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Distribution ( Anglèis )

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Indo-Pacific bottlenosed dolphins tend to live in shallow water near the shore at depths of less than 300 m. The habitat of some Indo-Pacific bottlenosed dolphins is estuarine but spatial distribution of dolphins varies depending on season and tidal state. These variables influence water temperature and prey distribution.

Biogeographic Regions: indian ocean (Native ); pacific ocean (Native )

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Diaz, K. 2012. "Tursiops aduncus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tursiops_aduncus.html
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Kelly Diaz, Yale University
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Rachel Racicot, Yale University
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Eric Sargis, Yale University
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Tanya Dewey, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Benefits ( Anglèis )

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There are no known adverse effects of Tursiops aduncus on humans.

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Diaz, K. 2012. "Tursiops aduncus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tursiops_aduncus.html
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Kelly Diaz, Yale University
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Rachel Racicot, Yale University
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Eric Sargis, Yale University
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Tanya Dewey, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Conservation Status ( Anglèis )

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Hunting and shark nets have historically threatened populations of bottlenosed dolphins because these dolphins, especially Indo-Pacific bottlenosed dolphins, prefer shallow coastal waters. These dolphins are killed for meat, fertilizer, cooking oil, and machine lubrication.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: appendix ii

State of Michigan List: no special status

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Diaz, K. 2012. "Tursiops aduncus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tursiops_aduncus.html
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Kelly Diaz, Yale University
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Behavior ( Anglèis )

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It has been argued that the large and convoluted brain of Indo-Pacific bottlenosed dolphins allows for greater intelligence and higher-order learning. They communicate via auditory perception. While their sense of sight is not well-developed, their sense of hearing is keen and important in echolocation. Indo-Pacific bottlenosed dolphins generate ultrasonic clicks and interpret the returning signals to perceive objects in their environment. Each dolphin also uses a characteristic whistle that helps other identify them individually. Indo-Pacific bottlenosed dolphins also communicate via tactile signals. Most often, flippers are rubbed over the flippers or bodies of other dolphins of the same sex and age. Flipper rubbing is observed between opposite sexes around mating and between mothers and calves.

Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; ultrasound ; echolocation ; vibrations ; chemical

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Diaz, K. 2012. "Tursiops aduncus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tursiops_aduncus.html
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Kelly Diaz, Yale University
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Sensa tìtol ( Anglèis )

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All Tursiops species were initially included in the species Tursiops truncatus. It is now recognized that there are at least three species, including Tursiops truncatus (found in all oceans except polar waters), Tursiops gillii (found in the eastern North Pacific), and Tursiops aduncus (found in the Indian, South Pacific, and western and southern North Pacific oceans). Tursiops aduncus was identified in 1883 by Christian Ehrenberg. Indo-Pacific bottlenosed dolphins are differentiated from common bottlenosed dolphins by genetic and morphological differences. Some have suggested that Indo-Pacific bottlenosed dolphins are more closely related to Stenella and Delphinus species than to Tursiops truncatus. This is an area of active research.

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Kelly Diaz, Yale University
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Benefits ( Anglèis )

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At some sites, Indo-Pacific bottlenosed dolphins have been habituated to the presence of human swimmers. At Mikura Island, Japan, there is a dolphin swim program in the summer that began in the 1990’s. Bottlenosed dolphins are common in marine exhibits and zoos. They can be easily trained to perform agile displays and to play with and locate objects. However, Indo-Pacific bottlenosed dolphins are generally more shy and less inquisitive than other bottlenosed dolphins. Like other marine mammals, the lifespan of these dolphins in captivity is significantly shorter than in the wild and there are significant ethical concerns with keeping such large, intelligent mammals in captive conditions.

Positive Impacts: food ; ecotourism ; research and education

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Diaz, K. 2012. "Tursiops aduncus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tursiops_aduncus.html
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Kelly Diaz, Yale University
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Tanya Dewey, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Associations ( Anglèis )

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Indo-Pacific bottlenosed dolphins are predators of many species of bony fish and squid in coastal tropical waters. Indo-Pacific bottlenosed dolphins are prey of many species of sharks. They often act as hosts for parasites and barnacles. Semi-parasitic barnacles can attach to their skin, causing irritations and drag as they swim.

Ecosystem Impact: keystone species

Commensal/Parasitic Species:

  • barnacles (Xenobalanus)
  • nematodes (Nematoda)
  • flukes (Braunina cordiformis)
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Diaz, K. 2012. "Tursiops aduncus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tursiops_aduncus.html
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Kelly Diaz, Yale University
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Tanya Dewey, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Trophic Strategy ( Anglèis )

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Indo-Pacific bottlenosed dolphins have a diet consisting of mainly bony fish and, to a lesser degree, cephalopods. While they eat a wide variety of fish species, the majority of their diet is composed of just a few species, which varies regionally. In captivity these dolphins eat 6 to 7 kg of food per day. They hunt cooperatively and foraging behavior is characterized by shallow dives multiple times per minute. In shallow water they hunt by using several methods, including “kicking” fish into the sand with their tails and chasing small fish up on to the shore. While feeding and traveling they leap from the water regularly. Hunting and feeding occur most frequently in the morning and afternoon.

Animal Foods: fish; mollusks

Primary Diet: carnivore (Piscivore )

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Diaz, K. 2012. "Tursiops aduncus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tursiops_aduncus.html
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Kelly Diaz, Yale University
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Rachel Racicot, Yale University
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Eric Sargis, Yale University
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Habitat ( Anglèis )

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Indo-Pacific bottlenosed dolphins tend to live in shallow water near the shore at depths of less than 300 m. With rapid gas exchange at the capillaries, double the amount of erythrocytes, and about 2 to 9 times the amount of myoglobin of land animals, dolphins are able to alternate between no breathing while deep diving and normal breathing while swimming along the surface.

Range depth: 2 to 300 m.

Habitat Regions: tropical ; saltwater or marine

Aquatic Biomes: reef ; coastal ; brackish water

Other Habitat Features: estuarine

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Diaz, K. 2012. "Tursiops aduncus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tursiops_aduncus.html
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Kelly Diaz, Yale University
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Rachel Racicot, Yale University
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Eric Sargis, Yale University
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Tanya Dewey, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Life Expectancy ( Anglèis )

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The average lifespan of the Indo-Pacific Bottlenose dolphin in the wild is more than 40 years, while the average age of adult males and females in the wild is 19 years and 26 years, respectively. The oldest known dolphins in the wild are a 39 year old male and a 49 year old female.

Range lifespan
Status: wild:
39 for male, 49 for female (high) years.

Average lifespan
Status: wild:
40+ years.

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Diaz, K. 2012. "Tursiops aduncus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tursiops_aduncus.html
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Kelly Diaz, Yale University
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Rachel Racicot, Yale University
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Eric Sargis, Yale University
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Tanya Dewey, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Morphology ( Anglèis )

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Tursiops aduncus are similar to Tursiops truncatus in form with a fusiform body, dorsal fin, and beak. The dorsal surface is slate blue or dark gray, with darker flippers and extremities and lighter, often pink-tinted, undersides. Patterning and ventral spotting vary by age and geographic location. A recent study has claimed that ventral spotting may be a sign of reproductive maturity, especially in females.

Adult Indo-Pacific bottlenosed dolphins have a head and body length between 175 and 400 cm, a pectoral fin length of about 23 cm, and a tail fluke expanse of 60 cm. Their weight is about 230 kg. Adult female Tursiops aduncus have been measured to be 200 cm in length in certain regions, while adult males are usually longer and heavier than females. Females have a single external opening and males have distinct anal and genital openings.

Like most bottlenosed dolphins, Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins have conical, single-rooted, unicuspid, homodont teeth that are about 1 cm in diameter. However, tooth counts alone usually cannot be used to differentiate T. aduncus and T. truncatus. In general, bottlenosed dolphins have between 20 and 28 teeth on each side of the jaw. Another cranial feature is the concavity of the top of the rostrum between the anterior edge of the nares and the distal tip of the premaxillae.

There are a number of physical differences between T. truncatus and T. aduncus. Indo-Pacific bottlenosed dolphins can be distinguished from T. truncatus by ventral spotting in adult specimens which increases with age, a longer, better-defined rostrum, a smaller melon, and, in some cases, more teeth. Indo-Pacific bottlenosed dolphins also have a smaller body, a smaller head, and larger flippers than T. truncatus. They have a more slender rostrum that is tapered more abruptly near the base and taller and broader-based dorsal fins relative to other bottlenosed dolphins. However, these differences are variable, which can make it difficult to distinguish them in areas of overlap.

With rapid gas exchange at the capillaries, double the amount of erythrocytes, and about 2 to 9 times the amount of myoglobin of land animals, dolphins are able to alternate between no breathing while deep diving and normal breathing while swimming along the surface.

Average mass: 230 kg.

Range length: 175 to 400 cm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: male larger

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Diaz, K. 2012. "Tursiops aduncus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tursiops_aduncus.html
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Kelly Diaz, Yale University
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Eric Sargis, Yale University
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Tanya Dewey, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Associations ( Anglèis )

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Indo-Pacific bottlenosed dolphins are hunted by at least 10 species of sharks. These predators may have played an important role in the evolution of social behavior in bottlenosed dolphins. By traveling in groups, they are less vulnerable to predators. Humans are also predators because bottlenosed dolphins are hunted and captured for food and entertainment. Their countershaded color pattern also helps to make them harder to see in marine environments.

Known Predators:

  • white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias)
  • tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier)
  • bull sharks (Carcharhinus amboinensis)
  • sixgill sharks (Hexanchus griseus)
  • sevengill sharks (Notorynchus cepedianus)
  • dusky sharks (Carcharhinus altimus)
  • oceanic whitetip sharks (Carcharhinus albimarginatus)
  • mako sharks (Isurus paucus)
  • Pacific sleeper sharks (Somniosus pacificus)
  • Greenland sharks (Somniosus microcephalus)

Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic

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Diaz, K. 2012. "Tursiops aduncus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tursiops_aduncus.html
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Kelly Diaz, Yale University
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Rachel Racicot, Yale University
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Eric Sargis, Yale University
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Tanya Dewey, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Reproduction ( Anglèis )

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Indo-Pacific bottlenosed dolphins are one of the few mammal species in which males cooperate with other males to allow for easier mating with females. Males form alliances with one to three other , potentially unrelated, males. These male groups herd females for mating, sometimes called “mate guarding.” Single males may also attempt to guard females for mating. Breeding females also form groups. Smaller female groups are easier to defend, whereas larger groups of females are difficult to defend. Male and female dolphins tend to mate with more than one partner. Copulation usually occurs when the dolphins are positioned belly to belly in the same direction.

Mating System: polygynandrous (promiscuous) ; cooperative breeder

Female reproductive success depends on the depth of the water; shallow water allows for easier detection of predators and reduced predation overall by sharks. Females reach reproductive maturity between 7 and 12 years of age, this maturation is communicated to males by freckling on the ventral region. Males reach reproductive maturity between 9 and 13 years. The gestation period is about 12 months.

At birth, Indo-Pacific bottlenosed dolphins are between 0.8 and 1.1 m in length and between 9 and 21 kg. Young are born tail first and are able to swim immediately. The highest rates of births are from October to December. The lactation period lasts for about 18 months in captivity and about 32 months in the wild. The teats are enclosed in slits along the urogenital opening. The mean weaning age is 3.5 years. However, a study in Australia found a weaning age ranging from 2.7 to 8 years. Adult females, in a sample population off the coast of Mikura Island, Japan, give birth once every 3 to 4 years.

Breeding interval: Female Indo-Pacific bottlenosed dolphins breed every 4 to 6 years.

Breeding season: The breeding season typically ranges from September to January. However, breeding may occur throughout the year.

Average number of offspring: 1.

Average gestation period: 12 months.

Average weaning age: 42 months.

Average time to independence: 4 years.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 7 to 12 years.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 9 to 13 years.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; year-round breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous

Adult female Indo-Pacific bottlenosed dolphins invest a great deal of time and attention in their calves. Even after weaning, calves stay with their mothers for another one to three years.

Adult male Indo-Pacific bottlenosed dolphins provide little or no parental care, instead maximizing their mating opportunities. Males sometimes cooperate to defend groups of females.

Parental Investment: precocial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); post-independence association with parents

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Diaz, K. 2012. "Tursiops aduncus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tursiops_aduncus.html
autor
Kelly Diaz, Yale University
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Rachel Racicot, Yale University
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Eric Sargis, Yale University
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Tanya Dewey, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Distribution in Egypt ( Anglèis )

fornì da Bibliotheca Alexandrina LifeDesk

Red Sea.

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Status in Egypt ( Anglèis )

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Unknown, probably accidental.

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Hind afalini ( Aser )

fornì da wikipedia AZ

Hind afalini[1] (lat. Tursiops aduncus) — Afalinlər cinsinə daxil olan üç növdən biridir[2].

Görünüşü

Hind afalini xariçi görünüş baxımından adi afalinə oxmayır. Digər delfinlərdən fərqi nazik bədən quruluşudur. Orta uzunluğu 2,6 metr, çəkiləri 230 kq təşkil edir.

Yayılması

Hind afalini Hindistan ətrafı sularda, Afrikanın şərqində, Qırmızı dəniz sularında, Avstraliyanın şimalı və Çinin cənubunda yayılmışlar.

İstinadlar

  1. Полная иллюстрированная энциклопедия. «Млекопитающие» Кн. 2 = The New Encyclopedia of Mammals / под ред. Д. Макдональда. — М.: «Омега», 2007. — С. 469. — 3000 экз. — ISBN 978-5-465-01346-8.
  2. News.rin.ru
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Hind afalini: Brief Summary ( Aser )

fornì da wikipedia AZ

Hind afalini (lat. Tursiops aduncus) — Afalinlər cinsinə daxil olan üç növdən biridir.

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Dofí mular indo pacífic ( Catalan; Valensian )

fornì da wikipedia CA

El dofí mular indo pacífic (Tursiops aduncus) és una espècie de dofí del gènere Tursiops. Creix fins a 2,6 metres de llarg i pesa fins a 230 quilograms.[1] Viu a les aigües del voltant de l'Índia, el nord d'Austràlia, el sud de la Xina, la mar Roja i la costa oriental d'Àfrica.[1] Té una esquena de color gris fosc i un ventre d'un gris més clar o gairebé blanc amb taques grises.[1]

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Dofí mular indo pacífic Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
  1. 1,0 1,1 1,2 Shirihai, H. and Jarrett, B.. Whales Dolphins and Other Marine Mammals of the World, 2006, p. 159–161. ISBN 0-691-12757-3.


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Dofí mular indo pacífic: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valensian )

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El dofí mular indo pacífic (Tursiops aduncus) és una espècie de dofí del gènere Tursiops. Creix fins a 2,6 metres de llarg i pesa fins a 230 quilograms. Viu a les aigües del voltant de l'Índia, el nord d'Austràlia, el sud de la Xina, la mar Roja i la costa oriental d'Àfrica. Té una esquena de color gris fosc i un ventre d'un gris més clar o gairebé blanc amb taques grises.

