlorinated biphenyls as well as pollutants from nonpoint source can bioaccumulate within the fat tissues of the eels, causing dangerous toxicity and reduced productivity.[44] This problem is exacerbated due to the high fat content of eels.

Construction of dams and other irrigation facilities seriously decreases habitat availability and diversity for the eels. Dredging can affect migration, population distribution and prey availability. Overfishing or excessive harvesting of juveniles can also negatively impact local populations.

Other natural threats come from interspecific competition with exotic species like the flathead catfish (Pylodictis olivaris) and blue catfish (Ictalurus furcatus), pathogens and parasites, and changes in oceanographic conditions that can alter currents—this potentially changes larval transport and migration of juveniles back to freshwater streams.

Conservation measures

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service reviewed the status of the American eel both in 2007 and in 2015, finding both times that Endangered Species Act protection for the American eel is not warranted.[45] The Canadian province of Ontario has cancelled the commercial fishing quota since 2004. Eel sport fishery has been closed. Efforts have been made to improve the passage in which eels migrate across the hydroelectric dams on St. Lawrence River.[46]

Sustainable consumption

In 2010, Greenpeace International has added the American eel to its seafood red list. "The Greenpeace International seafood red list is a list of fish that are commonly sold in supermarkets around the world, and which have a very high risk of being sourced from unsustainable fisheries."[47]

References

  1. ^ a b Jacoby, D.; Casselman, J.; DeLucia, M.-B.; Gollock, M. (2017). "Anguilla rostrata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T191108A121739077. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T191108A121739077.en. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
  2. ^ Nelson JS (1994) Fishes of the world. John Wiley and Sons, New York
  3. ^ McCord, John W. American Eel. South Carolina Department of Natural Resources
  4. ^ Nuwer, Rachel (December 7, 2015) Closing In on Where Eels Go to Connect. New York Times
  5. ^ NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory
  6. ^ a b c d e American Eel Anguilla rostrata in Canada. COSEWIC Assessment and Status Report 2006. ISBN 0-662-43225-8
  7. ^ Smit, D.G. Order ANGUILLIFORMES. National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA
  8. ^ a b c Fahay, Michael P. (August 1978) Biological and Fisheries Data on. American eel, Anguilla rostrata (Lesueur). Sandy Hook Laboratory. US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
  9. ^ Hardy, J.D., Jr. (1978) Development of Fishes of the Mid-Atlantic Bight: An Atlas of Egg, Larval, and Juvenile Stages. Volume II – Anguillidae thorough Syngnathidae. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of the Interior.
  10. ^ a b Tesch F.W. (2003). The eel. Third Edition. Blackwell Science. ISBN 0632063890
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h Tesch, F.W. (1977). The eel: biology and management of anguillid eels. Chapman and Hall, London
  12. ^ Bertin, L. (1956). Eels: a biological study. Cleaver-Hume Press Ltd., London.
  13. ^ a b c Scott, W.B. and E.J. Crossman. (1973) Freshwater fishes of Canada. Bulletin 184, Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Ottawa. The Bryant Press Limited, Ottawa, ON.
  14. ^ a b Jessop, B.M. (2006) Underwater world: American Eel. Communications Directorate, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ottawa, ON.
  15. ^ Cochran, Philip (2006). "Historical Notes on American Eels (Anguilla rostrata) in the Upper Midwest" (PDF). North American Native Fishes Association.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  16. ^ a b Minckley, W. L. (1973). Fishes of Arizona. Arizona Fish and Game Department. Sims Printing Company, Inc., Phoenix, AZ.
  17. ^ Smith, H. M. (1896). "A review of the history and results of the attempts to acclimatize fish and other water animals in the Pacific states", pp. 379–472 in Bulletin of the U.S. Fish Commission, Vol. XV, for 1895.
  18. ^ Gerking, S. D. (1945). "Distribution of the fishes of Indiana". Investigations of Indiana Lakes and Streams. 3: 1–137.
  19. ^ Shute, P.W. and D.A. Etnier. (2000). Southeastern fishes council regional reports – 2000. Region III – North-Central.
  20. ^ a b Sigler, F. F., and R. R. Miller. (1963). Fishes of Utah. Utah Department of Fish and Game, Salt Lake City, UT.
  21. ^ Fuller, Pam and Nico, Leo (2012) Anguilla rostrata. USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, FL.
  22. ^ Scott, W.B and Scott, M.G. (1988) "Atlantic fishes of Canada". Canadian Bulletin of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 219.
  23. ^ Fletcher, G.L. and T. Anderson. (March 1972). "A preliminary survey of the distribution of the American Eel (Anguilla rostrata) in Newfoundland". MSRL Technical Report No. 7. Marine Sciences Research Laboratory, St. John's, NL.
  24. ^ Clarke, K.D., R.J. Gibson and D.A. Scruton. (January 2007). "A review of the habitat associations and distribution of the American Eel within Newfoundland and Labrador". Presentation at the Canadian Conference for Fisheries Research.
  25. ^ Jonsson, B.; Jessop, B. M. (2010). "Geographic effects on American eel (Anguilla rostrata) life history characteristics and strategies". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 67 (2): 326–346. doi:10.1139/F09-189.
  26. ^ Walsh, P.J.; Foster, G.D.; Moon, T.W. (1983). "The effects of temperature on metabolism of the American Eel Anguilla rostrata (LeSueur): compensation in the summer and torpor in the winter". Physiological Zoology. 56 (4): 532–540. doi:10.1086/physzool.56.4.30155876. JSTOR 30155876. S2CID 87523062.
  27. ^ Legault, A (1988). "Le franchissement des barrages par l'escalade de l'anguille: étude en Sèvre Niortaise" (PDF). Bulletin Français de la Pêche et de la Pisciculture. 308 (308): 1–10. doi:10.1051/kmae:1988010.
  28. ^ a b Helfman, G.S., D.E. Facey, L.S. Hales, Jr., and E.L Bozeman, Jr. (1987). "Reproductive ecology of the American Eel". pp. 42–56 in M.J. Dadswell, R.L. Klauda, C.M. Moffitt, R.L. Saunders, R.A. Rulifson, and J.E. Cooper (eds.) Common strategies of anadromous and catadromous fishes. American Fisheries Society Symposium 1, Maryland.
  29. ^ a b Schmidt, J. (1922). "The breeding places of the eel". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B. 211 (382–390): 179–208. doi:10.1098/rstb.1923.0004. JSTOR 92087.
  30. ^ Wirth, T; Bernatchez, L (2003). "Decline of North Atlantic eels: A fatal synergy?". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 270 (1516): 681–8. doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2301. PMC 1691294. PMID 12713741.
  31. ^ Fish, Marie Poland (1926). "Preliminary Note on the Egg and Larva of the American Eel (Anguilla rostrata)". Science. 64 (1662): 455–456. doi:10.1126/science.64.1662.455. ISSN 0036-8075. JSTOR 1651252. PMID 17741951.
  32. ^ Fish, Marie Poland (1927). "Contributions to the Embryology of the American Eel (Anguilla rostrata Lesueur)". Zoologica. 8 (5): 289–324.
  33. ^ Species Spotlight: American eel (Anguilla rostrata). American Littoral Society
  34. ^ a b Wenner, C. A.; Musick, J. A. (1975). "Food Habits and Seasonal Abundance of the American eel, Anguilla rostrata, from the Lower Chesapeake Bay". Chesapeake Science. 16 (1): 62–66. doi:10.2307/1351085. JSTOR 1351085.
  35. ^ Denoncourt, Charles E. (1993). ""Feeding selectivity of the American eel Anguilla rostrata (LeSueur) in the upper Delaware River."". American Midland Naturalis.
  36. ^ Hornberger, M. L., J. S. Tuten, A. Eversole, J. Crane, R. Hansen, and M. Hinton. (1978) "Anierican eel investigations". Completion report for March 1977 – July 1978. South Carolina Wi1dlife and Marine Research Department, Charleston, and Clemson University, Clemson.
  37. ^ Sorensen, P. W.; Bianchini, M. L. (1986). "Environmental Correlates of the Freshwater Migration of Elvers of the American Eel in a Rhode Island Brook". Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 115 (2): 258–268. doi:10.1577/1548-8659(1986)115<258:ECOTFM>2.0.CO;2.
  38. ^ Sinha, V. R. P.; Jones, J. W. (2009). "On the food of the freshwater eels and their feeding relationship with the salmonids". Journal of Zoology. 153: 119–137. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1967.tb05034.x.
  39. ^ Rainbow Snake Chesapeake Bay Program
  40. ^ Based on data sourced from the FishStat database, FAO.
  41. ^ American Eel in Ontario. mnr.gov.on.ca
  42. ^ "American Eel Is in Danger of Extinction". Scientific American. December 1, 2014.
  43. ^ Hill, L. J. (1969). "Reactions of the American eel to dissolved oxygen tensions". Tex. J. Sci. 20: 305–313.
  44. ^ Hodson, P. V.; Castonguay, M.; Couillard, C. M.; Desjardins, C.; Pelletier, E.; McLeod, R. (1994). "Spatial and Temporal Variations in Chemical Contamination of American Eels, Anguilla rostrata, Captured in the Estuary of the St, Lawrence River". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 51 (2): 464–478. doi:10.1139/f94-049.
  45. ^ "The American Eel". U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service.
  46. ^ Protecting the Vanishing American Eel. mnr.gov.on.ca
  47. ^ Greenpeace International Seafood Red list Archived August 20, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. greenpeace.org

