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General Description ( Anglèis )

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Caprellid, "Ghost" or "Skeleton" shrimps, so called for their skeletal appearance. Amphipod crustaceans, easily distinguished by the elongate stick-like body form and reduction of the abdominal appendages. Head is generally fused with pereonite 1. Pereopods on first 2 segments (pereonites) are most flexible and called gnathopods; gnathopods 2 being the largest, used in defense, feeding and substrate attachment. In many species pereopods 3 and 4 may also be reduced or absent. Gills on pereonites 3 + 4, rarely on pereonite 2. Pereopods 5 - 7 much smaller than 1 + 2, used for clinging to the substratum. In females, brood plates (öostegites) develop on pereonites 3 + 4. Much remains to be learnt about their biology, ecology and in many cases changing distributions.

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Деңизчебичтер ( Kirghiz; Kyrgyz )

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Pariambus typicus.

Деңизчебичтер (лат. Caprellidae) – каптал сузгуч майда рак сымалдуулардын бир тукуму.

Колдонулган адабияттар

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Caprellidae ( Anglèis )

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Caprellidae is a family of amphipods commonly known as skeleton shrimps. Their common name denotes the threadlike slender body which allows them to virtually disappear among the fine filaments of seaweed, hydroids and bryozoans. They are sometimes also known as ghost shrimps.[2]

Description

Anatomy of a generalized caprellid (female)

Caprellids are easily recognizable from other amphipods because of their slender elongated bodies. Their bodies can be divided into three parts: the cephalon (head), the pereon (thorax), and the abdomen. The pereon comprises most of the length of the body. It is divided into seven segments known as pereonites. The cephalon is usually fused to the first pereonite; while the highly reduced and almost invisible abdomen is attached to the posterior of the seventh pereonite. They possess two pairs of antennae, with the first pair usually longer than the second pair. The cephalon contains mandibles, maxillae, and maxillipeds which function as mouthparts.[3][4]

Each pereonite has a pair of appendages known as pereopods. The first two pairs are modified into raptorial appendages known as gnathopods. These are used for feeding and defense, as well as locomotion. The third and fourth pair of pereopods are usually reduced or absent altogether. In the third and fourth pereonites are two pairs of gills. Sometimes a third pair of gills may also be present on the second pereonite. In mature females, brood pouches formed by extensions of the coxae (oostegites) are present on the third and fourth pereonites. The fifth to seventh pair of pereopods are smaller than the gnathopods and are used for clasping objects the animals anchor themselves upon.[3][4]

Most caprellids are highly sexually dimorphic, with the males usually being far larger than the females.[5]

Ecology

Anatomy of male Caprella mutica

Caprellids are exclusively marine and are found in oceans worldwide. A few species are found in the ocean depths, but most prefer low intertidal zones and subtidal waters among eelgrass, hydroids and bryozoans. They are typically seen attached to substrate by their grasping appendages called the pereopods.

Caprellids are omnivorous, feeding on diatoms, detritus, protozoans, smaller amphipods, and crustacean larvae. Some species are filter feeders, using their antennae to filter food from the water or scrape it off the substrate. Most species are predators that sit and wait like a praying mantis, with their gnathopods ready to snatch any smaller invertebrates which come along. They accentuate their adaptive form and colouration by assuming an angular pose, resembling that of the fronds among which they live.[6] They remain motionless for long periods of time while waiting to ambush their prey, often protozoa or small worms.

Caprellids are typically preyed upon by surf perch, shrimp, nudibranchs such as the lion nudibranch Melibe leonina and brooding anemones (Epiactis prolifera). Since they often inhabit eelgrass beds with sessile jellyfish, (Haliclystus and Thaumatoscyphus), the caprellids frequently become jellyfish food.[7] Caprellids are not normally considered a main source of food for fish, but when shiner perch (Cymatogaster aggregata) migrate into the eelgrass beds for reproduction, they target caprellids.[8]

