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Dicrurus macrocercus ( Asturian )

fornì da wikipedia AST
Map marker icon – Nicolas Mollet – Birds – Nature – white.png Les especies d'aves con nome común en llingua asturiana márquense como NOA. En casu contrariu, conséñase'l nome científicu o de la SEO.

'''Dicrurus macrocercus ye una especie d'ave paseriforme de la familia Dicruridae; llargamente distribuyíu por Asia: alcuéntrase-y dende Sri Lanka al sur de China y d'Irán hasta Indonesia.

Galería

Referencies

  1. BirdLife International (2008). Dicrurus macrocercus. En: UICN 2008. Llista Roxa d'Especies Amenazaes UICN. Consultáu'l 11 Febreru 2011.

Enllaces esternos

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Dicrurus macrocercus: Brief Summary ( Asturian )

fornì da wikipedia AST
Dicrurus macrocercus Map marker icon – Nicolas Mollet – Birds – Nature – white.png Les especies d'aves con nome común en llingua asturiana márquense como NOA. En casu contrariu, conséñase'l nome científicu o de la SEO.

'''Dicrurus macrocercus ye una especie d'ave paseriforme de la familia Dicruridae; llargamente distribuyíu por Asia: alcuéntrase-y dende Sri Lanka al sur de China y d'Irán hasta Indonesia.

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Drongo roueel ( Breton )

fornì da wikipedia BR

An drongo roueel a zo un evn, Dicrurus macrocercus an anv skiantel anezhañ.

Doareoù pennañ

Boued

Annez

Bevañ a ra al labous en Azia.

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Drongo roueel: Brief Summary ( Breton )

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An drongo roueel a zo un evn, Dicrurus macrocercus an anv skiantel anezhañ.

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Drongo reial ( Catalan; Valensian )

fornì da wikipedia CA

El drongo reial[1] (Dicrurus macrocercus) és una espècie d'ocell passeriforme de la família Dicruridae; àmpliament distribuït per Àsia: se li troba des de Sri Lanka al sud de la Xina i d'Iran fins a Indonèsia.

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Drongo reial Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
  1. «Drongo reial». Cercaterm. TERMCAT, Centre de Terminologia. Rev. 11/09/2013 (català)


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Drongo reial: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valensian )

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El drongo reial (Dicrurus macrocercus) és una espècie d'ocell passeriforme de la família Dicruridae; àmpliament distribuït per Àsia: se li troba des de Sri Lanka al sud de la Xina i d'Iran fins a Indonèsia.

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Drongo du ( Galèis )

fornì da wikipedia CY

Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Drongo du (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: drongoaid duon) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Dicrurus macrocercus; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Black drongo. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Drongoaid (Lladin: Dicruridae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes.[1]

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn D. macrocercus, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.[2] Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yn Asia.

Teulu

Mae'r drongo du yn perthyn i deulu'r Drongoaid (Lladin: Dicruridae). Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:

Rhestr Wicidata:

rhywogaeth enw tacson delwedd Drongo Andeman Dicrurus andamanensis Drongo Balicassiao Dicrurus balicassius
DicrurusMirabilisKeulemans.jpg
Drongo Comoro Dicrurus fuscipennis Drongo Cribog Dicrurus forficatus
Crested Drongo, Ankarafantsika National Park, Madagascar.jpg
Drongo Cynffon Sgwar Dicrurus ludwigii
Square-tailed Drongo (Dicrurus ludwigii).jpg
Drongo Cynffonfforchog Dicrurus adsimilis
Fork-tailed Drongo RWD.jpg
Drongo du Dicrurus macrocercus
Black Drongo (Dicrurus macrocercus) IMG 7702 (1)..JPG
Drongo efydd Dicrurus aeneus
Bronzed Drongo I2 IMG 1691.jpg
Drongo gloyw Dicrurus atripennis
Naturalis Biodiversity Center - RMNH.AVES.141634 1 - Dicrurus atripennis Swainson, 1837 - Dicruridae - bird skin specimen.jpeg
Drongo llwy-gynffon mawr Dicrurus paradiseus
Dicrurus paradiseus -Kerala -India-6-3c.jpg
Drongo llwyd Dicrurus leucophaeus
Ashy Drongo I IMG 8168.jpg
Drongo pefriol Dicrurus bracteatus
Dicrurus bracteatus - Wonga.jpg
Drongo Pig Brân Dicrurus annectans
Crow-billed Drongo (Dicrurus annectans) - Flickr - Lip Kee.jpg
Drongo rhawn-grib Dicrurus hottentottus
Dicrurus hottentottus-20030823.jpg
Drongo torwyn Dicrurus caerulescens
White-bellied Drongo (Dicrurus caerulescens) at Sindhrot near Vadodara, Gujrat Pix 078.jpg
Diwedd y rhestr a gynhyrchwyd yn otomatig o Wicidata.

Gweler hefyd

Cyfeiriadau

  1. Gwefan Cymdeithas Edward Llwyd; adalwyd 30 Medi 2016.
  2. Gwefan Avibase; adalwyd 3 Hydref 2016.
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Drongo du: Brief Summary ( Galèis )

fornì da wikipedia CY

Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Drongo du (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: drongoaid duon) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Dicrurus macrocercus; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Black drongo. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Drongoaid (Lladin: Dicruridae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes.

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn D. macrocercus, sef enw'r rhywogaeth. Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yn Asia.

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Drongo černý ( Cech )

fornì da wikipedia CZ

Drongo černý (Dicrurus macrocercus) je malý pěvec z čeledi drongovitých (Dicruridae). Celoročně obývá oblast od Indie a severní Srí Lanky až po Čínu. Během září a října migruje pouze severní populace, a to převážně v nízkých nadmořských výškách jižnějších zeměpisných šířek. Při návratu se pak může zatoulat až k Rusku nebo do Japonska a Koreje.[2] Drongo černý se navíc rozšířil i po některých tichomořských ostrovech, kde prospíval a množil se do té míry, že ohrožoval místní endemické druhy, například u kruhoočka sabenského (Zosterops rotensis), ale bylo prokázáno, že přičinění drongů černých na jejich vymizení je minimální.