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American eel: Brief Summary ( Anglèis )

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The American eel (Anguilla rostrata) is a facultative catadromous fish found on the eastern coast of North America. Freshwater eels are fish belonging to the elopomorph superorder, a group of phylogenetically ancient teleosts. The American eel has a slender, supple, snake-like body that is covered with a mucus layer, which makes the eel appear to be naked and slimy despite the presence of minute scales. A long dorsal fin runs from the middle of the back and is continuous with a similar ventral fin. Pelvic fins are absent, and relatively small pectoral fins can be found near the midline, followed by the head and gill covers. Variations exist in coloration, from olive green, brown shading to greenish-yellow and light gray or white on the belly. Eels from clear water are often lighter than those from dark, tannic acid streams.

The eel lives in fresh water and estuaries and only leaves these habitats to enter the Atlantic Ocean to make its spawning migration to the Sargasso Sea. Spawning takes place far offshore, where the eggs hatch. The female can lay up to 4 million buoyant eggs and dies after egg-laying. After the eggs hatch and the early-stage larvae develop into leptocephali, the young eels move toward North America, where they metamorphose into glass eels and enter freshwater systems where they grow as yellow eels until they begin to mature.

The American eel is found along the Atlantic coast including the tributaries of the Chesapeake Bay, the Delaware River, and the Hudson River, and as far north as the Saint Lawrence River. It is also present in the river systems of the eastern Gulf of Mexico and in some areas further south. Like all anguillid eels, American eels hunt predominantly at night, and during the day they hide in mud, sand, or gravel very close to shore, at depths of roughly 5–6 feet (1.5–1.8 m). They feed on crustaceans, aquatic insects, small insects, and probably any aquatic organisms that they can find and eat.

American eels are economically important in various areas along the East Coast as bait for fishing for sport fishes such as the striped bass, or as a food fish in some areas. Their recruitment stages, the glass eels, are also caught and sold for use in aquaculture, although this is now restricted in most areas.

Eels were once an abundant species in rivers, and were an important fishery for aboriginal people. The construction of hydroelectric dams has blocked their migrations and locally extirpated eels in many watersheds. For example, in Canada, the vast numbers of eels in the St. Lawrence and Ottawa Rivers have dwindled.

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Anguilla rostrata ( Spagneul; Castilian )

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La anguila americana (Anguilla rostrata) es un pez migratorio que se encuentra en la costa oriental de América del Norte. La anguila americana tiene un cuerpo delgado como una serpiente y se cubre con una capa mucosa, lo que hace que la anguila parezca estar viscosa a pesar de la presencia de escamas muy pequeñas. Una aleta larga y dorsal se extiende desde el centro de la espalda y se continúa con una aleta ventral similar. Las aletas pélvicas están ausentes, y la aleta pectoral es relativamente pequeña, se puede encontrar cerca de la línea media, seguida de la cabeza y las branquias, que están cubiertas. Existen variaciones en la coloración, de verde oliva, marrón y el sombreado de color amarillo verdoso y el gris claro o blanco en el vientre. Las anguilas que habitan en agua clara son más claras que las de las corrientes oscuras.[2]

Hábitat

La anguila americana vive en el agua dulce, y sólo sale de este hábitat para entrar en el océano Atlántico para el desove. Pasan de 9 a 10 semanas para que los huevos eclosionen. Después de la eclosión, las anguilas jóvenes se mueven hacia América del Norte y entran en los sistemas de agua dulce al madurar. La hembra puede poner hasta 4 millones de huevos flotantes al año, pero muere después de la puesta de huevos.

Distribución

La anguila americana se encuentra alrededor de la costa atlántica, incluyendo la Bahía de Chesapeake y el río Hudson. Prefiere cazar en la noche, y durante el día se esconde en el barro, arena o grava muy cerca de la costa, a unos 5 a 6 metros bajo tierra.

Las anguilas americanas son económicamente muy importantes para la Costa Este y los ríos donde viajan. Son capturadas por los pescadores y se venden, se come, o se exponen en acuarios como animales de compañía. Las anguilas ayudan al ecosistema de la costa del Atlántico por el consumo de peces muertos, invertebrados, carroña, insectos, y si tienen hambre suficiente, pueden ser caníbales entre sí.