Reproduction and growth

Mating can only occur when the female is between the new and hardened exoskeletons, which both male and female molt in order to grow. After mating the female will brood the fertilized eggs within her brood pouch. The young will hatch and emerged as juvenile adults.[9] After mating, the female in some species have been known to kill the males by injecting venom from a claw within their gnathopod.[10]

Taxonomy

Caprellidae is classified under the superfamily Caprelloidea which belongs to the infraorder Caprellida of the suborder Corophiidea. Caprellidae contains 1345 genera in three subfamilies.[1]

Caprellinae

Paracercopinae

Phtisicinae

References

  1. ^ a b C. De Broyer, M. Costello & D. Bellan-Santini (2010). "Caprellidae". World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved March 26, 2010.
  2. ^ "Caprellidae | Caprellids". Archived from the original on 2013-05-04. Retrieved 2013-04-09.
  3. ^ a b Gail V. Ashton. "Caprella mutica Schurin, 1935". Caprellids, LifeDesks. Archived from the original on January 4, 2015. Retrieved February 1, 2012.
  4. ^ a b Judith Oakley (2006). "Japanese skeleton shrimp - Caprella macho". Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Sub-programme. Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. Retrieved February 2, 2012.
  5. ^ "Caprella mutica Schurin, 1935 – Japanese skeleton shrimp". NOBANIS: European Network on Invasive Alien Species. Retrieved February 2, 2012.
  6. ^ Encarta Reference Library Premium 2005 DVD. Article - Skeleton Shrimp
  7. ^ Eugene N. Kozloff (1983). "Sessile Jellyfish". Seashore Life of the Northern Pacific Coast. University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-96030-2.
  8. ^ Edsel A. Caine (1991). "Caprellid amphipods: fast food for the reproductively active". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 148 (1): 27–33. doi:10.1016/0022-0981(91)90144-L.
  9. ^ Kevin Mwenda (2005). "Caprella laeviuscula". The Race Rocks Taxonomy. Lester B. Pearson College. Archived from the original on 2012-06-06. Retrieved 2012-02-03.
  10. ^ Jennifer Telnack. "Caprella laeviuscula: the smooth skeleton shrimp". Intertidal Marine Invertebrates of the South Puget Sound. Archived from the original on May 16, 2011. Retrieved June 2, 2010.

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Caprellidae: Brief Summary ( Anglèis )

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Caprellidae is a family of amphipods commonly known as skeleton shrimps. Their common name denotes the threadlike slender body which allows them to virtually disappear among the fine filaments of seaweed, hydroids and bryozoans. They are sometimes also known as ghost shrimps.

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Caprellidae ( Spagneul; Castilian )

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Caprellidae es una familia de crustaceos anfípodos marinos. Sus 404 especies se distribuyen por todo el mundo

Clasificación

Se reconocen los siguientes géneros agrupados en tres subfamilias:[1]

Referencias

  1. De Broyer, C.; Costello, M.; Bellan-Santini, D. (ed.). «Caprellidae». Marinespecies (en inglés). Consultado el 16 de febrero de 2014.

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Caprellidae: Brief Summary ( Spagneul; Castilian )

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Caprellidae es una familia de crustaceos anfípodos marinos. Sus 404 especies se distribuyen por todo el mundo

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Caprellidae ( Fransèis )

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Les Caprellidae sont une famille de crustacés amphipodes également appelés « caprelles » (ghost shrimp ou skeleton shrimp pour les anglophones). Les caprelles sont de petits crustacés marins majoritairement détritivores[1] vivant sur les macrophytes (des algues majoritairement), le fond ou les récifs. Leurs larves sont planctoniques.

Description

Leurs espèces sont souvent petites (1 à quelques millimètres) et discrètes, certaines atteignant cependant 2 cm. Elles se confondent généralement par leur mimétisme avec la végétation ou le substrat. On en découvre encore de nouvelles espèces[2].

Leur forme évoque celle de certaines mantes religieuses, de par la conformation inhabituelle chez les crustacés de leurs 8 pattes ;

  • 4 devant en crochet pour se fixer à un substrat (une algue en général), et pour happer leur nourriture planctonique
  • 4 derrière, également munies de crochets, pour s'agripper au substrat.