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Indopacifisk øresvin ( Danèis )

fornì da wikipedia DA

Det indopacifiske øresvin (Tursiops aduncus) er en delfinart, der udbredt i Det Indiske Ocean og i det vestlige Stillehav. Den ligner øresvinet, men er generelt mindre med et relativt længere næb og med pletter på dele af kroppens underside. Den har desuden flere tænder – 23 til 29 tænder i begge sider af hver kæbe mod 21 til 24 hos øresvinet.[1][2]

Udbredelse

Det indopacifiske øresvin er udbredt fra kysten ud fra Sydafrika i vest langs randen af Det Indiske Ocean (inklusiv Rødehavet, Den Persiske Bugt og Det Malajiske Arkipelag så langt østpå som Salomonøerne og muligvis Ny Kaledonien) til det sydlige Japan og sydøstlige Australien i øst. Inden for dette område findes den også på øer fjernt fra større landmasser.[3]

Kilder

  1. ^ Wells, R.; Scott, M. (2002). "Bottlenose Dolphins". I Perrin, W.; Wursig, B.; Thewissen, J. Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press. s. 122-127. ISBN 0-12-551340-2.
  2. ^ Reeves, R.; Stewart, B.; Clapham, P.; Powell, J. (2002). Guide to Marine Mammals of the World. s. 362-365. ISBN 0-375-41141-0.
  3. ^ Hammond, P.S.; et al. (2012), "Tursiops aduncus", www.iucnredlist.org, hentet 2017-11-04. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
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Indopacifisk øresvin: Brief Summary ( Danèis )

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Det indopacifiske øresvin (Tursiops aduncus) er en delfinart, der udbredt i Det Indiske Ocean og i det vestlige Stillehav. Den ligner øresvinet, men er generelt mindre med et relativt længere næb og med pletter på dele af kroppens underside. Den har desuden flere tænder – 23 til 29 tænder i begge sider af hver kæbe mod 21 til 24 hos øresvinet.

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Indopazifischer Großer Tümmler ( Alman )

fornì da wikipedia DE

Der Indopazifische Große Tümmler (Tursiops aduncus) ist eine dem Großen Tümmler (Tursiops truncatus) stark ähnelnde Delfinart, die im Indopazifik von der südlichen Küste Südafrikas und der Küste Ostafrikas sowie entlang der gesamten Nordküste des Indischen Ozeans bis zum tropischen westlichen Pazifik nach Südjapan, Nordaustralien und Melanesien vorkommt. Eine der größten Populationen dieser Art kommt in der Shark Bay in Westaustralien vor.[1]

Merkmale

Der Indopazifische Große Tümmler wird maximal 2,60 Meter lang und 230 kg schwer und bleibt damit kleiner als der Große Tümmler. Männchen sind durchschnittlich etwas größer als Weibchen. Der Körper ist schlanker, der Kopf kleiner, die Schnauze länger und dünner als beim Großen Tümmler. Die Melone ist weniger stark entwickelt und formt den Kopf weniger konvex. Die Finne (Rückenflosse) sitzt über der Körpermitte, ist sichelförmig und im Vergleich zum Großen Tümmler proportional höher, wogegen die Flipper (Brustflosse) hin und wieder proportional größer sind. Der Indopazifische Große Tümmler hat mehr Zähne als der Große Tümmler.

Seine Farbe ist im Allgemeinen grau bis hellbraun und manchmal mit einer kontrastierenden dunkleren Oberseite. Die Unterseite ist weißlich. Bei einer Minderheit der Tiere entwickelt sich mit zunehmendem Alter eine Punktzeichnung auf der Bauchseite. Augenstreifen und sonstige Male am Kopf und Schulterstreifen sind weniger deutlich als beim Großen Tümmler.

Lebensweise

Der Indopazifische Große Tümmler lebt küstennah und gesellig, normalerweise in Schulen von 5 bis 15 Tieren, in einigen Fällen aber auch in sehr großen Gesellschaften von bis zu 1000 Tieren. In manchen Regionen vergesellschaftet er sich oft mit Exemplaren des Großen Tümmlers und Delfinen der Gattung Sousa. Er springt weniger oft als der Große Tümmler, ist weniger verspielt und Booten gegenüber scheuer. Wie der Große Tümmler ernährt er sich von Fischen und Kopffüßern.

Indopazifische Große Tümmler paaren sich und gebären im späten Frühjahr und im Sommer, in einigen Gebieten auch ganzjährig. Die Tragzeit beträgt 12 Monate. Die Neugeborenen sind 84 bis 110 cm lang und wiegen 9 bis 21 kg. Jungtiere sind einheitlicher und dunkler gefärbt als die Adulten.

Systematik

Die Erstbeschreibung erfolgte 1833 durch den deutschen Zoologen Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg. Lange Zeit galt die Art als Unterart des Großen Tümmlers (T. truncatus). Aufgrund signifikanter genetischer Unterschiede, der größeren Anzahl von Zähnen und weiteren Unterschieden wird der Indopazifische Große Tümmler seit Ende der 1990er als eigenständige Art anerkannt (Rice 1998, Wang et al. 1999, 2000a, b). Möglicherweise ist Tursiops aduncus näher mit den Fleckendelfinen (Stenella) verwandt als mit dem Großen Tümmler.

Siehe auch

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

  1. Oliver Manlik, Jane A. McDonald, Janet Mann, Holly C. Raudino, Lars Bejder: The relative importance of reproduction and survival for the conservation of two dolphin populations. In: Ecology and Evolution. 1. April 2016, ISSN 2045-7758, S. n/a–n/a, doi:10.1002/ece3.2130 (wiley.com [abgerufen am 6. Mai 2016]).
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Indopazifischer Großer Tümmler: Brief Summary ( Alman )

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Der Indopazifische Große Tümmler (Tursiops aduncus) ist eine dem Großen Tümmler (Tursiops truncatus) stark ähnelnde Delfinart, die im Indopazifik von der südlichen Küste Südafrikas und der Küste Ostafrikas sowie entlang der gesamten Nordküste des Indischen Ozeans bis zum tropischen westlichen Pazifik nach Südjapan, Nordaustralien und Melanesien vorkommt. Eine der größten Populationen dieser Art kommt in der Shark Bay in Westaustralien vor.

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Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin ( Anglèis )

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Aerial view of a pod of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) with calves at Gordon's Bay, Sydney.

The Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus) is a species of bottlenose dolphin. This dolphin grows to 2.6 m (8.5 ft) long, and weighs up to 230 kg (510 lb).[4] It lives in the waters around India, northern Australia, South China, the Red Sea, and the eastern coast of Africa.[4] Its back is dark grey and its belly is lighter grey or nearly white with grey spots.[4]

The Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin is generally smaller than the common bottlenose dolphin, has a proportionately longer rostrum, and has spots on its belly and lower sides.[5][6] It also has more teeth than the common bottlenose dolphin — 23 to 29 teeth on each side of each jaw compared to 21 to 24 for the common bottlenose dolphin.[6]

Much of the old scientific data in the field combine data about the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin and the common bottlenose dolphin into a single group, making it effectively useless in determining the structural differences between the two species. The IUCN lists the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin as "near threatened" in their Red List of endangered species.[2]

Taxonomy

Until 1998, all bottlenose dolphins were considered members of the single species T. truncatus. In that year, the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin was recognized as a separate species.[5][7] Both species are thought to have split during the mid-Pleistocene, about 1 million years ago.[8]

Some evidence shows the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin may actually be more closely related to certain dolphin species in the genera Stenella and Delphinus, especially the Atlantic spotted dolphin (S. frontalis), than it is to the common bottlenose dolphin.[5][9] However, more recent studies indicate that this is a consequence of reticulate evolution (such as past hybridization between Stenella and ancestral Tursiops) and incomplete lineage sorting, and thus support T. truncatus and T. aduncus belonging to the same genus.[8]

The Burrunan dolphin (T. (aduncus) australis) has been alternately considered its own species, a subspecies of T. truncatus, or a subspecies of T. aduncus. Following the results of a 2020 study, the American Society of Mammalogists presently classifies it as a subspecies of T. aduncus.[8][10] The same study delineated 3 distinct lineages within T. aduncus which could each be their own subspecies: an Indian Ocean lineage, an Australasian lineage, and the Burrunan dolphin.[8] The Society for Marine Mammalogy does not recognize the Burrunan dolphin as a distinct species or subspecies, citing the need for further research.[11]

Description

Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins are very similar to common bottlenose dolphins in appearance. Common bottlenose dolphins have a reasonably strong body, moderate-length beak, and tall, curved dorsal fins; whereas Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins have a more slender body build and their beak is longer and more slender.[12] The Indo-Pacific population also tends to have a somewhat lighter blue colour and the cape is generally more distinct, with a light spinal blaze extending to below the dorsal fin. However, although not always present, the most obvious distinction can be made with the presence of black spots or flecks on the bellies of adults of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins, which are very rare in common bottlenose dolphins.[12] Their teeth can number between 23 and 29 in each upper and lower jaw, and are more slender than those of common bottlenose dolphins.[12] Size of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins can vary based on geographic location; however, its average length is 2.6 m (8.5 ft) long, and it weighs up to 230 kg (510 lb).[4] The length at birth is between 0.84 and 1.5 m (2.8 and 4.9 ft).[4]

The local population centering Mikura-jima is claimed to be a distinct form or species.[13]

Diet

Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins feed on a wide variety of fish and cephalopods (particularly squid).[14]

In one study,[14] researchers looked at the feeding ecology of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins by analyzing the stomach contents of ones that got caught in the gillnet fisheries off Zanzibar, Tanzania. The prey items found in the stomach contents included 50 species of bony fish and three species of squid. From their results, the researchers concluded the most important prey group was fish, which accounted for 87% of the total number of prey items consumed and occurred in 24 of 26 stomachs examined. Cephalopods comprised the other 13% of prey items and were found in 13 of the 26 stomachs.[14] The remains of some crustaceans were also found; they hypothesize, however, they were consumed secondarily, since a number were found intact in the fish prey stomachs and therefore were not included in the diet analysis.[14]

Behavior

Socializing dolphins in the Red Sea

Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins live in groups that can number in the hundreds, but groups of five to 15 dolphins are most common.[6] In some parts of their range, they associate with the common bottlenose dolphin[6] and other dolphin species, such as the humpback dolphin.[6]

The peak mating and calving seasons are in the spring and summer, although mating and calving occur throughout the year in some regions. Gestation period is about 12 months. Calves are between 0.84 and 1.5 m (2.8 and 4.9 ft) long, and weigh between 9 and 21 kg (20 and 46 lb). The calves are weaned between 1.5 and 2.0 years, but can remain with their mothers for up to 5 years. The interbirth interval for females is typically 4.5 to 6 years.[4]

In some parts of its range, this dolphin is subject to predation by sharks;[6] its lifespan is more than 40 years.[4]

Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins located in Shark Bay, Australia, have been observed using sponges as tools in a practice called "sponging". A dolphin breaks a marine sponge off the sea floor and wears it over its rostrum, apparently to probe substrates for fish, possibly as a tool.[15][16]

The first report and footage of spontaneous ejaculation in an aquatic mammal was recorded in a wild Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin near Mikura Island, Japan, in 2012.[17]

A tribe of Austral indigenous people on the Mornington Island have been communicating with wild dolphins for millennia. They are said to have "a medicine man who calls the dolphins and "speaks" to them telepathically. By these communications he assures that the tribes' fortunes and happiness are maintained."[18]

Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins have been observed to swim near and rub themselves against specific types of corals and sponges. A team of scientists followed up on this behavior and discovered metabolites with antibacterial, antioxidative, and hormonal activities in the corals and sponges, suggesting that they might be used by the dolphins to treat skin infections.[19]

Status and threats

The species is not considered to be endangered; its near-shore distribution, though, makes it vulnerable to environmental degradation, direct exploitation, and problems associated with local fisheries.[20]

The major predators of this species are typically sharks, and may include humans, killer whales (Orcinus orca), and sting rays. In the early 1980s, many were deliberately killed in a Taiwanese driftnet fishery in the Arafura Sea, off northwestern Australia.[21] Large-mesh nets set to protect bathers from sharks in South Africa and Australia have also resulted in a substantial number of deaths.[22] Gillnets are also having an impact, and are a problem throughout most of the species' range.

Captivity

These small cetaceans are commonly found in captivity,[14] causing conservation concerns, including the effects of removing the animals from their wild populations, survival of cetaceans during capture and transport and while in captivity, and the risks to wild populations and ecosystems of accidentally introducing alien species and spreading epizootic diseases, especially when animals have been transported over long distances and are held in sea pens.[23]

Bottlenose dolphins are the most common captive cetaceans on a global scale.[23] Prior to 1980, more than 1,500 bottlenose dolphins were collected from the United States, Mexico, and the Bahamas, and more than 550 common and 60 Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins were brought into captivity in Japan.[23] By the late 1980s, the United States stopped collecting bottlenose dolphins and the number of captive-born animals in North American aquaria has increased from only 6% in 1976 to about 44% in 1996.

In the South Korea, in the 2010s, environmental groups and animal protection groups led a campaign (2013년 대한민국 남방큰돌고래 방사) to release southern bottlenose dolphins illegally captured by fishermen and trapped in Jeju Pacific Land[24] and Seoul Zoo.[25]

Japan

In a study on three populations of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins in Japan,[26] the characteristics of acoustic signals are believed to be affected by the acoustic environments among habitats, and geographical variation in animal acoustic signals can result from differences in acoustic environments; therefore, the characteristics of the ambient noise in the dolphins' habitats and the whistles produced were compared. Ambient noise was recorded using a hydrophone located 10 m below the surface and whistles were recorded by using an underwater video system.

The results showed dolphins produced whistles at varying frequencies with greater modulations when in habitats with less ambient noise, whereas habitats with greater ambient noise seem to cause dolphins to produce whistles of lower frequencies and fewer frequency modulations. Examination of the results suggest communication signals are adaptive and are selected to avoid the masking of signals and the decrease of higher-frequency signals. They concluded ambient noise has the potential to drive the variation in whistles of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin populations.

Jervis Bay, Australia

Small, motorized vessels have increased as a source of anthropogenic noise due to the rise in popularity of wildlife viewing such as whale watching. Another study[27] showed powerboat approaches within 100 m altered the dolphin surface behaviour from traveling to milling, and changed their direction to travel away from the powerboat. When the powerboat left the area and its noise ceased, the dolphins returned to their preceding behaviour in the original direction.

Shark Bay, Australia

Dolphin in shallow water at Monkey Mia, Shark Bay, Western Australia

Another study[28] in Shark Bay, Western Australia, on dolphin behavioural responses showed significant changes in the behaviour of targeted dolphins were found when compared with their behaviour before and after approaches by small watercraft. Dolphins in the low-traffic site showed a stronger and longer-lasting response than dolphins in the high-traffic site. These results are believed to show habituation of the dolphins to the vessels in a region of long-term vessel traffic. However, when compared to other studies in the same area, moderated responses, rather, were suggested to be because those individuals sensitive to vessel disturbance left the region before their study began.