Tělo dospělého jedince měří přibližně 28 cm na délku. Peří je leskle černé, zobák a nohy šedé. Pro dronga černého je typický i dlouhý vykrojený ocas. Živí se hmyzem a je běžně k vidění v zemědělských oblastech a řídkých lesích. Také sedá na drátech elektrického vedení, které pro něj představují výhodné stanoviště při hledání potravy.[3]

Drongo černý je známý pro své agresivní chování vůči větším druhům ptáků, kteří by pro něj ve standardní situaci mohly představovat nebezpečí. K agresi se uchylují hlavně v době hnízdění, kdy chrání svá hnízda před predátory.

V minulosti byl tento druh klasifikován dohromady s drongem africkým (Dicrurus adsimilis), od roku 2007 se ale africká a asijská forma rozlišují jako dva různé druhy, tedy drongo černý a drongo africký.

Nomenklatura

Etymologie

Původní rodové jméno Buchanga bylo odvozeno z hindského slova bhujanga. Je pravděpodobné, že označení drongo pochází z Madagaskaru, kde místního dronga chocholatého (Dicrurus forficatus) nazývali domorodci právě takto.[4] Původně bylo tedy slovo drongo používáno pouze jako označení pro ptáky,[5] později se ale rozšířilo jako hanlivé přízvisko díky nechvalně známému australskému závodnímu koni jménem Drongo (1920–1925), který byl známý především kvůli svým neúspěchům.[5] V australském vojenském slangu drongo znamená rekrut nebo pták.[6] I Austrálie má totiž svého zástupce v čeledi drongovitých: dronga vločkoprsého (Dicrurus bracteatus).

V hindštině se drongům černým říká i kotwal, což znamená policista. Krom toho ale existuje mnoho dalších pojmenování: finga v bengálštině; phenshu v ásamštině; cheiroi v manipurštině; kosita nebo kalo koshi v gudžarátštině; ghosia v maráthštině; kajalapati v urijština a další.[7]

Taxonomie

Drongo černý byl v minulosti považován za poddruh dronga afrického,[8][9] roku 2007 byly ale druhy rozděleny.[8] Navíc, tyto dva druhy obývají zcela odlišné části světa: zatímco drongo africký obývá oblast jižně od severoafrické Sahary, drongo černý se vyskytuje od Pákistánu směrem na východ.[8] Drongo černý se běžně dělí na sedm poddruhů:[10]

  • Dicrurus macrocercus macrocercus Vieillot, 1817
  • D. m. albirictus (Hodgson, 1836)
  • D. m. minor Blyth, 1850
  • D. m. cathoecus Swinhoe, 1871
  • D. m. thai Kloss, 1921
  • D. m. javanus Kloss, 1921, též drongo černý jávský[11]
  • D. m. harterti Baker, 1918

Jednotlivé poddruhy se liší, krom výskytu, především velikostí. Například zástupci subspecie albirictus ze severní Indie jsou větší, než jedinci poddruhu minor.[12] Mezníkem mezi těmito dvěma poddruhy je nominátní poddruh, který je menší než severoindický poddruh a také větší než srílanský poddruh minor.[12]

Popis

Dospělý drongo černý sedící na větvi
Dospělý jedinec z Nepálu

Drongové černí jsou malí ptáci s typickým dlouhým ocasem vidlicovitého tvaru. Mohou mít i modré znaky na prsou a zádech.[2] Peří na celém těle je leskle černé. Tělo dospělých měří na délku okolo 28 cm, rozpětí křídel dosahuje délky 27 až 30 cm.[2] Dospělí jedinci navíc mívají bílé skvrnky v koutcích zobáku.[2] Duhovka je tmavě hnědá, nohy tmavě šedé a krátké.[13] Samotný zobák je černý, s rozměry mezi 23,7 a 26,8 mm.[2] Rozeznat samce od samice je prakticky nemožné: u drongů černých neexistuje pohlavní dimorfismus.[14][13] Mláďata jsou spíše hnědé až tmavě hnědé barvy s bílými skvrnkami na hrudi a břiše, je snadné je zaměnit s dospělými drongy šedobřichými (Dicrurus caerulescens). Roční jedinci mají stále ještě bílá pera na břiše, zatímco dvouletí ptáci už mají peří na břiše tmavší, pouze se světlejšími špičkami.[15] U mladých jedinců je též méně vykrojený ocas.[2] Od června do října u nich probíhá přepeřování.[zdroj?]

Dronga černého lze zaměnit především s dalšími druhy z čeledi drongovitých. Jedná se například o dronga chocholatého (Dicrurus forficatus) – dospělci obou druhů jsou téměř totožní, s tím rozdílem, že drongo chocholatý má na hlavě chocholku. Drongo sundský (Dicrurus densus) je též podobný, dokonce obývá Indonésii,[16] může se tedy s drongem černým skutečně setkat (na rozdíl od dronga afrického, který je s drongem černým totožný, ale obývá pouze Afriku).

Výskyt

Drongo černý za letu
Drongo černý za letu (Bali)

Drongy černé je možné pozorovat hlavně v otevřené krajině, kde sedí na větvi nebo drátech elektrického vedení a hledají vhodnou kořist, většinou se jedná o létavý hmyz. Krom toho ale hmyz loví i na zemi. Obývají savany, pole, ale i městské oblasti. Oblíbené stanoviště je údolí řeky Indus. Celoročně sídlí hlavně v Indii, Bangladéši a na Srí Lance. Mimo to ale jejich areál výskytu zahrnuje i Rusko, Japonsko a Korejský poloostrov, kam se mohou zatoulat.[2] U některých populací lze pozorovat sezónní pohyb.[17] Obývají nadmořské výšky do 2000 m.[14]

Zástupci subspecie D. m. cathoecus se vyskytují v Thajsku, Hongkongu a Číně.[18] Obzvláště v létě se pohybují napříč Čínou až k provinciím Ťi-lin a Chej-lung-ťiang.[2] Tito ptáci se odlišují především nazelenalým leskem křídel.[19] Jižní Thajsko obývá D. m. thai, avšak jeho oblast výskytu se překrývá s areálem výskytu subspecie D. m. cathoecus. Poddruh javanus obývá Jávu a Bali, harterti zase obývá Tchaj-wan a zajímavostí je, že tento druh má kratší ocas než křídla.[19][20]

Těsně před druhou světovou válkou byli drongové černí z Tchaj-wanu[21] zavlečeni na ostrov Rota, kde měli pomáhat s regulací populace hmyzu.[21] Odtud se v 50. nebo 60. letech 20. století rozptýlili i na severní Guam. Do roku 1970 pak osídlili celý ostrov. Předpokládalo se, že masové rozšíření drongů černých na severních Marianách mohlo způsobit i úpadek rotského endemita kruhoočka sabenského,[p 1] ale jejich role v snížení populace tohoto druhu byla nejspíše okrajová.[21] V 80. letech 20. století pak nastal na Guamu prudký úpadek populace drongů, především pak na severní části ostrova.[22] Pozdější stavy populace nejsou přesně známy, ale drongové černí zde v každém případě stále žijí.[23]

