Trachysalambria curvirostris (formerly Trachypenaeus curvirostris) is a species of prawn that lives in shallow waters of the Indo-West Pacific. It is one of the most important species targeted by prawn fishery, with annual harvests of more than 300,000 t, mostly landed in China.
T. curvirostris is widely distributed across the Indo-West Pacific, from East Africa and the Red Sea to Japan and Australia. It has also entered the Mediterranean Sea as a Lessepsian migrant, through the Suez Canal.[2] It lives at depths of 10–300 metres (33–984 ft) over sandy or muddy bottoms.[3]
Trachysalambria curvirostris is a small prawn, with males reaching a total length of up to 81 millimetres (3.2 in), and females reaching 105 mm (4.1 in).[3] The exoskeleton is "densely pubescent" (covered in thick down).[3] The rostrum is straight or slightly curved upwards, and bears 7–11 teeth on the dorsal (upper) side.[3] The last four segments of the pleon have a median crest, while the second segment has a tubercle on the mid-line.[3]
T. curvirostris can be distinguished from similar species that occur in the same areas (such as Megokris sedili and Megokris granulosus) by the form of the petasma and thelycum (male and female reproductive structures), and by the colouration of the uropods; these are red or reddish brown, with conspicuous white margins in T. curvirostris, but yellowish with grey or brown margins and centre in M. sedili, and red or reddish brown with golden margins in M. granulosus.[3]
The biology of T. curvirostris is poorly known; in the waters around Korea, mating takes place in June, July and August.[4] Females lay up to 100,000 eggs, each one around 223 micrometres (0.0088 in) in diameter, with the female's fecundity being directly related to her body size.[5][4] Over the next 15 hours, the eggs grow to 400 μm (0.016 in) in diameter; at this point, they hatch into the first nauplius larva.[5]
The nauplii have only three pairs of appendages: two pairs of antennae, and the mandibles.[5] The larva passes through a further five naupliar stages by ecdysis, with increasing numbers of setae (bristles) appearing on the appendages at each stage.[5] Around 41 hours after hatching, the larva moults into the first protozoea stage, by which time the body is 0.732 millimetres (0.0288 in) long. The body is now differentiated into a cephalothorax and an abdomen, bears several thoracic appendages, and the larva now begins to ingest food.[5] After a further two protozoea stages, the larva hatches into the first mysis stage. This is typically 7 days after hatching, and the animal is typically around 2.2 mm (0.087 in) long.[5] There are a further two mysis stages before the first post-larval stage, at a length of around 3.4 mm (0.13 in).[5] In this stage, the pleopods (swimmerets; abdominal appendages) become functional, and the animal closely resembles the adult form.[5]
Females live for 14–15 months, and reach sexual maturity at a carapace length of 15–17 mm (0.59–0.67 in).[4][6] Males live for 13–14 months.[4] In Korean waters, the adults migrate into shallower water in April.[4]
A fishery for T. curvirostris was started in the mid 20th century, growing to over 300,000 t annually in the 21st century.[2] It is a commercially important species in Korea, Japan, China and Taiwan, and is also fished on smaller scales in Madagascar, the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aden and the Arabian Sea.[5] Although it is abundant around the coasts of Australia, T. curvirostris is too small to be commercially viable there.[5] The fishery for T. curvirostris is carried out with otter trawls, gill nets and as an artisanal fishery.[3] It is easier to catch at night, and is fished only in waters less than 60 m (200 ft) deep.[3]
Worldwide, T. curvirostris is one of the five most important single species targeted by shrimp and prawn fisheries, with most of the harvest being landed in China.[7] In Korea, T. curvirostris is the dominant species in the shrimp fishery, accounting for more than 50% of landings (other abundant prawn species in the area include Penaeus chinensis, Metapenaeus joyneri and Metapenaeopsis dalei).[4]
The species was first described by William Stimpson in 1860, as a species in the genus Penaeus, with a type locality of Shimoda, Shizuoka, Japan.[8] In 1901, Alcock erected a new genus Trachypeneus[9] (later emended to Trachypenaeus after a petition to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by Lipke Holthuis).[10] In 1934, Martin Burkenroad introduced Trachysalambria as a subgenus of Trachypenaeus, assigning T. curvirostris as its type species. This subgenus was in turn elevated to the rank of genus in 1997, by Isabel Pérez Farfante and Brian Kensley.[11]
Common names for the species include "cocktail shrimp",[4] "hardback prawn", "southern rough prawn", and the name preferred by the Food and Agriculture Organization, "southern rough shrimp".[2]
Trachysalambria curvirostris (formerly Trachypenaeus curvirostris) is a species of prawn that lives in shallow waters of the Indo-West Pacific. It is one of the most important species targeted by prawn fishery, with annual harvests of more than 300,000 t, mostly landed in China.