Although these studies do show statistical significance for the effects of whale-watching boats on behavior, what these results mean for long-term population viability is not known. The Shark Bay population has been forecast to be relatively stable with little variation in mortality over time (Manlik et al. 2016).[29]

Conservation

The Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin populations of the Arafura and the Timor Sea are listed on Appendix II[30] of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). They are listed on Appendix II[30] as they have an unfavourable conservation status or would benefit significantly from international co-operation organised by tailored agreements.[31]

The Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin is also covered by Memorandum of Understanding for the Conservation of Cetaceans and Their Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region (Pacific Cetaceans MoU).[32]

The Adelaide Dolphin Sanctuary is a marine protected area in the Australian state of South Australia located on the east coast of Gulf St Vincent, which was established in 2005 for the protection of a resident population of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins.[33]

See also

References

  1. ^ Mead, J. G.; Brownell, R. L. Jr. (2005). "Order Cetacea". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 723–743. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ a b Braulik, G.; Natoli, A.; Kiszka, J.; Parra, G.; Plön, S.; Smith, B.D. (2019). "Tursiops aduncus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T41714A50381127. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T41714A50381127.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  3. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Shirihai, H.; Jarrett, B. (2006). Whales Dolphins and Other Marine Mammals of the World. pp. 159–161. ISBN 978-0-691-12757-6.
  5. ^ a b c Wells, R.; Scott, M. (2002). "Bottlenose Dolphins". In Perrin, W.; Wursig, B.; Thewissen, J. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press. pp. 122–127. ISBN 978-0-12-551340-1.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Reeves, R.; Stewart, B.; Clapham, P.; Powell, J. (2002). Guide to Marine Mammals of the World. pp. 362–365. ISBN 978-0-375-41141-0.
  7. ^ Möller Luciana M.; Beheregaray Luciano B (2001). "Coastal bottlenose dolphins from southeastern Australia are Tursiops aduncus according to sequences of the mitochondrial DNA control region". Marine Mammal Science. 17 (2): 249–263. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2001.tb01269.x.
  8. ^ a b c d Moura, Andre E.; Shreves, Kypher; Pilot, Małgorzata; Andrews, Kimberly R.; Moore, Daniel M.; Kishida, Takushi; Möller, Luciana; Natoli, Ada; Gaspari, Stefania; McGowen, Michael; Chen, Ing; Gray, Howard; Gore, Mauvis; Culloch, Ross M.; Kiani, Muhammad S.; Willson, Maia Sarrouf; Bulushi, Asma; Collins, Tim; Baldwin, Robert; Willson, Andrew; Minton, Gianna; Ponnampalam, Louisa; Hoelzel, A. Rus (1 May 2020). "Phylogenomics of the genus Tursiops and closely related Delphininae reveals extensive reticulation among lineages and provides inference about eco-evolutionary drivers". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 146: 106756. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106756. hdl:2164/16438. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 32028032. S2CID 211048062.
  9. ^ Leduc, R.; Perrin, W. & Dizon, E. (18 August 1998). "Phylogenetic Relationships among the Delphinid Cetaceans Based on Full Cytochrome B Sequences". Marine Mammal Science. 15 (3): 619–648. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00833.x.
  10. ^ "Explore the Database". mammaldiversity.org. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  11. ^ "List of Marine Mammal Species and Subspecies|May 2022". Society for Marine Mammalogy. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
  12. ^ a b c Worlds Creatures. (2004) Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin.
  13. ^ "御蔵島のイルカ 基礎知識/ドルフィンスイム・三宅島から行く".
  14. ^ a b c d e Amir Omar A.; Per Berggren; Simon Ndaro G.M.; Narriman Jiddawi S (2005). "Feeding ecology of the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus) incidentally caught in the gillnets fisheries off Zanzibar, Tanzania". Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 63 (3): 429–437. Bibcode:2005ECSS...63..429A. doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2004.12.006.
  15. ^ Smolker, R.A.; et al. (1997). "Sponge Carrying by Dolphins (Delphinidae, Tursiops sp.): A Foraging Specialization Involving Tool Use?". Ethology. 103 (6): 454–465. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1997.tb00160.x. hdl:2027.42/71936.
  16. ^ Mann, J.B.; Sargeant, B.L.; Watson-Capps, J.J.; Gibson, Q.A.; Heithaus, M.R.; Connor, R.C.; Patterson, E (2008). "Why do dolphins carry sponges?". PLOS ONE. 3 (e3868): e3868. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.3868M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003868. PMC 2587914. PMID 19066625.
  17. ^ Morisaka, Tadamichi; Sakai, Mai; Kogi, Kazunobu; Nakasuji, Akane; Sakakibara, Kasumi; Kasanuki, Yuria; Yoshioka, Motoi; Sakamoto, Kentaro Q. (27 August 2013). "Spontaneous Ejaculation in a Wild Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops aduncus)". PLOS ONE. 8 (8): e72879. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...872879M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0072879. PMC 3755988. PMID 24015280.
  18. ^ Bernd Würsig B.. William Perrin W.. Würsig B.. Thewissen M. G. J.. 2008. Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals 2nd Edition. pp.488. ISBN 9780123735539. Academic Press. Retrieved on 3 March 2017
  19. ^ "Watch dolphins line up to self-medicate skin ailments at coral "clinics"". EurekAlert!. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  20. ^ Curry, B.E. and Smith, J. (1997) "Phylogeographic structure of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus): stock identification and implications for management", pp. 227–247 in: A.E. Dizon, S.J. Chivers, and W.F. Perrin (eds) Molecular Genetics of Marine Mammals. Society for Marine Mammalogy, Special Publication No. 3, Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas.
  21. ^ Harwood, M.B.; Hembree, D. (1987). "Incidental catch of small cetaceans in the offshore gillnet fishery in northern Australian waters: 1981–1985" (PDF). Report of the International Whaling Commission. 37: 363–367.
  22. ^ Peddemors, V.M. (2023). "Delphinids of southern Africa: a review of their distribution, status and life history". Journal of Cetacean Research and Management. 1 (2): 157–165. doi:10.47536/jcrm.v1i2.463. S2CID 256287204.
  23. ^ a b c Fisher Sue J.; Reeves Randall R. (2005). "The Global Trade in Live Cetaceans: Implications for Conservation". Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy. 8 (4): 315–340. doi:10.1080/13880290500343624. S2CID 84937276.
  24. ^ "[Column] The fate of Bibong the Korean dolphin, released as a means to an end". The Hankyoreh. 26 January 2023. Retrieved 7 April 2023.
  25. ^ "Dolphins returned to the wild". Korea.net. 25 July 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
  26. ^ Tadamichi, Morisaka; Masanori, Shinohara; Fumio, Nakahara; Tomonari, Akamatsu (2005). "Effects of Ambient Noise on the Whistles of Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin Populations". Journal of Mammalogy. 86 (3): 541–546. doi:10.1644/1545-1542(2005)86[541:eoanot]2.0.co;2. JSTOR 4094322.
  27. ^ Lemon Michelle; Lynch Tim P.; Cato Douglas H.; Harcourt Robert G (2006). "Response of traveling bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) to experimental approaches by a powerboat in Jervis Bay, New South Wales, Australia". Biological Conservation. 127 (4): 363–372. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2005.08.016.
  28. ^ Bejder Lars; Samuels Amy; Whitehead Hal; Gales Nick (2006). "Interpreting short-term behavioural responses to disturbance within a longitudinal perspective". Animal Behaviour. 72 (5): 1149–1158. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.04.003. S2CID 4495162.
  29. ^ Manlik O.; McDonald J.A.; Mann J.; Raudino H.C.; Bejder L.; Kruetzen M.; Connor R.C.; Heithaus M.R.; Lacy R.C.; Sherwin W.B. (2016). "The relative importance of reproduction and survival for the conservation of two dolphin populations". Ecology and Evolution. 6 (11): 3496–3512. doi:10.1002/ece3.2130. PMC 5513288. PMID 28725349.
  30. ^ a b "Appendix II Archived 11 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine" of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). As amended by the Conference of the Parties in 1985, 1988, 1991, 1994, 1997, 1999, 2002, 2005, and 2008. Effective: 5 March 2009.
  31. ^ Convention on Migratory Species page on the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin Archived 2 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine. cms.int
  32. ^ Memorandum of Understanding for the Conservation of Cetaceans and Their Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region. pacificcetaceans.org
  33. ^ Adelaide Dolphin Sanctuary Management Plan (PDF). Government of South Australia, Department for Environment and Heritage (DEH). June 2008. pp. 2, 4, 7, 8–22 & 24. ISBN 978-1-92123-807-9.
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Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin: Brief Summary ( Anglèis )

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Aerial view of a pod of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) with calves at Gordon's Bay, Sydney.

The Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus) is a species of bottlenose dolphin. This dolphin grows to 2.6 m (8.5 ft) long, and weighs up to 230 kg (510 lb). It lives in the waters around India, northern Australia, South China, the Red Sea, and the eastern coast of Africa. Its back is dark grey and its belly is lighter grey or nearly white with grey spots.

The Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin is generally smaller than the common bottlenose dolphin, has a proportionately longer rostrum, and has spots on its belly and lower sides. It also has more teeth than the common bottlenose dolphin — 23 to 29 teeth on each side of each jaw compared to 21 to 24 for the common bottlenose dolphin.

Much of the old scientific data in the field combine data about the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin and the common bottlenose dolphin into a single group, making it effectively useless in determining the structural differences between the two species. The IUCN lists the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin as "near threatened" in their Red List of endangered species.

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Kurba tursiopo ( Esperant )

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La Hind-Pacifika botelnaza delfenoKurba tursiopo (Tursiops aduncus) estas specio de botelnazaj delfenoj. Tiu delfeno kreskas ĝis 2.6 m longa, kaj pezas ĝis 230 kg.[1] Ili vivas en akvoj ĉirkaŭ Barato, norda Aŭstralio, Suda Ĉinio, la Ruĝa Maro, kaj la orienta marbordo de Afriko.[1] Ties dorso estas malhelgriza kaj ties ventro estas pli helgriza aŭ preskaŭ blanka kun grizaj makuloj.[1]

Ĝis 1998, ĉuj botelnazaj delfenoj estis konsideritaj membroj de unusola specio T. truncatus. Tiujare la Hind-Pacifika botelnaza delfeno estis agnoskita kiel aparta specio.[2][3] La Hind-Pacifika botelnaza delfeno estas ĝenerale pli malgranda ol la ordinara botelnaza delfeno, hsvas proporcie pli longan bekomuzelon, kaj havas punktojn en siaj ventro kaj malsupraj flankoj.[2][4] Ĝi havas pli da dentoj ol la ordinara botelnaza delfeno — 23 al 29 dentoj en ĉiu flanko de ĉiu makzelo kompare kun la 21 al 24 ĉe la ordinara botelnaza delfeno.[4] Kelka pruvaro montras, ke la Hind-Pacifika botelnaza delfeno povus fakte esti pli rilata al kelkaj delfenaj specioj de la genroj Stenella kaj Delphinus, speciale la Stenella frontalis, ol al la ordinara botelnaza delfeno.[2][5]

Multo de malnova kampo-scienca informaro pri la kurba tursiopo kaj pri la ordinara botelnaza delfeno en unusola grupo, kio faras ĝin efektive neutila por determini la strukturajn diferencojn inter ambaŭ specioj. La IUCN listigas la Hind-Pacifikan botelnazan delfenon kiel "DD" (nesufiĉa informaro en sia Internacia Ruĝa Listo de Endanĝeritaj Specioj pro tiu afero.[6]

Notoj

  1. 1,0 1,1 1,2 (2006) Whales Dolphins and Other Marine Mammals of the World, p. 159–161. ISBN 0-691-12757-3.
  2. 2,0 2,1 2,2 (2002) “Bottlenose Dolphins”, Perrin, W.: Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press, p. 122–127. ISBN 0-12-551340-2.
  3. (2001) “Coastal bottlenose dolphins from southeastern Australia are Tursiops aduncus according to sequences of the mitochondrial DNA control region”, Marine Mammal Science 17 (2), p. 249–263. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2001.tb01269.x.
  4. 4,0 4,1 (2002) Guide to Marine Mammals of the World, p. 362–365. ISBN 0-375-41141-0.
  5. Leduc, R. (18a de Aŭgusto, 1998). “Phylogenetic Relationships among the Delphinid Cetaceans Based on Full Cytochrome B Sequences”, Marine Mammal Science 15 (3), p. 619–648. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00833.x.
  6. Tursiops truncatus: Species Information. IUCN. Alirita 2006-11-03.
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Kurba tursiopo: Brief Summary ( Esperant )

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La Hind-Pacifika botelnaza delfeno aŭ Kurba tursiopo (Tursiops aduncus) estas specio de botelnazaj delfenoj. Tiu delfeno kreskas ĝis 2.6 m longa, kaj pezas ĝis 230 kg. Ili vivas en akvoj ĉirkaŭ Barato, norda Aŭstralio, Suda Ĉinio, la Ruĝa Maro, kaj la orienta marbordo de Afriko. Ties dorso estas malhelgriza kaj ties ventro estas pli helgriza aŭ preskaŭ blanka kun grizaj makuloj.

Ĝis 1998, ĉuj botelnazaj delfenoj estis konsideritaj membroj de unusola specio T. truncatus. Tiujare la Hind-Pacifika botelnaza delfeno estis agnoskita kiel aparta specio. La Hind-Pacifika botelnaza delfeno estas ĝenerale pli malgranda ol la ordinara botelnaza delfeno, hsvas proporcie pli longan bekomuzelon, kaj havas punktojn en siaj ventro kaj malsupraj flankoj. Ĝi havas pli da dentoj ol la ordinara botelnaza delfeno — 23 al 29 dentoj en ĉiu flanko de ĉiu makzelo kompare kun la 21 al 24 ĉe la ordinara botelnaza delfeno. Kelka pruvaro montras, ke la Hind-Pacifika botelnaza delfeno povus fakte esti pli rilata al kelkaj delfenaj specioj de la genroj Stenella kaj Delphinus, speciale la Stenella frontalis, ol al la ordinara botelnaza delfeno.

Multo de malnova kampo-scienca informaro pri la kurba tursiopo kaj pri la ordinara botelnaza delfeno en unusola grupo, kio faras ĝin efektive neutila por determini la strukturajn diferencojn inter ambaŭ specioj. La IUCN listigas la Hind-Pacifikan botelnazan delfenon kiel "DD" (nesufiĉa informaro en sia Internacia Ruĝa Listo de Endanĝeritaj Specioj pro tiu afero.

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Tursiops aduncus ( Spagneul; Castilian )

fornì da wikipedia ES

El delfín del Indo-Pacífico (Tursiops aduncus) es una especie de cetáceo odontoceto de la familia Delphinidae que viven en las aguas alrededor de la India, el norte de Australia, Sur de China, mar Rojo, y la costa oriental de África.[2]

Descripción

La coloración de su dorso es gris oscuro y la zona ventral gris claro (o blanco oscuro).

