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Plancia ëd Aetobatus
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Aetobatus narinari (Euphrasen 1790)

Associations ( Anglèis )

fornì da Animal Diversity Web

Silvertip sharks and great hammerheads, are important predators of spotted eagle rays. Sharks have also been reported to follow spotted eagle rays during the birthing season in order to feed on newborn pups. Similar to other cartilaginous fishes, spotted eagle rays have a network of electrosensory organs on their snout that helps them detect potential predators. In addition, all fish have a lateral line system that allows them to detect changes in temperature and pressure in their immediate environment.

Known Predators:

  • silvertip shark, (Carcharhinus albimarginatus)
  • great hammerhead, (Sphyrna lewini)
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sitassion bibliogràfica
pederson, t. 2011. "Aetobatus narinari" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Aetobatus_narinari.html
autor
tom pederson, Augsburg College
editor
Kevin Potts, Augsburg College
editor
John Berini, Special Projects

Conservation Status ( Anglèis )

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Aetobatus narinari is listed as near threatened on the IUCN's Red List of Theatened Species. Although detailed accounts of its capture are limited, small litter sizes, schooling tendencies and inshore habitat preferences make this species particularly vulnerable to overfishing. In addition, in shore fishing gear (beach seine, gillnet, trawl etc.) is widely available and the practice of in shore fishing is largely unregulated, resulting in the IUCN's near threatened listing. In shore fishing pressure on A. narinari is particularly intense in southeast Asia. As a result, the IUCN classifies this species as vulnerable in this part of its geographic range.

Aetobatus narinari is protected in Australia, the Maldives, and Florida. Much of its geographic range in Australia's coastal waters includes the Great Barrier Reef, a third of which is protected against fishing. In addition, the use of turtle exclusion devices is mandatory in prawn trawl fisheries of Northern Australia, which likely decreases by-catch. The export of rays and ray skins was banned in the Maldives in 1995 and 1996, respectively. In addition, elasmobranchs are protected in marine reserves surrounding the Maldives that attract ecotourists interested in marine wildlife. Finally, A. narinari cannot be harvested, possessed, landed, purchased, sold or exchanged in Florida.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

State of Michigan List: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: near threatened

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sitassion bibliogràfica
pederson, t. 2011. "Aetobatus narinari" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Aetobatus_narinari.html
autor
tom pederson, Augsburg College
editor
Kevin Potts, Augsburg College
editor
John Berini, Special Projects

Life Cycle ( Anglèis )

fornì da Animal Diversity Web

Aetobatus narinari is ovoviviparous, as its eggs develop inside the uterus and hatch within the mother prior to emerging. Once the embryos are released from the egg, they are nourished by a yolk sac rather than through a placental connection with the mother. Little is known of the development of A. narinari. Newborn pups generally measure 17 to 35 cm in disc width.

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pederson, t. 2011. "Aetobatus narinari" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Aetobatus_narinari.html
autor
tom pederson, Augsburg College
editor
Kevin Potts, Augsburg College
editor
John Berini, Special Projects

Benefits ( Anglèis )

fornì da Animal Diversity Web

Spotted eagle rays are capable of stinging humans with their venomous spine, which occasionally results in death. There are a few documented cases of spotted eagle rays jumping out of the water and onto boats.

Negative Impacts: injures humans (bites or stings, venomous )

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pederson, t. 2011. "Aetobatus narinari" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Aetobatus_narinari.html
autor
tom pederson, Augsburg College
editor
Kevin Potts, Augsburg College
editor
John Berini, Special Projects

Benefits ( Anglèis )

fornì da Animal Diversity Web

Although spotted eagle rays are sometimes targeted for their meat, detailed accounts of captures are limited.

Positive Impacts: food

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pederson, t. 2011. "Aetobatus narinari" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Aetobatus_narinari.html
autor
tom pederson, Augsburg College
editor
Kevin Potts, Augsburg College
editor
John Berini, Special Projects

Associations ( Anglèis )

fornì da Animal Diversity Web

Spotted eagle rays are predators of a variety of marine invertebrates and are important prey for a number of shark species. Information regarding parasites specific to this species is limited, however, ectoparasites such as marine leeches, are thought to be common. Endoparasites such as trematodes and tapeworms, are common as well.

Commensal/Parasitic Species:

  • trematodes, (Thaumatocotyle pseudodasybatis)
  • marine leech, (Branchellion torpedinis)
  • tapeworms, (Acanthobothrium monski)
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pederson, t. 2011. "Aetobatus narinari" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Aetobatus_narinari.html
autor
tom pederson, Augsburg College
editor
Kevin Potts, Augsburg College
editor
John Berini, Special Projects

Trophic Strategy ( Anglèis )

fornì da Animal Diversity Web

Primary prey of Aetobatus narinari consists of crustaceans, molluscs, echinoderms and polychaete worms. It is also known to occasionally consume smaller fish as well. When a prey item is captured, A. narinari crushes it between the upper and lower dental plates. Prior to ingestion, it uses 6 to 7 rows of papillae located on the roof of the mouth to remove indigestible items (e.g., shell and bone).

Animal Foods: fish; mollusks; aquatic or marine worms; aquatic crustaceans; echinoderms

Primary Diet: carnivore (Eats non-insect arthropods, Molluscivore , Vermivore)

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pederson, t. 2011. "Aetobatus narinari" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Aetobatus_narinari.html
autor
tom pederson, Augsburg College
editor
Kevin Potts, Augsburg College
editor
John Berini, Special Projects

Distribution ( Anglèis )

fornì da Animal Diversity Web

Aetobatus narinari (spotted eagle ray) is globally distributed throughout tropical and warm temperate waters as far north as North Carolina, U.S.A. in the summer and as far south as Brazil. This species has also been known to inhabit the red sea and oceanic waters surrounding the Hawaiian islands. Its latitudinal range spans from 43°N to 32°S.

Biogeographic Regions: indian ocean; atlantic ocean ; pacific ocean

Other Geographic Terms: cosmopolitan

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pederson, t. 2011. "Aetobatus narinari" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Aetobatus_narinari.html
autor
tom pederson, Augsburg College
editor
Kevin Potts, Augsburg College
editor
John Berini, Special Projects

Habitat ( Anglèis )

fornì da Animal Diversity Web

Aetobatus narinari is a reef associated ray and is commonly found along reef edges. It prefers warm water with soft bottoms consisting usually of mud, sand and gravel. Aetobatus narinari spends most of its time around 60 m deep but may dive up 80 m deep. It is often seen in beach areas as well as estuaries and mangrove swamps throughout tropical regions of the world.

Range depth: 1 to 80 m.

Average depth: 60 m.

Habitat Regions: saltwater or marine

Aquatic Biomes: pelagic ; reef ; coastal ; brackish water

Other Habitat Features: estuarine

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pederson, t. 2011. "Aetobatus narinari" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Aetobatus_narinari.html
autor
tom pederson, Augsburg College
editor
Kevin Potts, Augsburg College
editor
John Berini, Special Projects

Life Expectancy ( Anglèis )

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There is no information available regarding the average life span of Aetobatus narinari.

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pederson, t. 2011. "Aetobatus narinari" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Aetobatus_narinari.html
autor
tom pederson, Augsburg College
editor
Kevin Potts, Augsburg College
editor
John Berini, Special Projects

Morphology ( Anglèis )

fornì da Animal Diversity Web

Many eagle rays (including Aetobatus narinari) have a flattened snout that protrudes from the pectoral disc. Aetobatus narinari can be distinguished by a pectoral disc that is approximately twice as wide as it is long. The posterior edge of the pectoral fins are concave and very angular tips (Bester, 2008). The ventral surface is white and the dorsal surface is either blue or black and peppered with white spots and rings. It has rounded pelvic fins and a very small dorsal fin but lacks a caudal fin all together. The pectoral fins make up a majority of the pectoral disc and are acutely angled at the lateral tips. Aetobatus narinari possesses stinging spines, which can be found behind the dorsal fin, and a slender whip-like tail that can be up to three times as long as the width of the pectoral disc (Bester, 2008). It can weigh as much as 230 kg and can reach disc widths of up to 330 cm; however, the average disc width of A. narinari is 180 cm. Sexual dimorphism has not been reported in this species.

Range mass: 230 (high) kg.

Range length: 330 (high) cm.

Average length: 180 cm.

Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; heterothermic ; bilateral symmetry ; venomous

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pederson, t. 2011. "Aetobatus narinari" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Aetobatus_narinari.html
autor
tom pederson, Augsburg College
editor
Kevin Potts, Augsburg College
editor
John Berini, Special Projects

Behavior ( Anglèis )

fornì da Animal Diversity Web

As with all cartilaginous fishes, Aetobatus narinari has specialized electrosensory organs commonly referred to as Ampullae of Lorenzini. These sensory organs consists of jelly-filled pores that create an electrosensory network along the snout, which increases the sensitivity of A. narinari to prey movement, as muscle contractions create an electrical pulse. In general, elasmobranchs have excellent vision and olfactory perception, which help them avoid predators and detect prey. In addition, all fish have a lateral line system that allows them to sense changes in pressure and temperature in the surrounding environment. There is no information available regarding intraspecific communication in Aetobatus narinari.

Perception Channels: visual ; chemical ; electric

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pederson, t. 2011. "Aetobatus narinari" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Aetobatus_narinari.html
autor
tom pederson, Augsburg College
editor
Kevin Potts, Augsburg College
editor
John Berini, Special Projects

Reproduction ( Anglèis )

fornì da Animal Diversity Web

Prior to mating, multiple Aetobatus narinari males chase a single females while grasping her dorsum with their upper tooth plate. A single male then grabs one of the female's pectoral fins and roles her into a vertical position and inserts his claspers. Copulation can last from 20 to 90 seconds and females have been known to repeat this process up to 4 times over a relatively short period of time. The mating system of Aetobatus narinari has not been clearly defined; however, the competitive behavior of males prior to copulations suggests polygyny.

Breeding season in Aetobatus narinari varies by location but usually occurs during mid-summer. Typically, females give birth to 2 pups per pregnancy but can have between 1 and 4. Gestation lasts for approximately 12 months, but can be short as 8 months depending on location and mean water temperature during gestation. Evidence suggests that A. narinari becomes sexually mature when they grow to about half their maximum disc width, which typically occurs between 4 and 6 years of age.

Breeding season: Aetobatus narinari breeds during summer.

Range number of offspring: 1 to 4.

Average number of offspring: 2.

Range gestation period: 8 to 12 months.

Average gestation period: 12 months.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 4 to 6 years.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 4 to 6 years.

Key Reproductive Features: seasonal breeding ; sexual ; fertilization (Internal ); ovoviviparous

Other than the in-utero protection and yolk sac a mother provides her young prior to birth, there is no information available regarding parental care in Aetobatus narinari.

Parental Investment: female parental care ; pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female)

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sitassion bibliogràfica
pederson, t. 2011. "Aetobatus narinari" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Aetobatus_narinari.html
autor
tom pederson, Augsburg College
editor
Kevin Potts, Augsburg College
editor
John Berini, Special Projects

Biology ( Anglèis )

fornì da Arkive
Large groups of spotted eagle rays may be seen outside of the breeding season. These rays swim close to the surface and can occasionally be seen jumping clear out of the water (known as 'breaching') (2). Females give birth to around 4 live young (2). Spotted eagle rays have heavy dental plates which they use to crush their hard-shelled prey (4); they feed predominantly on bivalve shellfish (2).
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Conservation ( Anglèis )

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Further research into population densities and distribution is needed before the precise threats to this species can be assessed and the appropriate conservation action adopted (1).
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Description ( Anglèis )

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The spotted eagle ray is very distinctive with a flattened body and triangular corners to the wing-like pectoral fins (2). The snout is rounded and pointed at the tip, so that it resembles a bird's beak. The tail is long and whip-like and bears 2 – 6 spines (3). These eagle rays posses highly attractive colouring; the uppersurface is blackish-blue with many white spots, whilst the underside is white (2). This colouration provides the spotted eagle ray with good camouflage in the water, whether viewed from above or below (4).
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Habitat ( Anglèis )

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The spotted eagle ray is found in coastal waters in shallow bays and coral reefs, it has been recorded from a range of depths from 1 – 80 metres (2).
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Range ( Anglèis )

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Found throughout the world's tropical oceans; there is ongoing research as to whether different populations are genetically distinct enough to constitute separate species (3).
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Status ( Anglèis )

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Classified as Near Threatened (NT) on the IUCN Red List (1).
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Threats ( Anglèis )

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Little data is available on spotted eagle ray populations. This species is however, accidentally caught as by-catch of the fishing industry in much of its range (1).
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Trophic Strategy ( Anglèis )

fornì da Fishbase
Commonly found in coastal habitats to at least 60 m depth (Ref. 114953). Swims close to the surface, occasionally leaping out of the water, or close to the bottom (Ref. 3175). Frequently forming large schools during the non-breeding season (Ref. 7251). Feeds on polychaetes, bivalves, gastropods, cephalopods, shrimps and small fishes (Ref. 114953).
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Recorder
Pascualita Sa-a
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Diagnostic Description ( Anglèis )