Drongo černý má dle Mezinárodního svazu ochrany přírody (IUCN) „extrémně velký“ areál výskytu[24] a navíc se nezdá, že by celková populace klesala, proto přísluší druhu drongo černý status málo dotčený (LC).[24]

Chování

Drongové černí jsou poměrně malí ptáci, přesto dokáží být velice agresivní, převážně v případech, kdy chrání svá hnízda. Jejich útok většinou zahrnuje klování do těla nepřítele.[25] Častými oběťmi agresivity drongů se stávají orli jávští (Nisaetus bartelsi), přestože jsou relativně neškodní, a orli indomalajští (Ictinaetus malaiensis).[26]

Mohou vydávat širokou škálu zvuků, běžně se ale projevují krátkým tee-hee. Drongové černí umí též napodobovat volání krahujce šikra.[27] Podobnou vlastnost mají i drongové afričtí, kteří se též naučili napodobovat volání některých dravců. I asijské kukačky rodu Surniculus se naučily toto chování napodobovat.[28]

Stravovací návyky

Dva dospělí drongové černí
Pár drongů černých
Vejce dronga černého
Vejce dronga černého v muzeu v německém Wiesbadenu

Drongové černí jsou aktivní lovci a jejich kořistí je převážně hmyz. V letech 2010 až 2013 byla provedena rozsáhlá studie stravovacích návyků drongů černých v Ándhrapradéši v Indii.[3] Výsledky byly následující: 59 % kořisti získávají z rostlin, keřů a stromů, 27 % potravy uloví ze vzduchu a 14 % ze země. Používají při tom tři metody. Buď kořist přímo chytají za letu (52 %), nebo uplatňují paběrkování, kdy stojí či skáčou a při tom lapají nehybný hmyz usazený na větvičkách či trávě (27 %), případně sbírají hmyz ze země (21 %).[3] Jídelníček drongů tvoří kobylky, cikády, termiti, vosy, včely, můry a vážky.[10] Velké členovce, jako jsou stonožky a štíři, loví spíše výjimečně.[29] Chytají též motýly z podčeledí danausovitých.[30] Výjimečně požírají malé druhy ptáků.[31][32] Na ostrově Rota byly zaznamenány případy, kdy drongové černí požírali menší druhy pěvců: vrabce polní (Passer montanus), pávíky australasijské (Rhipidura rufifrons) a salangany vanikorské (Aerodramus vanikorensis).[21] Naopak se vyhýbají mouchám.[33] Jsou známy i případy, kdy lovili ryby.[34] Zarděnice (Erythrina) a bombaxy (Bombax) zase navštěvují kvůli nektaru a vodě[35] a lze je vidět živit se i obilninami.[36]

Drongové černí jsou nejčastěji lovecky aktivní za úsvitu. Při hledání kořisti se pohybují ve výšce od 1 do 9 m.[3] Často loví tak, že létají blízko větví a snaží se vyplašit potenciální kořist. Díky tomu, že mrštně létají, jsou schopni chytat hmyz i za letu.[37] Hejna těchto ptáků se též shromažďují v zoraných polích, kde vybírají larvy různých druhů brouků. Často pak vytvářejí skupiny s majnami obecnými (Acridotheres tristis), které mají podobný životní styl i jídelníček.[38] Douglas Dewar v roce 1905 napsal: Mohu bezpečně říct, že v Čennaí jsou majny krmící se za nepřítomnosti drongů černých spíše výjimkou, než pravidlem.[38] Podle Dewara se drongové drží v blízkosti majn, protože čekají, až rozruch v podobě majn způsobí, že ze svých úkrytů vyleze hmyz, který si budou moci chytit.[38] Taková souhra má výhody pro oba druhy. Drongové se též naučili, že umělé osvětlení láká hmyz a proto jej lapají u pouličních lamp.[39]

Hnízdění

Hnízdo drongů čenrých v Západním Bengálsku v Indii
Hnízdo dronga černého (Západní Bengálsko)

Rozmnožování drongů černých probíhá především v jižní Asii (jihozápadní Írán, Srí Lanka, Indie a Indonésie),[40] a to v únoru a březnu. V jiných zemích pak hnízdění probíhá do konce srpna. V tomto období zpívají samičky i samečci.[41] Samotné námluvy zahrnují „hru“, kdy se spolu páry za letu honí a mohou se do sebe zaklesnout i zobáky. Někdy též k těmto hrám může docházet na zemi.[41] Následně samička se samečkem během šesti až devíti dní[40] postaví na větvi hnízdo pohárovitého tvaru. To je tvořeno větvičkami, stébly trávy a různými suchými vlákny.[40] Oblíbeným umístěním hnízda jsou například větve chlebovníků různolistých (Artocarpus heterophyllus) nebo telefonní sloupy.[42] V období dešťů, tedy přibližně na začátku dubna, samička do hnízda naklade vajíčka.[15] Snůška běžně čítá tři, zřídka i čtyři vajíčka. Ta jsou světle krémová s červenými tečkami, s délkou průměrně 24,5 mm a šířkou 19 mm.[43] Následně jsou střídavě inkubována oběma rodiči, holá ptáčata se líhnou po čtrnácti až patnácti dnech. Čtyřdenní ptáčata již mají vytvořené folikuly a ve věku jednoho týdne již mají stvoly per. V 8 dnech poprvé otevírají oči a 16 až 20 dnů od vylíhnutí opouštějí hnízdo. I nadále je však rodiče krmí a chrání až do jednoho měsíce. Po této době už rodiče mladé vyhánějí. Ve věku tří týdnů je u nich již zřetelný i vykrojený ocas.