Referencias

  1. Hammond, P.S., Bearzi, G., Bjørge, A., Forney, K., Karczmarski, L., Kasuya, T., Perrin, W.F., Scott, M.D., Wang, J.Y., Wells, R.S. & Wilson, B. (2008). «Tursiops aduncus». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2008 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 7 de octubre de 2008.
  2. Shirihai, H. and Jarrett, B. (2006). Whales Dolphins and Other Marine Mammals of the World. p. 159–161. ISBN 0-691-12757-3.

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Tursiops aduncus: Brief Summary ( Spagneul; Castilian )

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El delfín del Indo-Pacífico (Tursiops aduncus) es una especie de cetáceo odontoceto de la familia Delphinidae que viven en las aguas alrededor de la India, el norte de Australia, Sur de China, mar Rojo, y la costa oriental de África.​

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Tursiops aduncus ( Basch )

fornì da wikipedia EU

Tursiops aduncus Tursiops generoko animalia da. Artiodaktiloen barruko Delphinidae familian sailkatuta dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)Mammals - full taxonomy and Red List status Ugaztun guztien egoera 2008an
  2. Ehrenberg (1833) folio k Mammalia decas II Hemprich and Ehrenberg ftn. 1. or..

Ikus, gainera

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Tursiops aduncus: Brief Summary ( Basch )

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Tursiops aduncus Tursiops generoko animalia da. Artiodaktiloen barruko Delphinidae familian sailkatuta dago.

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Grand dauphin de l'océan Indien ( Fransèis )

fornì da wikipedia FR

Tursiops aduncus

Le Grand dauphin de l'océan Indien ou grand dauphin de l'Indo-Pacifique (Tursiops aduncus) est un dauphin du genre Tursiops.

Description

 src=
Groupe de grands dauphins de l'Indo-Pacifique, Mer rouge
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Groupe de grands dauphins de l'Indo-Pacifique, Mikurajima, Japon

Cette espèce de Tursiops fut décrite par Ehrenberg en 1833. T. aduncus est plus petit que le T. truncatus et possède un rostre proportionnellement plus long : le grand dauphin de l'Indo-Pacifique mesure en moyenne 2,60 m et pèse 230 kg maximum ; Il ne s'éloigne pas des côtes, forme de petits groupes sociables stables de 5 à 15 individus comme le grand dauphin, mais est en général moins joueur et plus farouche[1].

T. truncatus et T. adunctus existent dans les mêmes eaux. Les deux espèces ont longtemps été considérées comme une seule. Les comparaisons d'un fragment de 386 points d'ébullition de la région mitochondrique de commande d'ADN (mtDNA) (n = 47) ont indiqué que les deux morphotypes étaient génétiquement distincts. Les analyses phylogénétiques ont prouvé que le type truncatus des eaux chinoises est plus étroitement lié à celui de l'océan Atlantique que le T. adunctus. Ces données moléculaires ont convenu complètement avec des classifications morphologiques des spécimens. Cette congruence est évidence forte que les morphotypes dans les eaux chinoises sont des reproducteurs isolés et comportent deux espèces distinctes, avec des implications importantes pour la conservation des dauphins Tursiops dans les eaux chinoises.

Les nouveaux résultats peuvent justifier d'autres subdivisions des espèces de Tursiops dans un avenir proche : Curry (1997) avait analysé 127 ordres mitochondriques de région de commande d'ADN pour étudier d'intra- et interspécifiques différences parmi des dauphins Tursiops.

Elle a identifié 73 haplotypes et les résultats, a combiné avec l'information sur la morphologie et l'écologie, soutenues par la suggestion qu'il y a des différences d'espèce-aux niveaux côtiers et des dauphins tursiops en pleine mer dans l'Atlantique nord occidental/golfe du Mexique.

L'évidence génétique récente suggère que T. adunctus soit plus étroitement lié aux espèces pélagiques de Stenella et de Delphinus, et en particulier aux Stenella frontalis, qu'au Tursiops truncatus. Si ces résultats sont confirmés, ils auraient plus que des implications taxonomiques et influencent considérablement des ségrégations basées sur la morphologie et le comportement social (Puits et Scott 2002).

Usage d'outils par les dauphins

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Grand dauphin de l'Indo-Pacifique, baie shark, Australie

Dans la Baie Shark, en Australie, des dauphins sauvages de l'espèce Tursiops aduncus utilisent des éponges marines comme outil. Ils s'en servent pour protéger leur rostre sensible lorsqu'ils fouillent les sédiments des fonds marins[2]. Ce comportement, uniquement observé dans cette baie, a été observé pour la première fois en 1997[3]. Seules certaines femelles utilisent les éponges comme outil ; il a été démontré grâce à une analyse de l'ADN mitochondrial de ces femelles qu'elles proviennent toutes de la même femelle ancestrale : ce phénomène semble donc être une transmission de savoir, de mère à fille exclusivement. Dans l'état actuel de nos connaissances, cette transmission culturelle matrilinéaire est unique chez les cétacés[4].

Usage de jeux par les dauphins

Dans le lagon de Mayotte, dans l'archipel des Comores, des dauphins sauvages de l'espèce Tursiops aduncus utilisent des poissons-ballons comme jeu. Ils s'attaquent à un individu, qui gonfle pour se protéger. Les dauphins sauvages s'amusent alors à frapper le poisson-ballon latéralement avec leurs rostres, se faisant ainsi des passes.

Selon Rob Pilley, zoologue à la BBC, il pourrait même s'agir d'un comportement de prise de neurotoxine, mais cette interprétation est contestée[5].

Répartition

On trouve ce dauphin dans tout l'Océan Indien de la côte est-Africaine à l'Inde, et jusqu'au sud de la Chine et au nord de l'Australie.

 src=
Aire de répartition du Grand dauphin de l'Indo-Pacifique

Voir aussi

Références taxonomiques

Notes et références
  1. Alain Diringer (préf. Marc Taquet), Mammifères marins et reptiles marins de l'océan Indien et du Pacifique, Éditions Orphie, 2020, 272 p. (ISBN 979-10-298-0254-6), p. Le grand dauphin de l'Indo-Pacifique pages 89-90
  2. Utilisation d'une éponge par les dauphins sur le site Sciences News Online, avec une photo du comportement correspondant
  3. Smolker R.A. et al. (1997) Sponge-carrying by Indian Ocean bottlenose dolphins: Possible tool-use by a delphinid. Ethology 103:454-465
  4. Krützen M., Mann J., Heithaus M., Connor R., Bejder L. et Sherwin W. (9 juin 2005) Cultural transmission of tool use in bottlenose dolphins, sur le site du PNAS
  5. « Les dauphins sont-ils toxicomanes ? » (consulté le 21 juillet 2015)

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Grand dauphin de l'océan Indien: Brief Summary ( Fransèis )

fornì da wikipedia FR

Tursiops aduncus

Le Grand dauphin de l'océan Indien ou grand dauphin de l'Indo-Pacifique (Tursiops aduncus) est un dauphin du genre Tursiops.

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Arroaz do Indopacífico ( Galissian )

fornì da wikipedia gl Galician

O arroaz do Indopacífico, Tursiops aduncus (Ehrenberg, 1833) é unha especie de cetáceo odontoceto da familia dos delfínidos que vive en augas da India, o norte de Australia, o sur da China, o mar Vermello, e a costa oriental de África.[2]

Taxonomía

A especie foi descrita en 1833 por Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg, baixo o nome de Delphinus aduncus.[1] Posteriormente foi adscrita ao xénero Tursiops, que describira Paul Gervais en 1855 e, durante moito tempo, pensouse que era coespecífica con Tursiops truncatus.

Pero, en base a estudos de concordancia xenética, osteoloxía e morfoloxía externa, determinouse que esta especie é taxonomicamente distinta de T. truncatus.[3]

O status taxonómico de varias subpoboacións de Tursiops (por exemplo fronte as costas de Suráfrica e o oeste de Australia é cuestionábel, e o xénero pode dividirse aínda máis.[4]

Características

Alcanza até 2,6 m de lonxitude e un peso de até 230 kg. A súa coloración é gris escura no dorso e gris clara ou abrancazada con manchas grises na rexión ventral.

Notas

  1. 1,0 1,1 1,2 Tursiops aduncus (Ehrenberg, 1833)[Ligazón morta] en SIIT.
  2. Shirihai, H. e Jarrett, B. (2006): Whales, dolphins and seals. A field guide to the marine mammals of the world. London: A. & C. Black. ISBN 0-691-12757-3, pp. 159-161.
  3. Hammond, P. S., Bearzi, G., Bjørge, A., Forney, K., Karczmarski, L., Kasuya, T., Perrin, W. F., Scott, M. D., Wang, J. Y., Wells, R. S. & Wilson, B. (asesores) (2008): Tursiops aduncus en "Lista vermella de especies ameazadas da UICN".
  4. Hammod, P. S. et al., Op. cit.

Véxase tamén

Bibliografía

  • Mead, J. G. e Brownell, R. L. (2005): "Order Cetacea" in Wilson, D. E. e Reeder, D. M. (Eds.) Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. 3ª ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4, pp. 723–743.
  • Shirihai, H. and Jarrett, B. (2006): Whales, dolphins and seals. A field guide to the marine mammals of the world. London: A. & C. Black. ISBN 0-691-12757-3.

Outros artigos

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Arroaz do Indopacífico: Brief Summary ( Galissian )

fornì da wikipedia gl Galician

O arroaz do Indopacífico, Tursiops aduncus (Ehrenberg, 1833) é unha especie de cetáceo odontoceto da familia dos delfínidos que vive en augas da India, o norte de Australia, o sur da China, o mar Vermello, e a costa oriental de África.

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Tursiops aduncus ( Italian )

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Il tursiope indopacifico (Tursiops aduncus Ehrenberg, 1833) è un delfino della famiglia dei Delfinidi diffuso nell'Oceano Indiano e nell'Oceano Pacifico.[1][2]

Descrizione

Dimensioni

Delfino di medie dimensioni, con la lunghezza totale tra 1,75 e 4 m, una pinna pettorale di circa 23 cm e un peso fino a 200 kg.[3]

Aspetto

Le pinne sono relativamente più grandi e larghe rispetto al tursiope troncato, il corpo appare più snello, il muso più lungo e sottile. Il melone è meno arrotondato e la testa ha un profilo appuntito. Gli occhi appaiono sporgenti lateralmente. Le parti dorsali sono grigie, gradualmente più chiare sui fianchi, mentre le parti ventrali sono biancastre con dei riflessi rosati. Alcuni individui hanno una fiamma lungo la spina dorsale più chiara. Alcune popolazioni hanno diverse macchie scure sul ventre e talvolta anche sul dorso, che aumentano di numero con l'età. I piccoli sono generalmente più chiari e privi di macchie. Il dimorfismo sessuale è poco pronunciato. Gli individui dell'Oceano Pacifico nord-occidentale sono più grandi degli altri. Possiede 97-111 denti, mentre il numero totale di vertebre è 59-62.

Biologia

Comportamento

La popolazione sembra essere composta da gruppi relativamente piccoli localizzati e abbastanza isolati tra loro. Normalmente si aggregano da 20 a 50 individui, fino a colonie di 2.000 esemplari osservati in Sudafrica. Esibiscono una residenzialità durante tutto l'anno e una filopatria natale in entrambi i sessi. Sono state osservate associazioni con il tursiope troncato, la Pseudorca crassidens, Delphinus capensis, Sousa chinensis, Stenella longirostris ed altri Delfinidi. Gruppi di 5-15 delfini passano il tempo nell'addestramento per la caccia, per evitare i predatori e per riprodursi. Talvolta sono stati osservati anche spruzzarsi e cacciarsi tra loro. In queste affiliazioni è presente una gerarchia sociale dove l'animale più grande è solitamente il dominante. Spesso esemplari dello stesso sesso si aggregano tra loro, particolarmente se giovani adulti, che soltanto in seguito confluiscono in quelli più grandi. I suoni emessi sono simili a quelli del tursiope troncato.

Alimentazione

Si nutre principalmente di pesci delle barriere coralline e bentonici, cefalopodi delle piattaforme continentali e talvolta di specie pelagiche ed epi-pelagiche. Generalmente sono prede inferiori ai 30 cm di lunghezza. Talvolta cattura anche piccoli squali bentonici.

Riproduzione

Danno alla luce un piccolo alla volta tra ottobre e dicembre ogni 3-4 anni dopo una gestazione di circa un anno. I nascituri sono lunghi tra 80 e 110 cm e pesano fino a 21 kg. Vengono svezzati dopo 32 mesi di vita, ma rimangono con i loro genitori per altri 1-3 anni. Le femmine raggiungono la maturità sessuale tra i 7 e 12 anni d'età, mentre i maschi tra 9 e 13 anni. Questa specie presenta un comportamento insolito negli accoppiamenti, dove i maschi collaborano tra loro nel facilitare la scelta di una femmina. Queste ultime vengono raggruppate e protette da intrusi. Tendono ad accoppiarsi con più di un partner. La copulazione avviene con il ventre di entrambi i sessi nella stessa direzione. L'aspettativa di vita in natura è di oltre 40 anni, con il massimo registrato di 49 per una femmina e 39 per un maschio.

Predatori e parassiti

Si ritiene che in alcune popolazioni la causa di mortalità principale sia l'attacco da parte di squali come lo squalo tigre, lo squalo bianco, lo squalo toro e lo squalo bruno. Non sono state riportate predazioni da parte di orche. Altre cause di morte sono la pesca con le reti e le punture di razze.

Distribuzione e habitat

Questa specie è presente nelle acque costiere tropicali e temperate calde dell'Oceano Indiano e dell'Oceano Pacifico dal Giappone centrale fino alle Isole Salomone ed alla Nuova Caledonia.

Preferisce le acque delle piattaforme continentali vicino alle coste e in zone con barriere coralline e ammassi rocciosi, fondali sabbiosi o ricoperti di piante marine fino a 200 metri di profondità, sebbene sia più comune fino a 100 metri. Talvolta è presente anche in acque interne, particolarmente nelle piccole isole oceaniche. Generalmente vive nei mari con temperature alla superficie tra 20 e 30 °C, con picchi minimi di 12 °C in alcune delle Isole Ryukyu. Sono rare le osservazioni di spostamenti in mare aperto.

Stato di conservazione

La IUCN Red List, considerata la mancanza di informazioni, classifica T.aduncus come specie con dati insufficienti (DD).[1]

Note

  1. ^ a b c (EN) Braulik, G., Natoli, A., Kiszka, J., Parra, G., Plön, S. & Smith, B.D. 2019, Tursiops aduncus, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020. URL consultato il 15 marzo 2020.
  2. ^ (EN) D.E. Wilson e D.M. Reeder, Tursiops aduncus, in Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3ª ed., Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
  3. ^ Perrin & Al., 2009.

Bibliografia

  • Perrin WF, Wursig B & Thewissen JGM, Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Second edition, Academic Press, 2009. ISBN 9780123735539
  • Nowak, R, Walker's Marine Mammals of the World, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003. ISBN 9780801873430

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Tursiops aduncus: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Il tursiope indopacifico (Tursiops aduncus Ehrenberg, 1833) è un delfino della famiglia dei Delfinidi diffuso nell'Oceano Indiano e nell'Oceano Pacifico.