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An eagleray with a long snout, flat and rounded like a duck's bill, a thick head, and a pectoral disc with sharply curved, angular corners, and no caudal fin; jaws usually with single row of flat, chevron-shaped teeth (Ref. 5578). Each tooth a crescent-shaped plate joined into a band (Ref. 26938). Numerous white spots on black or bluish disc; white below (Ref. 5578). Long whiplike tail, with a long spine near the base, behind small dorsal fin. No spines on disk (Ref. 7251).
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Recorder
Rodolfo B. Reyes
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Diseases and Parasites ( Anglèis )

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Thaumatocotyle Infestation 3. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)
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Recorder
Allan Palacio
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Life Cycle ( Anglèis )

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Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Bears up to 4 young (Ref. 5578, 6871, 37816). Width at birth 17-35 cm (Ref. 37816).According to Uchida et al (1990) (Ref. 51119) 'the male chases the female in mid water, then nibbles on her dorsal surface. The female stops swimming to begin copulation. The male bites the female on a pectoral fin and bends one clasper forward, then attempts an abdomen to abdomen copulation with either clasper, usually mid-water' (Ref. 49562). Copulation lasted for 20 seconds to 1 minute (Ref. 49562).
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Recorder
Cristina V. Garilao
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Migration ( Anglèis )

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Amphidromous. Refers to fishes that regularly migrate between freshwater and the sea (in both directions), but not for the purpose of breeding, as in anadromous and catadromous species. Sub-division of diadromous. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km.Characteristic elements in amphidromy are: reproduction in fresh water, passage to sea by newly hatched larvae, a period of feeding and growing at sea usually a few months long, return to fresh water of well-grown juveniles, a further period of feeding and growing in fresh water, followed by reproduction there (Ref. 82692).
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Recorder
Susan M. Luna
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Morphology ( Anglèis )

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Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 0; Analspines: 0; Analsoft rays: 0
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Rodolfo B. Reyes
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Biology ( Anglèis )

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Commonly found in coastal habitats to at least 60 m depth (Ref. 114953). Swims close to the surface, occasionally leaping out of the water, or close to the bottom (Ref. 3175). Frequently forming large schools during the non-breeding season (Ref. 7251). Feeds on polychaetes, bivalves, gastropods, cepahlopods, shrimps and small fishes (Ref. 114953). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Bears young in litters of 2-4 (Ref. 26938, 114953).
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Susan M. Luna
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Importance ( Anglèis )

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fisheries: minor commercial; price category: medium; price reliability: very questionable: based on ex-vessel price for species in this family
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分布 ( Anglèis )

fornì da The Fish Database of Taiwan
分布於熱帶和暖溫帶的印度洋,太平洋和大西洋。臺灣沿海均產。
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利用 ( Anglèis )

fornì da The Fish Database of Taiwan
定置網時常可捕獲,肉質尚佳,可供食用。
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描述 ( Anglèis )

fornì da The Fish Database of Taiwan
體盤寬約為體盤長的2倍;前緣微凸,後緣凹入。吻較短,弧形,前端鈍圓,向頭前下斜,突出於腹面上,吻長約等於體盤長的1/8—1/7 (幼體吻較短)。眼圓形,側位,稍突起;眼徑約與噴水孔徑相等。噴水孔背位,位於眼後。口中大,平橫,口寬小於口前吻長。鰭腳粗扁,後端圓錐形。背鰭1個,小型;起點距腹鰭終點比其基底長稍小,後端比腹鰭後端前許多。尾細長,約為體盤長之4倍;尾刺1個。體光滑,背面暗褐色或赤褐色,胸鰭、腹鰭和背鰭上具白色或藍色斑點,吻上和頭上純褐色無斑點;腹面白色,胸鰭和腹鰭後緣暗褐色;尾鰭具暗褐色和淺色條紋。
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棲地 ( Anglèis )

fornì da The Fish Database of Taiwan
熱帶和暖溫帶近海底棲魚類,利用翅膀狀的胸鰭能自由翱翔於水中。剛產仔魚體盤寬170¬360mm,孕娠雌魚子宮內壁密布絨毛狀乳突,其分泌物供給胎兒營養;成魚大型,少數體盤寬可達2m餘,重逾200kg。主食軟體動物貝類,對貝類養殖危害大,亦食魚、蝦、蠕蟲等;用下頜板狀齒挖掘沙泥中的貝類,並使用鋪石狀的板齒來磨碎貝殼,可能藉口底乳突分離貝殼與肉。尾刺有毒腺。
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Spikkelarendrog ( Afrikaans )

fornì da wikipedia AF

Die Spikkelarendrog (Aetobatus narinari) is 'n vis wat slegs aan die ooskus van Suid-Afrika en Mosambiek voorkom. Die vis is groot met 'n verhewe kop met die aan die sykante. Dit is bruin of swart van kleur met wit spikkels op sy lyf.

Daar kan tot 50 giftige stekels naby die stertwortel wees. Die stert kan ook tot 2.5 keer die lengte van die rog se lyf wees. Dit kan tot 2.3 m breed word en weeg dan 98 kg. Die rog swem naby die bodem in water wat tot 50 m diep is. Hulle vreet tweekleppiges, skaaldiere en seekatte. In Engels staan die rog bekend as die Spotted eagleray.

Sien ook

Bronne

  • Sea Fishes of Southern Africa. Rudy van der Elst & Dennis King. 2006. ISBN 978-1-77007-345-6
  • Gids tot die Kusgebiede van Suid-Afrika. Jacana Media. 2007. ISBN 978-1-77009-215-0
  • The Reef Guide: Fishes, corals, nudibranchs & other invertebrates: East & South Coasts of Southern Africa. Dennis King & Valda Fraser. Struik Nature. 2014 ISBN 978-1-77584-018-3

Verwysings

  1. Kyne, P.M., Ishihara, H., Dudley, S.F.J. & White, W.T. (2006). Aetobatus narinari. 2008 IUBN Rooi Lys van bedreigde spesies. Internasionale Unie vir die Bewaring van die Natuur 2008. Verkry op 24 Februarie 2009.

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Spikkelarendrog: Brief Summary ( Afrikaans )

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Die Spikkelarendrog (Aetobatus narinari) is 'n vis wat slegs aan die ooskus van Suid-Afrika en Mosambiek voorkom. Die vis is groot met 'n verhewe kop met die aan die sykante. Dit is bruin of swart van kleur met wit spikkels op sy lyf.

Daar kan tot 50 giftige stekels naby die stertwortel wees. Die stert kan ook tot 2.5 keer die lengte van die rog se lyf wees. Dit kan tot 2.3 m breed word en weeg dan 98 kg. Die rog swem naby die bodem in water wat tot 50 m diep is. Hulle vreet tweekleppiges, skaaldiere en seekatte. In Engels staan die rog bekend as die Spotted eagleray.

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Aetobatus narinari ( Catalan; Valensian )

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Aetobatus narinari és un peix cartilaginós que habita en aigües costaneres poc profundes dels esculls de coral i badies, en profunditats de fins a 80 metres.

Distribució

Es poden trobar a nivell mundial a les regions tropicals, incloent el golf de Mèxic, Hawaii, costa atlàntica d'Àfrica, oceà Índic, Oceania i la costa oest del Pacífic.

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Aetobatus narinari: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valensian )

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Aetobatus narinari és un peix cartilaginós que habita en aigües costaneres poc profundes dels esculls de coral i badies, en profunditats de fins a 80 metres.

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Gefleckter Adlerrochen ( Alman )

fornì da wikipedia DE

Der Gefleckte Adlerrochen (Aetobatus narinari) ist eine Rochenart aus der Ordnung der Stechrochenartigen (Myliobatiformes). Traditionell ging man von einer globalen Verbreitung in allen tropischen und fast allen subtropischen Meeren aus. Neueren Erkenntnissen aus genetischen Untersuchungen nach ist lediglich die Population im Atlantik einschließlich des Karibischen Meeres und des Golfs von Mexiko der Art Aetobatus narinari zuzuordnen. Die Populationen in den übrigen Verbreitungsgebieten sind anderen Arten zuzuordnen.[1]

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Globales Verbreitungsgebiet entsprechend traditioneller Systematik

Merkmale

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Unterseite
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Ansicht von hinten

Der Gefleckte Adlerrochen erreicht mit seinem langen, peitschenartigen Schwanz eine Länge von maximal 3,30 Metern, bleibt für gewöhnlich aber bei einer Länge von 1,80 Meter. Kopf, Rumpf und Brustflossen ergeben ein rautenähnliches Körperprofil. Die Schnauze steht hervor und hat durch die konkave Oberseite ein leicht entenschnabelartiges Aussehen. Ober- und Unterkiefer sind mit einer Reihe flacher Zähne besetzt. Die Gefleckten Adlerrochen sind auf der Oberseite schwärzlich oder bläulich und mit vielen kleinen, weißlichen Punkten gemustert, die unter Wasser aufgrund der Absorption des roten Lichtanteils hellblau erscheinen. Die Bauchseite ist weiß. Auf dem Rücken befinden sich keine Stacheln. Der Schwanz trägt an seinem ersten Drittel, kurz hinter der kleinen Rückenflosse, einen mit bis zu fünf Widerhaken besetzten langen Giftstachel. Eine Schwanzflosse fehlt. Während die primitiven Geigenrochen, sowie die Sägerochen und die Zitterrochenartigen sich wie die meisten Haie durch Stammschlängeln des Körpers und der Schwanzflosse fortbewegen und die Echten Rochen sich durch wellenförmige Bewegungen ihrer großen Brustflossen fortbewegen, schlagen Gefleckte Adlerrochen wie alle anderen Adlerrochen ähnlich wie Vögel mit ihren Flügeln mit den vergrößerten Brustflossen.

Lebensweise

Der Gefleckte Adlerrochen lebt vor allem in flachen Küstengewässern wie Buchten und Korallenriffen, entweder nah der Wasseroberfläche oder bodennah, in Tiefen von einem bis 60 Metern. Er kann jedoch auch den offenen Ozean überqueren. Die Tiere springen manchmal aus dem Wasser. Außerhalb der Paarungszeit bilden sie häufig große Schulen von bis zu 200 Individuen. Der Gefleckte Adlerrochen ernährt sich vor allem von Muscheln. Außerdem werden Garnelen, Krebse, Tintenfische und Würmer gefressen. Größere Exemplare fressen vor allem Fische. Wie alle Adlerrochen ist er ovovivipar. Pro Wurf werden nach einer Tragzeit von zwölf Monaten nur ein bis vier Jungrochen geboren, die bei der Geburt schon eine Spannweite von einem halben Meter haben.

Systematik

Der Gefleckte Adlerrochen wurde vom schwedischen Botaniker Bengt Anders Euphrasén im Jahre 1790 als Raja narinari beschrieben. Das aktuell gültige nominotypisches Taxon leitet sich aus den griechischen Worten aetos für "Adler" und batis für "Rochen" ab. Der Gefleckte Adlerrochen gehört zur Ordnung der Stechrochenartigen. Genetische Unterschiede innerhalb der weltweiten Populationen hatten die Einteilung in verschiedene Arten zur Folge. Aktuell wird lediglich die atlantische Population einschließlich derer im Karibischen Meer und im Golf von Mexiko zu A. narinari gezählt. Die indo-pazifische Population wird nunmehr unter dem Namen Aeotobatus ocellatus und die ostpazifische Population unter der Namen Aetobatus laticeps erfasst.

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

  1. White, W.T. (2014): A revised generic arrangement for the eagle ray family Myliobatidae, with definitions for the valid genera. Zootaxa, 3860 (2): 149–166.
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Gefleckter Adlerrochen: Brief Summary ( Alman )

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Der Gefleckte Adlerrochen (Aetobatus narinari) ist eine Rochenart aus der Ordnung der Stechrochenartigen (Myliobatiformes). Traditionell ging man von einer globalen Verbreitung in allen tropischen und fast allen subtropischen Meeren aus. Neueren Erkenntnissen aus genetischen Untersuchungen nach ist lediglich die Population im Atlantik einschließlich des Karibischen Meeres und des Golfs von Mexiko der Art Aetobatus narinari zuzuordnen. Die Populationen in den übrigen Verbreitungsgebieten sind anderen Arten zuzuordnen.

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Spotted eagle ray ( Anglèis )

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The spotted eagle ray (Aetobatus narinari) is a cartilaginous fish of the eagle ray family, Aetobatidae. As traditionally recognized, it is found globally in tropical regions, including the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Recent authorities have restricted it to the Atlantic (including the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico) with other populations recognized as the ocellated eagle ray (A. ocellatus) and Pacific white-spotted eagle ray (A. laticeps). Spotted eagle rays are most commonly seen alone, but occasionally swim in groups. They are ovoviviparous, the female retaining the eggs then releasing the young as miniature versions of the parent.