Pesca y disminución

Las anguilas fueron una vez una especie abundante en los ríos, y fueron elementos clave de la pesquería de los nativos americanos. La construcción de presas para generar energía ha bloqueado la migración y localmente han exterminado las anguilas en las cuencas de muchos ríos. Por ejemplo, en Canadá, las grandes poblaciones de anguilas del río San Lorenzo y el río Ottawa se han reducido.[3]

Aunque muchos pescadores se dejen intimidar por la apariencia de serpiente de estos peces migratorios, las anguilas son aptas y apreciadas para el consumo humano. Por lo general, son capturadas por pescadores que buscan otras capturas.

Referencias

  1. Jacoby, D., Casselman, J., DeLucia, M., Hammerson, G.A. & Gollock, M. (2014). «Anguilla rostrata». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2015.3 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 14 de noviembre de 2015.
  2. South Carolina Department of Natural Resources http://www.dnr.sc.gov/cwcs/pdf/AmericanEel.pdf
  3. http://publications.gc.ca/collections/Collection/CW69-14-458-2006E.pdf
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Anguilla rostrata: Brief Summary ( Spagneul; Castilian )

fornì da wikipedia ES

La anguila americana (Anguilla rostrata) es un pez migratorio que se encuentra en la costa oriental de América del Norte. La anguila americana tiene un cuerpo delgado como una serpiente y se cubre con una capa mucosa, lo que hace que la anguila parezca estar viscosa a pesar de la presencia de escamas muy pequeñas. Una aleta larga y dorsal se extiende desde el centro de la espalda y se continúa con una aleta ventral similar. Las aletas pélvicas están ausentes, y la aleta pectoral es relativamente pequeña, se puede encontrar cerca de la línea media, seguida de la cabeza y las branquias, que están cubiertas. Existen variaciones en la coloración, de verde oliva, marrón y el sombreado de color amarillo verdoso y el gris claro o blanco en el vientre. Las anguilas que habitan en agua clara son más claras que las de las corrientes oscuras.​

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Anguilla rostrata ( Basch )

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Anguilla rostrata Anguilla generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Actinopterygii klasean sailkatzen da, Anguillidae familian.

Banaketa

Erreferentziak

  1. Froese, Rainer & Pauly, Daniel ed. (2006), Anguilla rostrata FishBase webgunean. 2006ko apirilaren bertsioa.

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Anguilla rostrata: Brief Summary ( Basch )

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Anguilla rostrata Anguilla generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Actinopterygii klasean sailkatzen da, Anguillidae familian.

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Amerikanankerias ( Finlandèis )

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Amerikanankerias (Anguilla rostrata) on käärmemäinen kala, pituudeltaan normaalisti 50–120 senttimetriä ja painoltaan 300–2 000 grammaa. Amerikanankerias on erehdyttävästi samannäköinen kuin aikuisvaiheensa Euroopan vesissä viettävä ankerias (Anguilla anguilla), ja niitä pidettiinkin ennen vain saman lajin eri populaatioina.[3]

Amerikanankeriasta tavataan enimmäkseen Luoteis-Atlantiin laskevissa joissa Kanadan ja Yhdysvaltojen rannikolta Panamaan asti. Kuten eurooppalaiset sukulaisensa, amerikanankeriaatkin kutevat Sargassomerellä. Aikuiselämänsä ne viettävät makeavetisissä järvissä tai joissa, yleensä aika lähellä jokisuuta. Ne saattavat elää 20 vuotta makeassa vedessä ennen kuin palaavat merelle kutemaan.[3]

Lähteet

  1. Jacoby, D., Casselman, J., DeLucia, M., Hammerson, G.A. & Gollock, M.: Anguilla rostrata IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. 2014. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 13.1.2015. (englanniksi)
  2. ITIS Viitattu 23.1.2019.
  3. a b Anguilla rostrata Animal Diversity Web. Viitattu 23.1.2019. (englanniksi)

Aiheesta muualla

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Amerikanankerias: Brief Summary ( Finlandèis )

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Amerikanankerias (Anguilla rostrata) on käärmemäinen kala, pituudeltaan normaalisti 50–120 senttimetriä ja painoltaan 300–2 000 grammaa. Amerikanankerias on erehdyttävästi samannäköinen kuin aikuisvaiheensa Euroopan vesissä viettävä ankerias (Anguilla anguilla), ja niitä pidettiinkin ennen vain saman lajin eri populaatioina.lähde? Amerikanankeriaat piilottelevat päivisin vedenalaisissa painanteissa ja onkaloissa ja saalistavat yöllä. Lajin ruokaa ovat pienet kalat, hyönteiset ja niiden toukat sekä erilaiset madot.

Amerikanankeriasta tavataan enimmäkseen Luoteis-Atlantiin laskevissa joissa Kanadan ja Yhdysvaltojen rannikolta Panamaan asti. Kuten eurooppalaiset sukulaisensa, amerikanankeriaatkin kutevat Sargassomerellä. Aikuiselämänsä ne viettävät makeavetisissä järvissä tai joissa, yleensä aika lähellä jokisuuta. Ne saattavat elää 20 vuotta makeassa vedessä ennen kuin palaavat merelle kutemaan.

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Anguille d'Amérique ( Fransèis )

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Anguilla rostrata

L’anguille d’Amérique (Anguilla rostrata) est une espèce de poissons de la famille des anguilles[1] qui se reproduit dans la mer des Sargasses et vient croître en eau douce ou salée le long des côtes, depuis l’Amérique centrale jusqu’au Groenland.

Autres appellations

Anguilla blephura, Anguilla chrisypa, Anguilla aterrima, Anguilla cubana[2].

Anatomie

Anguilla rostrata se distingue par la présence d’une seule nageoire dorsale qui commence à un point situé à peu près au tiers de la longueur du corps en arrière de la tête et se prolonge jusqu’à l’anus. Les nageoires dorsales, anales et caudales sont fusionnées en une nageoire unique et continue. Les nageoires pelviennes sont absentes. Son corps est allongé et serpentiforme, ayant une longueur moyenne de 90 cm pour le mâle (1,35 kg) et pour la femelle, qui est plus grande, une longueur maximale de 2 mètres (rivière des Outaouais).

La bouche aux lèvres épaisses possède une mâchoire inférieure qui dépasse sa mâchoire supérieure. Elle est dotée de petites dents coupantes de tailles inégales placées en plusieurs rangées sur chaque mâchoire. L'œil est petit et placé sur la partie postérieure de la bouche. L’anguille n’a pas d’os maxillaire et pré-maxillaire comme la majorité des poissons. La ligne latérale et l’arche palatoptérygoïde sont bien développées. Les écailles sont minuscules et profondément incluses dans la peau, ce qui peut laisser croire qu’elle n’en possède pas. Sa peau sécrète un mucus visqueux qui la rend glissante, très important pour se protéger. Sa coloration est en fonction de l'âge et de son habitat.