Elles possèdent deux grandes antennes, et deux antennules plus petites, et prennent volontiers une « forme en S » caractéristique.

Habitat

Récifs, macrophytes : principalement des algues (dont coralligènes).

Nourriture

À la suite d'une « pullulation » de caprelles en 2003, qui a coïncidé avec une diminution des naissains de moules dans la région de Carleton (Canada), on a pensé un moment qu'elles pouvaient nuire à la mytiliculture. Une étude[3] a montré que ce n'était pas le cas.

Exemple : Caprellinoides mayeri.

Sous-familles et genres

 src=
Anatomie d'un caprellidé (Caprella mutica)
 src=
Une caprelle non identifiée à la Réunion.

Selon World Register of Marine Species (4 octobre 2014)[4] :

Abyssicaprella McCain, 1966
Aciconula Mayer, 1903
Aeginella Boeck, 1861
Aeginina Norman, 1905
Caprella Lamarck, 1801
Caprellaporema Guerra-García, 2003
Deutella Mayer, 1890
Eupariambus K.H. Barnard, 1957
Hemiaegina Mayer, 1890
Heterocaprella Arimoto, 1976
Liriopes Arimoto, 1978
Liropus Mayer, 1890
Mayerella Huntsman, 1915
Metacaprella Guerra-García, 2006
Metaprotella Mayer, 1890
Monoliropus Mayer, 1903
Noculacia Mayer, 1903
Orthoprotella Mayer, 1903
Paracaprella Mayer, 1890
Paradeutella Mayer, 1890
Paradicaprella Hirayama, 1990
Paraprotella Mayer, 1903
Pariambus Stebbing, 1888
Parvipalpus Mayer, 1890
Pedoculina Carausu, 1941
Pedonculocaprella Kaim-Malka, 1983
Pedotrina Arimoto, 1978
Postocaprella Arimoto, 1981
Premohemiaegina Arimoto, 1978
Pretritella Arimoto, 1980
Proaeginina Stephensen, 1940
Propodalirius Mayer, 1903
Protella Dana, 1853
Protellina Stephensen, 1944
Protellopsis Stebbing, 1888
Protoaeginella Laubitz & Mills, 1972
Prototritella Arimoto, 1977
Pseudaeginella Mayer, 1890
Pseudolirius Mayer, 1890
Pseudoliropus Laubitz, 1970
Pseudoprotella Mayer, 1890
Tanzacaprella Guerra-García, 2001
Thorina Stephensen, 1944
Triantella Mayer, 1903
Triliropus Mayer, 1903
Triperopus Mayer, 1903
Triprotella Arimoto, 1970
Tritella Mayer, 1890
Tropicaprella Guerra-García & Takeuchi, 2003
Cercops Krøyer, 1843
Paracercops Vassilenko, 1972
Pseudocercops Vassilenko, 1972
Aeginoides Schellenberg, 1926
Caprellina Thomson, 1879
Caprellinoides Stebbing, 1888
Chaka Griffiths, 1974
Dodecas Stebbing, 1883
Dodecasella K.H. Barnard, 1931
Hemiproto McCain, 1968
Hircella Mayer, 1882
Liriarchus Mayer, 1912
Metaproto Mayer, 1903
Paedaridium Mayer, 1903
Paraproto Mayer, 1903
Perotripus Dougherty & Steinberg, 1953
Phtisica Slabber, 1769
Prellicana Mayer, 1903
Protogeton Mayer, 1903
Protomima Mayer, 1903
Pseudocaprellina Sundara Raj, 1927
Pseudododecas McCain & Gray, 1971
Pseudoproto Mayer, 1903
Pseudoprotomima McCain, 1969
Quadrisegmentum Hirayama, 1988

Voir aussi

Références taxinomiques

Notes et références
  1. (en) Guerra-Garcia J. M. & Tierno de Figueiroa J.M., « What do caprellids (Crustacea: Amphipoda) feed on? », Marine Biology, no 156:9,‎ 2009, p. 1881-1890 (lire en ligne)
  2. fiche INIST/CNRS
  3. Marcel Fréchette et al., Effet de la caprelle sur le recrutement de naissain de moule sur les collecteurs, 2004
  4. World Register of Marine Species, consulté le 4 octobre 2014

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Caprellidae: Brief Summary ( Fransèis )

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Les Caprellidae sont une famille de crustacés amphipodes également appelés « caprelles » (ghost shrimp ou skeleton shrimp pour les anglophones). Les caprelles sont de petits crustacés marins majoritairement détritivores vivant sur les macrophytes (des algues majoritairement), le fond ou les récifs. Leurs larves sont planctoniques.