This ray can be identified by its dark dorsal surface covered in white spots or rings. Near the base of the ray's relatively long tail, just behind the pelvic fins, are several venomous, barbed stingers. Spotted eagle rays commonly feed on small fish and crustaceans, and will sometimes dig with their snouts to look for food buried in the sand of the sea bed. These rays are commonly observed leaping out of the water, and on at least two occasions have been reported as having jumped into boats, in one incident resulting in the death of a woman in the Florida Keys. The spotted eagle ray is hunted by a wide variety of sharks. The rays are considered near threatened on the IUCN Red List. They are fished mainly in Southeast Asia and Africa, the most common market being in commercial trade and aquariums. They are protected in the Great Barrier Reef.

Taxonomy

The spotted eagle ray was first described by Swedish botanist Bengt Anders Euphrasén as Raja narinari in 1790 from a specimen collected at an unknown location (possibly the coast of Brazil) during a trip he made to the Antilles, and was later classified as Stoasodon narinari.[1][2][3] Its current genus name is Aetobatus, derived from the Greek words aetos (eagle) and batis (ray). The spotted eagle ray belongs to the Myliobatidae, which includes the well known manta ray. Most rays in the family Myliobatidae swim in the open ocean rather than close to the sea floor.[2]

Although traditionally considered to have a circumglobal distribution in tropical oceans throughout the world, recent authorities have restricted the true Aetobatus narinari to the Atlantic Ocean based on genetic and morphologic evidence.[4][5][6][7] The Indo-Pacific population is Aetobatus ocellatus and the East Pacific is Aetobatus laticeps.[6][7]

The spotted eagle ray has many different common names, including white-spotted eagle ray, bonnet skate, bonnet ray, duckbill ray and spotted duck-billed ray.[8][9][10]

Appearance

Spotted eagle rays have flat disk-shaped bodies, deep blue or black with white spots on top with a white underbelly, and distinctive flat snouts similar to a duck's bill.[11] Their tails are longer than other rays and may have 2–6 venomous spines, behind the pelvic fins. The front of the wing-like pectoral disk has five small gills in its underside.[12]

Mature spotted eagle rays can be up to 5 meters (16 ft) in length; the largest spotted eagle rays have a wingspan of up to 3 meters (10 ft) and a mass of 230 kilograms (507 lb).[13][14]

Reproduction

One male, or sometimes several, will pursue a female. When one of the males approaches the female, he uses his upper jaw to grab her dorsum. The male will then roll the female over by grabbing one of her pectoral fins, which are located on either side of her body. Once he is on her ventral side, the male puts a clasper into the female, connecting them venter to venter, with both undersides together. The mating process lasts for 30–90 seconds.[2]

The spotted eagle ray develops ovoviviparously; the eggs are retained in the female and hatch internally, feeding off a yolk sac until live birth.[2] After a gestation period of one year the mother ray will give birth to a maximum of four pups.[1] When the pups are first born, their discs measure from 17–35 centimeters (6.7–13.8 in) across.[2] The rays mature in 4 to 6 years.[1][15]

Feeding and diet

Spotted eagle ray preys mainly upon bivalves, crabs, whelks and other benthic infauna. They also feed on mollusks (such as the queen conch)[16] and crustaceans, particularly malacostracans,[17][18] as well as echinoderms, polychaete worms,[19] hermit crabs,[20] shrimp, octopuses, and some small fish.[21]

The spotted eagle ray's specialized chevron-shaped tooth structure helps it to crush the mollusks' hard shells.[13][14] The jaws of these rays have developed calcified struts to help them break through the shells of mollusks, by supporting the jaws and preventing dents from hard prey.[22] These rays have the unique behavior of digging with their snouts in the sand of the ocean. [23] While doing this, a cloud of sand surrounds the ray and sand spews from its gills. One study has shown that there are no differences in the feeding habits of males and females or in rays from different regions of Australia and Taiwan.[18]

Behavior

Three individuals off Belize. Spotted eagle rays are social and often occur in groups.

Spotted eagle rays prefer to swim in waters of 24 to 27 °C (75 to 81 °F). Their daily movement is influenced by the tides; one tracking study showed that they are more active during high tides. Uniquely among rays they dig with their snouts in the sand,[23] surrounding themselves in a cloud of sand that spews from their gills. They also exhibit two motions in which the abdomen and the pectoral fins are moved rapidly up and down: the pelvic thrust and the extreme pelvic thrust. The pelvic thrust is usually performed by a solitary ray, and repeated four to five times rapidly. The extreme pelvic thrust is most commonly observed when the ray is swimming in a group, from which it will separate itself before vigorously thrusting with its pectoral fins. The rays also performs dips and jumps; in a dip the ray will dive and then come back up rapidly, perhaps as many as five times consecutively. There are two main types of jump: in one, the ray propels itself vertically out of the water, to which it returns along the same line; the other is when the ray leaps at a 45 degree angle, often repeated multiple times at high speeds. When in shallow waters or outside their normal swimming areas the rays are most commonly seen alone, but they do also congregate in schools. One form of travelling is called loose aggregation, which is when three to sixteen rays are swimming in a loose group, with occasional interactions between them. A school commonly consists of six or more rays swimming in the same direction at exactly the same speed.[24]

Human interaction

Watercolor of a spotted eagle ray in gray and black with some handwriting.
Watercolor of a spotted eagle ray from 1865 by Jacques Burkhardt.

The dorsal spots make the spotted eagle ray an aquarium attraction, although because of its large size it is likely kept only at public aquariums.[8] There are no target fisheries for the spotted eagle ray, but it is often eaten after being caught unintentionally as bycatch.[8] There have been several reported incidents of spotted eagle rays leaping out of the water onto boats and landing on people.[25][26] Nevertheless, spotted eagle rays do not pose a significant threat to humans, as they are shy and generally avoid human contact.[2] Interactions with an individual snorkeler in the Caribbean has been reported especially in Jamaica involving one, two and even three spotted eagle rays. The rays may exhibit a behavior similar to human curiosity which allows the snorkeler to observe the eagle ray who may slow down so as to share more time with the much slower human observer if the human observer appears to be unthreatening or interesting to the spotted eagle ray.

Predators and parasites

The silvertip shark is a predator of the spotted eagle ray.

Spotted eagle rays, in common with many other rays, often fall victim to sharks such as the tiger shark, the lemon shark, the bull shark, the silver tip shark, and the great hammerhead shark.[27][28] A great hammerhead shark has been observed attacking a spotted eagle ray in open water by taking a large bite out of one of its pectoral fins, thus incapacitating the ray. The shark then used its head to pin the ray to the bottom and pivoted to take the ray in its jaws, head first.[29] Sharks have also been observed to follow female rays during the birthing season, and feed on the newborn pups.[2]
As other rays, spotted eagle rays are host to a variety of parasites. Internal parasites include the gnathostomatid nematode Echinocephalus sinensis in the spiral intestine.[30] External parasites include the monocotylid monogeneans Decacotyle octona,[31] Decacotyle elpora[31] and Thaumatocotyle pseudodasybatis[31][32] on the gills.

Distribution and habitat

An eagle ray searching the bottom for food at Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles

As traditionally defined, spotted eagle rays are found globally in tropical regions from the Indo-Pacific region from the western Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and the western Atlantic Ocean.[33]

They are found in shallow coastal water by coral reefs and bays, in depths down to 80 meters (262 ft).[13] Spotted eagle rays are found in warm and temperate waters worldwide. In the western Atlantic Ocean it is found off the eastern coast of United States of America, the Gulf Stream, the Caribbean, and down past the southern part of Brazil. In the Indian Ocean, it is found from the Red Sea down to South Africa and eastward to the Andaman Sea. In the Western Pacific Ocean it can be found near Japan and north of Australia.[2] In the Central Pacific Ocean, it can be found throughout the Hawaiian Islands. In the Eastern-Pacific Ocean, it is found in the Gulf of California down through Puerto Pizarro, an area that includes the Galapagos Islands. Spotted eagle rays are most commonly seen in bays and reefs. They spend much of their time swimming freely in open waters, generally in schools close to the surface, and can travel long distances in a day.[2]

Within these regions, there are significant variations in genetics and morphology.[6][4][5] As a consequence, recent authorities have split it into three: This restricts the true spotted eagle ray (A. narinari) to the Atlantic, while the Indo-Pacific population is the ocellated eagle ray (A. ocellatus) and the East Pacific is the Pacific white-spotted eagle ray (A. laticeps).[6][7]

Conservation

The spotted eagle ray is included in the IUCN's Red List as "near threatened". The rays are caught mainly in Southeast Asia and Africa. They are also common in commercial marine life trade and are displayed in aquariums. Among the many efforts to help protect this species, South Africa's decision to deploy fewer protective shark nets has reduced the number of deaths caused by entanglement. South Africa has also placed restrictions on the number of rays that can be bought per person per day. In the U.S. state of Florida, the fishing, landing, purchasing and trading of spotted eagle ray are outlawed. This ray is also protected in the Great Barrier Reef on the eastern coast of Australia.[1]

In Europe there is a breeding program managed by the EAZA for spotted eagle rays to reduce the amount of wild caught individuals needed by public aquaria. From the start until 2018 Burgers' Zoo in the Netherlands kept the studbook. Since 2018, Wroclaw Zoo in Poland is the new studbook keeper. Burgers' Zoo was also the first place in Europe to breed with the species and in 2018 was the most successful breeder worldwide with over 55 births.[34][35][36]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Dulvy, N.K.; Carlson, J.; Charvet, P.; Ajemian, M.J.; Bassos-Hull, K.; Blanco-Parra, MP, Chartrain, E.; Derrick, D.; Dia, M.; Diop, M.; Doherty, P.; Dossa, J.; De Bruyne, G.; Herman, K.; Leurs, G.H.L.; Mejía-Falla, P.A.; Navia, A.F.; Pacoureau, N.; Pérez Jiménez, J.C.; Pires, J.D.; Seidu, I.; Soares, A.-L.; Tamo, A.; VanderWright, W.J.; Williams, A.B. (2021) [amended version of 2021 assessment]. "Aetobatus narinari". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T42564343A201613657. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T42564343A201613657.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Bester, Cathleen. "Ichthyology at the Florida Museum of Natural History". Florida Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 21 October 2011.
  3. ^ Symbolae Antillanae : seu fundamenta florae Indiae Occidenttalis (in German). Berolini : Fratres Borntraeger ; Parisiis : Paul Klincksieck. 1898. Retrieved 2011-10-27.
  4. ^ a b Richards, V.P., M. Henning, W. Witzell & M.S. Shivji (2009). Species delineation and evolutionary history of the globally distributed spotted eagle ray (Aetobatus narinari). J Hered. 100(3): 273-83.
  5. ^ a b Schluessel, V., Broderick, D., Collin, S.P., Ovenden, J.R. (2010). Evidence for extensive population structure in the white-spotted eagle ray within the Indo-Pacific inferred from mitochondrial gene sequences. Journal of Zoology 281: 46–55.
  6. ^ a b c d White, W.T., P.R. Last, G.J.P. Naylor, K. Jensen & J.N. Caira (2010). Clarification of Aetobatus ocellatus (Kuhl, 1823) as a valid species, and a comparison with Aetobatus narinari (Euphrasen, 1790) (Rajiformes: Myliobatidae). Pp. 141-164 in: Last, P.R., White, W.T. & Pogonoski, J.J., eds. (2010). Descriptions of new sharks and rays from Borneo. CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research Paper no. 32.
  7. ^ a b c White, W.T. (2014): A revised generic arrangement for the eagle ray family Myliobatidae, with definitions for the valid genera. Zootaxa 3860(2): 149–166.
  8. ^ a b c Fowler, Sarah L; Cavanagh, Rachael D (2005). "Species status report". Sharks, rays, chimaeras: The status of the Chondrichthyan fishes. UK: IUCN. p. 354. ISBN 2-8317-0700-5.
  9. ^ Daley, R K; Stevens, J D; Last, P R; Yearsley, G. K. (October 2002). "Northern demersal species". Field guide to Australian sharks and rays. Australia: CSIRO Marine Research. p. 44. ISBN 1-876996-10-2.
  10. ^ Tee-Van 1953, p. 453
  11. ^ Australian Wildlife. "White-Spotted Eagle Ray". Retrieved 29 October 2011.
  12. ^ Carpenter, Kent E.; Niem, Volker H. "The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific". pp. 1511, 1516. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
  13. ^ a b c Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2007). "Aetobatus narinari" in FishBase. April 2007 version..
  14. ^ a b "Spotted Eagle Ray". Elasmodiver. 3 June 2007.
  15. ^ "Fun facts about spotted eagle ray". Retrieved 2019-07-03.
  16. ^ https://sta.uwi.edu/fst/lifesciences/sites/default/files/lifesciences/images/Aetobatus%20narinari%20-%20Spotted%20Eagle%20Ray.pdf
  17. ^ Bester, Cathleen. "Eagle Ray Spotted Eagle Ray Aetobatus narinari". Retrieved 18 October 2011.
  18. ^ a b Schluessel, Vera. "Life History, Population Genetics and Sensory Biology of the White Spotted Eagle Ray Aetobatus narinari (Euphrasen, 1790) with Emphasis on the Relative Importance of Olfaction". Retrieved 18 October 2011.
  19. ^ "Aetobatus narinari (Bishop ray)". Animal Diversity Web.
  20. ^ Schluessel, V; Bennett, M. B.; Collin, S. P. "Diet and reproduction in the white-spotted eagle ray Aetobatus narinari from Queensland, Australia and the Penghu Islands, Taiwan". Retrieved 1 November 2011.
  21. ^ SeaWorld; Discovery Cove; Busch Gardens. "Spotted Eagle Ray". Retrieved 1 November 2011.
  22. ^ Summers, Adam (2001). "Aetobatus narinari". Digital Morphology. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
  23. ^ a b Silliman 1999, p. 5.
  24. ^ Silliman 1999, pp. 5–6.
  25. ^ "Woman dies after stingray strikes her". Cable News Network. A Time Warner Company. March 20, 2008. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
  26. ^ Segal, Kimberly (March 29, 2011). "Ray slams woman on boat in Florida Keys". Cable News Network. A Time Warner Company. Archived from the original on 11 March 2012. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
  27. ^ Silliman 1999, p. 2.
  28. ^ "Spotted Eagle Ray, Aetobatus narinari". marinebio.org. Retrieved 9 November 2011.
  29. ^ Chapman 2002, p. 949.
  30. ^ Moravec, F. & Justine, J.-L. (2006). "Three nematode species from elasmobranchs off New Caledonia". Systematic Parasitology. 64 (2): 131–45. doi:10.1007/s11230-006-9034-x. PMID 16773474. S2CID 2436786.
  31. ^ a b c Marie, A. D. & Justine, J.-L. (2005). "Monocotylids (Monogenea: Monopisthocotylea) from Aetobatus cf. narinari off New Caledonia, with a description of Decacotyle elpora n. sp". Systematic Parasitology. 60 (3): 175–85. doi:10.1007/s11230-004-6345-7. PMID 15864455. S2CID 8096884.
  32. ^ Marie, A. D. & Justine, J.-L. (2006). "Thaumatocotyle pseudodasybatis Hargis, 1955 (Monogenea: Monocotylidae) from Aetobatus cf. narinari, with a comparison of specimens from Australia, French Polynesia and New Caledonia". Systematic Parasitology. 64 (1): 47–55. doi:10.1007/s11230-005-9017-3. PMID 16612660. S2CID 11743736.
  33. ^ "Descriptions and articles about the Spotted Eagle Ray (Aetobatus narinari) – Encyclopedia of Life". Encyclopedia of Life.
  34. ^ "Adelaarsrog drieling geboren!" [Eagle Ray Triplets Born!]. www.burgerszoo.nl (in Dutch). March 26, 2018.
  35. ^ "Collectie kraakbeenvissen uitgebreid" [Cartilaginous fish collection]. www.burgerszoo.nl (in Dutch). March 7, 2016.
  36. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-04-06. Retrieved 2018-08-31.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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Spotted eagle ray: Brief Summary ( Anglèis )