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Indijas okeāna pudeļdeguna delfīns ( léton )

fornì da wikipedia LV

Indijas okeāna pudeļdeguna delfīns (Tursiops aduncus) ir delfīnu dzimtas (Delphinidae) jūras zīdītājs, kas mājo siltajos mērenās joslas un tropiskajos ūdeņos Indijas un Klusajā okeānā, izvairoties no aukstajiem polārajiem ūdeņiem.[1][2]

Sistemātikas izmaiņas

 src=
Indijas okeāna pudeļdeguna delfīni uzturas seklajos un siltajos piekrastes ūdeņos
 src=
Indijas okeāna pudeļdeguna delfīna purns ir slaidāks un garāks nekā parastajam pudeļdeguna delfīnam

Nesenā pagātnē (līdz 1998. gadam) pudeļdeguna delfīnu ģintī (Tursiops) bija tikai viena suga — pudeļdeguna delfīns (Tursiops truncatus), bet mūsdienās saskaņā ar jaunākajiem ģenētiskajiem pētījumiem divas kādreizējās pudeļdeguna delfīna pasugas tiek sistematizētas kā atsevišķas sugas. Tās ir Austrālijas pudeļdeguna delfīns (Tursiops australis) un Indijas okeāna pudeļdeguna delfīns.[3][4]

Izplatība

Indijas okeāna pudeļdeguna delfīns uzturas krasta tuvumā.[5] Tas sastopams Indijas un Klusajā okeānā, gar Indijas, Āfrikas austrumu un Austrālijas ziemeļu un austrumu krastiem, gar Ķīnas dienvidu un austrumu krastiem, ziemeļos sasniedzot Japānas dienvidus, un ap Malajas arhipelāga salām, sasniedzot Zālamana salas, kā arī Sarkanajā jūrā un Persijas līcī.[2][6]

Izskats un īpašības

Indijas okeāna pudeļdeguna delfīns ir ļoti līdzīgs pudeļdeguna delfīnam. Tas ir tumši pelēkā vai brūnpelēkā krāsā ar gaiši pelēku vai baltu vēderu, uz kura parasti ir tumši pelēki vai melni raibumi.[6][7] Jaunāki īpatņi ir tumšāki un to plankumi uz vēdera mazāk izteikti.[5] Salīdzinot ar pudeļdeguna delfīnu, Indijas okeāna populācijas īpatņi ir nedaudz gaišāki, mazāki un slaidāki, arī to purns ir slaidāks un garāks.[7][8][9] Eholokācijas orgāns — melone — Indijas okeāna pudeļdeguna delfīnam ir mazāks, līdz ar to tā piere izskatās zemāka un galva mazāka.[10] Tam ir arī vairāk zobu nekā parastajam pudeļdeguna delfīnam. Indijas okeāna pudeļdeguna delfīnam ir 23—29 zobi katrā žokļa pusē, gan augšā, gan apakšā,[9] bet parastajam pudeļdeguna delfīnam 18—26 zobi.[11]

Ķermeņa garums ir apmēram 2,25—2,7 m, svars 230 kg,[3][6][7] Salīdzinot abus dzimumus, tēviņi ir lielāki nekā mātītes. Līdzīgi kā visiem vaļiem un delfīniem, purna daļa nav deguns, bet elpošanas atvere atrodas galvas virspusē. Pudeļdeguna delfīna kakls ir kustīgāks nekā citiem delfīniem, jo pieci skriemeļi no septiņiem kakla skriemeļiem nav nekustīgi savienoti kopā, kā tas ir citām sugām.[11] Uz muguras ir liela, pie pamatnes plata, sirpjveida spura, kas atrodas apmēram muguras vidusdaļā. Vislabāk pudeļdeguna delfīns jūtas ūdenī, kas ir 13—28 °C. Ja ūdens temperatūra ir vēsāka par 13 °C vai siltāka par 28 °C, tad delfīna vielmaiņa kļūst aktīvāka.[10]

Uzvedība

 src=
Indijas okeāna pudeļdeguna delfīni ir sabiedriski, aktīvi un rotaļīgi dzīvnieki, delfīni Sarkanajā jūrā
 src=
Kopumā Indijas okeāna pudeļdeguna delfīni ir kautrīgāki un mazāk sabiedriski nekā parastie pudeļdeguna delfīni

Indijas okeāna pudeļdeguna delfīni ir ļoti sabiedriski un draudzīgi dzīvnieki, un savā uzvedībā ļoti līdzīgi parastajiem pudeļdeguna delfīniem.[5] Tie veido grupas, kurās tipiski ir apmēram 5—15 īpatņi, bet grupā var būt gan tikai viens pāris, gan vairāk kā 100 delfīni.[6] Grupas var būt dažādas: mātītes ar mazuļiem, abu dzimumu jaunie delfīni un pieaugušie tēviņi (šie ļoti bieži ceļo pa vienam vai noturīgos pāros).[10] Reizēm Indijas okeāna pudeļdeguna delfīni veido kopīgus barus ar parastajiem pudeļdeguna delfīniem vai Ķīnas baltajiem delfīniem.[10]

Indijas okeāna pudeļdeguna delfīni ir aktīvi un rotaļīgi dzīvnieki, to peldēšanas ātrums var sasniegt 35 km/h,[12] bet parasti ātrums ir 3–6 km/h.[10] Tomēr, salīdzinot ar parasto pudeļdeguna delfīnu, Indijas okeāna pudeļdeguna delfīni ir kautrīgāki, retāk kontaktējas ar cilvēkiem, kā arī tie retāk sevi demonstrē akrobātiskos lēcienos.[10] Delfīni palīdz cits citam medībās, dzemdībās un slimību laikā. Jau kopš Senās Grieķijas laikiem saglabājušies stāsti par delfīnu palīdzību cilvēkam, tos aizsargājot pret haizivīm vai izglābjot no noslīkšanas.[13] Ne vienmēr pudeļdeguna delfīni ir draudzīgi, tiem ir arī savstarpēji strīdi, kas var pāraugt agresijā, kožot un grūstoties. Simpātijas savukārt tiek izrādītas ar pieglaušanos, ar glāstiem, izmantojot spuras un asti, un galvas rīvēšanu pret otra ķermeni. Nebrīvē delfīnu grupā ir stingra hierarhija, kas atkarīga no dzimuma, vecuma un lieluma. Liela auguma tēviņš dominē pār pārējiem grupas indivīdiem. Ja grupā nav tēviņu, tad lielākā mātīte kļūst par dominējošo dzīvnieku grupā.[10] Indijas okeāna pudeļdeguna delfīni kopumā reti migrē, bet tie dienā nopeld milzīgus attālumus, meklējot barību vai ūdens reģionu ar vispatīkamāko temperatūru.[13]

Indijas okeāna pudeļdeguna delfīni savā starpā komunicē, izmantojot balsi, tie ir dažādi svilpieni un pīkstieni, kas tiek radīti caur elpošanas atveri. Valda uzskats, ka delfīnu valoda ir tik attīstīta, ka to var izmantot, lai ar viņiem varētu sazināties.[13] Komunikācija norit, arī izmantojot ķermeņa valodu, tie ir dažādu veidu lēcieni vai astes sišana pa ūdens virsmu. Pudeļdeguna delfīni izmanto arī klikšķošas skaņas un eholokāciju, lai orientētos telpā un lai atrastu medījumu.[13]

Inteliģence

Indijas okeāna pudeļdeguna delfīna smadzenes ir lielākas nekā cilvēka smadzenes.[14] Neskaitāmos pētījumos ir pierādījusies to inteliģence, to māka imitēt, spēja saprast cilvēka valodu, spēja kategorizēt dažādus priekšmetus, spēja risināt uzdevumus, negaidītas situācijas un spēja atpazīt sevi.[10][15][16][17] Pateicoties delfīnu inteliģencei, tie, līdz ar parastajiem pudeļdeguna delfīniem, ir ļoti populāri dažādos jūras dzīvnieku atrakciju parkos.

Barība un barošanās

Delfīni pārtiek no dažādu sugu zivīm un kalmāriem, kā arī nelielā daudzumā barojas ar dažādiem vēžveidīgajiem.[18] Pudeļdeguna delfīns medī zivis, kas ir 5–30 cm lielas. Nebrīvē tas dienā apēd 6–7 kg barības.[10]

Delfīni ļoti bieži barojoties sadarbojas un uzbrūk zivju baram savstarpēji saskaņoti, bet tie barojas arī pa vienam.[10] Lai atrastu medījumu, delfīni izmanto eholokāciju. Tiek raidīta uz priekšu klikšķoša skaņa, kas kā atbalss atgriežas pie delfīna, sniedzot informāciju par šķēršļa raksturu, lielumu, attālumu un kustīgumu.[10] Asie zobi ļauj pudeļdeguna delfīnam zivi cieši satvert un noturēt, kamēr mēle iegroza zivi tā, lai to varētu norīt. Medījums netiek sakošļāts, bet norīts vesels. Reizēm lielāka zivs tiek spēcīgi sapurināta, lai pārlauztu tai skriemeļus, un tikai tad norīta. Medījot delfīni izmanto arī asti, ar kuru sit pa ūdens virsmu un apdullina zivis.[10]

Vairošanās

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Mazuļi paliek kopā ar māti līdz 4—5 gadu vecumam
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Indijas okeāna pudeļdeguna delfīni kopumā reti migrē, bet tie dienā nopeld milzīgus attālumus, meklējot barību vai ūdens reģionu ar vispatīkamāko temperatūru

Pudeļdeguna delfīni ir poligāmi. Pārošanās notiek divos veidos: tēviņu baram sekojot mātītei vai vienam tēviņam pievēršot uzmanību mātītei. Ja tēviņi apvienojas grupā, starp viņiem tiek nodibināta stingra hierarhija, kas balstās uz vecumu, augumu un izveicību.[13] Tēviņi no delfīnu bara atšķir mātīti, kas meklējas, un cenšas ar to sapāroties. Tēviņu grupa ielenc mātīti un nelaiž tai klāt citus tēviņus, kas nav piederīgi grupai. Reizēm mātīte vēl nav gatava pāroties, un tēviņu bars tai visur seko. Šāda "aplidošana" var ilgt pat vairākas nedēļas.[10] Ir tēviņi, kas neiekļaujas nevienā grupā, bet paliek teritorijā, kura mājo mātīšu bars, gaidot līdz kāda mātīte sāk meklēties.[10] Bieži vientuļajiem tēviņiem ir sava iemīļotā mātīte, ar kuru viņš pavada daudz laika kopā, kā arī cenšas ar viņu sapāroties.[13] Tēviņš mātītei uzmanību izrāda, uzmetot mugurā kūkumu, pieglaužoties viņai un noglāstot ar spurām vai berzējot galvu pret mātītes ķermeni.[13] Vairošanās sezona notiek pavasarī un vasarā.

Indijas okeāna pudeļdeguna delfīns dzimumbriedumu sasniedz 5—14 gadu vecumā,[19] mātītes dzimumbriedumu visbiežāk sasniedz 7—12 gadu vecumā, tēviņi 9—13 gadu vecumā.[10] Grūsnības periods ilgst apmēram 12 mēnešus, un parasti piedzimst viens mazulis.[10][13] Jaundzimušais ir 0,8—1,12 m garš, un tas sver 9–21 kg.[6][10][13] Dzemdību laikā vismaz divas mātītes sargā jauno māti un mazuli. Tas ir nepieciešams tāpēc, ka asinis, ko dzemdībās zaudē māte, bieži vien pievilina haizivis. Asistējošās mātītes reizēm talkā nāk arī dzemdībās. Tās palīdz jaundzimušajam nokļūt līdz ūdens virsmai, lai tas varētu pirmo reizi mūžā ieelpot gaisu. Līdzīga palīdzība tiek sniegta, ja delfīns ir savainots. Māte mazuli zīda 12—20 mēnešus, bet zivis tie papildus sāk ķert jau pirms 6 mēnešu vecuma.[10][13] Māte ar savu atvasi paliek kopā, līdz tā sasniedz 4—5 gadu vecumu.[13] Mazuļi dzimst ik pēc 4—6 gadiem.[6] Dzīves ilgums ir 40—50 gadi.[19]

Apdraudējums

Indijas okeāna pudeļdeguna delfīnu lielākais apdraudējums ir cilvēks. Katru gadu tūkstošiem delfīnu noslīkst, sapinušies zvejnieku tīklos. Reizēm delfīni bariem nonāk krastā. Šajos gadījumos ļoti reti izdodas kādu izglābt, atgriežot to atpakaļ ūdenī. Iespējams, ka pie izmešanās krastā ir vainojams delfīna bojātais "radars", kuru, iespējams, iespaidojis kuģa radars. Delfīnam rodas orientācijas grūtības, un tas nonāk krastā. Uz sauszemes nonākušais delfīns sauc palīgā savus ciltsbrāļus, tādējādi arī citi delfīni nokļūst turpat.

Daudzas valstis joprojām turpina delfīnu medības, izmantojot pudeļdeguna delfīnu gaļas ieguvei. Katru gadu delfīnu medības rīko Japāna un Fēru salas. Reizēm tunču zvejnieki netīšām nogalina delfīnus, tos saķerot tīklos kopā ar zivīm.[20]

Dabiskie ienaidnieki

Galvenie dabiskie ienaidnieki ir lielāka auguma haizivis, piemēram, vēršhaizivs, tīģerhaizivs un tumšā haizivs. Šīs haizivis medī mazāka auguma delfīnus, mazuļus un mātītes. Ļoti bieži var novērot pieaugušos īpatņus ar haizivju zobu atstātām rētām uz to ķermeņiem.[10] Tā kā mūsdienās daudzas haizivju populācijas ir samazinājušās, tādējādi delfīniem rodas mierīgāka vide okeānā.[10]

Atsauces

  1. Leatherwood, S., & Reeves, R. (1990). The Bottlenose Dolphin. San Diego: Academic Press, Inc., ISBN 0-12-440280-1
  2. 2,0 2,1 IUCN: Tursiops aduncus
  3. 3,0 3,1 A New Dolphin Species, the Burrunan Dolphin Tursiops australis sp. nov., Endemic to Southern Australian Coastal Waters
  4. «Australian Marine Mammal: Burrunan dolphin». Arhivēts no oriģināla, laiks: 2017. gada 17. martā. Skatīts: 2017. gada 8. janvārī.
  5. 5,0 5,1 5,2 Indian Ocean bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus)
  6. 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 6,4 6,5 Shirihai, H.; Jarrett, B. (2006). Whales Dolphins and Other Marine Mammals of the World. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press. pp. 155–158. ISBN 0-691-12757-3
  7. 7,0 7,1 7,2 Dolphins: Indo Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin
  8. Wells, R.; Scott, M. (2002). "Bottlenose Dolphins". In Perrin, W.; Wursig, B.; Thewissen, J. Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press. pp. 122–127. ISBN 0-12-551340-2.
  9. 9,0 9,1 Reeves, R.; Stewart, B.; Clapham, P.; Powell, J. (2002). Guide to Marine Mammals of the World. pp. 362–365. ISBN 0-375-41141-0.
  10. 10,00 10,01 10,02 10,03 10,04 10,05 10,06 10,07 10,08 10,09 10,10 10,11 10,12 10,13 10,14 10,15 10,16 10,17 10,18 10,19 ADW: Tursiops aduncus
  11. 11,0 11,1 «American Cetacean Society: The bottlenose dolphin». Arhivēts no oriģināla, laiks: 2013. gada 25. aprīlī. Skatīts: 2017. gada 8. janvārī.
  12. Speed of Animals: Bottlenose dolphins
  13. 13,00 13,01 13,02 13,03 13,04 13,05 13,06 13,07 13,08 13,09 13,10 «Marinebio: Common Bottlenose Dolphins, Tursiops truncatus». Arhivēts no oriģināla, laiks: 2008. gada 6. aprīlī. Skatīts: 2017. gada 8. janvārī.
  14. Cetaceans Have Complex Brains for Complex Cognition
  15. Reiss, Diana; McCowan, Brenda (September 1993). "Spontaneous Vocal Mimicry and Production by Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus): Evidence for Vocal Learning". J Comp Psychol. 107 (3): 301–12. doi:10.1037/0735-7036.107.3.301. PMID 8375147
  16. Herman, L. (2002). "Language Learning". In Perrin, W.; Wursig, B.; Thewissen, J. Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press. pp. 685–689. ISBN 0-12-551340-2.
  17. Intelligence and Humans
  18. Amir Omar A.; Per Berggren; Simon Ndaro G.M.; Narriman Jiddawi S (2005). "Feeding ecology of the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus) incidentally caught in the gillnets fisheries off Zanzibar, Tanzania". Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 63 (3): 429–437. doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2004.12.006
  19. 19,0 19,1 «NOOA Fisheries: Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)». Arhivēts no oriģināla, laiks: 2017. gada 19. janvārī. Skatīts: 2017. gada 8. janvārī.
  20. BBC: Dining with the dolphin hunters

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Indijas okeāna pudeļdeguna delfīns: Brief Summary ( léton )

fornì da wikipedia LV

Indijas okeāna pudeļdeguna delfīns (Tursiops aduncus) ir delfīnu dzimtas (Delphinidae) jūras zīdītājs, kas mājo siltajos mērenās joslas un tropiskajos ūdeņos Indijas un Klusajā okeānā, izvairoties no aukstajiem polārajiem ūdeņiem.