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Spookkreeftjes ( olandèis; flamand )

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Spookkreeftjes (Caprellidae) vormen een familie van kreeftachtigen binnen de orde Amphipoda.

Kenmerken

Deze dieren hebben een dun lichaam met een lang borststuk en een kort achterlijf.

Leefwijze

Deze dieren houden zich vast aan zeewier en grijpen langsdrijvend voedsel.

In Nederland waargenomen soorten

Externe links

Wikispecies Wikispecies heeft een pagina over Caprellidae.
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  • David Burnie (2001) - Animals, Dorling Kindersley Limited, London. ISBN 90-18-01564-4 (naar het Nederlands vertaald door Jaap Bouwman en Henk J. Nieuwenkamp).
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Spookkreeftjes: Brief Summary ( olandèis; flamand )

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Spookkreeftjes (Caprellidae) vormen een familie van kreeftachtigen binnen de orde Amphipoda.

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Spøkelseskreps ( norvegèis )

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 src=
Skjematisk tegning av hunn-individ av spøkelseskreps.
 src=
Illustrasjon av morfologien til et hann-individ av Caprella mutica.

Spøkelseskreps (Caprellidae), også kjent under navnet Pariambidae (Laubitz, 1993), er en familie i ordenen Caprelloidea («spøkelsestanglopper») av tanglopper, en type maritime krepsdyr.[1] Gruppen består totalt av anslagsvis 150 arter. Familien har underfamilier, og inneholder minst 88 slekter. Det er flere måter å fremstille fylogenien rundt denne gruppe, som kan defineres som enten overfamilie eller familie.

I Norge finnes arter av slektene Aeginina, Caprella (flere arter), Metacaprella, Pariambus, Proaeginina, Pseudoprotella og Phtisica. En av disse er den sterkt invasive arten Caprella mutica, som opprinnelig stammer fra Japanhavet men som har spredd seg med skip og drivtang til nesten hele kloden.

Anatomi

Artene i denne gruppen er mangelfullt utforsket. Larvene er planktoniske (frittsvevende). De er ofte små (1 til noen få millimeter), men noen av de mange artene blir opptil 5 cm lange. Kroppen deles inn i hode, en kropp (thorax) med 7 ledd, og en nesten usynlig eller i alle fall sterkt redusert bakkropp (abdomen). De har to store antenner og to små, og navnet stammer fra at artene har en langstrakt, leddet og skjelettaktig kropp. De kjennes godt på sitt pinneaktige utseende. [2] De har relativt korte lemmer (peripoder), og mange av artene har kraftige klør på korte for- og baklemmer. Forlemmene brukes til å spise, gripe fatt i plankton eller forsvare seg (peripoder nummer 1–2). Gjellene sitter på tredje-fjerde thorax-ledd (peripoder 3–4). Bakbena (peripoder 5–7) brukes til å holde seg fast i underlaget eller i tang. [3] Hunnene bærer eggene ved gjellene, dvs på 3–4 thorax-ledd bak forlemmene. [4]

Økologi og livsforhold

Spøkelseskreps lever utelukkende i havet, og er funnet i nær sagt alle verdenshav men med sterkere representasjon i Stillehavet, og delvis i Atlanterhavet, enn i andre hav. De fleste arter foretrekker tidevannssonen, mens noen relativt få arter er funnet på dyp helt ned til 4 000 meter. De lever gjerne på mosdyr (bryozoa), alger, eller på tang. De holder seg fast på underlaget med bakbeina.