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The spotted eagle ray (Aetobatus narinari) is a cartilaginous fish of the eagle ray family, Aetobatidae. As traditionally recognized, it is found globally in tropical regions, including the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Recent authorities have restricted it to the Atlantic (including the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico) with other populations recognized as the ocellated eagle ray (A. ocellatus) and Pacific white-spotted eagle ray (A. laticeps). Spotted eagle rays are most commonly seen alone, but occasionally swim in groups. They are ovoviviparous, the female retaining the eggs then releasing the young as miniature versions of the parent.

This ray can be identified by its dark dorsal surface covered in white spots or rings. Near the base of the ray's relatively long tail, just behind the pelvic fins, are several venomous, barbed stingers. Spotted eagle rays commonly feed on small fish and crustaceans, and will sometimes dig with their snouts to look for food buried in the sand of the sea bed. These rays are commonly observed leaping out of the water, and on at least two occasions have been reported as having jumped into boats, in one incident resulting in the death of a woman in the Florida Keys. The spotted eagle ray is hunted by a wide variety of sharks. The rays are considered near threatened on the IUCN Red List. They are fished mainly in Southeast Asia and Africa, the most common market being in commercial trade and aquariums. They are protected in the Great Barrier Reef.

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Aetobatus narinari ( Spagneul; Castilian )

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La raya jaspeada o águila marina moteada, también conocida en Venezuela como chucho y en Ecuador como raya pintada (Aetobatus narinari), es un pez cartilaginoso que habita en aguas costeras poco profundas de los arrecifes de coral y bahías, en profundidades de hasta 80 metros.[2]​ Su cola es, generalmente, dos a tres veces más larga que su cuerpo y posee en su base varias espinas venenosas.

Distribución

Se pueden encontrar a nivel mundial en las regiones tropicales, incluyendo el golfo de México, Hawái , costa atlántica de África, océano Índico, Oceanía y la costa oeste del Pacífico.

Descripción

La raya jaspeada se puede identificar por sus numerosos puntos blancos o anillos en su superficie dorsal, que es de color azul, superficie ventral es blanca,posee una larga cola similar a un látigo. Los ejemplares más grandes pueden crecer hasta una envergadura máxima de 3 metros y pesar unos 230 kg.[2][3]

Referencias

  1. Kyne, P.M., Ishihara, H., Dudley, S.F.J. & White, W.T. (2006). «Aetobatus narinari». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2022 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 24 de febrero de 2009.
  2. a b "Aetobatus narinari". En FishBase (Rainer Froese y Daniel Pauly, eds.). Consultada en septiembre de 2011. N.p.: FishBase, 2011.
  3. "Spotted Eagle Ray". Elasmodiver. 3 June 2007.

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Aetobatus narinari: Brief Summary ( Spagneul; Castilian )

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La raya jaspeada o águila marina moteada, también conocida en Venezuela como chucho y en Ecuador como raya pintada (Aetobatus narinari), es un pez cartilaginoso que habita en aguas costeras poco profundas de los arrecifes de coral y bahías, en profundidades de hasta 80 metros.​ Su cola es, generalmente, dos a tres veces más larga que su cuerpo y posee en su base varias espinas venenosas.

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Aetobatus narinari ( Basch )

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Aetobatus narinari Aetobatus generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Myliobatidae familian sailkatzen da.

Erreferentziak

  1. Froese, Rainer & Pauly, Daniel ed. (2006), Aetobatus narinari FishBase webgunean. 2006ko apirilaren bertsioa.

Ikus, gainera

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Aetobatus narinari: Brief Summary ( Basch )

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Aetobatus narinari Aetobatus generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Myliobatidae familian sailkatzen da.

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Tähtikotkarausku ( Finlandèis )

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Tähtikotkarausku eli täpläkotkarausku (Aetobatus narinari) on kotkarauskuihin (Myliobatidae) kuuluva litteä pitkäpyrstöinen rauskulaji, jonka selkäpuolella on valkoisia täpliä. Sen vartalo voi kasvaa yli 3,5 m leveäksi, ja piiskamainen pyrstö ja kuono lisäävät kokonaispituuden jopa yhdeksään metriin. Paino voi olla 230 kg.

Tähtikotkarauskuja tavataan kaikilla trooppisilla merialueilla lähellä rannikkoa. Nykyisin arvellaan, että eri alueilla elävät täpläkotkarauskut saattavat kuulua eri lajeihin tai ainakin alalajeihin.

Lähteet

  1. Kyne, P.M., Ishihara, H, Dudley, S.F.J. & White, W.T.: Aetobatus narinari IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1. 2006. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 03.08.2013. (englanniksi)

Aiheesta muualla

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Tähtikotkarausku: Brief Summary ( Finlandèis )

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Tähtikotkarausku eli täpläkotkarausku (Aetobatus narinari) on kotkarauskuihin (Myliobatidae) kuuluva litteä pitkäpyrstöinen rauskulaji, jonka selkäpuolella on valkoisia täpliä. Sen vartalo voi kasvaa yli 3,5 m leveäksi, ja piiskamainen pyrstö ja kuono lisäävät kokonaispituuden jopa yhdeksään metriin. Paino voi olla 230 kg.

Tähtikotkarauskuja tavataan kaikilla trooppisilla merialueilla lähellä rannikkoa. Nykyisin arvellaan, että eri alueilla elävät täpläkotkarauskut saattavat kuulua eri lajeihin tai ainakin alalajeihin.

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Raie léopard ( Fransèis )

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Aetobatus narinariAigle de mer-léopard

La Raie léopard (Aetobatus narinari) ou Aigle de mer-léopard est une espèce de poissons cartilagineux de la famille des Myliobatidae qui se rencontre dans les zones tropicales et subtropicales.

Description

 src=
Détail de la tête.
 src=
Robe tachetée, sur la face dorsale.

La raie léopard se reconnaît à sa forme caractéristique en losange, par sa couleur gris foncé ou gris bleu, tachetée de points blancs sur le dos, avec un ventre blanc. Ce poisson peut atteindre 3 mètres d'envergure et peser jusqu'à 230 kg ; mais le plus souvent son envergure est de 1 à 2 m[1]. Sa queue, très longue, comporte de une à six épines venimeuses à sa base ; la piqûre peut être très douloureuse (voire mortelle) pour un être humain. Sa tête, très aplatie, s'apparente un peu à un bec de canard. Sa bouche est équipée de robustes dents en plaques qui lui permettent de broyer aisément les coquilles.

Souvent en banc de plusieurs dizaines d'individus (parfois en couple), la raie léopard nage en remuant lentement et avec amplitude ses ailes pectorales ; donnant plus l'impression d'un vol que d'une nage.

Répartition

Cette espèce fréquente les eaux tropicales du bassin Indo-Pacifique, mer Rouge incluse, à la côte orientale de l'océan Pacifique ainsi que le secteur tropical ouest de l'océan Atlantique[2].

Habitat

La raie léopard vit dans les eaux tropicales et subtropicales, dans les baies et les lagons souvent à proximité d'un récif, et dans une profondeur comprise entre la surface et 80 mètres. Elle se pose parfois sur les fonds sableux.

Alimentation

Petits poissons benthiques, crustacés (crevettes, crabes), annélides et mollusques (poulpes, buccins, bivalves).

Comportement

Malgré son apparente lenteur d'évolution, la raie léopard possède une capacité d'accélération lui permettant d'échapper à ses prédateurs, tels que le Grand requin-marteau. La raie léopard est très craintive et ne se laisse habituellement pas approcher. Elle utilise sa tête aplatie pour fouiller le sable en utilisant ses organes sensoriels (similaires à ceux des requins) pour localiser ses proies.

Reproduction

Ovovivipare, de 1 à 10 petits formés de 30 cm, durée de la gestation : 12 mois. La maturité sexuelle est atteinte vers l'âge de 4 à 6 ans.

Exploitation

 src=
Raie léopard.

Cette raie est peu prisée des pêcheurs commerciaux ; en revanche, elle est très demandée par les aquariums car elle supporte relativement bien la captivité.

Conservation

Il n'y a pas assez de données, selon l'UICN, pour déterminer si cette espèce de raie est menacée ou non.

Références

  1. Andrea et Antonella Ferrari (trad. de l'italien par Dominique Le Bouteiller Johnson), Guide des récifs coralliens : la faune sous-marine des corauxBarriere corraline »], Paris, Delachaux et Niestlé, coll. « Les compagnons du naturaliste », 2000 (1re éd. 1999), 288 p. (ISBN 2603011936), Raie léopard, Aigle de mer page 29
  2. http://eol.org/pages/218712/details#distribution

Annexes

Références taxinomiques

Bibliographie

  • Siliotti A., (2006), Poissons de la mer Rouge. Geodia Edizioni, Vérone, 287 p.
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Raie léopard: Brief Summary ( Fransèis )

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Aetobatus narinari • Aigle de mer-léopard

La Raie léopard (Aetobatus narinari) ou Aigle de mer-léopard est une espèce de poissons cartilagineux de la famille des Myliobatidae qui se rencontre dans les zones tropicales et subtropicales.

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Ikan pari elang tutul ( Indonesian )

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 src=
pari elang di kepulauan Turks dan Caicos. foto diambil 15 desember 2006

ikan pari elang tutul (Aetobatus narinari) adalah ikan bertulang rawan dari keluarga ikan pari elang, Myliobatidae. ikan dapat secara global di daerah tropis, termasuk samudra atlantik, pasifik dan hindia. pari ini dapat identifikasi dengan warna permukaan punggung nya yang gelap ditutupi bintik putih atau cincin. ekor yang relatif panjang, juga terdapat beberapa duri beracun. pernah ada insiden di florida keys seorang wanita meniggal karena duri ikan tersebut. ikan pari elang tutul dianggap mendekati daftar merah IUCN. mereka diburu atau dipancing terutama di asia tenggara dan afrika, mereka diperdangkan secara komersial dan dijadikan peliharan aquarium. ikan pari elang tutul di wilayah karang penghalang besar sekarang dilindungi[1].