Trachysalambria curvirostris is een tienpotigensoort uit de familie van de Penaeidae.[1] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1860 door Stimpson.
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
サルエビ（猿海老、学名 Trachysalambria curvirostris ）は、十脚目クルマエビ科に分類されるエビの一種。日本の大部分を含むインド太平洋の熱帯・温帯域に広く分布するエビで、食用や釣り餌に利用される重要産業種である。
日本での地方名は数多く、アカエビ（富山県氷見市、石川県七尾市石崎、山形県、兵庫県香住・日和山、山口県秋穂）、クマエビ（石川県石崎。大型の雄）、トノサンエビ（京都府）、ドロエビ（新潟県上越）、ナツエビ、ナワエビ（山形県）、ブドウエビ（青森県小泊）、ブドエビ（山口県秋穂、大型個体）、ロク（山口県）、カワツエビ・川津海老（兵庫県明石市）等がある。「アカエビ」「クマエビ」「ブドウエビ」は、標準和名では別種を指す[1][2]。長崎県諫早湾、熊本県天草諸島で赤山海老と総称されている小型の海老類にはアカエビ、トラエビなどと共に本種も含まれる。
成体の体長はメス12cm、オス9cmに達する。殻が厚く、表面に細かい短毛が密生する。額角はオスではまっすぐで短いが、メスはオスよりも長く上に反る。生きている個体は淡黄褐色だが死ぬと赤褐色になる[1][2][3][4]。
日本沿岸を含むインド太平洋の熱帯・温帯海域に分布する。日本近海産クルマエビ科の中では最も北まで分布するのが特徴で、分布北限は太平洋側が三陸海岸、日本海側が北海道西岸である（本種に次ぐのはクルマエビとホッコクエビ）。漁獲が多いのは瀬戸内海・四国・九州の各沿岸である。また本種や同属のミナミサルエビ T. palaestinensis はスエズ運河を通じて地中海東部にも侵入している[1][2][5]。
水深50m以浅の内湾砂泥底に生息する。産卵期は7-10月で、6万から10万粒の卵を直接放出する。寿命は1年から1年半とみられる。春に生まれてその年の冬前に死亡する短期世代と、秋に生まれて越冬して翌年いっぱい生きる長期世代があるといわれている[2]。
クルマエビ等のような高級食材ではないが、小型エビ類の一つとして重要な漁業資源となる。素揚げ、塩ゆで、醤油ゆで、むきえび、唐揚げ、佃煮、海老煎餅、干エビ等に利用される。名古屋めしとして知られる天むすには、サルエビの天ぷらが用いられることが多い。
サルエビ漁の漁具は小型の底引き網で、操業中網口を広げておくために長い竹の棒（桁）を用いることから桁網と呼ばれる。タイ類の釣り餌としてサルエビを捕獲することから「餌料曳き(じりょうびき)」とも俗称される。夜行性という生態に合わせて、操業は日没後から夜半にかけて行われる。
食用以外にも、小さいものはマダイ、アマダイ等の一本釣りや延縄漁業の生き餌となる[2][5]。
サルエビ属 Trachysalambria は、インド太平洋沿岸に10種が知られる。クルマエビ科の中では体表に短毛があること、頭胸甲側面の縫合線が肝上棘か甲の後縁まで達すること、雄性生殖器（Petasma）がＴ字型であること等で区別される[3][5][6][7][8]。
サルエビ（猿海老、学名 Trachysalambria curvirostris ）は、十脚目クルマエビ科に分類されるエビの一種。日本の大部分を含むインド太平洋の熱帯・温帯域に広く分布するエビで、食用や釣り餌に利用される重要産業種である。
꽃새우(학명: Trachysalambria curvirostris)는 보리새우과의 절지동물이다.
모래나 진흙이 많은 바닥 위 10~300m 깊이에서 산다.
꽃새우는 작은 새우로 수컷의 몸길이는 최대 81mm, 암컷의 몸길이는 105mm에 이른다. 주둥이는 직선이거나 위쪽으로 약간 구부러져 있으며 등쪽에 7~11개의 이빨이 있다.