Bien que l'anguille d'Amérique (Anguilla rostrata, en anglais : « american eel ») est généralement plus grande que sa cousine européenne (l'anguille d'Europe, Anguilla anguilla,) il ne semble pas exister de critères physiques déterminants permettant de les distinguer formellement. Dans ce contexte, à partir de leurs caractéristiques morphologiques[3],[4] et de leur génétique moléculaire[5],[6],[7], on peut différencier les deux espèces. Des études génétiques récentes ont démontré que les deux espèces sont clairement distinctes au point de vue de nombre de chromosomes. Autre différence, l’Anguilla anguilla possède 114 vertèbres alors que l'anguille d'Amérique en compte 107.

Répartition

L’anguille d’Amérique est une espèce répandue dans les estuaires, les ruisseaux, les rivières, les étangs et les lacs. C’est un poisson catadrome, c’est-à-dire, qu’il vit en eau douce, mais retourne vers la mer pour se reproduire. Elle affectionne particulièrement les substrats vaseux, rocheux et sableux, mais également les cachettes naturelles des troncs d'arbres et de la végétation submergée. C’est le poisson dont l’aire de répartition est la plus étendue le long de la côte atlantique, couvrant plus de 50 degrés de latitude (de 50 à 630, depuis le Brésil jusqu’au Groenland. Elle est présente sur la côte nord-américaine depuis l'estuaire du golfe du Mexique jusqu’aux côtes du Labrador, dans le golfe du fleuve Saint-Laurent et de Terre-Neuve. On la retrouve au Panama et aux Antilles, au large de la côte nord de l'Amérique du Sud et aux Bermudes. Sa présence est signalée dans les Grands Lacs (Érié et Huron) mais également dans le Mississippi, dans les ruisseaux et lagunes en communication avec la mer de l'archipel de Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon.

Cycle de vie

Le cycle vital de l’anguille d’Amérique englobe une vaste gamme d’habitats couvrant tous les degrés de salinité: milieux océaniques, côtiers, estuariens et d’eau douce. Une fois que Anguilla rostrata a atteint la taille de la maturité sexuelle, elle va quitter les rivières et les lacs pour rejoindre l’océan à la fin de l’automne. Elle fraie au milieu de l’hiver dans la mer des Sargasses[8] et ses œufs éclosent au bout d’une semaine environ[9]. En fonction de la taille, les femelles pondent de 3 à 22 millions d’œufs à une profondeur moyenne de 400 mètres. Sa forme larvaire, appelée leptocéphale, est comprimée latéralement, transparente et d’une forme rappelant la feuille de saule. Les leptocéphales sont dispersés de façon passive pendant une période de sept à douze mois par les courants de surface du Système du Gulf Stream sur les côtes occidentales de l’océan Atlantique[8],[10]. Durant cette répartition stochastique les larves vont atteindre de 55 à 65 millimètres de longueur, elles se métamorphosent en civelles transparentes, un stade postlarvaire caractérisé par un manque de pigmentation[4].

Au cours de la remonte des civelles, leur degré de pigmentation s’accroît progressivement pour devenir des civelles pigmentées. À mesure qu’elles entrent dans les eaux côtières, elles se transforment d’un organisme pélagique océanique en un organisme benthique continental. Pendant ce stade, qui dure de 3 à 12 mois, les jeunes peuvent remonter des cours d’eau ou rester dans des eaux saumâtres ou salées et finissent par se transformer en anguille jaune. Elles ne sont pas encore sexuellement différenciées. Le stade d’anguille jaune constitue la phase de croissance de l’espèce caractérisée par la différenciation sexuelle et l’épaississement du tégument. La couleur du ventre varie du jaunâtre au verdâtre et au brun olive, mais le dos reste noir[11],[4]. La peau est épaisse et coriace et elle peut sécréter de vastes quantités de mucus constituant une couche protectrice. Les écailles sont rudimentaires et profondément incluses dans la peau. La croissance va dépendre de la température de l’eau et de l’abondance de nourriture. La différenciation sexuelle qui survient pendant cette période semble être fortement influencée par les conditions de l’environnement[12]. L’anguille est essentiellement omnivore, nocturne et benthique.

Au fil du processus de maturation (de 8 ans à 23 ans), l’anguille jaune se métamorphose en anguille argentée. À ce stade, il y aura lieu des modifications sur le plan physique et physiologique dans les anguilles pour les préparer à franchir des milliers de kilomètres pour revenir à leur lieu de naissance en eau salée. Parmi ces modifications figurent une dégénerescence du système digestif, un agrandissement des nageoires pectorales, une augmentation du diamètre des yeux, une adaptation des pigments visuels des rétines à l’environnement océanique, une augmentation des lipides somatiques, de l’indice gonadosomatique, du diamètre des ovocytes, de la production de la gonadotrophine, ainsi qu’un changement de la physiologie osmorégulatrice[4],[13],[14]. L’anguille acquiert, alors, une livrée grisâtre et une coloration blanchâtre, ou crème sur le ventre. Elle est enfin prête pour son grand voyage vers la mer des Sargasses où elle se reproduira et disparaitra.

Parasites

Il n’existe que très peu d’observation de publiées sur les parasites de l’anguille d’Amérique dans les eaux canadiennes par rapport aux eaux des États-Unis. Au cours d’une étude effectuée dans l’est des États-Unis, quatre espèces d’Acanthocephala ont été trouvées dans les intestins[15]. Hoffman[16] a énuméré plusieurs espèces de parasites de l’Anguille dans les eaux douces de l’Amérique du Nord comprenant les protozoaires, les trématodes, les cestodes, les nématodes et les crustacés. Des études plus récentes en Amérique du Nord ont montré que le nématode parasite de la vessie natatoire, l’Anguillicola crassus, très répandu en Europe, a d’abord été découvert dans une anguille isolée prise dans Caroline du Sud en 1995[17]. Depuis lors, il a été repéré chez des anguilles du fleuve Hudson et de la baie de Chesapeake[18],[19]. En fait, les anguilles au Massachusetts, affichent un taux d’infestation dépassant les 90 %. Les infections graves peuvent donner lieu à des lésions hémorragiques, à la fibrose ou au collapsus de la vessie natatoire, à l’ulcération cutanée, à la baisse d’appétit et à la réduction de la performance natatoire[20]. Van Ginneken et ses collègues[21] ont souligné que les parasites causent le rétrécissement de la vessie natatoire, ce qui augmente l’investissement dans la nage et réduit la capacité migratoire.

Par contre, au cours des cinq dernières années, près de 1 200 anguilles ont été examinées dans le réseau du haut Saint-Laurent et du lac Ontario, et aucune d’elles n’était porteuse de parasites de la vessie natatoire[20]. Depuis 2002, plusieurs centaines d’anguilles argentées en avalaison dans le bas Saint-Laurent ont été échantillonnées chaque année en vue de l’examen de leur vessie natatoire, et aucun parasite n’a été signalé. Le fait que l’Anguillicola crassus n’ait pas été détecté au Canada n’écarte pas la possibilité d’un progrès de ce parasite vers le nord, le long de la côte américaine, et sa présence actuelle dans le Maine, près de la frontière canadienne porte à croire son arrivée au Canada[20].