Deskripsi

pari elang berbintik memilki bentuk cakram datar, dengan warna biru atau hitam dengan warna bintik-bintik putih diatas lalu tubuh bagian bawah nya berwarna putih, dan moncong khas yang mendalam seperti paruh bebek. ekor nya lebih panjang dari pari lainnya dan mungkin memilki 2-6 duri berbisa, sirip dada yang panjang seperti sayap memiliki insang kecil dibawahnya[2].

pari elang berbintik dewasa bisa tumbuh mencapai 5 meter, yang terbesar memilki rentang sayap hingga 3 meter, dan berat mencapai 230 kilogram.

Reproduksi

 src=
bagian bawah pari elang tutul jika dilihat dari bawah

satu pejantan atau beberapa pejantan akan berusaha mengejar betina. ketika salah satu pejantan mendekati betina, dia menggunakan rahang atas nya untuk meraih punggung betina. lalu kemudian pejantan akan menggulung dengan meraih salah satu sirip dada nya yang terletak dikedua sisi tubuhnya. begitu ia berada di sisi panggul nya, pejantan itu mengggegam betina itu, menghubungkan venter ke venter, dengan kedua sisinya saling berdekatan. proses perkawinan berlangsung selama 30-90 detik.

pari elang tutul berkembangbiak secara ovovivipar, telur disimpan didalam tubuh betina dan menetas secara internal, memberi makan dengan kantung kuning telur hingga ia lahir. setelah periode kehamilan selama satu tahun induk pari elang melahirkan sebanyak 4 ekor anak. saat bayi pari elang pertama kali lahir, tubuh cakram mereka berukuran 17–35 cm. ikan pari elang tutul akan tubuh dewasa dalam jangka waktu 4-6 tshun.

Makanan

pari elang tutul biasanya memakan ikan, krustasea, seperti kepting, udang, dan kelomang, ia juga memakan moluska seperti bivalvia, siput laut, dan gurita. pari elang tutul memiliki gigi khusus untuk menghancurkan moluska bercangkang, untuk menemukan mangsanya biasanya ia menggali pasir laut dengan gigi nya. saat melakukan penggalian pasir akan terbang mengelilingi tubuh nya. satu studi mennujukan bahwa pari elang tutul jantan dan betina tidak ada kebiasan berburu di berbagai wilayah seperti australia dan taiwan.

Penyebaran dan Habitat

mereka dapat ditemukan diwilayah indo-pasifik,wilayah pasifik barat, samudra hindia, dan barat daya samudra atlantik. mereka biasanya hidup di perairan dangkal denagn terumbu karang dan kedalaman maksimal 80 meter,mereka menghabiskan waktunya berenang bebas diperairan terbuka, umumnya mereka bergerombol dengan yang lainnya, menempuh perjalanan jarak jauh dalam sehari. mereka ditemukan di perairan hangat diseluruh dunia. disamudra atlantik barat dapat ditemukan perairan timur amerika serikat, teluk gelombang, karibbia, dan brazil. di samudra hindia dapat ditemukan indonesia, laut merah, afrika selatan, laut andaman. di pasifik barat dapat ditemukan di jepang,dan utara australia. di pasifik timur dapat ditemukan di teluk california, dan kepulauan galapagos.

Pemangsa

seperti pari lainnya ia menjadi santapan hiu seperti hiu macan, hiu lemon, hiu banteng, hiu sirip putih, dan hiu martil. hiu martil telah dilihat mengigit salah satu sirip dada pari itu di perairan terbuka. sehingga dapat melumpuhkan pari tersebut, lalu hiu martil menempelkan kepalanya ke tubuh ikan pari itu lalu mendorong nya kebawah lalu memakan pari tesebut, hiu juga mengintai betina ketika sedang melahirkan, dan memakan bayi pari elang yang baru lahir.

Konservasi

pari elang tutul termasuk dalam daftar merah IUCN [3] sebagai "nyaris terancam". mereka kebanyakan ditangkap di asia tenggara dan afrika. mereka juga sering diperdangkan secara komersil atau dipamerkan di aquarium. banyak pihak telah berupaya membantu melindungi spesies ini, keputusan pemerintah afrika selatan untuk menerapkan jaring pengaman untuk mengurangi jumlah kematian pari elang tutul akibat tersangkut secara tidak sengaja. afrika selatan juga telah menempatkan batasan jumlah ikan pari elang tutul yang bisa dibeli perorang perhari. di negara bagian florida amerika serikat penangkapan dan pembelian pari elang tutul sudah dilarang. pari elang tutul juga menjadi spesies yang dilindungi di karang penghalang besar di perairan timur australia.

Referensi

  1. ^ "Spotted Eagle Ray". Oceana (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2017-11-18.
  2. ^ "Aetobatus narinari :: Florida Museum of Natural History". www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2017-11-18.
  3. ^ "Aetobatus narinari (Bonnetray, Maylan, Spotted Eagle Ray)". www.iucnredlist.org. Diakses tanggal 2017-11-18.

http://www.arkive.org/spotted-eagle-ray/aetobatus-narinari/

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Ikan pari elang tutul: Brief Summary ( Indonesian )

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 src= pari elang di kepulauan Turks dan Caicos. foto diambil 15 desember 2006

ikan pari elang tutul (Aetobatus narinari) adalah ikan bertulang rawan dari keluarga ikan pari elang, Myliobatidae. ikan dapat secara global di daerah tropis, termasuk samudra atlantik, pasifik dan hindia. pari ini dapat identifikasi dengan warna permukaan punggung nya yang gelap ditutupi bintik putih atau cincin. ekor yang relatif panjang, juga terdapat beberapa duri beracun. pernah ada insiden di florida keys seorang wanita meniggal karena duri ikan tersebut. ikan pari elang tutul dianggap mendekati daftar merah IUCN. mereka diburu atau dipancing terutama di asia tenggara dan afrika, mereka diperdangkan secara komersial dan dijadikan peliharan aquarium. ikan pari elang tutul di wilayah karang penghalang besar sekarang dilindungi.

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Aetobatus narinari ( Italian )

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La razza aquila maculata (Aetobatus narinari (Euphrasén, 1790)) è un pesce cartilagineo della famiglia Myliobatidae.[3]

Tradizionalmente, è diffusa a livello globale nelle regioni tropicali, compresi l'Oceano Atlantico, Pacifico e Indiano. Recenti studi hanno però limitato la specie all'Atlantico (compresi i Caraibi e il Golfo del Messico) con le popolazioni delle altre zone riconosciute come razza aquila ocellata (A. ocellatus) e razza aquila a macchie bianche del Pacifico (A. laticeps)[4].

Descrizione

Le razze aquila maculate hanno un corpo piatto a forma di disco, blu scuro o nero con delle macchie bianche il dorso e con un ventre bianco, e un piatto muso distintivo simile al becco di un'anatra. Le loro code sono più lunghe di quelle altre razze e possono avere 2-6 aculei velenosi sotto le pinne pelviche. La metà anteriore del lungo disco pettorale ha cinque piccole branchie nel lato inferiore[5].

Le razze aquila maculate adulte possono misurare fino a 5 metri in lunghezza, 3 metri di ampiezza alare e pesare fino a 230 kg[5].

Questa razza può essere riconosciuta dalla sua superficie dorsale, che è nera e ricoperta di macchie o anelli bianchi. Vicino alla base della coda relativamente lunga della razza, sotto la pinna pelvica, si trovano numerosi aculei pungenti e velenosi.

Biologia

Le razze aquila maculate solitamente sono avvistate da sole, ma occasionalmente nuotano in gruppo. È normale vedere queste razze saltare fuori dall'acqua e, almeno in due occasioni, sono state viste saltare sulle barche, con un incidente che è costato la vita di una donna nelle Florida Keys[6].

Sono ovovivipari: la femmina trattiene le uova rilasciando poi delle larve simili come aspetto agli adulti[7].

Normalmente le razze aquila maculate si cibano di piccoli pesci e crostacei, che possono ricercare anche nella sabbia utilizzando il muso per scavare[8].

Distribuzione e habitat

Nonostante tradizionalmente si pensi che siano distribuite globalmente, negli oceani tropicali di tutto il mondo, recenti studi hanno ristretto la diffusione di Aetobatus narinari all'Oceano Atlantico, basandosi su prove genetiche e morfologiche. Infatti la popolazione Indo-Pacifica è in realtà composta da Aetobatus ocellatus e quella dell'est Pacifico da Aetobatus laticeps[4].

Tassonomia

La razza aquila maculata è stata descritta per la prima volta dallo zoologo svedese Bengt Anders Euphrasén come Raja narinari nel 1790 da un esemplare trovato in una località sconosciuta (forse le coste del Brasile) durante un viaggio che fece verso le Antille, e più tardi fu classificata come Stoasodon narinari. Il nome attuale del genere è Aetobatus, che deriva dalle parole greche aetos (aquila) e batis (razza). La razza aquila maculata appartiene alla famiglia delle Myliobatidae, che include la più conosciuta manta.

Conservazione

La Lista rossa IUCN classifica Aetobatus narinari come in pericolo di estinzione (Endangered)[9].

Questa specie di razze è cacciata da una grande varietà di squali. Sono pescate nel sud-est asiatico e in Africa, e vengono principalmente commerciate con gli acquari. Sono invece specie protetta nella grande barriera corallina[9].

Note

  1. ^ (EN) Summers A. (2001), Aetobatus narinari, su digimorph.org.
  2. ^ Bester, Cathleen. "Ichthyology at the Florida Museum of Natural History". Florida Museum of Natural History
  3. ^ (EN) Froese R. and D. Pauly (2020), Aetobatus narinari, in WoRMS (World Register of Marine Species). URL consultato il 4 gennaio 2021.
  4. ^ a b WILLIAM T. WHITE,

    A revised generic arrangement for the eagle ray family Myliobatidae, with definitions for the valid genera

    , in Zootaxa, vol. 3860, n. 2, 4 settembre 2014, pp. 149, DOI:10.11646/zootaxa.3860.2.3. URL consultato il 7 gennaio 2022.
  5. ^ a b P. R. Last, Rays of the world, 2016, ISBN 978-0-643-10914-8, OCLC 967717812. URL consultato il 7 gennaio 2022.
  6. ^ Officials: Woman dies after stingray strikes her - CNN.com, su edition.cnn.com. URL consultato il 7 gennaio 2022.
  7. ^ V. Schluessel, M. B. Bennett e S. P. Collin, Diet and reproduction in the white-spotted eagle ray Aetobatus narinari from Queensland, Australia and the Penghu Islands, Taiwan, in Marine and Freshwater Research, vol. 61, n. 11, 2010, pp. 1278, DOI:10.1071/mf09261. URL consultato il 7 gennaio 2022.
  8. ^ Silliman, W. e Gruber, S.H., Behavioral Biology of the Spotted Eagle Ray, Aetobatus narinari (Euphrasen, 1790), in Bimini, Bahamas; an interim report, in Bahamas Journal of Science, n. 7, pp. 13-20.
  9. ^ a b Aetobatus narinari: Dulvy, N.K., Carlson, J., Charvet, P., Ajemian, M.J., Bassos-Hull, K, Blanco-Parra, MP, Chartrain, E., Derrick, D., Dia, M., Diop, M., Doherty, P., Dossa, J., De Bruyne, G., Herman, K., Leurs, G.H.L., Mejía-Falla, P.A., Navia, A.F., Pacoureau, N., Pérez Jiménez, J.C., Pires, J.D., Seidu, I., Soares, A.-L., Tamo, A., VanderWright, W.J. & Williams, A.B., su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 28 luglio 2020. URL consultato il 7 gennaio 2022.

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Aetobatus narinari: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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La razza aquila maculata (Aetobatus narinari (Euphrasén, 1790)) è un pesce cartilagineo della famiglia Myliobatidae.

Tradizionalmente, è diffusa a livello globale nelle regioni tropicali, compresi l'Oceano Atlantico, Pacifico e Indiano. Recenti studi hanno però limitato la specie all'Atlantico (compresi i Caraibi e il Golfo del Messico) con le popolazioni delle altre zone riconosciute come razza aquila ocellata (A. ocellatus) e razza aquila a macchie bianche del Pacifico (A. laticeps).

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Gevlekte adelaarsrog ( olandèis; flamand )

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De gevlekte adelaarsrog (Aetobatus narinari) is een rog uit de familie der adelaarsroggen (Myliobatidae). Ook de naam arendskoprog wordt wel gebruikt voor deze vis.

De gevlekte adelaarsrog komt voor op niet al te grote afstand van de kust in de tropische delen van alle oceanen. Het leefgebied bevindt zich vooral boven riffen en in baaien. Meestal wordt er in grote scholen gezwommen.

De maximale lengte van het lijf van de vis is 2,5 meter (zonder staart) terwijl de spanwijdte 3 meter kan zijn. Met staart meegenomen kan de lengte 5 meter bedragen. De zwaarste gevlekte adelaarsrog ooit gewogen was 230 kilo.