Artene er altetende, og lever på diatomer, detritus (bunnavfall), protozoer, ulike plankton, og larver av andre krepsdyr. Noen filtrerer mat ut av vannmassene med antennene, andre skraper detritus av underlaget eller fanger mikroorganismer med forlemmene. De fleste av artene er rovdyr som aktivt kan fange annen mat. De kan likne underlaget de sitter på og sitte og vente på byttedyr som strømmer forbi i vannmassene.

Selv er de typisk byttedyr for reker, anemoner, eller maneter. [5] De er ikke en viktig matkilde for fisk, men de utgjør en viss matkilde for brenningsabbor-arten Cymatogaster aggregata i dens parringssesong i Stillehavet. [6]

Taksonomi

Gruppens systematikk er beskrevet på ny i 2013.[7] En moderne oppdatering av systematikken gis nedenfor i lys av 2013-revisjonen med basis i WoRMS-databasen.[8]

Referanser

  1. ^ Guerra-Garcia, «Caprellidae (Crustacea: Amphipoda) from the Great Barrier Reef and Adjacent Localities», i: Records of the Australian Museum, Vol 58, nr 3, 2006, side 417-458.
  2. ^ Caprellidae Arkivert 4. mai 2013 hos Wayback Machine. - Life Desks, besøkt 12. mars 2014.
  3. ^ Gail V. Ashton, «Caprella mutica Schurin, 1935» Arkivert 4. januar 2015 hos Wayback Machine., Life Desks, besøkt 12. mars 2014.
  4. ^ Caprellidae Arkivert 4. mai 2013 hos Wayback Machine. - Life Desks, besøkt 12. mars 2014.
  5. ^ Eugene N. Kozloff, kapitel «Sessile Jellyfish», i: Seashore Life of the Northern Pacific Coast, University of Washington Press 1983. ISBN 0-295-96030-2.
  6. ^ Edsel A. Caine, «Caprellid amphipods: fast food for the reproductively active », i: Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology', vol 148, 1991, side 27-33. doi=10.1016/0022-0981(91)90144-L.
  7. ^ Lowry, J.K. og Myers, A.A, «A Phylogeny and Classification of the Senticaudata subord. nov. (Crustacea: Amphipoda)», i: Zootaxa nr 3610 (1), 2013, side 1-80.
  8. ^ (en) Spøkelseskreps – oversikt og omtale av artene i WORMS-databasen - WoRMS. Besøkt 11. mars 2014.

Eksterne lenker


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Spøkelseskreps: Brief Summary ( norvegèis )

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 src= Skjematisk tegning av hunn-individ av spøkelseskreps.  src= Illustrasjon av morfologien til et hann-individ av Caprella mutica.

Spøkelseskreps (Caprellidae), også kjent under navnet Pariambidae (Laubitz, 1993), er en familie i ordenen Caprelloidea («spøkelsestanglopper») av tanglopper, en type maritime krepsdyr. Gruppen består totalt av anslagsvis 150 arter. Familien har underfamilier, og inneholder minst 88 slekter. Det er flere måter å fremstille fylogenien rundt denne gruppe, som kan defineres som enten overfamilie eller familie.

I Norge finnes arter av slektene Aeginina, Caprella (flere arter), Metacaprella, Pariambus, Proaeginina, Pseudoprotella og Phtisica. En av disse er den sterkt invasive arten Caprella mutica, som opprinnelig stammer fra Japanhavet men som har spredd seg med skip og drivtang til nesten hele kloden.

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Caprellidae ( russ; russi )

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Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Первичноротые
Без ранга: Линяющие
Без ранга: Panarthropoda
Подтип: Ракообразные
Класс: Высшие раки
Подкласс: Эумалакостраки
Надотряд: Перакариды
Отряд: Бокоплавы
Подотряд: Corophiidea
Инфраотряд: Caprellida
Семейство: Капреллиды
Международное научное название

Caprellidae Leach, 1814

Синонимы
  • Aeginellidae Leach, 1814
  • Phtisicidae Vassilenko, 1968
  • Phtisicoidea Vassilenko, 1968
  • Protellidae McCain, 1970
  • Pariambidae Laubitz, 1993
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Систематика
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Изображения
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ITIS 95375NCBI 244427EOL 1332

Caprellidae (лат.) — семейство ракообразных из инфраотряда Caprellida, известного как капреллиды, или морские козочки[1][2].