Économie

Dans les années 1960, l’anguille jaune et l’anguille argentée ont été l’objet d’une pêche commerciale au Canada, la plus importante se poursuivant le long du fleuve Saint-Laurent entre Trois-Rivières et Cap-Chat, au Québec. La pêche du Québec représentait environ 70 % des prises canadiennes et capturait en grande partie l’anguille argentée. Il existait une pêche de moindre importance dans le lac Ontario, autour de la baie de Quinte, ainsi que dans d’autres régions canadiennes[22]. Cependant, les prises canadiennes déclarées ont décru dans les années 1990. La pêche de l’anguille jaune pratiquée dans le lac Ontario, qui était autrefois importante, a été fermée en 2004 pour des motifs de conservation[20]. On pêche l’anguille dans le bras principal du fleuve Saint-Laurent et la grosse anguille argentée dans l’estuaire. Les anguilles font l’objet d’une pêche intensive dans les eaux à marée du Nouveau-Brunswick et de l’Île-du-Prince-Édouard. Dans le reste des Maritimes, des pêches peuvent avoir lieu dans des eaux salées ou douces, mais de vastes secteurs de l’habitat de l’anguille demeurent inexploités[20]. De nos jours, les pêches commerciales exploitant l'anguille d'Amérique sont réglementées par différents moyens: la saison de pêche, le nombre de permis, le type d’engin et leur localisation, la limite inférieure de taille ou les quotas. Cependant, la pêche commerciale de l’anguille est actuellement interdite dans la majorité de son l’aire de répartition, spécialement, au Canada.

Situation actuelle au Canada

D’après l’Assemblée nationale de l’American Fisheries Society, une baisse mondiale des ressources en anguille, y compris l’anguille d’Amérique a été constatée. Au Québec, des scientifiques et pêcheurs commerciaux ont observé des diminutions importantes de l’anguille fréquentant le fleuve Saint-Laurent, au début des années 1990. Le déclin de l’anguille en amont du golfe du Saint-Laurent est indéniable[23]. Il s’est amorcé dès le début des années 1980 par une chute du recrutement de l’espèce au lac Ontario[24] et s’est graduellement étendu à la quasi-totalité des pêcheries des réseaux hydrologiques au cours des 20 dernières années[23]. Après avoir examiné le scénario actuel par la production d’un bilan de l’état des stocks de Anguilla rostrata, le Comité sur les espèces en péril au Canada a considéré que l’anguille était une espèce susceptible de devenir menacée si les facteurs causant cette situation préoccupante n’étaient ni inversés, ni gérés de façon efficace[23] . En fait, un plan intégré de conservation et de gestion afin de mettre fin au déclin marqué de la population d’anguille a été élaboré avec le Ministère des Richesses naturelles de l’Ontario et le Ministère des Ressources naturelles et de la Faune du Québec, secteur Faune et Parcs.

Les causes possibles de ce déclin semblent être multiples : le changement climatique, la modification de l'habitat et l’entrave aux migrations, la mortalité dans les turbines, la surexploitation, les contaminants. D’autres possibles causes pourraient être la qualité de l’eau de certaines rivières et l’introduction de nouvelles espèces[23]. L’identification des causes principales est difficile à préciser étant donné que l’écologie de l'anguille est complexe et peu comprise. Le fait que certaines actions ont visé à la réduction des effets de l’activité anthropiques, ne va pas se traduire par une augmentation rapide de la population de l’anguille. Alors, il sera nécessaire d’offrir un habitat avec la qualité adéquate à Anguilla rostrata.

Cuisine

Les anguilles sont appréciées dans la gastronomie.

Notes et références

  1. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS), www.itis.gov, CC0 https://doi.org/10.5066/F7KH0KBK, consulté le 20 octobre 2017
  2. http://doris.ffessm.fr/fiche2.asp?fiche_numero=1641%22.
  3. Ege, V. 1939. A revision of the genus Anguilla Shaw: A systematic, phylogenetic and geographical study. Dana Report, 16:1-256.
  4. a b c et d Tesch F.W. 1977. The eel: biology and management of anguillids eels. Chapman and Hall, London, 437 p.
  5. Avise, J.C.; Helfman G.S.; Saunders N.C and Hales L.S. 1986. Mitochondrial DNA differentiation and life history pattern in the North Atlantic eels. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 83:4350-4354.
  6. Aoyama, J.; Nishida M. and Tsukamoto K. 2001. Molecular phylogeny and evolution of the Freshwater Eels, Genus Anguilla. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 20:450-459.
  7. Wirth, T. and Bernatchez L. 2003. Decline of North Atlantic eels: a fatal synergy? Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B. Biological Sciences. 270(1516):681-688.
  8. a et b Schmidt, J. 1922. The breeding places of the eel. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B, 211:179-208.
  9. McCleave, J.D.; Kleckner R.C. and Castonguay M. 1987. Reproductive sympatry of American and European eels and implications for migration and taxonomy, p. 286- 297, in M.J. Dadswell, R.L. Klauda, C.M. Moffitt, R.L. Saunders, R.A. Rulifson et J.E. Cooper (éd.), Common strategies of anadromous and catadromous fishes, American Fisheries Society Symposium 1 (Maryland).
  10. Kleckner, R.C. and McCleave J.D. 1982. Entry of migrating American eel leptocephali into the Gulf stream system. Helgolänger Meeresuntersuchungen, 35:329-339.
  11. Scott, W.B. and Crossman E.J. 1973. Freshwater fishes of Canada. Bulletin Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 184: 966p.
  12. Krueger, W.H. and Oliveira K. 1999. Evidence for environmental sex determination in the American eel, Anguilla rostrata. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 55:381-389.
  13. Durif, C. 2003. La migration d’avalaison de l’anguille européenne Anguilla anguilla: Caractérisation des fractions dévalantes, phénomène de migration et franchissement d’obstacles, thèse de doctorat. Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, 348 p. 71.
  14. McGrath, K.J.; Bernier J; Ault S.; Dutil J.D. and Reid K. 2003. Differentiating downstreammigrating American eels Anguilla rostrata from resident eels in the St. Lawrence River, p. 315-327, in D.A. Dixon (éd.), Biology, Management, and Protection of Catadromous Eels, American Fisheries Society Symposium 33 (Missouri).
  15. Van Cleave, H.J. 1921. Acanthocephala from eel. Trans. Amer. Microsoc .Soc, 40(1) : 1-3.
  16. Hoffman, G.L.1967. Parasites of North American freshwater fishes. Univ. California Press. Los Angeles, Calif, 487p.
  17. Fries, L.T.; Williams, D.J. and Johnson, S.K. 1996. Occurrence of Anguillicola crassus, an exotic parasitic swim bladder nematode of eels, in the south-eastern United-States. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 125:794-797.
  18. Barse, A.M. and Secor, D.H. 1999. An exotic nematode parasite of the American eel. Fisheries,24(2):6-10.
  19. Morrison, W.E.; Secor, D.H. and Piccoli, P.C. 2003. Estuarine habitat use by Hudson River American Eels as determined by otolith strontium: calcium ratios, p. 87-99, in D.A. Dixon (éd.), Biology, Management, and Protection of Catadromous Eels. American Fisheries Society Symposium 33 (Missouri).
  20. a b c d et e COSEPAC. 2006. Évaluation et Rapport de situation du COSEPAC sur l’Anguille d’Amérique (Anguilla rostrata) au Canada. Comité sur la situation des espèces en péril au Canada. Ottawa. x + 80 p.
  21. Van Ginneken, V.; Van Den Thillard, B. and Palstra, A. 2005. Possible causes for the decline of the European eel population, Fish and Diadromy in Europe: Ecology, Management and Conservation Symposium, du 29 mars au 1er avril. Bordeaux, FRANCE.
  22. Scott, W.B. and Crossman, E.J. 1974. Poisson d’eau douce du Canada. Bulletin 184. Office des recherches sur les pêcheries du Canada, 1026p.
  23. a b c et d Caron, F.; Dumont, P.; Mailhot, Y. and Verreault, G. 2007. L’anguille au Québec, une situation préoccupante. Le Naturaliste Canadienne, 131(1) : 59-65.
  24. Casselman, J.M. 2003. Dynamics of resources of the American eel, Anguilla rostrata: declining abundance in the 1990s, p. 255-274, chapitre 18, in K. Aida, K. Tsukamoto et K. Yamauchi (éd.), Eel Biology, Springer-Verlag Tokyo.