De rog voedt zich met onder andere garnalen, oesters, octopussen en inktvissen.

 src=
Gevlekte adelaarsrog

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Gevlekte adelaarsrog: Brief Summary ( olandèis; flamand )

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De gevlekte adelaarsrog (Aetobatus narinari) is een rog uit de familie der adelaarsroggen (Myliobatidae). Ook de naam arendskoprog wordt wel gebruikt voor deze vis.

De gevlekte adelaarsrog komt voor op niet al te grote afstand van de kust in de tropische delen van alle oceanen. Het leefgebied bevindt zich vooral boven riffen en in baaien. Meestal wordt er in grote scholen gezwommen.

De maximale lengte van het lijf van de vis is 2,5 meter (zonder staart) terwijl de spanwijdte 3 meter kan zijn. Met staart meegenomen kan de lengte 5 meter bedragen. De zwaarste gevlekte adelaarsrog ooit gewogen was 230 kilo.

De rog voedt zich met onder andere garnalen, oesters, octopussen en inktvissen.

 src= Gevlekte adelaarsrog
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Orleń cętkowany ( polonèis )

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Orleń cętkowany[3], orleń narinari[4] (Aetobatus narinari) – gatunek lub grupa kilku gatunków morskiej ryby chrzęstnoszkieletowej, najpospolitszy i najszerzej rozprzestrzeniony przedstawiciel rodziny orleniowatych (Myliobatidae). Nie ma większego znaczenia gospodarczego.

Zasięg występowania

Orleń cętkowany jest gatunkiem kosmopolitycznym, szeroko rozprzestrzenionym w strefie wód ciepłych i tropikalnych w Oceanie Indyjskim, Spokojnym oraz we wschodnim i zachodnim Oceanie Atlantyckim. Występuje nad szelfem kontynentalnym w strefie przypowierzchniowej do głębokości 60 m p.p.m. Pływa w otwartej toni lub przy dnie, czasami wpływa do lagun i estuariów. Jest związany ze środowiskiem raf koralowych. Poszczególne populacje różnią się między sobą budową i ubarwieniem, niewykluczone, że stanowią co najmniej cztery odrębne gatunki[5].

Charakterystyka

Aetobatus narinari ilustr.jpg

Ciało silnie grzbietobrzusznie spłaszczone, o obrysie w kształcie dysku, z wyraźnie wyodrębnioną głową, bez łusek. Szerokość (rozpiętość płetw piersiowych) większa od długości dysku. Przeciętnie osiągają 200 cm, maksymalnie 330 cm szerokości, długość całkowita 880 cm, maksymalna masa ciała wynosi 230 kg[6]. Pysk spłaszczony, przypomina kształt kaczego dzioba[7]. Oczy i tryskawki położone są po bokach głowy. Grzbiet o zielonkawym lub różowawym ubarwieniu pokryty jest wyrazistym wzorem białych plam lub pierścieni. Brzuch biały. Zęby płaskie, ułożone w jednym szeregu.

Tryb życia

Jest gatunkiem bardzo aktywnym i zwrotnym, potrafi płynąć przez długi czas, gwałtownie skręcając lub przyspieszając. Powolne ruchy jego płetw piersiowych przypominają lot ptaka. Jest gatunkiem towarzyskim, poza okresem rozrodu spotykane są gromady tych ryb wspólnie bawiących się pod powierzchnią wody.

Dojrzałość płciową osiągają pomiędzy 4. a 6. rokiem życia. Samica rodzi jednorazowo do czterech młodych. Ciąża trwa prawdopodobnie około roku.

 src=
Płynący orleń cętkowany przypomina ptaka w locie

W ucieczce przed drapieżnikami orlenie cętkowane potrafią wyskakiwać ponad powierzchnię wody. Zjadają małże, głowonogi, skorupiaki oraz małe ryby.

Przypisy

  1. Aetobatus narinari, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Aetobatus narinari. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).
  3. Ryby. Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna, 1976, seria: Mały słownik zoologiczny.
  4. Stanisław Rutkowicz: Encyklopedia ryb morskich. Gdańsk: Wydawnictwo Morskie, 1982. ISBN 83-215-2103-7.
  5. Aetobatus narinari [w:] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species [online] [dostęp 2009-01-31] (ang.).
  6. Aetobatus narinari. (ang.) w: Froese, R. & D. Pauly. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. www.fishbase.org [dostęp 31 stycznia 2009]
  7. Włodzimierz Załachowski: Ryby. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 1997. ISBN 83-01-12286-2.

Bibliografia

  • Aetobatus narinari. (ang.) w: Froese, R. & D. Pauly. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. www.fishbase.org [dostęp 31 stycznia 2009]
  • Aetobatus narinari [w:] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species [online] [dostęp 2009-01-31] (ang.).
  • Ryby : encyklopedia zwierząt. Henryk Garbarczyk, Małgorzata Garbarczyk i Leszek Myszkowski (tłum.). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN : Dorota Szatańska, 2007. ISBN 978-83-01-15140-9.
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Orleń cętkowany: Brief Summary ( polonèis )

fornì da wikipedia POL

Orleń cętkowany, orleń narinari (Aetobatus narinari) – gatunek lub grupa kilku gatunków morskiej ryby chrzęstnoszkieletowej, najpospolitszy i najszerzej rozprzestrzeniony przedstawiciel rodziny orleniowatych (Myliobatidae). Nie ma większego znaczenia gospodarczego.

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Raia-pintada ( portughèis )

fornì da wikipedia PT
 src=
Aetobatus narinari.

Aetobatus narinari, popularmente conhecida como arraia-pintada, raia-pintada, pintada, narinari, papagaio,[1] raia-leopardo, ratão-pintado, arraia-chita ou raia-chita, é um peixe da família dos miliobatídeos. A sua boca assemelha-se ao bico de uma ave e a cauda a um chicote com 1 a 5 ferrões. O seu revestimento dorsal é azul-escuro, com manchas brancas; a região ventral é branca, o que lhe permite uma eficaz camuflagem, vista de cima ou de baixo.

Etimologia

"Arraia" e "raia" vêm do latim raja.[1] O nome "pintada" vem das pintas em seu dorso.[1] "Narinari" é um nome de origem tupi[2].

Alimentação

Possui uma boca no inferior da cabeça, com dentes serrilhados. Alimenta-se de crustáceos, plânctons, moluscos e outros pequenos animais, como vermes, caramujos e camarões. Para capturar seu alimento, a raia fica semienterrada na areia esperando seu alimento. Quando a presa se aproxima, ela dá um rápido e certeiro bote. Cobrem a vítima com suas nadadeiras peitorais e, em seguida, abocanham a presa.

Localização e Habitat

As raias-pintadas podem ser encontradas em todas as águas tropicais do Oceano Atlântico. No Brasil, ocorrem mais frequentemente no sudeste e sul do país. Elas ficam normalmente no fundo de estuário e baías, apesar de serem capazes de nadar grandes distâncias em mar aberto.

Vive solitária ou em pares e em pequenos grupos, eventualmente em cardumes, nadando próximo da superfície ou do fundo, fica em estuários e baías. Vive entre 15 e 18 anos. Durante sua migração e reprodução, costuma formar enormes cardumes. Nesta época, ao fugir dos predadores pode ser vista executando saltos especulares para fora da água.Elas também podem viver em outros locais como o recife e muitos outros habitats.

Proteção

Utilizam sua cauda como chicote. A sua cauda possui de 1 a 5 aguilhões serrilhados capazes de inocular um forte veneno. Além de que a raia-pintada, pelo fato de sua coloração pintada, consegue se camuflar na areia quando há risco de predadores.

Coloração

Seu dorso possui coloração cinza a marrom com manchas brancas nos jovens e anéis desta cor nos adultos. O ventre é branco.

Órgãos do Sentido

  • Olfato: Narinas localizadas ventralmente na extremidade arredondada da cabeça, capazes de detectar moléculas dissolvidas na água em concentrações mínimas.
  • Audição: Ouvidos com três canais semi circulares dispostos perpendicularmente uns aos outros (funcionando como um órgão de equilíbrio, portanto, tal como em todos os vertebrados superiores).
  • Visão: Olhos laterais e sem pálpebras cuja retina geralmente apenas contém bastões (fornecendo uma visão a preto e branco, mas bem adaptada a baixa luminosidade).
  • Recepção de vibrações: uma fina cavidade contem muitas pequenas aberturas, contém células nervosas sensíveis a pressão (algo como um sentido do tato a distância).
  • Eletrorrecepção: Ampolas de Lorenzi receptores são sensíveis a temperatura, salinidade e pressão da água, na zona ventral da cabeça, são outros canais sensitivos ligados a pequenas ampolas que contem eletroreceptores capazes de detectar as correntes elétricas dos músculos de outros organismos.

Reprodução

A reprodução da raia pintada é realizada por todo ano em pares ou em trios. Os machos perseguem uma fêmea, montando-a após muitas tentativas, quando chega a mordê-la no dorso. Os filhotes, de 3 a 4, nascem com de 17 a 33 centímetros.

Importância econômica

A carne das raias é considerada de razoável qualidade. A raia frequentemente aparece nos mercados, normalmente fresca. Costuma também ser utilizada como isca por pescadores. São capturadas com o arrasto de rede no fundo das praias.

Referências

  1. a b c FERREIRA, A. B. H. Novo Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa. Segunda edição. Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira, 1986. p.1 446
  2. NAVARRO, E. A. Método Moderno de Tupi Antigo. Terceira edição. São Paulo: Global, 2005. p.85

[www.colegiosaofrancisco.com.br] [www.ibb.unesp.br] [www.ns.rc.unesp.br] [www.algosobre.com.br] [www.bomdiabrasil.globo.com] [www.yahoo.com.br]

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Raia-pintada: Brief Summary ( portughèis )

fornì da wikipedia PT
 src= Aetobatus narinari.

Aetobatus narinari, popularmente conhecida como arraia-pintada, raia-pintada, pintada, narinari, papagaio, raia-leopardo, ratão-pintado, arraia-chita ou raia-chita, é um peixe da família dos miliobatídeos. A sua boca assemelha-se ao bico de uma ave e a cauda a um chicote com 1 a 5 ferrões. O seu revestimento dorsal é azul-escuro, com manchas brancas; a região ventral é branca, o que lhe permite uma eficaz camuflagem, vista de cima ou de baixo.

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Скат плямистий ( ucrain )

fornì da wikipedia UK

Опис

Ширина диска цього скату сягає 2,3-2,5 м завширшки та 50-55 см при вазі 225–230 кг. При цьому додатково хвіст досягає 3-5 м. Голова велика та пласка. Очі розташовані з боків, морда має трикутну форму, сплощена. зуби пласкі, що дозволяє розплючувати мушлі. Грудні плавці за своєю будовою схожі на плавці інших представників цього роду. на хвості присутні від 1 до 6 отруйних шипів. Характерною особливістю є забарвлення цьогго скату. На темному фоні спини наявні численні світлі плямочки. Також вони розташовані з нижньої сторони «крил»-плавців.

Спосіб життя

Полюбляє тропічні та субтропічні води з температурою 24-27 °C, часто перебуває у лагунах та біля рифів. Трапляється на глибині до 60-80 м, не занурюючись далеко, часто біля піщаного ґрунту. Зустрічається поодинці, також утворює групи до 200 особин. Полює переважно на креветками, крабами, в меншій мірі живиться восьминогами, устрицями, морськими равликами, дрібною донною рибою та кільчастими черв'ями. За допомогою рила риє пісок, вишукує здобич.

Статева зрілість настає у 4-6 років. Процес спарювання триває 30-90 секунд. Це яйцеживородний скат. Самиця після 12 місяців вагітності народжує 1-10 дитинчат завдовжки 17-35 см .

Розповсюдження

Зустрічається у Тихому (від Індонезії до Японії та від Каліфорнійської затоки та Галапагоського архіпелагу до Австралії), Атлантичному (від штатів Північна Кароліна та Флорида у США, Бермудських островів через Мексиканську затоку та Карибський басейн до Бразилії, а також у Африці — від Мавританії до Анголи) та Індійському океанах (від Червоного моря до Малайського півострова).

Джерела

  • Hans A. Baensch/Robert A. Patzner: Mergus Meerwasser-Atlas Band 6 Non-Perciformes (Nicht-Barschartige), Mergus-Verlag, Melle, 1998, ISBN 3-88244-116-X
  • Siliotti A. (2006) Poissons de la mer Rouge. Geodia Edizioni, Vérone, 287 p.
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Cá ó sao ( vietnamèis )

fornì da wikipedia VI

Cá ó sao[4], tên khoa học Aetobatus narinari, còn gọi là cá ó đốm, cá đuối, là một loài cá sụn thuộc họ Myliobatidae. Nó có thể được tìm thấy trên toàn cầu ở các vùng nhiệt đới, trong đó có Vịnh Mexico, Hawaii, ngoài khơi bờ biển Tây Phi, Ấn Độ Dương, Châu Đại Dương, và trên cả hai bờ của Mỹ ở độ sâu khoảng 80 mét (262 ft). thường được thấy đi một mình, nhưng đôi khi bơi theo nhóm.