V případě, že je první snůška zničena (například hnízdo se propadne nebo je napadeno dravcem), může samička snést druhou snůšku.[17] Při krmení mladých často pomáhají i mladí jedinci z předchozí snůšky.[44] Byl dokonce zaznamenán případ, kdy mladé drongy černé krmil bulbul šupinkový (Pycnonotus cafer).[45] I přesto je ale pravděpodobnost, že se ptáčata dožijí dospělosti asi 44 %. Hlavním důvodem takové úmrtnosti je nedostatek potravy, nicméně záleží na tom, zda je období dešťů nebo naopak sucho.[15] Právě počasí mívá na množství kořisti pro drongy velký vliv.[15]

Drongové černí jsou pohlavně dospělí ve věku okolo dvou let.[15]

Migrace

U některých populací drongů černých lze pozorovat sezónní migrace, především během září.[46] Na konci října pak migrace vrcholí.[46] Severní populace migrují, ptáci přezimují v nižších polohách a jižnějších zeměpisných šířkách až na úroveň centrální Indie na západě a Malajsie a Sumatry na východě.[46] Hejna, která drongové tvoří, mohou být o více jak čtyřech stech jedincích.

Roku 2003 bylo v Beidaihe v Číně viděno 825 ptáků během jedné hodiny.[46] V jižním Thajsku v oblasti šíje Kra, bylo zase mezi 27. zářím a 9. říjnem 2003 napočítáno 11 290 migrujících drongů černých, průměrně tedy 30 jedinců za hodinu.[46]

Parazité

Drongové černí se často stávají hostiteli vší, ale také tasemnic a hlístic.[47][48] Samotná onemocnění nebo predátoři ale nejsou příliš významnými faktory, co se úmrtnosti dospělých drongů týče.[15] U mladých jedinců je totiž hlavní důvodem úmrtí nedostatek potravy.[15]

Hnízda drongů černých bývají terčem hnízdního parazitizmu, především pak ze strany kukaček koel (Eudynamys scolopaceus).[49][50]

Vztah k lidem

Včely medonosné (Apis mellifera) jsou častou součástí jídelníčku drongů,[51] což netěší včelaře. Zemědělci proto vytvářejí umělá bidýlka v polích a tím ptáky místo lovu včel navádějí k lovu škůdců.[3][52]

Obyvatelé některých částí Paňdžábu věří, že drongo černý byl pták, který přinesl vodu Husajnovi ibn Alímu, vnukovi Mohameda, a zachránil ho před smrtí.[53]

Odkazy

Poznámky

  1. Kruhoočko sabenské (Zosterops rotensis) je kriticky ohrožený druh malého pěvce a endemit ostrova Rota

Reference

V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku Black drongo na anglické Wikipedii.