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Langbektuimelaar ( olandèis; flamand )

fornì da wikipedia NL

De langbektuimelaar of Indische tuimelaar (Tursiops aduncus) is een dolfijnensoort uit de Indische en Stille Oceaan. Hij werd lange tijd beschouwd als een ondersoort van de tuimelaar (Tursiops truncatus).

Kenmerken

De langbektuimelaar wordt ongeveer 230 of 240 cm lang en 120 tot 190 kg zwaar, iets kleiner dan de tuimelaar. De bek is veel langer dan die van de tuimelaar en afgerond aan de punt. De onderkaak steekt iets voorbij de bovenkaak uit. De rugvin is groot en gekromd. De langbektuimelaar is vaak donkerder gekleurd dan de gewone tuimelaar. De rug is donkergrijs, de buik en flanken zijn lichter grijs van kleur. Bij geslachtsrijpe dieren is de buik gevlekt. Vaak loopt er een dunne streep tussen oog en borstvin.

Verspreiding en leefgebied

De langbektuimelaar leeft in de tropische en subtropische kustwateren van de Indische en de westelijke Stille Oceaan, van Zuid-Japan en Taiwan tot Noord- en Zuidoost-Australië en langs nagenoeg de gehele kust van de Indische Oceaan, inclusief de Rode Zee en de Perzische Golf, tot Kaap Agulhas. Het verspreidingsgebied overlapt waarschijnlijk geheel met dat van zijn verwant, de gewone tuimelaar.

Leefwijze

De langbektuimelaar leeft in grote scholen van enkele honderden dieren, zowel langs de kust als op open zee. Ze jagen op vis en inktvis.

Het ene jong wordt geboren na een draagtijd van twaalf maanden. Het is bij de geboorte ongeveer een meter lang.

Relatie met de mens

Doordat deze dolfijn vlak bij de kust leeft, waar ook veel mensen komen, is hij gevoelig voor vervuiling, jacht en confrontaties met vissers. Vroeger werd er actief op deze soort gejaagd door de Taiwanezen, maar de jacht is aldaar verboden. Wel sterven er nog veel tuimelaars door verstikking in visnetten of de netten die rond populaire Zuid-Afrikaanse en Australische kusten worden gezet om witte haaien en andere haaiensoorten tegen te houden. Waarschijnlijk wordt de soort ook veelvuldig gevangen om getoond te worden in dolfinaria in Zuidoost-Azië.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
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Langbektuimelaar: Brief Summary ( olandèis; flamand )

fornì da wikipedia NL

De langbektuimelaar of Indische tuimelaar (Tursiops aduncus) is een dolfijnensoort uit de Indische en Stille Oceaan. Hij werd lange tijd beschouwd als een ondersoort van de tuimelaar (Tursiops truncatus).

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Butlonos indyjski ( polonèis )

fornì da wikipedia POL
Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Butlonos indyjski[4] (Tursiops aduncus) – gatunek ssaka z rodziny delfinowatych (Delphinidae), wcześniej uważany za podgatunek butlonosa. Do rangi gatunku został wyróżniony na podstawie badań genetycznych, osteologicznych i różnic morfologicznych[5][6][7].

Występowanie

Ocean Indyjski i Ocean Spokojny.

Przypisy

  1. a b c Tursiops aduncus, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Wilson Don E. & Reeder DeeAnn M. (red.) Tursiops aduncus. w: Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (Wyd. 3.) [on-line]. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. (ang.) [dostęp 16 stycznia 2010]
  3. Hammond, P.S., Bearzi, G., Bjørge, A., Forney, K.A., Karkzmarski, L., Kasuya, T., Perrin, W.F., Scott, M.D., Wang, J.Y. , Wells, R.S. & Wilson, B. 2012, Tursiops aduncus [w:] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015 [online], wersja 2015.2 [dostęp 2015-09-16] (ang.).
  4. Włodzimierz Cichocki, Agnieszka Ważna, Jan Cichocki, Ewa Rajska, Artur Jasiński, Wiesław Bogdanowicz: Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata. Warszawa: Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, 2015, s. 189. ISBN 978-83-88147-15-9.
  5. J. Y. Wang, L. S. Chou, B. N. White. Mitochondrial DNA analysis of sympatric morphotypes of bottlenose dolphins (genus: Tursiops) in Chinese waters.. „Molecular Ecology”. 8 (10), s. 1603-1612, październik 1999. PMID: 10583824 (ang.).
  6. J. Y. Wang, L. S. Chou, B. N. White. Differences in the external morphology of two sympatric species of bottlenose dolphins (genus Tursiops) in the waters of China.. „Journal of Mammalogy”. 81 (4), s. 1157-1165, listopad 2000 (ang.).
  7. J. Y. Wang, L. S. Chou, B. N. White. Osteological differences between two sympatric forms of bottlenose dolphins (genus Tursiops) in Chinese waters. „Journal of Zoology”. 252 (2), s. 147-162, 2000. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2000.tb00611.x (ang.).
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Butlonos indyjski: Brief Summary ( polonèis )

fornì da wikipedia POL

Butlonos indyjski (Tursiops aduncus) – gatunek ssaka z rodziny delfinowatych (Delphinidae), wcześniej uważany za podgatunek butlonosa. Do rangi gatunku został wyróżniony na podstawie badań genetycznych, osteologicznych i różnic morfologicznych.

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Tursiops aduncus ( portughèis )

fornì da wikipedia PT

O roaz-do-índico (Tursiops aduncus) é uma espécie de golfinho-roaz. Este golfinho cresce até 2,6 m (8,5 pés) de comprimento e pesa até 230 kg (510 lb).[1] Ele vive nas águas ao redor da Índia, norte da Austrália, Sul da China, Mar Vermelho e costa oriental da África.[1] Seu dorso é cinza escuro e sua barriga é cinza mais claro ou quase branca com manchas cinza.[1]

Até 1998, todos os golfinhos-nariz-de-garrafa eram considerados membros da única espécie T. truncatus. Naquele ano, o golfinho-roaz do Indo-Pacífico foi reconhecido como uma espécie separada.[2][3] O golfinho-roaz do Indo-Pacífico é geralmente menor que o golfinho-nariz-de-garrafa comum, tem um rosto proporcionalmente mais longo e tem manchas na barriga e nas laterais inferiores.[2][4] Ele também tem mais dentes do que o golfinho-nariz-de-garrafa comum - 23 a 29 dentes em cada lado de cada mandíbula, em comparação com 21 a 24 para o golfinho-nariz-de-garrafa comum.[4] Algumas evidências mostram que o golfinho-nariz-de-garrafa do Indo-Pacífico pode, na verdade, estar mais relacionado a certas espécies de golfinhos nos gêneros Stenella e Delphinus, especialmente o golfinho-pintado-do-Atlântico (S. frontalis), do que o golfinho-roaz comum.[2][5]

Muitos dos dados científicos antigos no campo combinam dados sobre o golfinho-roaz do Indo-Pacífico e o golfinho-roaz comum em um único grupo, tornando-o efetivamente inútil para determinar as diferenças estruturais entre as duas espécies. A IUCN lista o golfinho do Indo-Pacífico como "quase ameaçado" em sua Lista Vermelha de espécies ameaçadas de extinção.[6]

Referências

  1. a b c Shirihai, H.; Jarrett, B. (2006). Whales Dolphins and Other Marine Mammals of the World. [S.l.: s.n.] pp. 159–161. ISBN 978-0-691-12757-6
  2. a b c Wells, R.; Scott, M. (2002). «Bottlenose Dolphins». In: Perrin, W.; Wursig, B.; Thewissen, J. Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. [S.l.]: Academic Press. pp. 122–127. ISBN 978-0-12-551340-1
  3. Möller Luciana M.; Beheregaray Luciano B (2001). «Coastal bottlenose dolphins from southeastern Australia are Tursiops aduncus according to sequences of the mitochondrial DNA control region». Marine Mammal Science. 17 (2): 249–263. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2001.tb01269.x
  4. a b Reeves, R.; Stewart, B.; Clapham, P.; Powell, J. (2002). Guide to Marine Mammals of the World. [S.l.: s.n.] pp. 362–365. ISBN 978-0-375-41141-0
  5. Leduc, R.; Perrin, W.; Dizon, E. (18 de agosto de 1998). «Phylogenetic Relationships among the Delphinid Cetaceans Based on Full Cytochrome B Sequences». Marine Mammal Science. 15 (3): 619–648. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00833.x
  6. «Tursiops truncatus: Species Information». IUCN. Consultado em 12 de dezembro de 2019
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Tursiops aduncus: Brief Summary ( portughèis )

fornì da wikipedia PT

O roaz-do-índico (Tursiops aduncus) é uma espécie de golfinho-roaz. Este golfinho cresce até 2,6 m (8,5 pés) de comprimento e pesa até 230 kg (510 lb). Ele vive nas águas ao redor da Índia, norte da Austrália, Sul da China, Mar Vermelho e costa oriental da África. Seu dorso é cinza escuro e sua barriga é cinza mais claro ou quase branca com manchas cinza.

Até 1998, todos os golfinhos-nariz-de-garrafa eram considerados membros da única espécie T. truncatus. Naquele ano, o golfinho-roaz do Indo-Pacífico foi reconhecido como uma espécie separada. O golfinho-roaz do Indo-Pacífico é geralmente menor que o golfinho-nariz-de-garrafa comum, tem um rosto proporcionalmente mais longo e tem manchas na barriga e nas laterais inferiores. Ele também tem mais dentes do que o golfinho-nariz-de-garrafa comum - 23 a 29 dentes em cada lado de cada mandíbula, em comparação com 21 a 24 para o golfinho-nariz-de-garrafa comum. Algumas evidências mostram que o golfinho-nariz-de-garrafa do Indo-Pacífico pode, na verdade, estar mais relacionado a certas espécies de golfinhos nos gêneros Stenella e Delphinus, especialmente o golfinho-pintado-do-Atlântico (S. frontalis), do que o golfinho-roaz comum.

Muitos dos dados científicos antigos no campo combinam dados sobre o golfinho-roaz do Indo-Pacífico e o golfinho-roaz comum em um único grupo, tornando-o efetivamente inútil para determinar as diferenças estruturais entre as duas espécies. A IUCN lista o golfinho do Indo-Pacífico como "quase ameaçado" em sua Lista Vermelha de espécies ameaçadas de extinção.

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Indopacifiskt öresvin ( svedèis )

fornì da wikipedia SV


Indopacifiskt öresvin (Tursiops aduncus[2]) är en däggdjursart som först beskrevs av Ehrenberg 1833. Tursiops aduncus ingår i släktet Tursiops och familjen delfiner.[5][6] IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som otillräckligt studerad.[1] Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.[5]

Populationen räknades tidigare till vanligt öresvin (Tursiops truncatus) och godkänns sedan tidig 2000-talet som självständig art.[3][1]

Utseende

Arten når en absolut kroppslängd (inklusive stjärtfena) av upp till 2,5 meter och en vikt av 115 till 220 kilogram.[7] Den liknar allmänt det vanliga öresvinet i utseende. Hanar är vanligen större än honor. Indopacifiskt öresvin har liksom andra medlemmar av samma släkte 20 till 28 tänder i varje sida av över- och underkäken. I motsats till vanligt öresvin är artens nos smalare och mera långsträckt och dess melon är mindre. Bröstfenorna är hos indopacifiskt öresvin större i jämförelse till bålen.[8]

Utbredning och habitat

Som namnet antyder förekommer arten i Indiska oceanen och i västra Stilla havet samt i tillhörande bihav. Den vistas alltid nära kusterna. Utbredningsområdet sträcker sig från Sydafrika över östra Afrika, Arabiska halvön, Indien och Sydostasien till Australien, Salomonöarna och Japan.[1] Vid Australiens södra kust lever den ny beskrivna arten Tursiops australis.[9]

Ekologi

Individerna bildar flockar där även andra delfinarter kan ingå. De äter fiskar och havslevande ryggradslösa djur.[1]

Flocken har vanligen 5 till 15 medlemmar. Arten syns mera sällan på vattenytan jämförd med vanligt öresvin och den är mindre livlig. Den jagar med hjälp av ekolokalisering och därför är hörseln väl utvecklad. Däremot har indopacifiskt öresvin sämre syn. Arten jagar ofta på morgonen och på kvällen. Individer som hölls i fångenskap åt varje dag 6 till 7 kg fisk. Detta öresvin jagas själv av olika stora och medelstora hajar.[8]

Hanar som vill para sig bildar ofta mindre flockar med upp till tre individer som letar efter liknande flockar med honor. Honor kan para sig hela året med de flesta ungar föds under varma årstider, september till januari på södra jordklotet. Dräktigheten varar ungefär ett år och sedan föds allmänt en enda unge som väger 9 till 12 kg vid födelsen och som är 0,8 till 1,1 m lång. Ungar som föddes i fångenskap diade sin mor cirka 18 månader men hos vilda individer slutar honor först efter cirka 32 månader med digivning. Vanligen stannar ungen ytterligare ett till två år nära modern. Honor blir könsmogna efter 7 till 12 år och hanar efter 9 till 13 år.[8]