Chú thích

  1. ^ Summers, Adam (2001). Aetobatus narinari. Digital Morphology. Truy cập 1 November 2011. Kiểm tra giá trị ngày tháng trong: |accessdate= (trợ giúp)
  2. ^ Kyne, P.M., Ishihara, H., Dudley, S. F. J. & White, W. T. (2006). Aetobatus narinari. 2008 Sách đỏ IUCN. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế 2008. Truy cập ngày 24 tháng 2 năm 2009.
  3. ^ Bester, Cathleen. “Ichtyology at the Florida Museum of Natural History”. Florida Museum of Natural History. Truy cập ngày 21 tháng 10 năm 2011.
  4. ^ Thái Thanh Dương (chủ biên), Các loài cá thường gặp ở Việt Nam, Bộ Thủy sản, Hà Nội, 2007. Tr.5.

Tham khảo

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Cá ó sao: Brief Summary ( vietnamèis )

fornì da wikipedia VI

Cá ó sao, tên khoa học Aetobatus narinari, còn gọi là cá ó đốm, cá đuối, là một loài cá sụn thuộc họ Myliobatidae. Nó có thể được tìm thấy trên toàn cầu ở các vùng nhiệt đới, trong đó có Vịnh Mexico, Hawaii, ngoài khơi bờ biển Tây Phi, Ấn Độ Dương, Châu Đại Dương, và trên cả hai bờ của Mỹ ở độ sâu khoảng 80 mét (262 ft). thường được thấy đi một mình, nhưng đôi khi bơi theo nhóm.

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Обыкновенный пятнистый орляк ( russ; russi )

fornì da wikipedia русскую Википедию
 src=
Нижняя сторона тела

Пятнистые орляки предпочитают воду температурой 24—27 °С. Суточные перемещения скатов связаны с приливами, они более активны в период высоких приливов[9]. Для них характерны быстрые движения брюха и брюшных плавников, похожие на взмахи. При одиночном плавании повторяются 4—5 раз подряд. При передвижении в стае подобные действия повторяются регулярно и более интенсивно. Также наблюдаются такие типы поведения, как ныряние и прыжки. При нырянии рыбы резко погружаются и затем возвращаются в исходное положение. У пятнистых орляков отмечено два типа прыжков. При первом типе рыба выходит из воды вертикально, а затем возвращается в воду по той же траектории. При втором типе скаты на высокой скорости многократно выпрыгивают из воды под углом в 45 градусов. На мелководье или за пределами обычной нагульной территории ведут одиночный образ жизни, но могут образовывать и стаи. Одной из форм перемещения в стае является так называемая «несвязанная агрегация», когда от 3 до 16 скатов плывут в одном направлении с одинаковой скоростью, но практически не взаимодействуя друг с другом[9].

 src=
На пятнистых орляков охотятся разные виды акул, в том числе белопёрые серые акулы

Пятнистый орляк, как и другие виды скатов, часто подвергается нападениям акул, таких как тигровая акула, лимонная акула, акула-бык, белопёрая серая акула, гигантская акула-молот[9][10]. Акулы также преследуют самок скатов в период деторождения и поедают новорожденных[5]

Размножение

Пятнистые орляки созревают в возрасте 4 — 6 лет[8]. В сезон размножения демонстрируют своеобразное брачное поведение. Вначале самец, а иногда несколько самцов, преследуют самку. Затем самец приближается к самке, захватывает её за спину с помощью верхней челюсти и переворачивает за грудной плавник. После переворота самки на брюхо, самец вводит один из своих птеригоподиев (англ.)русск. в самку. Процесс оплодотворения продолжается 30—90 секунд[5]. Относится к яйцеживородящим организмам. Яйца вынашиваются в теле самки, вылупление внутреннее. Мальки питаются запасами желточного мешка до выхода в окружающую среду. Развитие эмбрионов продолжается около одного года. Самка рождает от одного до четырёх детёнышей[8]. Ширина диска новорождённых особей составляет 170—350 мм[5].

Питание

 src=
Пятнистый орляк в поисках пищи на дне

Питается преимущественно двустворчатыми моллюсками, включая разнозубых, креветками, крабами, брюхоногими моллюсками и другими бентическими организмами. Из ракообразных в рационе преобладают высшие раки (лат. Malacostraca)[11][12]. В желудках встречаются также раки-отшельники[13], осьминоги и мелкие рыбы[14].

Специализированная V-образная структура расположения зубов помогает скатам размалывать твёрдые раковины моллюсков[1][15] . Нет различий в нагульных местообитаниях у самцов и самок, а также у скатов из разных частей ареала[12].

Наблюдается уникальное среди скатов поведение, когда пятнистые орляки закапываются рылом в песок, окружая себя облаком песка, которое извергается через жабры[9]. Таким способом они добывают организмы, зарывающиеся в песок.

Ареал и места обитания

Пятнистые орляки широко распространены в тропических и субтропических областях всех океанов, включая Мексиканский залив, Гавайи, атлантическое побережье Африки, Индийский океан, Океанию и оба побережья Тихого океана[1][5]. В западной части Атлантического океана встречаются от побережья Северной Каролины и Флориды до юга Бразилии; в Индийском океане — от Красного моря до юга Африки. В восточной части Тихого океана обнаружены от Калифорнийского залива до Пуэрто-Писарро (Перу), а также в районе Гавайских островов; в западной Пацифике — от Японии до Австралии[5].

Тяготеют к мелководным прибрежным водам с коралловыми рифами и заливами[1]. Заходят в лагуны и эстуарии рек. Встречаются от поверхности до глубины 80 м. Ведут одиночный образ жизни, но могут формировать стаи до нескольких сотен особей. Большую часть времени проводят, свободно плавая близко к поверхности. Могут перемещаться на большие расстояния в течение суток[5].

Взаимодействие с человеком

Характерная окраска верхней стороны тела делает пятнистого орляка привлекательным для аквариумистики, но из-за крупных размеров его часто демонстрируют только в больших публичных аквариумах и океанариумах. Пятнистые орляки редко взаимодействуют с человеком, однако зафиксировано два случая попадания в лодку выпрыгнувших из воды скатов, и один случай смерти женщины во Флориде-Кис, на которую упал скат[16][17] . Этот вид скатов не испытывает значительного влияния со стороны человека вследствие своей осторожности и пугливости[5]. Хотя пятнистые орляки обычно избегают встречи с аквалангистами, они все-таки представляют потенциальную опасность из-за наличия ядовитых шипов у основания хвоста. Ограниченный промысел этого вида тралами, сетями и ярусами ведётся в прибрежных зонах на протяжении всего ареала. Часто попадается в виде прилова при промысле других видов. Иногда случайно попадается рыбакам-любителям, оказывая при вываживании яростное сопротивление[8]. Мясо низкого качества, поэтому редко используется в пищу. Идет на изготовление рыбной муки и масла.

Международный союз охраны природы присвоил этому виду статус «близок к уязвимому положению»[8]. Такое решение принято в связи с тем, что пятнистый орляк очень чувствителен к любым внешним негативным воздействиям из-за низкой плодовитости и позднего возраста созревания.

В ряде стран предпринимаются меры по сохранению этого вида. В частности, на юге Африки принято решение о сокращении количества сетей, защищающих пляжи от акул. Эта мера поможет снизить смертность скатов, связанную с запутыванием в сетях. В Южной Африке также существуют ограничения на количество скатов, которое может быть куплено ежедневно одним человеком. В штате Флорида промысел, сдача улова, и любые торговые операции с данным видом объявлены вне закона. Пятнистый орляк имеет охранный статус на Большом Барьерном рифе вдоль восточного побережья Австралии[8].

Примечания

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Пятнистый орляк (англ.) в базе данных FishBase.
  2. Систематика и синонимия (англ.). BioLib. (Проверено 29 декабря 2012)
  3. Решетников Ю. С., Котляр А. Н., Расс Т. С., Шатуновский М. И. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Рыбы. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1989. — С. 46. — 12 500 экз.ISBN 5-200-00237-0.
  4. Australian Wildlife White-Spotted Eagle Ray (неопр.). Проверено 29 декабря 2012. Архивировано 19 января 2013 года. (Проверено 29 декабря 2012)
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Bester, C. Ichtyology at the Florida Museum of Natural History (неопр.). Florida Museum of Natural History. Проверено 29 декабря 2012. Архивировано 19 января 2013 года. (Проверено 29 декабря 2012)
  6. Carpenter K.E., Niem V.H. The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific. Volume 3. — 1999. — P. 1516.[1] (недоступная ссылка) (Проверено 29 декабря 2012)
  7. Fowler S.L., Cavanagh R.D. Sharks, rays, chimaeras: The status of the Chondrichthyan fishes. — UK: IUCN, 2005. — P. 354. — ISBN 2-8317-0700-5.[2] (Проверено 29 декабря 2012)
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Kyne, P.M., Ishihara, H, Dudley, S.F.J. & White, W.T. 2006. Aetobatus narinari. In: IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2.[3] (Проверено 29 декабря 2012)
  9. 1 2 3 4 Silliman W.R., Gruber S.H. Behavioral Biology of the Spotted Eagle Ray, Aetobatus narinari (Euphrasen, 1790), in Bimini, Bahamas; an Interim Report // Bahamas Journal of Science. — 1999. — Vol. 7, № 1. — P. 13—20.
  10. Spotted Eagle Ray, Aetobatus narinari (неопр.). marinebio.org. Проверено 29 декабря 2012. Архивировано 19 января 2013 года. (Проверено 29 декабря 2012)
  11. Bester C. Eagle Ray Spotted Eagle Ray Aetobatus narinari.[4] (Проверено 30 декабря 2012)
  12. 1 2 Schluessel V. Life History, Population Genetics and Sensory Biology of the White Spotted Eagle Ray Aetobatus narinari (Euphrasen, 1790) with Emphasis on the Relative Importance of Olfaction. — 2008.[5] (Проверено 30 декабря 2012)
  13. Schluessel V.,Bennet M. B.,Collin S. P. Diet and reproduction in the white-spotted eagle ray Aetobatus narinari from Queensland, Australia and the Penghu Islands, Taiwan (англ.) // Marine and Freshwater Research : журнал. — 2010. — Vol. 61, no. 11. — P. 1278-1289. — DOI:10.1071/MF09261. (Проверено 30 декабря 2012)
  14. SeaWorld. Spotted Eagle Ray (неопр.). Проверено 30 декабря 2012. Архивировано 19 января 2013 года. (Проверено 30 декабря 2012)
  15. «Spotted Eagle Ray». Elasmodiver. 3 June 2007.
  16. CNN. Woman dies after stingray strikes her (неопр.). Cable News Network. A Time Warner Company. Проверено 29 декабря 2012. Архивировано 19 января 2013 года. (Проверено 29 декабря 2012)
  17. CNN. Ray slams woman on boat in Florida Keys (неопр.) (недоступная ссылка). Cable News Network. A Time Warner Company. Проверено 29 декабря 2012. Архивировано 19 января 2013 года. (Проверено 29 декабря 2012)
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Обыкновенный пятнистый орляк: Brief Summary ( russ; russi )

fornì da wikipedia русскую Википедию
 src= Нижняя сторона тела

Пятнистые орляки предпочитают воду температурой 24—27 °С. Суточные перемещения скатов связаны с приливами, они более активны в период высоких приливов. Для них характерны быстрые движения брюха и брюшных плавников, похожие на взмахи. При одиночном плавании повторяются 4—5 раз подряд. При передвижении в стае подобные действия повторяются регулярно и более интенсивно. Также наблюдаются такие типы поведения, как ныряние и прыжки. При нырянии рыбы резко погружаются и затем возвращаются в исходное положение. У пятнистых орляков отмечено два типа прыжков. При первом типе рыба выходит из воды вертикально, а затем возвращается в воду по той же траектории. При втором типе скаты на высокой скорости многократно выпрыгивают из воды под углом в 45 градусов. На мелководье или за пределами обычной нагульной территории ведут одиночный образ жизни, но могут образовывать и стаи. Одной из форм перемещения в стае является так называемая «несвязанная агрегация», когда от 3 до 16 скатов плывут в одном направлении с одинаковой скоростью, но практически не взаимодействуя друг с другом.

 src= На пятнистых орляков охотятся разные виды акул, в том числе белопёрые серые акулы

Пятнистый орляк, как и другие виды скатов, часто подвергается нападениям акул, таких как тигровая акула, лимонная акула, акула-бык, белопёрая серая акула, гигантская акула-молот. Акулы также преследуют самок скатов в период деторождения и поедают новорожденных

Размножение

Пятнистые орляки созревают в возрасте 4 — 6 лет. В сезон размножения демонстрируют своеобразное брачное поведение. Вначале самец, а иногда несколько самцов, преследуют самку. Затем самец приближается к самке, захватывает её за спину с помощью верхней челюсти и переворачивает за грудной плавник. После переворота самки на брюхо, самец вводит один из своих птеригоподиев (англ.)русск. в самку. Процесс оплодотворения продолжается 30—90 секунд. Относится к яйцеживородящим организмам. Яйца вынашиваются в теле самки, вылупление внутреннее. Мальки питаются запасами желточного мешка до выхода в окружающую среду. Развитие эмбрионов продолжается около одного года. Самка рождает от одного до четырёх детёнышей. Ширина диска новорождённых особей составляет 170—350 мм.