Описание

 src=
Анатомия самки.
(Крупный вид)

Длина тела варьирует от 2 до 62 мм, но чаще — от 10 до 30 мм. Морские ракообразные, ведущие донный образ жизни, лазают по различным водным объектам, таким как водоросли, губки, мшанки, гидроиды. Всеядные. Встречаются на глубинах от прибойной зоны до более 2 км, но чаще обнаруживаются в диапазоне от 1—3 до 200 м[3]. Отличаются узким вытянутым телом, состоящим из трёх частей: цефалон (голова), переон (грудь) и брюшко. Переон представляет собой большую часть длины всего тела и подразделяется на 7 сегментов, известных как переониты (pereonites). Цефалон (cephalon) обычно слит с первым переонитом; сильно редуцированное и почти незаметное брюшко прикреплено к задней части 7-го переонита. Имеют две пары антенн, более длинную первую и укороченную вторую, мандибулы, максиллы и максиллипеды (ногочелюсти)[4][5].

Каждый переонит несёт пару придатков, известных как переоподы (грудные конечности). Первые две пары модифицированы в хватательные придатки гнатоподы. Они используются для питания и защиты, а также для локомоции. 3-я и 4-я пары переопод обычно редуцированы или отсутствуют. 5—7-е пары переопод мельче, чем гнатоподы, и используются для прикрепления и заякоривания к объектам[4][5].

Для большинства капреллид характерен половой диморфизм, их самцы обычно крупнее самок[6].

Систематика

88 родов в 3 подсемействах. Caprellidae вместе с Caprogammaridae включают в надсемейство Caprelloidea из инфраотряда Caprellida, входящего в состав подотряда Corophiidea[7].

Caprellinae
Paracercopinae
Phtisicinae

В 2013 году из подводной пещеры у острова Санта-Каталина, Калифорния, США был описан мелких вид Liropus minusculus (около 3 мм)[8], который вошёл в список десяти самых замечательных видов по версии Международного института по исследованию видов (США)[9].

Примечания

  1. Ушаков П. В. — Атлас беспозвоночных дальневосточных морей СССР, Москва — Ленинград. Издание Академии наук СССР. 1955, 244, с илл.
  2. Василенко С. В. Биота российских вод Японского моря. Том 4. Капреллиды (морские козочки). — Владивосток: Дальнаука, 2006. — 200с. ISBN 5-8044-0594-2 (в этой книге под капреллидами понимается подотряд Caprellidea и инфраотряд Caprellida, включающий кроме семейства Caprellidae, также ещё Caprogammaridae)
  3. Морские козочки или капреллиды. npacific.ru
  4. 1 2 Gail V. Ashton. Caprella mutica Schurin, 1935 (неопр.). Caprellids, LifeDesks. Проверено 1 февраля 2012. Архивировано 4 января 2015 года.
  5. 1 2 Judith Oakley. Japanese skeleton shrimp - Caprella macho (неопр.). Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Sub-programme. Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom (2006). Проверено 2 февраля 2012.
  6. Caprella mutica Schurin, 1935 – Japanese skeleton shrimp (неопр.). NOBANIS: European Network on Invasive Alien Species. Проверено 2 февраля 2012.
  7. Род Caprellidae (англ.) в Мировом реестре морских видов (World Register of Marine Species).
  8. Guerra-García J. M., Hendrycks E.A. A new species of Liropus (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Caprellidae) from California, USA, with an illustrated key of the genus // Zootaxa. — 2013. — Vol. 3718, № 5. — P. 467—476.
  9. Top 10 Species | Top 10 New Species
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Caprellidae: Brief Summary ( russ; russi )

fornì da wikipedia русскую Википедию

Caprellidae (лат.) — семейство ракообразных из инфраотряда Caprellida, известного как капреллиды, или морские козочки.

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