I naturen lever indopacifiskt öresvin ofta 19 till 26 år och vissa individer blir lite över 40 år gamla. En hona i fångenskap blev 49 år gammal.[8]

Bildgalleri

Källor

  1. ^ [a b c d e] 2012 Tursiops aduncus Från: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2 <www.iucnredlist.org>. Läst 2012-10-24.
  2. ^ [a b] Rice, Dale W. (1998) Marine Mammals of the World: Systematics and Distribution, Special Publications of the Society for Marine Mammals, no. 4
  3. ^ [a b] Mead, James G., and Robert L. Brownell, Jr. / Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. (2005) Order Cetacea, Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3rd ed., vol. 1, Tursiops aduncus
  4. ^ [a b] Hershkovitz, Philip (1966) Catalog of Living Whales, United States National Museum Bulletin 246
  5. ^ [a b] Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (27 april 2011). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/tursiops+aduncus/match/1. Läst 24 september 2012.
  6. ^ ITIS: The Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Orrell T. (custodian), 2011-04-26
  7. ^ Apps, Peter, red (2000). Tursiops truncatus aduncus (på engelska). Smither's Mammals of Southern Africa. Struik Publishers. sid. 229. ISBN 1-86872-550-2
  8. ^ [a b c d] Kelly Diaz (27 april 2012). ”Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin” (på engelska). Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Tursiops_aduncus/. Läst 12 mars 2016.
  9. ^ Charlton-Robb K, Gershwin L, Thompson R, Austin J, Owen K, u.a.: A New Dolphin Species, the Burrunan Dolphin Tursiops australis sp. nov., Endemic to Southern Australian Coastal Waters., PLoS ONE 6(9), 2011, e24047. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024047

Externa länkar

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Indopacifiskt öresvin: Brief Summary ( svedèis )

fornì da wikipedia SV


Indopacifiskt öresvin (Tursiops aduncus) är en däggdjursart som först beskrevs av Ehrenberg 1833. Tursiops aduncus ingår i släktet Tursiops och familjen delfiner. IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som otillräckligt studerad. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Populationen räknades tidigare till vanligt öresvin (Tursiops truncatus) och godkänns sedan tidig 2000-talet som självständig art.

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Hint-Pasifik şişe burunlu yunusu ( turch )

fornì da wikipedia TR

Hint-Pasifik şişe burunlu yunusu (Tursiops aduncus), Hindistan, kuzey Avustralya, Güney Çin, Kızıldeniz ve Afrika'nın doğu kıyılarında yaşayan bir yunus türüdür[1].

Morfoloji

Boyu 2,6 m, ağırlığı ise 230 kg dır. Sırtı koyu gri ve karnı açık gri ya da beyaza yakın olup gri beneklidir[1].

Kaynakça

  1. ^ a b Shirihai, H. and Jarrett, B. (2006). Whales Dolphins and Other Marine Mammals of the World. s. 159–161. ISBN 0-691-12757-3.KB1 bakım: Birden fazla ad: yazar listesi (link)
Stub icon Balina ile ilgili bu madde bir taslaktır. Madde içeriğini geliştirerek Vikipedi'ye katkıda bulunabilirsiniz.
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Hint-Pasifik şişe burunlu yunusu: Brief Summary ( turch )

fornì da wikipedia TR

Hint-Pasifik şişe burunlu yunusu (Tursiops aduncus), Hindistan, kuzey Avustralya, Güney Çin, Kızıldeniz ve Afrika'nın doğu kıyılarında yaşayan bir yunus türüdür.

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Афаліна індійська ( ucrain )

fornì da wikipedia UK

Поширення

Вид поширений у теплих прибережних водах Індійського та Тихого океанів від Південної Африки на заході й по узбережжю океану включаючи Червоне море, Перську затоку й Індо-Малайський архіпелаг на схід до Соломонових островів, південної частини Японії і південного сходу Австралії. Іноді зустрічаються у змішаних групах із афаліною звичайною та іншими видами дельфінових.

Біологія

Харчуються найрізноманітнішими стадними, донними і рифовими рибами, а також головоногими молюсками.

Опис

Т. aduncus нагадує Т. truncatus, маючи порівняно кремезне тіло, помірно довгий дзьоб і серповидний спинний плавець. Тим не менш, Т. aduncus, як правило, менший, має пропорційно більший дзьоб і, що найбільш відмінне, у нього на животі розвиваються плями приблизно в час статевої зрілості. Таксономічний статус Tursiops aduncus був непевний до 1999 року, коли Венг та ін. (1999) підтвердили, що в китайських водах є два генетично різних морфотипи афалін, Т. truncatus і Т. aduncus, що існували в симпатрії. Вони можуть бути знайдені на понад 200 метровій глибині, але зустрічаються найчастіше в водах над 100 м глибиною. Схоже, що найоптимальніша температура води для них: 20-30°С, мінімум, 12 °C. Вагітність триває 12 місяців, малята народжуються 105 см довжини й 15.5 кг ваги. Статевої зрілості самці досягають в 13 років. Вони можуть жити понад 36 років. Розміри географічно варіюють, максимальні зафіксовані розміри: довжина 2.7 метрів при 230 кг.

Джерела


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Cá heo mũi chai Ấn Độ Dương ( vietnamèis )

fornì da wikipedia VI

Cá heo mũi chai Ấn Độ Dương (danh pháp hai phần: Tursiops aduncus) là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Delphinidae, bộ Cetacea. Loài này được Ehrenberg mô tả năm 1833.[2] Loài cá heo này dài đến 2,6 m, và cân nặng tới 230 kg[3]. Loài này sinh sống trong các vùng nước xung quanh Ấn Độ, Bắc Australia, Nam Trung Quốc, Biển Đỏ, và bờ biển phía đông của châu Phi. Lưng của chúng có màu xám đen và bụng có mày xám nhạt hơn hoặc gần như trắng với những đốm màu xám[3].

Cho đến năm 1998, tất cả các cá heo mũi chai Ấn Độ Dương được coi là thành viên của loài T. truncatus. Trong năm đó, cá heo mũi chai Ấn Độ Dương đã được công nhận là một loài riêng biệt[4][5]. Loài cá heo mũi chai Ấn Độ Dương nhìn chung nhỏ hơn so với cá heo mũi chai, có mõ đài tương ứng, và có các đốm trên bụng của và phía thấp hơn[4][6]. Chúng cũng có nhiều răng nhiều hơn cá heo mũi chai thông thường -23 đến 29 răng trên mỗi bên của mỗi hàm so với 21-24 của cá heo mũi chai thông thường[6]. Có bằng chứng cho thấy cá heo mũi chai Ấn Độ Dương thực sự có thể liên quan chặt chẽ hơn đối với các loài cá heo nhất định trong chi StenellaDelphinus, đặc biệt là cá heo đốm Đại Tây Dương (S. frontalis), hơn là với cá heo mũi chai[4][7].

Phần lớn các dữ liệu khoa học cũ trong lĩnh vực này kết hợp dữ liệu về cá heo mũi chai Ấn Độ Dương và cá heo mũi chai vào một nhóm duy nhất, làm khiến nó trở nên vô ích trên thực tế trong việc xác định cấu trúc khác biệt giữa hai loài. IUCN liệt kê loài cá heo mũi chai Ấn Độ Dương là "thiếu dữ liệu" trong Sách đỏ các loài bị đe dọa vì vấn đề này của chúng[8].

Hình ảnh

Tham khảo

  1. ^ Hammond, P.S.; Bearzi, G.; Bjørge, A.; Forney, K.; Karczmarski, L.; Kasuya, T.; Perrin, W.F.; Scott, M.D.; Wang, J.Y.; Wells, R.S. và đồng nghiệp (2012). Tursiops aduncus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN) 2012: e.T41714A17600466. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T41714A17600466.en. Truy cập ngày 16 tháng 1 năm 2018.
  2. ^ Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Tursiops aduncus”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  3. ^ a ă Shirihai, H. and Jarrett, B. (2006). Whales Dolphins and Other Marine Mammals of the World. tr. 159–161. ISBN 0-691-12757-3.
  4. ^ a ă â Wells, R. and Scott, M. (2002). “Bottlenose Dolphins”. Trong Perrin, W.; Wursig, B. and Thewissen, J. Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press. tr. 122–127. ISBN 0-12-551340-2.
  5. ^ Möller Luciana M., Beheregaray Luciano B (2001). “Coastal bottlenose dolphins from southeastern Australia are Tursiops aduncus according to sequences of the mitochondrial DNA control region”. Marine Mammal Science 17 (2): 249–263. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2001.tb01269.x.
  6. ^ a ă Reeves, R.; Stewart, B.; Clapham, P.; Powell, J. (2002). Guide to Marine Mammals of the World. tr. 362–365. ISBN 0-375-41141-0.
  7. ^ Leduc, R., Perrin, W. & Dizon, E. (18 tháng 8 năm 1998). “Phylogenetic Relationships among the Delphinid Cetaceans Based on Full Cytochrome B Sequences”. Marine Mammal Science 15 (3): 619–648. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00833.x.
  8. ^ “Tursiops truncatus: Species Information”. IUCN. Truy cập ngày 3 tháng 11 năm 2006.

Liên kết ngoài

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Cá heo mũi chai Ấn Độ Dương: Brief Summary ( vietnamèis )

fornì da wikipedia VI

Cá heo mũi chai Ấn Độ Dương (danh pháp hai phần: Tursiops aduncus) là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Delphinidae, bộ Cetacea. Loài này được Ehrenberg mô tả năm 1833. Loài cá heo này dài đến 2,6 m, và cân nặng tới 230 kg. Loài này sinh sống trong các vùng nước xung quanh Ấn Độ, Bắc Australia, Nam Trung Quốc, Biển Đỏ, và bờ biển phía đông của châu Phi. Lưng của chúng có màu xám đen và bụng có mày xám nhạt hơn hoặc gần như trắng với những đốm màu xám.

Cho đến năm 1998, tất cả các cá heo mũi chai Ấn Độ Dương được coi là thành viên của loài T. truncatus. Trong năm đó, cá heo mũi chai Ấn Độ Dương đã được công nhận là một loài riêng biệt. Loài cá heo mũi chai Ấn Độ Dương nhìn chung nhỏ hơn so với cá heo mũi chai, có mõ đài tương ứng, và có các đốm trên bụng của và phía thấp hơn. Chúng cũng có nhiều răng nhiều hơn cá heo mũi chai thông thường -23 đến 29 răng trên mỗi bên của mỗi hàm so với 21-24 của cá heo mũi chai thông thường. Có bằng chứng cho thấy cá heo mũi chai Ấn Độ Dương thực sự có thể liên quan chặt chẽ hơn đối với các loài cá heo nhất định trong chi StenellaDelphinus, đặc biệt là cá heo đốm Đại Tây Dương (S. frontalis), hơn là với cá heo mũi chai.

Phần lớn các dữ liệu khoa học cũ trong lĩnh vực này kết hợp dữ liệu về cá heo mũi chai Ấn Độ Dương và cá heo mũi chai vào một nhóm duy nhất, làm khiến nó trở nên vô ích trên thực tế trong việc xác định cấu trúc khác biệt giữa hai loài. IUCN liệt kê loài cá heo mũi chai Ấn Độ Dương là "thiếu dữ liệu" trong Sách đỏ các loài bị đe dọa vì vấn đề này của chúng.

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Индийская афалина ( russ; russi )

fornì da wikipedia русскую Википедию
Латинское название Tursiops aduncus
Ehrenberg, 1833

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ITIS 612596 NCBI 79784 Международная Красная книга
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Недостаточно данных
IUCN Data Deficient: 41714

Индийская афалина[1] (лат. Tursiops aduncus) — вид дельфинов, один из трёх видов рода Афалин (Tursiops) наряду с афалиной (Tursiops truncatus) и австралийской афалиной (Tursiops australis)[2].

Описание

Индийские афалины, внешне очень похожие на обыкновенных афалин, отличаются от них чуть более тонким телом, более длинным и тонким клювом. Средняя длина тела составляет 2,6 метра, и весят до 230 килограммов.

Распространение

Индийская афалина обитает в водах вокруг Индии, северной Австралии, Южного Китая, восточного побережья Африки, а также в Красном море.

Примечания

  1. Полная иллюстрированная энциклопедия. «Млекопитающие» Кн. 2 = The New Encyclopedia of Mammals / под ред. Д. Макдональда. — М.: Омега, 2007. — С. 469. — 3000 экз.ISBN 978-5-465-01346-8.
  2. News.rin.ru
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Индийская афалина: Brief Summary ( russ; russi )

fornì da wikipedia русскую Википедию

Индийская афалина (лат. Tursiops aduncus) — вид дельфинов, один из трёх видов рода Афалин (Tursiops) наряду с афалиной (Tursiops truncatus) и австралийской афалиной (Tursiops australis).