Питание  src= Пятнистый орляк в поисках пищи на дне

Питается преимущественно двустворчатыми моллюсками, включая разнозубых, креветками, крабами, брюхоногими моллюсками и другими бентическими организмами. Из ракообразных в рационе преобладают высшие раки (лат. Malacostraca). В желудках встречаются также раки-отшельники, осьминоги и мелкие рыбы.

Специализированная V-образная структура расположения зубов помогает скатам размалывать твёрдые раковины моллюсков . Нет различий в нагульных местообитаниях у самцов и самок, а также у скатов из разных частей ареала.

Наблюдается уникальное среди скатов поведение, когда пятнистые орляки закапываются рылом в песок, окружая себя облаком песка, которое извергается через жабры. Таким способом они добывают организмы, зарывающиеся в песок.

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雪花鴨嘴燕魟 ( cinèis )

fornì da wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Aetobatus narinari
Euphrasen, 1790

納氏鷂鱝学名Aetobatus narinari),又名 鷹鯆雪花鴨嘴燕魟魴仔斑點鷂鱝,为燕魟科鷂鱝屬下的一个种。曾被認為分布於台灣,後發現台灣的分布是眼斑鰩鱝

分布於東太平洋,體長可達300公分,具有食用及觀賞價值。

参考文献

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雪花鴨嘴燕魟: Brief Summary ( cinèis )

fornì da wikipedia 中文维基百科

納氏鷂鱝(学名:Aetobatus narinari),又名 鷹鯆、雪花鴨嘴燕魟、魴仔、斑點鷂鱝,为燕魟科鷂鱝屬下的一个种。曾被認為分布於台灣,後發現台灣的分布是眼斑鰩鱝

分布於東太平洋,體長可達300公分,具有食用及觀賞價值。

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マダラトビエイ ( Giaponèis )

fornì da wikipedia 日本語
マダラトビエイ
生息年代: Upper Cretaceous–現世[1]
Spotted Eagle Ray (Aetobatus narinari)2.jpg 保全状況評価[2] NEAR THREATENED
(IUCN Red List Ver.3.1 (2001))
Status iucn3.1 NT.svg 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata : 軟骨魚綱 Chondrichthyes 亜綱 : 板鰓亜綱 Elasmobranchii : トビエイ目 Myliobatiformes : トビエイ科 Myliobatidae : マダラトビエイ属 Aetobatus : マダラトビエイ A. narinari 学名 Aetobatus narinari
(Euphrasén, 1790)[3] シノニム

Aetobatis latirostris
Aetobatis narinari
Aetomylus maculatus
Myliobatis eeltenkee
Myliobatis macroptera
Myliobatus punctatus
Raia quinqueaculeata
Raja narinari
Stoasodon narinari
[4]

和名 マダラトビエイ
(斑鳶鱏、斑鳶鱝、斑鳶鰩、斑鳶海鷂魚) 英名 Spotted Eagle Ray Spotted Eagle Ray Range Map.jpg
分布

マダラトビエイ(斑鳶鱏、斑鳶鱝、斑鳶鰩、斑鳶海鷂魚、Aetobatus narinari)はトビエイ科に属するエイの一種。全世界の熱帯沿岸の深度80m以浅で見られる。

背面は黒く白い斑点がある。長い尾の基部に毒棘を持つ。卵胎生。餌は底生生物で、吻で砂を掘って探す。主な天敵はサメ。人への危険は少ないが、水から飛び出しボートに着地した事故もある。IUCN準絶滅危惧としている。

分類[編集]

1790年、スウェーデンの植物学者Bengt Anders EuphrasénRaja narinariとして記載された。標本は彼がアンティル諸島へ旅した時に入手したものだが、出所は未確定である(おそらくブラジル沿岸)。その後Stoasodon属に移された[3][4][5]。現在では古代ギリシャ語aetos(鷲)、batis(エイ)に由来するAetobatus属に置かれている。この種を含むトビエイ科のエイは遊泳性であることが特徴である[4]

分布[編集]

 src=
海底で餌を探す

全世界の熱帯・温帯で見られ、大西洋西部ではノースカロライナからメキシコ湾カリブ海を経てブラジル南部まで、大西洋東部ではモーリタニアからアンゴラまで、インド太平洋では南アフリカ紅海・北は日本から南はオーストラリアまで、東太平洋ではカリフォルニア湾からペルーのPuerto Pizarroまで、ガラパゴス諸島ハワイにも分布する[4][6]

浅い沿岸のサンゴ礁や湾内、深度80m以浅に生息する[6]。通常は水面近くで群れており、長距離を移動することもある[4]

形態[編集]

Photograph
頭部

体は平たく、背面は濃紺から黒に白い斑点が散らばり、腹面は白。アヒルの嘴にも似た平たい吻がある[7]。尾はかなり長く、腹鰭の直後に2-6本の毒棘がある[4]。体盤は左右に長く翼状、鰓裂は5対で小さい[8]

最大で全長5m・体盤幅3m・230kgになる[6][9]

生態[編集]

繁殖[編集]

一匹から数匹の雄が雌を追い回し、背面に上顎を引っ掛ける。雄はどちらかの胸鰭上に移動し、左右に回りながら雌の腹側に回りこもうとする。その後胸鰭に上顎を引っ掛けたまま腹面同士を接触させ、クラスパーを挿入する。交尾は30–90秒続く[4]

卵胎生であり、卵は母体内で孵化した後卵黄で育つ[4]。妊娠期間は1年、産仔数は最大4[2]。出生時の仔魚は体幅170-350mm[4]。生後4-6年で性成熟する[2]

摂餌[編集]

主に二枚貝巻貝甲殻類(特に軟甲綱)などの埋在動物を食べ[10][11]、ヤドカリ[12]・エビ・タコ・小魚[13]などが記録されている。

歯列はくの字型で、結合して1枚の板になっているほか[6][9]、顎にも石灰化した支柱があり、これらは貝などの殻を砕くための適応である[1]。エイでは珍しく、吻を用いて砂を掘って餌を探し[14]、鰓穴から砂を排出する。オーストラリアと台湾での研究では、雌雄で摂餌行動に違いは見られなかった[11]

行動[編集]

 src=
腹面

水温24-27℃を好む。行動は潮位に影響を受け、ある追跡調査では満潮時に活発になることが分かった。

"pelvic thrust"・"extreme pelvic thrust"・"dip"と呼ばれる特徴的な泳ぎ方がある。"pelvic thrust"は単独の時に行い、4-5回腹部だけを動かして加速する。"extreme pelvic thrust"は群れの時に行い、急激に腹部と胸鰭を動かして群れの上方に抜け出る。"dip"は急速に降下してから上昇する泳ぎ方で、付近にいる他の個体に影響をあたえるように見える。またジャンプもするが、それには2つのタイプがあり1つは水面から垂直に飛び出し、そのまま着水するパターン。もう1つは45°の角度で飛び出し複数回ジャンプするパターンである。摂餌は単独だが、休息時には3-16匹で群れを作る[15]

天敵[編集]

 src=
天敵の一つツマジロ

他の多くのエイのように、イタチザメレモンザメオオメジロザメツマジロヒラシュモクザメなどのサメに捕食される[16][17]。サメがこの種を捕食するときは、海底に抑えつけてから頭部に噛み付く[18]。ヒラシュモクザメに体盤を喰い千切られ泳げなくなった個体が観察されている。出産期に雌を追い回し、産まれた仔魚を捕食するサメも観察されている[4]

人との関連[編集]

飼育には大きな水槽を必要とするが、背面の白い斑点が注目を集めるため多くの水族館で飼育される[19]。本種を対象とした漁はないが、混獲され食されることはある[19]。一般的には、臆病なため人の脅威となることはないとみなされるが[4]、水面から飛び出しボートに着地した例が報告されている。この時は女性が一人死亡している[20][21]

保護[編集]

IUCNは保護状況を準絶滅危惧としている。主に東南アジアやアフリカで捕獲され、水族館で展示するために取引される。保護には様々な努力が払われており、南アフリカではサメ防御網を減らすことで絡まって死亡する数を抑えているほか、一人一日あたりの購入可能数を制限している。フロリダ州では釣り・水揚げ・販売・購入が禁止されている。グレートバリアリーフでも保護されている[3]

出典[編集]

  1. ^ a b Aetobatus narinari”. Digital Morphology (^ a b c Kyne, P.M., Ishihara, H., Dudley, S. F. J. & White, W. T. (Aetobatus narinari. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2008. 2009年2月24日閲覧。
  2. ^ a b c Kyne, Ishihara. “Aetobatus narinari”. IUCN 2011. 2011年10月23日閲覧。
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Bester, Cathleen. “Ichtyology at the Florida Museum of Natural History”. Florida Museum of Natural History. 2011年10月21日閲覧。
  4. ^ (German) Symbolae Antillanae : seu fundamenta florae Indiae Occidenttalis. Berolini : Fratres Borntraeger ; Parisiis : Paul Klincksieck. http://www.archive.org/details/symbolaeantillanv3pt1urba
  5. ^ a b c d Luna, Susan M. "Aetobatus narinari – Species Summary". Fish Base. 30 April 2007. WorldFish Center. 3 June 2007.
  6. ^ Australian Wildlife. “White-Spotted Eagle Ray”. 29 October 2011閲覧。
  7. ^ The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific”. pp. 1511, 1516. 30 October 2011閲覧。
  8. ^ a b "Spotted Eagle Ray". Elasmodiver. 3 June 2007.
  9. ^ Bester, Cathleen. “Eagle Ray Spotted Eagle Ray Aetobatus narinari”. 18 October 2011閲覧。
  10. ^ a b Schluessel, Vera. “Life History, Population Genetics and Sensory Biology of the White Spotted Eagle Ray Aetobatus narinari (Euphrasen, 1790) with Emphasis on the Relative Importance of Olfaction”. 2011年10月18日閲覧。
  11. ^ Diet and reproduction in the white-spotted eagle ray Aetobatus narinari from Queensland, Australia and the Penghu Islands, Taiwan”. 2011年11月1日閲覧。
  12. ^ SeaWorld. “Spotted Eagle Ray”. 2011年11月1日閲覧。
  13. ^ Silliman 1999, p. 5.
  14. ^ Silliman 1999, pp. 5–6.
  15. ^ Silliman 1999, p. 2.
  16. ^ Spotted Eagle Ray, Aetobatus narinari”. marinebio.org. 9 November 2011閲覧。
  17. ^ Chapman 2002, p. 949.
  18. ^ a b Fowler, Sarah L; Cavanagh, Rachael D (2005). “Species status report”. Sharks, rays, chimaeras: The status of the Chondrichthyan fishes. UK: IUCN. p. 354. ISBN 2831707005. http://books.google.com/books?id=z6scNrsln2MC&pg=PA354.
  19. ^ CNN. “Woman dies after stingray strikes her”. Cable News Network. A Time Warner Company. 30 October 2011閲覧。
  20. ^ CNN. “Ray slams woman on boat in Florida Keys”. Cable News Network. A Time Warner Company. 30 October 2011閲覧。

参考文献[編集]

外部リンク[編集]

 src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、Spotted eagle rayに関連するカテゴリがあります。
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マダラトビエイ: Brief Summary ( Giaponèis )

fornì da wikipedia 日本語

マダラトビエイ(斑鳶鱏、斑鳶鱝、斑鳶鰩、斑鳶海鷂魚、Aetobatus narinari)はトビエイ科に属するエイの一種。全世界の熱帯沿岸の深度80m以浅で見られる。

背面は黒く白い斑点がある。長い尾の基部に毒棘を持つ。卵胎生。餌は底生生物で、吻で砂を掘って探す。主な天敵はサメ。人への危険は少ないが、水から飛び出しボートに着地した事故もある。IUCN準絶滅危惧としている。

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Description ( Anglèis )

fornì da World Register of Marine Species
Usually found in shallow inshore waters. Common around bays, estuaries, off beaches and coral reefs but may cross oceanic basins (Ref. 9862). Swims close to the surface, occasionally leaping out of the water, or close to the bottom (Ref. 3175). Frequently forms large schools during the nonbreeding season (Ref. 7251). Feeds mainly on bivalves but also eats shrimps, crabs, octopus and worms, whelks, and small fishes (Ref.9862).

Arferiment

Froese, R. & D. Pauly (Editors). (2023). FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. version (02/2023).

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Distribution ( Anglèis )

fornì da World Register of Marine Species
N.C. (summer), Bermuda, se. Florida, and n. Gulf of Mexico to Brazil; nearly worldwide in tropical waters

Arferiment

North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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Habitat ( Anglèis )

fornì da World Register of Marine Species
nektonic

Arferiment

North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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Kennedy, Mary [email]