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
  2. a b c d e f g h BRAZIL, Mark. Birds of East Asia: China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan, and Russia. London: A&C Black, 2009. 531 s. Dostupné online. ISBN 9780691139265. S. 300. (anglicky)
  3. a b c d e LAXMI NARAYANA, B; VASUDEVA RAO, V.; V., Venkateswara Reddy. Foraging Behavior of Black Drongo (Dicrurus macrocercus)in Nalgonda District of Andhra Pradesh, India [online]. ResearchGate, 2014-01 [cit. 2016-12-30]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  4. FORSHAW, Joseph Michael. Encyclopedia of Animals: Birds. London: Merehurst, 1991. 240 s. Dostupné online. ISBN 1-85391-186-0. (anglicky)
  5. a b WANNAN, Bill. Australian Folklore. 2. vyd. Melbourne: Lansdowne Press, 1979. 582 s. ISBN 0-7018-1309-1. S. 200. (anglicky)
  6. DALZELL, Tom; VICTOR, Terry. The Concise New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English. New York: Routledge, 2015. 881 s. Dostupné online. ISBN 9781317625124. S. 120. (anglicky)
  7. Vernacular names of birds of the Indian subcontinent [online]. 1998 [cit. 2016-12-25]. S. 85. Dostupné online.
  8. a b c PASQUET, Eric; PONS, Jean-Marc; FUCHS, Jérôme. Evolutionary history and biogeography of the drongos (Dicruridae), a tropical Old World clade of corvoid passerines. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2007-10-01, roč. 45, čís. 1, s. 158–167. Dostupné online [cit. 2016-12-10]. DOI:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.03.010.
  9. DEIGNAN, H. G. The Birds of Northern Thailand (Classic Reprint). Washington: Fb &C Limited 638 s. Dostupné online. ISBN 9781331686903. S. 287–296. (anglicky)
  10. a b Black Drongo (Dicrurusmacrocercus) [online]. Handbook of the Birds of the World [cit. 2016-12-29]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  11. NOVÁK, Jiří. Drongo černý [online]. BioLib, 2004-09-13, rev. 2006-05-02 [cit. 2017-01-06]. Dostupné online.
  12. a b RASMUSSEN, Pamela C.; ANDERTON, John C. Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. 2. vyd. Washington: Buteo Books, 2012. 1072 s. Dostupné online. ISBN 9788496553859. S. 590. (anglicky)
  13. a b WELLS, David R. The Birds of the Thai-Malay Peninsula. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2010. 856 s. Dostupné online. ISBN 9781408133132. S. 145-146. (anglicky)
  14. a b BOUGLOUAN, Nicole. Black Drongo [online]. Oiseaux Birds [cit. 2016-12-29]. Dostupné online.
  15. a b c d e f g SHUKKUR, E.; JOSEPH, K. J. Breeding biology of the Black Drongo. Bombay Natural History Society’s Mammal Survey of India. Roč. 75, čís. 4.
  16. Wallacean Drongo [online]. Handbook of the Birds of the World [cit. 2017-02-01]. Dostupné online.
  17. a b WHISTLER, Hugh; KINNEAR, Norman B. Popular Handbook of Indian Birds. 4. vyd. London: Oliver & Boyd, 1949. 560 s. Dostupné online. S. 155-157. (anglicky)
  18. STUART BAKER, Edward Charles. Handlist of the birds of the Indian empire. Journal of the Bombay National Historical Society [online]. [cit. 2017-01-02]. S. 46-47. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  19. a b VAURIE, Charles. A revision of the bird family Dicruridae. Bulletin of the AMNH ; v. 93, article 4. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History [online]. 1949 [cit. 2017-01-02]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  20. WANG, Jin-yuan. The complete guide to birds in Taiwan. 1. vyd. Taipei County: Government Information Office, 2000. 68 s. (Beautiful Taiwan). Dostupné online. ISBN 9789570261196. S. 48. (anglicky)
  21. a b c d AMIDON, Frederick A. Habitat relationships and life history of the Rota bridled white-eye (Zosterops rotensis). Blacksburg: Virginia Polytechnic Institute, 2000. 121 s. Dostupné online. S. ii. (anglicky)
  22. FRITTS, Thomas H.; RODDA, Gordon H. THE ROLE OF INTRODUCED SPECIES IN THE DEGRADATION OF ISLAND ECOSYSTEMS: A Case History of Guam. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 2003-11-28, roč. 29, čís. 1, s. 25. Dostupné online [cit. 2017-02-06]. DOI:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.29.1.113. (anglicky)
  23. Micronesia [online]. BirdQuest [cit. 2017-02-06]. Dostupné online.
  24. a b IUCN. Dicrurus macrocercus: BirdLife International. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Dostupné online [cit. 2017-01-02]. DOI:10.2305/iucn.uk.2016-3.rlts.t22706961a94099367.en.
  25. MELVILLE, D. S. Intense mobbing by a Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus. Journal of the Bombay National Historical Society. Čís. 88, s. 285.
  26. NIJMAN, Vincent. Seasonal variation in naturally occurring mobbing behaviour of drongos (Dicruridae) towards two avian predators. Ethology Ecology & Evolution. 2004-01-01, roč. 16, čís. 1, s. 25–32. Dostupné online [cit. 2017-01-07]. ISSN 0394-9370. DOI:10.1080/08927014.2004.9522651.
  27. MOSS KING, R. C. H. The resident birds of the Saugor and Damoh Districts, Central Provinces. Journal of the Bombay National Historical Society [online]. 1911 [cit. 2016-12-20]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  28. DAVIES, N. B.; WELBERGEN, J. A. Cuckoo-hawk mimicry? An experimental test. Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 2008-08-07, roč. 275, čís. 1644, s. 1817–1822. PMID: 18467298 PMCID: PMC2587796. Dostupné online [cit. 2016-12-25]. ISSN 0962-8452. DOI:10.1098/rspb.2008.0331. PMID 18467298.
  29. SHARMA, I. K. Grey Shrike and Black Drongo hunting scorpion and the centipede. Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 1980, roč. 20, čís. 5, s. 6.
  30. ALI, Sálim; RIPLEY, S. Dillon; ROBERTS, T. J. Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan: Volume 10: Together with Those of Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, and Sri Lanka. 2. vyd. [s.l.]: Oxford University Press, 1999. 294 s. Dostupné online. ISBN 9780195637083. S. 114–118. (anglicky)
  31. OSMASTON, Bertram Beresford. Predaceous habit of the Common King Crow. Journal of the Bombay National Historical Society [online]. [cit. 2016-12-20]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  32. JAYSON, E. A.; RAMACHANDRAN, K. K. Indian Black Drongo Dicrurus adsimilis (Bechstein) feeding on a small bird. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 1994, roč. 91, čís. 2, s. 320.
  33. MASON, C.W.; MAXWELL-LEFROY, H. Food of birds in India. [s.l.]: Department of Agriculture in India, 1911. 380 s. (Entomological series). S. 69–73. (anglicky)
  34. SERRAO, J. S. Black Drongo (Dicrurus adsimilis) fishing. Newsletter for Birdwatchers [online]. [cit. 2016-12-22]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  35. RAJU, Aluri J. S.; RAO, Srungavarapu P. Passerine bird pollination and fruiting behaviour in a dry season blooming tree species, Erythrina suberosa Roxb. (Fabaceae) in the Eastern Ghats forests, India. Ornithological Science. 2004-01-01, roč. 3, čís. 2, s. 139–144. Dostupné online [cit. 2016-12-22]. DOI:10.2326/osj.3.139. (anglicky)
  36. DODIA, J. F.; PARASHARYA, B. M.; YADAV, D. N. Black Drongo feeding on Sorghum grains. Pavo. 1989, roč. 27, čís. 1 a 2, s. 75–76.
  37. CHARI, N.; JANAKI RAMA RAO, N.; RAMESH, R. Comparative studies on flight characteristics, moment of inertia and flight behaviour of two fly-catchers, Dicrurus adsimilis and Merops orientalis. Journal of the Bombay National Historical Society. 1982, čís. 20, s. 894–896.
  38. a b c DEWAR, Douglas. King-Crows and Mynas as mess-mates. Journal of the Bombay National Historical Society [online]. 1905 [cit. 2016-12-20]. S. 364-366. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  39. JAMDAR, Nitin. Midnight feeding by black drongo (Dicrurus adsimilis). Journal of the Bombay National Historical Society. 1983, čís. 1, s. 218.
  40. a b c ASOKAN, S.; MANIKANNAN, R.; SAMSOOR, A. M. Nest-site characteristics and breeding biology of the Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus in Cauvery Delta, Southern India. World Applied Sciences J. [online]. 2010 [cit. 2017-01-10]. Roč. 9, čís. 11. Dostupné online. ISSN 1818-4952. (anglicky)
  41. a b NEELAKANTAN, K. K. Courtship and mating of the black drongo. Newsletter for Birdwatchers [online]. 1962 [cit. 2017-01-13]. S. 9. Dostupné online.
  42. RAJU, K. S. R.; RAJU, U. V. Black Drongo Dicrurus adsimilis nesting on electric pole. Journal of the Bombay National Historical Society. 1989, roč. 86, čís. 3, s. 449–450.
  43. AWAIS, Muhammad; BIBI, Komal. Clutch Size, Egg Dimensions,Weight and Breeding Success of Black Drongo (Dicrurus macrocercus) at Tehsil Mansehra, Pakistan [online]. ResearchGate, 2014-01 [cit. 2017-01-08]. Dostupné online.
  44. THANGAMANI, A.; PARAMANANDHAM, K.; JOHNSINGH, A. J. T. Helpers' among the black drongo (Dicrurus adsimilis). Journal of the Bombay National Historical Society. 1981, roč. 78, čís. 3, s. 602-603.
  45. VAN GRUISEN, Joanna. Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer feeding Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus chicks. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society [online]. 2004 [cit. 2016-12-29]. Dostupné online.
  46. a b c d e DECANDIDO, Robert; NUALSRI, Chukiat; ALLEN, Deborah. Migration of Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus in southern Thailand in autumn 2003. Orinetal Bird Club [online]. 2004 [cit. 2016-12-30]. Dostupné online.
  47. PALMA, Ricardo L.; PRICE, Roger D. A note on Philopterus kalkalichi Ansari, 1955 (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera: Philopteridae). New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 2006-01-01, roč. 33, čís. 1, s. 7–8. Dostupné online [cit. 2016-12-25]. ISSN 0301-4223. DOI:10.1080/03014223.2006.9518425.
  48. NANDI, Anadi P. Data on the morphology of Viguiera dicrurusi Gupta, 1960 (Nematoda: Habronematidae) with notes on related forms. Folia Parasitologica. 2005-09-01, roč. 52, čís. 3, s. 261–266. PMID: 16270807. Dostupné online [cit. 2016-12-25]. ISSN 0015-5683. PMID 16270807.
  49. SMITH, T. E. H. Black Drongos fostering a Koel. Journal of the Bombay National Historical Society. 1950, roč. 49, čís. 2, s. 304–305.
  50. BEGUM, Sajeda; MOKSNES, Arne; RØSKAFT, Eivin. Interactions between the Asian koel (Eudynamys scolopacea) and its hosts. Behaviour. 2011-03-01, roč. 148, čís. 3, s. 325–340. Dostupné online [cit. 2017-01-08]. ISSN 1568-539X. DOI:10.1163/000579511X558400.
  51. MUNDKUR, Taej. Bee hunting by the Black Drongo. Journal of the Bombay National Historical Society. 1985, roč. 82, čís. 2, s. 411.
  52. PARASHARYA, B. M.; DODIA, J. F.; MATHEW, K. L. Natural regulation of white grub (Holotrichia sp: Scarabidae) by birds in agroecosystem. Journal of Biosciences. Roč. 19, čís. 4, s. 381–389. Dostupné online [cit. 2016-12-29]. ISSN 0250-5991. DOI:10.1007/BF02703175. (anglicky)
  53. ROSE, H. A. Panjab Folklore Notes. Folklore. 1910-06-30, roč. 21, čís. 2, s. 216–217. Dostupné online [cit. 2016-12-29]. ISSN 0015-587X. DOI:10.1080/0015587X.1910.9719930.