Voir aussi

Références externe

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Anguille d'Amérique: Brief Summary ( Fransèis )

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Anguilla rostrata

L’anguille d’Amérique (Anguilla rostrata) est une espèce de poissons de la famille des anguilles qui se reproduit dans la mer des Sargasses et vient croître en eau douce ou salée le long des côtes, depuis l’Amérique centrale jusqu’au Groenland.

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Anguilla rostrata ( Italian )

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L'anguilla americana (Anguilla rostrata (Lesueur, 1817)) vive quasi esclusivamente nella costa orientale del Nord America.

Descrizione

Ha un corpo serpiforme con una piccola testa appuntita. Presenta una colorazione tendente al marrone sul dorso che sfuma verso la parte inferiore, fino ad assumere un colore giallognolo. È molto simile all'anguilla europea, ma ne differisce per numero di cromosomi e vertebre.

Biologia

 src=
Gruppo di giovani anguille rostrate

La femmina di anguilla americana, depone le uova nell'acqua salata, ed occorrono circa 9-10 settimane perché esse si schiudano. Dopo la schiusa delle uova, le giovani anguille si muovono verso l'America del Nord e risalgono i fiumi dove giungeranno a maturazione. La femmina può deporre fino a 4 milioni di uova l'anno, ma muore spesso subito dopo averle deposte.

L'Anguilla rostrata gradisce l'acqua dolce e trova le condizioni adatte alla propria sopravvivenza intorno al litorale atlantico compresa la baia di Chesapeake e il fiume Hudson. Preferisce uscire la notte per provvedere alla propria alimentazione e durante il giorno rimane nascosta in fango, sabbia, ghiaia e soprattutto in folti cannicci.

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Diffusione

Le anguille americane sono economicamente molto importanti per la zona litorale e le zone circostanti ai fiumi orientali in cui vivono. Sono catturate dai pescatori e sono vendute, mangiate, o addirittura tenute come animali domestici. Le anguille sono molto utili per il litorale atlantico in quanto contribuiscono alla stabilità dell'ecosistema mangiando i pesci malati, piccoli invertebrati, carcasse ed insetti. Se abbastanza affamate, arrivano a mangiare persino altri membri della propria specie.

Galleria d'immagini

Note

  1. ^ (EN) Jacoby, D., Casselman, J., DeLucia, M., Hammerson, G.A. & Gollock, M., Anguilla rostrata, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.

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Anguilla rostrata: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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L'anguilla americana (Anguilla rostrata (Lesueur, 1817)) vive quasi esclusivamente nella costa orientale del Nord America.

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Amerikaanse paling ( olandèis; flamand )

fornì da wikipedia NL

Vissen

De Amerikaanse paling (Anguilla rostrata) is een straalvinnige vis uit de familie van palingen (Anguillidae), orde van palingachtigen (Anguilliformes). Hij wordt ook wel kortvinpaling genoemd. De vis kan maximaal 152 centimeter lang en ruim 7 kilogram zwaar worden. De hoogst geregistreerde leeftijd is 43 jaar.

Leefomgeving

De Amerikaanse paling wordt net als alle palingen in zee geboren maar trekt als jonge paling (glasaal) de rivieren op en brengt het grootste gedeelte van zijn leven in zoet water door. Alleen de geslachtsrijpe dieren trekken weer naar zee om zich voort te planten. De soort komt voor in subtropische wateren in de Atlantische Oceaan.

Relatie tot de mens

De paling is voor de beroepsvisserij van groot belang en ook voor de hengelsport.

Greenpeace International heeft de Amerikaanse paling, samen met de Europese aal en de Japanse paling op de rode lijst van consumptievis gezet. Deze rode lijst van Greenpeace is een lijst van wereldwijd veel verkochte consumptievis waarvan bekend is dat er niet op een duurzame manier op gevist wordt.[2]

Externe links

Referenties

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Amerikaanse paling: Brief Summary ( olandèis; flamand )

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De Amerikaanse paling (Anguilla rostrata) is een straalvinnige vis uit de familie van palingen (Anguillidae), orde van palingachtigen (Anguilliformes). Hij wordt ook wel kortvinpaling genoemd. De vis kan maximaal 152 centimeter lang en ruim 7 kilogram zwaar worden. De hoogst geregistreerde leeftijd is 43 jaar.

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Amerikansk ål ( norvegèis )

fornì da wikipedia NO

Amerikansk ål (Anguilla rostrata) finnes på østkysten av Nord-Amerika.

I USAs delstater Maine og Sør-Carolina er sesongen for fangst av babyål, på ti uker.[1]

Referanser

Eksterne lenker

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Amerikansk ål: Brief Summary ( norvegèis )

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Amerikansk ål (Anguilla rostrata) finnes på østkysten av Nord-Amerika.

I USAs delstater Maine og Sør-Carolina er sesongen for fangst av babyål, på ti uker.

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Węgorz amerykański ( polonèis )

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Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons
 src=
Dryfowanie narybku węgorza amerykańskiego do wód macierzystych. Liczby pokazują średnią wielkość larwy. W czerwonym polu zawarte jest miejsce tarła w Morzu Sargassowym

Węgorz amerykański[1] (Anguilla rostrata) – gatunek ryby z rodziny węgorzowatych (Anguillidae).