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ミナミハンドウイルカ ( Giaponèis )

fornì da wikipedia 日本語
ミナミハンドウイルカ ミナミハンドウイルカ
ミナミハンドウイルカ
分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 哺乳綱 Mammalia : 鯨偶蹄目 Cetartiodactyla 亜目 : ハクジラ亜目 Odontoceti : マイルカ科 Delphinidae : ハンドウイルカ属 Tursiops : T. aduncus 学名 Tursiops aduncus (Ehrenberg, 1832) 和名 ミナミハンドウイルカ 英名 Indian Ocean Bottlenose Dolphin

ミナミハンドウイルカ(南半道海豚、学名:Tursiops aduncus)はl鯨偶蹄目ハクジラ亜目マイルカ科ハンドウイルカ属に属するイルカの一種である。ミナミバンドウイルカとも呼ばれる。

同じハンドウイルカ属に属するハンドウイルカ(バンドウイルカ)の亜種とされることもあったが、2000年の国際捕鯨委員会 (IWC) 科学委員会により別のとされる[1]。また、ルデュックらは、ミナミハンドウイルカはTursiops 属(ハンドウイルカ属)よりもStenella 属(スジイルカ属)により近いと報告している[2]

分布[編集]

北太平洋の西側、オーストラリア付近の南太平洋インド洋などの温暖な海の沿岸に生息する。10から20頭程度の群を成すことが多いが、1頭の場合もあるし、100頭以上の大きな群も見られる。小笠原諸島伊豆諸島などにおいて、ホエールウォッチングで見たり、ドルフィンスイムと称して一緒に泳いだりするのは多くの場合はハンドウイルカではなく、このミナミハンドウイルカである。

形態[編集]

ミナミハンドウイルカはほぼ全身灰色であるが、背側がやや濃い灰色で、腹側は明るい灰色である。成長すると腹部に斑点が現れるのがハンドウイルカと異なる。成体の体長は2mから3mで、ハンドウイルカに比べるとやや小柄である。またがやや細長い点も異なる[3]

食性については、ミナミハンドウイルカとハンドウイルカを区別した研究がされていない。とはいえ西日本以南で得られた標本はミナミハンドウイルカが含まれている可能性はある[4]。なお、母親を失った子供に対して、別のメスが授乳を行う場合もあることが確認された[5]

脚注[編集]

[ヘルプ]
  1. ^ ミナミハンドウイルカの社会行動に関する研究 (PDF) 12頁, 酒井麻衣, Tokyo Institute of Technology Digital Library / 東京工業大学電子図書館, 2013-5-13閲覧
  2. ^ PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE DELPHINID CETACEANS BASED ON FULL CYTOCHROME B SEQUENCES , R. G. Leduc, W. F. Perrin, A. E. Dizon , Marine Mammal Science , Volume 15, Issue 3, pages 619–648, July 1999
  3. ^ 『鯨類学』 図鑑/世界の鯨類49
  4. ^ 『鯨類学』 228 - 230頁
  5. ^ 野生イルカも授乳など孤児の世話 (共同通信)

参考文献[編集]

  • 村山司 『鯨類学』 東海大学出版会〈東海大学自然科学叢書〉、ISBN 978-4-486-01733-2。
 src= ウィキスピーシーズにミナミハンドウイルカに関する情報があります。  src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、ミナミハンドウイルカに関連するカテゴリがあります。
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ミナミハンドウイルカ: Brief Summary ( Giaponèis )

fornì da wikipedia 日本語

ミナミハンドウイルカ(南半道海豚、学名:Tursiops aduncus)はl鯨偶蹄目ハクジラ亜目マイルカ科ハンドウイルカ属に属するイルカの一種である。ミナミバンドウイルカとも呼ばれる。

同じハンドウイルカ属に属するハンドウイルカ(バンドウイルカ)の亜種とされることもあったが、2000年の国際捕鯨委員会 (IWC) 科学委員会により別のとされる。また、ルデュックらは、ミナミハンドウイルカはTursiops 属(ハンドウイルカ属)よりもStenella 属(スジイルカ属)により近いと報告している。

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남방큰돌고래 ( Corean )

fornì da wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

남방큰돌고래(영어: Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin, 학명: Tursiops aduncus) 또는 인도태평양병코돌고래큰돌고래속에 속하는 돌고래 종의 하나이다.[2] 이 돌고래는 몸길이 2.6m, 몸무게 230kg까지 성장한다.[3] 인도오스트레일리아 북부, 중국 남부 연안, 홍해 그리고 아프리카 동부 연안 , 제주도 연안 등에서 서식한다.[3] 등 쪽은 어두운 회색을 띠며, 배 쪽은 회색 반점과 함께 밝은 회색 또는 흰색에 가까운 색깔을 띤다.[3]

1998년까지는 큰돌고래속(병코돌고래속) 종으로 큰돌고래(T. truncatus)가 유일한 것으로 간주해왔으나, 1998년에 남방큰돌고래를 별도의 종으로 인정했다.[4][5] 남방큰돌고래는 일반적으로 큰돌고래(커먼큰돌고래)보다 작고, 부리는 더 길고 균형이 잡혀 있으며, 배 쪽과 아래 쪽에 반점을 갖고 있다.[4][6] 또한 큰돌고래가 각각의 턱에 21~24개의 이빨을 갖고 있는 것에 비해, 남방큰돌고래는 23~29개로 더 많은 이빨을 갖고 있다.[6] 남방큰돌고래가 커먼큰돌고래보다는 알락돌고래속(Stenella)과 참돌고래속(Delphinus)의 돌고래 종들, 특히 대서양알락돌고래(S. frontalis)와 더 밀접한 관련이 있다고 추정하는 증거도 있다.[4][7]

이 분야의 오래된 과학적 데이터 대부분은 남방큰돌고래와 일반 병코돌고래에 대한 데이터를 단일 그룹으로 결합하여 두 종 사이의 구조적 차이를 결정하는데 효과적으로 유용하지 않다. IUCN은 남방큰돌고래를 멸종위기종 적색목록에 멸종 위기에 가까운 돌고래로 등재하고 있다.

설명

남방큰돌고래는 생김새에서 흔히 볼 수 있는 병코돌고래와 매우 비슷하다. 일반적인 병코돌고래는 상당히 튼튼한 몸집과 적당한 길이의 부리, 키가 크고 구부러진 등지느러미를 가지고 있지만, 남방큰돌고래는 몸집이 더 가늘고 부리는 더 길고 더 가늘다. 또한 남방큰돌고래는 다소 밝은 파란색을 띠는 경향이 있으며 곶은 일반적으로 더 뚜렷하며 밝은 spinal blaze가 등지느러미 아래로 확장된다. 그러나, 항상 존재하는 것은 아니지만, 가장 분명한 차이는 일반적인 병코돌고래에서 매우 드문 남방큰돌고래 성체들의 배에 검은 점이나 반점이 있는 것으로 구분될 수 있다. 그들의 이빨은 위턱과 아래턱에 각각 23~29개 사이이고 일반적인 병코돌고래의 이빨보다 더 가늘다. 남방큰돌고래의 크기는 지리적 위치에 따라 달라질 수 있지만, 평균 길이는 2.6m (8.5ft)이고 무게는 최대 230kg (510lb)이다. 출생 시 길이는 0.84 ~ 1.5m(2.8 ~ 4.9ft)이다.

먹이

남방큰돌고래는 다양한 물고기두족류(특히 오징어)를 먹는다.

한 연구에서 연구원들은 탄자니아 잔지바르 근해에서 길 넷 어업에 잡힌 돌고래의 위 내용물을 분석하여 남방큰돌고래의 먹이 생태를 조사했다. 위 내용물에서 발견된 먹잇감에는 생선 뼈 50종과 오징어 3종이 포함됐다. 연구진은 이 결과를 통해 가장 중요한 먹이 군은 어류라고 결론지었는데, 이 어류는 전체 먹잇감 항목 소비량의 87%를 차지했고 조사 대상인 26개의 위 중 24개에서 나타났다. 두족류는 먹잇감의 나머지 13%를 차지하고 26개의 위 중 13개에서 발견되었다. 일부 갑각류의 유해도 발견되었다. 그러나 연구진은 물고기가 위장에서 온전하게 발견되었기 때문에 식이 분석에 포함되지 않았기에 두 번째로 소비되었다고 가정한다.

행동

남방큰돌고래는 수백 마리 정도 무리 지어 살지만, 5~15마리 정도의 무리가 가장 일반적이다. 종의 일부에서, 그들은 일반적인 병코돌고래와 혹등돌고래와 같은 다른 돌고래 종과 연관된다.

일부 지역에서는 연중 내내 짝짓기와 분만이 발생하지만 짝짓기 및 분만의 절정기는 봄과 여름이다. 임신 기간은 약 12개월이다. 새끼는 길이가 0.84~1.5m(2.8~4.9ft)이고 무게는 9~21kg(20~46lb)이다. 새끼는 1.5년에서 2.0년 사이에 젖을 떼지만, 5년까지 어미와 함께 있을 수 있다. 여성의 출산 간격은 일반적으로 4.5년에서 6년 사이이다.

태평양의 일부에서 이 돌고래는 상어의 포식 대상이 되기도 한다. 수명은 40년 이상이다.

호주 Shark Bay에 위치한 남방큰돌고래는“스펀징”이라고 불리는 것을 함으로써 해면동물과 공생 관계를 맺는 것으로 생각된다. 돌고래는 해저에서 해면동물을 부수고 그것을 주둥이 위에 입는데, 물고기의 기질을 조사하기 위해 아마 도구로, 또는 단순히 놀기 위해서이다.

수생 포유류의 자연 사정에 대한 첫 번째 보고서와 영상은 2012년 일본 미쿠라 섬 인근의 야생 남방큰돌고래로부터 기록되었다.

Mornington 섬에 사는 호주 원주민 부족은 수천 년 동안 야생 돌고래와 의사소통을 해왔다. 그들은 "돌고래를 부르고 텔레파시로 그들에게 말하는 주술사를 가지고 있다“라고 한다. 이러한 의사소통을 통해 부족의 행운과 행복이 유지되고 있다고 확신한다.

제주도

제주도에 서식하고 있는 남방큰돌고래인 제주남방큰돌고래는 무분별한 자연환경 및 생태계 파괴로부터 보다 안전하고 안정할 수 있도록 서식지보호를 위해 천연기념물 지정이 시급하다고 전문가들은 지적하고 있다. 제주도의 천연기념물로는 제주마, 제주개 등이 지정된 바 있으며 해상풍력단지 조성의 과잉 시설이 제기되는 사회이슈로 더욱 제주도의 돌고래 보호가 절실한 것으로 알려져있다.[8][9][10]

같이 보기

각주

  1. Hammond, P.S.; Bearzi, G.; Bjørge, A.; Forney, K.; Karczmarski, L.; Kasuya, T.; Perrin, W.F.; Scott, M.D.; Wang, J.Y.; Wells, R.S.; 외. (2012). Tursiops aduncus. 《IUCN 적색 목록》 (IUCN) 2012: e.T41714A17600466. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T41714A17600466.en. 2018년 1월 16일에 확인함.
  2. Mead, J.G.; Brownell, R.L., Jr. (2005). 〈Order Cetacea〉 [고래목]. Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. 《Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference》 (영어) 3판. 존스 홉킨스 대학교 출판사. 723–743쪽. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  3. Shirihai, H. and Jarrett, B. (2006). 《Whales Dolphins and Other Marine Mammals of the World》. 159–161쪽. ISBN 0-691-12757-3. CS1 관리 - 여러 이름 (링크)
  4. Wells, R. and Scott, M. (2002). 〈Bottlenose Dolphins〉. Perrin, W.; Wursig, B. and Thewissen, J. 《Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals》. Academic Press. 122–127쪽. ISBN 0-12-551340-2. CS1 관리 - 여러 이름 (링크)
  5. Möller Luciana M., Beheregaray Luciano B. 2001. Coastal bottlenose dolphins from southeastern Australia are Tursiops aduncus according to sequences of the mitochondrial DNA control region. Marine Mammal Science 17(2): 249-263.
  6. Reeves, R.; Stewart, B.; Clapham, P.; Powell, J. (2002). 《Guide to Marine Mammals of the World》. 362–365쪽. ISBN 0-375-41141-0. CS1 관리 - 여러 이름 (링크)
  7. Leduc, R., Perrin, W. & Dizon, E. (1998년 8월 18일). “Phylogenetic Relationships among the Delphinid Cetaceans Based on Full Cytochrome B Sequences”. 《Marine Mammal Science》 15 (3): 619–648. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00833.x. 2012년 6월 4일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2008년 10월 5일에 확인함. CS1 관리 - 여러 이름 (링크)
  8. [참고](연합뉴스-[줌in제주] 남방큰돌고래 천연기념물 지정될까?…"서식지보호 시급")https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20200522107400056
  9. [참고](2000년대 초반 제주도 남방큰돌고래(Tursiops aduncus)의 분포 양상 김현우*·손호선·안용락·박겸준·최영민 국립수산과학원 고래연구센터, 한국수산과학회지 48(6), 940-946, 2015)https://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO201506959397372.pdf
  10. [참고]핫핑크돌핀스 -[카드뉴스] 환경영향평가에서 남방큰돌고래를 한 번도 못봤다고요? http://hotpinkdolphins.org/?p=22724
  • Cockcroft VG, Ross GJB. 1990. Age, growth, and reproduction of bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus from the east coast of southern Africa. Fishery Bulletin 88(2): 289-302.
  • Moller Luciana M., Beheregaray Luciano B., Allen Simon J., Harcourt Robert G. 2006. Association patterns and kinship in female Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) of southeastern Australia. Behavioural Ecology Sociobiology 61: 109-117.
  • Nowacek Stephanie M., Wells Randall S., Solow Andrew R. 2001. Short-term effects of boat traffic on bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, in Sarasota Bay, Florida. Marine Mammal Science 17(4): 673-688.
  • Schroeder, J. Pete. Breeding Bottlenose Dolphins in Captivity. In The Bottlenose Dolphin, edited by Stephen Leatherwood and Randall R. Reeves, pp. 435–446. San Diego: Academic Press, Inc., 1990.
  • Shane Susan H., Wells Randall S., Wursig Bernd. 1986. Ecology, behaviour and social organization of the bottlenose dolphin: a review. Marine Mammal Science 2(1): 34-63.
  • Urian, K.W., Duffield D.A., Read A.J., Wells R.S., Shell E.D. 1996. Seasonality of Reproduction in Bottlenose Dolphins, Tursiops truncatus. Journal of Mammalogy, 77(2): 394-403.
  • Wells, Randall S., Scott Michael D., Irvine Blair A. The Social Structure of Free-ranging Bottlenose Dolphins. In Current Mammalogy, Volume 1, edited by H.H. Genoways, pp. 247– 305. New York: Plenum Press, 1987.
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Wikipedia 작가 및 편집자

남방큰돌고래: Brief Summary ( Corean )

fornì da wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

남방큰돌고래(영어: Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin, 학명: Tursiops aduncus) 또는 인도태평양병코돌고래는 큰돌고래속에 속하는 돌고래 종의 하나이다. 이 돌고래는 몸길이 2.6m, 몸무게 230kg까지 성장한다. 인도오스트레일리아 북부, 중국 남부 연안, 홍해 그리고 아프리카 동부 연안 , 제주도 연안 등에서 서식한다. 등 쪽은 어두운 회색을 띠며, 배 쪽은 회색 반점과 함께 밝은 회색 또는 흰색에 가까운 색깔을 띤다.

1998년까지는 큰돌고래속(병코돌고래속) 종으로 큰돌고래(T. truncatus)가 유일한 것으로 간주해왔으나, 1998년에 남방큰돌고래를 별도의 종으로 인정했다. 남방큰돌고래는 일반적으로 큰돌고래(커먼큰돌고래)보다 작고, 부리는 더 길고 균형이 잡혀 있으며, 배 쪽과 아래 쪽에 반점을 갖고 있다. 또한 큰돌고래가 각각의 턱에 21~24개의 이빨을 갖고 있는 것에 비해, 남방큰돌고래는 23~29개로 더 많은 이빨을 갖고 있다. 남방큰돌고래가 커먼큰돌고래보다는 알락돌고래속(Stenella)과 참돌고래속(Delphinus)의 돌고래 종들, 특히 대서양알락돌고래(S. frontalis)와 더 밀접한 관련이 있다고 추정하는 증거도 있다.

이 분야의 오래된 과학적 데이터 대부분은 남방큰돌고래와 일반 병코돌고래에 대한 데이터를 단일 그룹으로 결합하여 두 종 사이의 구조적 차이를 결정하는데 효과적으로 유용하지 않다. IUCN은 남방큰돌고래를 멸종위기종 적색목록에 멸종 위기에 가까운 돌고래로 등재하고 있다.

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Wikipedia 작가 및 편집자

Habitat ( Anglèis )

fornì da World Register of Marine Species
tropical to temperate, coastal

Arferiment

van der Land, J. (ed). (2008). UNESCO-IOC Register of Marine Organisms (URMO).

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Jacob van der Land [email]

IUCN Red List Category ( Anglèis )

fornì da World Register of Marine Species
Data Deficient (DD)

Arferiment

IUCN (2008) Cetacean update of the 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

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Perrin, William [email]