Literatura

  • BRAZIL, Mark. Birds of East Asia: China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan, and Russia. London: A&C Black, 2009. 531 s. ISBN 9780691139265. S. 300. (anglicky)
  • ANDERTON, John C.; RASMUSSEN, Pamela C. Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. 2. vyd. Washington: Buteo Books, 2012. 1072 s. ISBN 9788496553859. S. 590. (anglicky)

Externí odkazy

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Drongo černý: Brief Summary ( Cech )

fornì da wikipedia CZ

Drongo černý (Dicrurus macrocercus) je malý pěvec z čeledi drongovitých (Dicruridae). Celoročně obývá oblast od Indie a severní Srí Lanky až po Čínu. Během září a října migruje pouze severní populace, a to převážně v nízkých nadmořských výškách jižnějších zeměpisných šířek. Při návratu se pak může zatoulat až k Rusku nebo do Japonska a Koreje. Drongo černý se navíc rozšířil i po některých tichomořských ostrovech, kde prospíval a množil se do té míry, že ohrožoval místní endemické druhy, například u kruhoočka sabenského (Zosterops rotensis), ale bylo prokázáno, že přičinění drongů černých na jejich vymizení je minimální.

Tělo dospělého jedince měří přibližně 28 cm na délku. Peří je leskle černé, zobák a nohy šedé. Pro dronga černého je typický i dlouhý vykrojený ocas. Živí se hmyzem a je běžně k vidění v zemědělských oblastech a řídkých lesích. Také sedá na drátech elektrického vedení, které pro něj představují výhodné stanoviště při hledání potravy.

Drongo černý je známý pro své agresivní chování vůči větším druhům ptáků, kteří by pro něj ve standardní situaci mohly představovat nebezpečí. K agresi se uchylují hlavně v době hnízdění, kdy chrání svá hnízda před predátory.

V minulosti byl tento druh klasifikován dohromady s drongem africkým (Dicrurus adsimilis), od roku 2007 se ale africká a asijská forma rozlišují jako dva různé druhy, tedy drongo černý a drongo africký.

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Königsdrongo ( Alman )

fornì da wikipedia DE

Der Königsdrongo (Dicrurus macrocercus) ist eine Vogelart aus der Familie der Drongos.[1]

Die Art wurde früher oft als konspezifisch mit dem Trauerdrongo (Dicrurus adsimilis) angesehen.

 src=
Verbreitungsgebiet des Königsdrongos

Der Vogel kommt in Südasien von Iran über Indien und Sri Lanka bis Südchina und Indonesien vor.

Das Verbreitungsgebiet umfasst offene Lebensräume, Ackerflächen mit einzelnen Bäumen, auch Dörfer und Vororte bis 1500 m Höhe.[2][3]

Beschreibung

Der Königsdrongo ist im Durchschnitt 28 (Männchen) bzw. 27 cm groß (Weibchen), er ist glänzend schwarz mit langem tief gegabeltem Schwanz, der während der Mauser verloren gehen kann. Die Geschlechter unterscheiden sich nicht. Die Unterseite ist glänzend blauschwarz, der Schnabel grauschwarz mit deutlichen Schnabelborsten, die Iris ist im Gegensatz zum Graudrongo dunkelbraun. Charakteristisch ist der kleine weiße Fleck unterhalb des Auges. Jungvögel haben eine schwarze Unterseite mit kräftigen hellen Säumen, können mit dem Graubrustdrongo verwechselt werden.[4][3][2][5]

Ruf des Königsdrongos

Stimme

Der Ruf des Männchens wird als kräftig und barsch beschrieben, zum Beginn der Brutsaison ziemlich laut, dem Ruf des Schikrasperbers ähnlich.[5][2]

Geografische Variation

Es werden folgende Unterarten anerkannt:[2][6]

  • "D. m. albirictus" (Hodgson, 1836) – Himalaya von Afghanistan und Pakistan bis Myanmar und Südchina, Indien (südlich bis Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh und Westbengalen); Wintergast in Südindien, Myanmar und Nordthailand
  • "D. m. macrocercus" Vieillot 1817, Nominatform – Südosten Pakistans und Indische Halbinsel südlich von Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh und Westbengalen
  • "D. m. minor" Blyth, 1850 – Sri Lanka einschließlich Mannar
  • "D. m. cathoecus" Swinhoe, 1871 – China (östlich von Qinghai, südlich von Jilin einschließlich Hainan), Myanmar, Nordthailand und Nordindochina; Wintergast in Myanmar, Malaiische Halbinsel und Südindochina
  • "D. m. thai" Kloss, 1921 – Süden von Myanmar (Tenasserim), Thailand, wohl auch Kambodscha und Südindochina
  • "D. m. harterti" E. C. S. Baker, 1918 – Taiwan
  • "D. m. javanus " Kloss, 1921 – Java und Bali

Lebensweise

Die Nahrung hauptsächlich besteht aus Insekten, oft Ackerschädlinge einschließlich Wanderheuschrecken, Grashüpfer und Grillen, Heuschrecken und Käfer, aber auch Nektar und gelegentlich kleine Vögel.