Występowanie

Od Grenlandii przez Ocean Atlantycki do Panamy.

Opis

Osiąga do 152 cm długości[2]. Samce są mniejsze od samic i osiągają długość do 120 cm.

Odżywianie

Żywi się głównie fauną denną (bezkręgowce) i drobnymi rybami.

Rozród

Jesienią dostają się do Morza Sargassowego i tam odbywają tarło[3].

Przypisy

  1. G. Nikolski: Ichtiologia szczegółowa. Tłum. Franciszek Staff. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Rolnicze i Leśne, 1970.
  2. Anguilla rostrata. (ang.) w: Froese, R. & D. Pauly. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. www.fishbase.org [dostęp 10 marca 2009]
  3. Smith, D. G.: Anguillidae. W: Carpenter K. E.: The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic, FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. Vol. 2.. Rzym: FAO, 2002.
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Węgorz amerykański: Brief Summary ( polonèis )

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 src= Dryfowanie narybku węgorza amerykańskiego do wód macierzystych. Liczby pokazują średnią wielkość larwy. W czerwonym polu zawarte jest miejsce tarła w Morzu Sargassowym

Węgorz amerykański (Anguilla rostrata) – gatunek ryby z rodziny węgorzowatych (Anguillidae).

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Enguia-americana ( portughèis )

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A enguia-americana ou enguia-norte-americana (Anguilla rostrata) é um peixe que habita no Atlântico ocidental (principalmente a norte, na costa dos Estados Unidos da América). Tem o corpo alongado, semelhante a uma cobra, com cabeça ponteaguda. Tem o dorso castanho e o ventre amarelo-torrado. Tem dentes ponteagudos. Não apresenta barbatanas ventrais.[1]

A fêmea da enguia-americana desova em água salgada. Uma só fêmea consegue fazer a postura de 4 milhões de ovos flutuantes num só ano, morrendo, geralmente, depois da desova. A incubação dura entre 9 a 10 semanas. Depois da eclosão dos ovos, as jovens enguias seguem em direcção à América do Norte onde se desenvolverão em cursos de água doce.

Referências

  1. McCord, John W. «American Eel Anguilla rostrata» (PDF). South Carolina Department of Natural Resources. Consultado em 12 de dezembro de 2021
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Enguia-americana: Brief Summary ( portughèis )

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A enguia-americana ou enguia-norte-americana (Anguilla rostrata) é um peixe que habita no Atlântico ocidental (principalmente a norte, na costa dos Estados Unidos da América). Tem o corpo alongado, semelhante a uma cobra, com cabeça ponteaguda. Tem o dorso castanho e o ventre amarelo-torrado. Tem dentes ponteagudos. Não apresenta barbatanas ventrais.

A fêmea da enguia-americana desova em água salgada. Uma só fêmea consegue fazer a postura de 4 milhões de ovos flutuantes num só ano, morrendo, geralmente, depois da desova. A incubação dura entre 9 a 10 semanas. Depois da eclosão dos ovos, as jovens enguias seguem em direcção à América do Norte onde se desenvolverão em cursos de água doce.

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Вугор американський ( ucrain )

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 src=
Молоді американські вугрі

Самиця американського вугра нерестує в солоній воді, після чого ікринкам потрібно від 9 до 10 тижнів для розвитку мальків. Після вилуплення, молоді вугри рухаються до узбережжя Північної Америки та проводять у прісноводних водоймах більшу частину життя. Самиця може відкласти до 4 мільйонів життєздатних ікринок, проте є одноплідною твариною, тобто гине швидко після нересту.

Дорослі вугри живуть переважно в прісній воді, та знайдені уздовж атлантичного узбережжя Північної Америки, включаючи Чесапікську і Гудзонову затоки. Вугор полює переважно вночі, а протягом дня ховається в мулі, піску або гальці.

Американський вугор є економічно важливою рибою на всьому своєму ареалі. Їх виловлюють у великій кількості як для споживання у їжу, так і для акваріумів. Вугри допомагають екосистемі атлантичного узбережжя, поїдаючи мертву рибу і трупи інших морських тварин, хоча вугри харчуються і живими рибами та безхребетними. Якщо вугор дуже голодний, він може нападати навіть на власних мальків.

Посилання


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Вугор американський: Brief Summary ( ucrain )

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 src= Молоді американські вугрі

Самиця американського вугра нерестує в солоній воді, після чого ікринкам потрібно від 9 до 10 тижнів для розвитку мальків. Після вилуплення, молоді вугри рухаються до узбережжя Північної Америки та проводять у прісноводних водоймах більшу частину життя. Самиця може відкласти до 4 мільйонів життєздатних ікринок, проте є одноплідною твариною, тобто гине швидко після нересту.

Дорослі вугри живуть переважно в прісній воді, та знайдені уздовж атлантичного узбережжя Північної Америки, включаючи Чесапікську і Гудзонову затоки. Вугор полює переважно вночі, а протягом дня ховається в мулі, піску або гальці.

Американський вугор є економічно важливою рибою на всьому своєму ареалі. Їх виловлюють у великій кількості як для споживання у їжу, так і для акваріумів. Вугри допомагають екосистемі атлантичного узбережжя, поїдаючи мертву рибу і трупи інших морських тварин, хоча вугри харчуються і живими рибами та безхребетними. Якщо вугор дуже голодний, він може нападати навіть на власних мальків.

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Cá chình Mỹ ( vietnamèis )

fornì da wikipedia VI

Cá chình Mỹ (danh pháp hai phần: Anguilla rostrata) là một loài thuộc họ Anguillidae được tìm thấy trên bờ biển phía đông của Bắc Mỹ. Cá chình Mỹ có một cơ thể mảnh mai giống rắn được bao phủ bởi một lớp màng nhầy, làm cho nó có bề ngoài như không vảy nhầy mặc dù có vảy nhỏ. Đuôi dài và vây lưng chạy từ giữa lưng và liên tục với một vây bụng tương tự. Không có vây chậu, và vây ngực tương đối nhỏ có thể được tìm thấy gần đường giữa, đến đầu và vỏ mang. Chúng có nhiều màu khác nhau, từ màu xanh ô liu, nâu chuyển qua màu vàng hơi xanh lá cây và xám nhạt hoặc màu trắng trên bụng. Những con sống trong môi trường nước trong thường sáng màu hơn so với những con ở trong nước đục, các suối axit tannic.

Chú thích

Tham khảo


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết Lớp Cá vây tia này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Cá chình Mỹ: Brief Summary ( vietnamèis )

fornì da wikipedia VI

Cá chình Mỹ (danh pháp hai phần: Anguilla rostrata) là một loài thuộc họ Anguillidae được tìm thấy trên bờ biển phía đông của Bắc Mỹ. Cá chình Mỹ có một cơ thể mảnh mai giống rắn được bao phủ bởi một lớp màng nhầy, làm cho nó có bề ngoài như không vảy nhầy mặc dù có vảy nhỏ. Đuôi dài và vây lưng chạy từ giữa lưng và liên tục với một vây bụng tương tự. Không có vây chậu, và vây ngực tương đối nhỏ có thể được tìm thấy gần đường giữa, đến đầu và vỏ mang. Chúng có nhiều màu khác nhau, từ màu xanh ô liu, nâu chuyển qua màu vàng hơi xanh lá cây và xám nhạt hoặc màu trắng trên bụng. Những con sống trong môi trường nước trong thường sáng màu hơn so với những con ở trong nước đục, các suối axit tannic.