Die Brutzeit liegt zwischen März und Juni in Pakistan, März und August in Indien. Das Nest wird drongotypisch auf einem äußersten Astende angelegt in 4–10 m Höhe gerne in großen freistehenden Bäumen. Es werden 3–5 weißliche Eier mit bräunlich roten Punkten gelegt, die Aufzucht wird von beiden Geschlechtern geleistet.

Vögel aus dem Norden überwintern im Süden, die anderen sind Standvögel. Der Königsdrongo ist häufig auf Telefonleitungen oder in der Nähe von Weidetieren anzutreffen. Er jagt von Ansitzen aus, die Beute wird mit den Krallen transportiert und zerrupft, reitet auf dem Rücken von Kühen, wird durch Busch- oder Waldbrände angelockt.[5][2]

Gefährdungssituation

Der Bestand gilt als nicht gefährdet (Least Concern).[7]

Einzelnachweise

  1. Königsdrongo, in Avibase - Die Weltvogel-Datenbank
  2. a b c d e Handbook of the Birds of the World
  3. a b R. Grimmett, T. Inskipp: Birds of Northern India. Helm Field Guides, 2017, ISBN 978-0-7136-5167-6.
  4. E. A. A. Shukkur, K. J. Joseph: Breeding biology of the Black Drongo. In: Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. Bd. 75, Nr. 4, Bombay 1978, S. 1212–1226.
  5. a b c S. Ali: The Book of Indian Birds. 13. Auflage. Bombay Natural History Society, Oxford university Press, 2002, ISBN 0-19-566523-6.
  6. Orioles, drongos, fantails
  7. Redlist
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wikipedia DE

Königsdrongo: Brief Summary ( Alman )

fornì da wikipedia DE

Der Königsdrongo (Dicrurus macrocercus) ist eine Vogelart aus der Familie der Drongos.

Die Art wurde früher oft als konspezifisch mit dem Trauerdrongo (Dicrurus adsimilis) angesehen.

 src= Verbreitungsgebiet des Königsdrongos

Der Vogel kommt in Südasien von Iran über Indien und Sri Lanka bis Südchina und Indonesien vor.

Das Verbreitungsgebiet umfasst offene Lebensräume, Ackerflächen mit einzelnen Bäumen, auch Dörfer und Vororte bis 1500 m Höhe.

licensa
cc-by-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
original
visité la sorgiss
sit compagn
wikipedia DE

O͘-chhiu ( Nan )

fornì da wikipedia emerging languages

O͘-chhiu (ha̍k-miâ: Dicrurus macrocercus)

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Wikipedia authors and editors

Saéran gunting ( sondanèis )

fornì da wikipedia emerging languages

Saéran gunting (Dicrurus macrocercus Vieillot) nyaéta manuk anu asalna tina spesies dicruridae. [9] Manuk saéran kelirna paul semu hideung, pamatuk jeung cékérna ogé hideung, buntutna nyagak kawas gunting, panjang awakna kurang leuwih 29 cm. [9][10] Sagigireun di nagara urang, manuk saéran ogé loba kapanggih hirup tur baranahan di nagara séjén saperti: Afganistan; Bangladesh; Bhutan; Kamboja; Cina; India; Republik Demokratik Rakyat Laos; Malaysia; Myanmar; Nepal; Pakistan; Singapura; Sri Langka; Taiwan, Thailand; jeung Viet Nam.[11]

Sanajan hirup di kebon-kebon, saéran mah henteu kasebut hama pikeun pepelakan.[10] Kahakanna kayaning simeut, papatong, kukupu, rinyuh, jeung sajabana.[12] Malahan baheula manuk saéran mah sok dimangpaatkeun pikeun cicirén, mangsa aya monyét atawa sato séjén nu ngadon ngaruksak pepelakan.[12] Pareng aya monyét asup ka kebon, manuk saeran récét disarada ngagareuwahkeun patani mun pareng keur dijero saung sangkan gura-giru kaluar.[10] [10]

Manuk saéran sok euntrup dina tonggong munding, ngadon ngala kutu atawa piteuk nu nyongcongan ka munding. [12] Ku munding ogé tara ieuh dipaliré manuk nu anjeucleu dina tonggongna téh, ku lantaran pada-pada méré kauntungan jeung mangpaat séwang-séwangan. [12] Manuk seubeuh ngakan kutuna, atuh munding senang pédah henteu dicongcongan waé kutu atawa piteuk nu matak arateul. [12] Manuk saéran sanajan leutik tapi lébér ku wawanén, entong-entong manuk saukuran awakna dalah heulang nu ukuranna leuwih gedé sieuneun ku manuk saéran mah.[12] Saha baé nu ngaganggu, sok tuluy dibeberik bari dipacokan.[10][12]

Dicutat tina

  1. BirdLife International (2012). "Dicrurus macrocercus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Diakses tanggal 16 July 2012.
  2. Vieillot, Louis Jean Pierre (1817). Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle Appliquée aux Arts 9: 588.
  3. Hodgson, Brian Houghton (1836). The India Review and Journal of Foreign Science and the Arts 1 (8): 326.
  4. Blyth, Edward (1850). The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 19: 255.
  5. Swinhoe, Robert (1871). Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London for the Year 2: 377.
  6. a b Kloss, Cecil Boden (1921). Journal of the Federated Malay States Museums. 10 pt. 3: 208.
  7. Baker, Edward Charles Stuart (1918). "Some Notes on the Dicruridae". Novitates Zoologicae 25: 299. http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3857129.
  8. Neave, Sheffield A., ed. (1939). Nomenclator Zoologicus; a List of the Names of Genera and Subgenera in Zoology from the Tenth Edition of Linnaeus, 1758, to the End of 1935 (with supplements). Volume 1. Zoological Society of London, London. p. 425.
  9. a b Tri Marawati, Endang (1986). Burung Indonesia Barat. Universitas Michigan: Proyek Studi Potensi Sumber Daya Alam Indonesia. p. 93. Ditempi ping 12 November 2017
  10. a b c d e Antar, Yori (2010). Pesan dari Wae Rebo: kelahiran kembali arsitektur Nusantara : sebuah pelajaran dari masa lalu untuk masa depan. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama. p. 47. ISBN 9789792259148.
  11. "Dicrurus macrocercus". REDLIST. 2016-01-01. Diakses tanggal 2017-11-12.
  12. a b c d e f g Wahyu sulistiana, N. (2010). Pujian Dan Doa 70 Binatang. Jakarta: Kanisius. p. 104. ISBN 9789794977293. Ditempi ping 12 November 2017
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Saéran gunting: Brief Summary ( sondanèis )