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Американский речной угорь ( russ; russi )

fornì da wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Группа: Рыбы
Группа: Костные рыбы
Подкласс: Новопёрые рыбы
Инфракласс: Костистые рыбы
Надкогорта: Teleocephala
Когорта: Элопоморфы
Подотряд: Anguilloidei
Семейство: Угрёвые
Род: Угри
Вид: Американский речной угорь
Международное научное название

Anguilla rostrata (Lesueur, 1821)

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ITIS 161127NCBI 7938EOL 203862

Американский речной у́горь[1] (лат. Anguilla rostrata) — вид хищных катадромных рыб из семейства угрёвых, обитающих у восточного побережья Северной Америки.

Имеет змеевидное тело с маленькой заострённой головой. Верхняя часть тела коричневая, нижняя — кремово-жёлтая. Американский угорь имеет острые зубы. Очень напоминает европейского угря, но имеет другое число хромосом и рёбер. Крупнейший зарегистрированный экземпляр весил 7,3 кг, при длине 152 см.

Нерестится в море, после чего икринкам нужно от 9 до 10 недель для развития мальков. После вылупления молодые угри движутся к побережью Северной Америки и проводят в пресных водоемах большую часть жизни. Самка может отложить до 8,5 миллионов жизнеспособных икринок. Американские угри — моноциклические животные и потому гибнут после первого размножения.

Взрослые угри живут преимущественно в пресной воде, и найдены вдоль атлантического побережья Северной Америки, включая Чесапикский и Гудзонов залива. Охотятся преимущественно ночью, а днём скрываются в иле, песке или гальке.

Американский угорь является экономически важной рыбой на всём своём ареале. Их вылавливают в большом количестве как для употребления в пищу, так и для аквариумов. Угри питаются рыбами и беспозвоночными.

Примечания

  1. Решетников Ю. С., Котляр А. Н., Расс Т. С., Шатуновский М. И. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Рыбы. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1989. — С. 105. — 12 500 экз.ISBN 5-200-00237-0.
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Американский речной угорь: Brief Summary ( russ; russi )

fornì da wikipedia русскую Википедию

Американский речной у́горь (лат. Anguilla rostrata) — вид хищных катадромных рыб из семейства угрёвых, обитающих у восточного побережья Северной Америки.

Имеет змеевидное тело с маленькой заострённой головой. Верхняя часть тела коричневая, нижняя — кремово-жёлтая. Американский угорь имеет острые зубы. Очень напоминает европейского угря, но имеет другое число хромосом и рёбер. Крупнейший зарегистрированный экземпляр весил 7,3 кг, при длине 152 см.

Нерестится в море, после чего икринкам нужно от 9 до 10 недель для развития мальков. После вылупления молодые угри движутся к побережью Северной Америки и проводят в пресных водоемах большую часть жизни. Самка может отложить до 8,5 миллионов жизнеспособных икринок. Американские угри — моноциклические животные и потому гибнут после первого размножения.

Взрослые угри живут преимущественно в пресной воде, и найдены вдоль атлантического побережья Северной Америки, включая Чесапикский и Гудзонов залива. Охотятся преимущественно ночью, а днём скрываются в иле, песке или гальке.

Американский угорь является экономически важной рыбой на всём своём ареале. Их вылавливают в большом количестве как для употребления в пищу, так и для аквариумов. Угри питаются рыбами и беспозвоночными.

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美洲鰻鱺 ( cinèis )

fornì da wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Anguilla rostrata
Le Sueur, 1821 Range map
Range map

美洲鰻鱺輻鰭魚綱鰻鱺目鰻鱺亞目鰻鱺科的其中一

分布

本魚分布於西大西洋,包括拉布拉多半島美國巴拿馬西印度群島加勒比海等海域。但數量不多。

深度

水深0至464公尺。

特徵

美洲鰻鱺(American eel, Anguilla rostrata)為一種在北美東岸發現,降河迴游產卵(catadromous)魚類。牠有一個形身體及一個細小尖銳的頭部。背部為棕色而腹部為茶黃色。牠的牙齒銳利但沒腹鰭(pelvic fin)。牠與歐洲鰻鱺十分類似,但兩者的染色體脊椎骨(vertebra)數目都不相同。前者脊椎骨數103至111;後者為110至119。體長可達152公分。

生態

 src=
幼年鰻魚。

雌性美洲鰻鱺在產卵(Spawn (biology)),並用9至10個星期令孵出。年幼鰻魚孵出後向北美移動,進入淡水系統後長成。雌性鰻魚可以每年生下4百萬浮起的蛋,但很多時在產卵後便死亡。鰻魚喜愛淡水,可以在大西洋岸邊發現,包括切薩皮克灣哈德遜河。鰻魚喜愛晚間獵食,在日間則在泥土、沙或砂礫中隱藏。

經濟價值

美洲鰻鱺在北美東岸及她們經過的河流有非常高的經濟重要性。她們被漁民捕獲、賣出、進食或作為寵物。美洲鰻鱺透過進食死魚、無脊椎動物臭屍(carrion)、昆蟲的途徑去幫助大西洋沿岸的生態系統。在非常飢餓的情況下,她們會進食同的動物。

捕獲鰻魚

雖然很多垂釣者因為鰻魚的蛇狀外表而卻步,鰻魚實際上是好魚。她們通常被垂釣者釣其他魚類時捕獲到。最重的美洲鰻鱺的世界紀錄9.25磅。

圖庫

  • Anguilla rostrata.jpg
  • Rostrataluk.jpg
  • Anguilla rostrata 2.jpg

参考文献

外部連結

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美洲鰻鱺: Brief Summary ( cinèis )

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美洲鰻鱺為輻鰭魚綱鰻鱺目鰻鱺亞目鰻鱺科的其中一

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Diet ( Anglèis )

fornì da World Register of Marine Species
At sea, young eels feed on plankton, juveniles and adults feed on bottom fishes and invertebrates. In freshwater, diet includes insect larvae, worms, crayfishes, snails, frogs and small fishes

Arferiment

North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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Distribution ( Anglèis )

fornì da World Register of Marine Species
Greenland south along the Atlantic coast of Canada and US to Panama

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North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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Habitat ( Anglèis )

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Anadromous; born in Sargasso Sea, drift for one year to North American waters, live in flowing streams for several years, spawn in Sargasso Sea.

Arferiment

North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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Habitat ( Anglèis )

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nektonic

Arferiment

North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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