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Saéran gunting (Dicrurus macrocercus Vieillot) nyaéta manuk anu asalna tina spesies dicruridae. Manuk saéran kelirna paul semu hideung, pamatuk jeung cékérna ogé hideung, buntutna nyagak kawas gunting, panjang awakna kurang leuwih 29 cm. Sagigireun di nagara urang, manuk saéran ogé loba kapanggih hirup tur baranahan di nagara séjén saperti: Afganistan; Bangladesh; Bhutan; Kamboja; Cina; India; Republik Demokratik Rakyat Laos; Malaysia; Myanmar; Nepal; Pakistan; Singapura; Sri Langka; Taiwan, Thailand; jeung Viet Nam.

Sanajan hirup di kebon-kebon, saéran mah henteu kasebut hama pikeun pepelakan. Kahakanna kayaning simeut, papatong, kukupu, rinyuh, jeung sajabana. Malahan baheula manuk saéran mah sok dimangpaatkeun pikeun cicirén, mangsa aya monyét atawa sato séjén nu ngadon ngaruksak pepelakan. Pareng aya monyét asup ka kebon, manuk saeran récét disarada ngagareuwahkeun patani mun pareng keur dijero saung sangkan gura-giru kaluar.

Manuk saéran sok euntrup dina tonggong munding, ngadon ngala kutu atawa piteuk nu nyongcongan ka munding. Ku munding ogé tara ieuh dipaliré manuk nu anjeucleu dina tonggongna téh, ku lantaran pada-pada méré kauntungan jeung mangpaat séwang-séwangan. Manuk seubeuh ngakan kutuna, atuh munding senang pédah henteu dicongcongan waé kutu atawa piteuk nu matak arateul. Manuk saéran sanajan leutik tapi lébér ku wawanén, entong-entong manuk saukuran awakna dalah heulang nu ukuranna leuwih gedé sieuneun ku manuk saéran mah. Saha baé nu ngaganggu, sok tuluy dibeberik bari dipacokan.

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कालो चिबे ( nepalèis )

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कालो चिबे नेपालमा पाइने एक प्रकारको चराको नाम हो ।

यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्

सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू

  1. BirdLife International (२०१२), "Dicrurus macrocercus", अन्तरराष्ट्रिय प्रकृति संरक्षण संघको रातो सूची संस्करण 2013.2, अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय प्रकृति संरक्षण संघ, अन्तिम पहुँच २६ नोभेम्बर २०१३
  2. Vieillot, Louis Jean Pierre (१८१७), Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle Appliquée aux Arts 9: 588।
  3. Hodgson, Brian Houghton (१८३६), The India Review and Journal of Foreign Science and the Arts 1 (8): 326।
  4. Blyth, Edward (१८५०), The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 19: 255।
  5. Swinhoe, Robert (१८७१), Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London for the Year 2: 377।
  6. ६.० ६.१ Kloss, Cecil Boden (१९२१), Journal of the Federated Malay States Museums, 10, pt. 3: 208।
  7. Baker, Edward Charles Stuart (१९१८), "Some Notes on the Dicruridae", Novitates Zoologicae 25: 299।
  8. Neave, Sheffield A., सं (1939). Nomenclator Zoologicus; a List of the Names of Genera and Subgenera in Zoology from the Tenth Edition of Linnaeus, 1758, to the End of 1935 (with supplements). Volume 1. Zoological Society of London, London. प॰ 425. http://www.ubio.org/NZ/detail.php?uid=24210&d=1.

बाहिरी कडीहरू

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कालो चिबे: Brief Summary ( nepalèis )

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कालो चिबे नेपालमा पाइने एक प्रकारको चराको नाम हो ।

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कोतवाल (पक्षी) ( marathi )

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वर्णन

कोतवाल पक्षी हा साधारण ३१ सें. मी. आकाराचा संपूर्ण काळ्या रंगाचा, सडपातळ, चपळ पक्षी आहे. लांब, दुंभंगलेली शेपूट हे याचे वैशिष्ट्य. कोतवाल नर-मादी दिसायला सारखेच असतात.

हे पक्षी संरक्षणार्थ कावळे, ससाणे सारख्या मोठ्या, हिंस्र पक्ष्यांच्या मागे लागून त्यांना पळवून लावतात म्हणून यांच्या आश्रयाने इतर लहान-मोठे पक्षी आपले घरटे बांधतात. या कामावरून यांचे नाव कोतवाल पडले असावे.

आवाज

Black Drongo.ogg कोतवाल (पक्षी) आवाज

वास्तव्य/आढळस्थान

कोतवाल (पक्षी) संपूर्ण भारतभर आढळतो तसेच ईराणसह, पाकिस्तान, बांगलादेश, म्यानमार, श्रीलंका, चीन, इंडोनेशिया या देशांमध्येही याचे वास्तव्य आहे.

हे पक्षी एकट्याने किंवा लहान-मोठ्या थव्याने शेतीच्या भागात आणि मोकळ्या मैदानी प्रदेशात राहणे पसंत करतात. हे सहसा विद्युत तारांवर किंवा गुरांच्या कळपात राहून विविध कीट पकडून खातात.

खाद्य

कोतवाल (पक्षी) मुख्यत्वे कीटभक्षी आहे. कीटक, फुलातील मध आणि क्वचीत लहान पक्षी हे या पक्ष्यांचे खाद्य आहे तसेच इतर पक्ष्यांनी आणलेले खाद्य हिसकावून खाण्यातही हे तरबेज असतात.

प्रजनन काळ

एप्रिल ते ऑगस्ट हा काळ कोतवाल पक्ष्यांचा वीणीचा काळ असून यांचे घरटे जमिनीपासून ५ ते १० मी. उंच झाडांवर खोलगट, काटक्यांनी आणि कोळ्याच्या जाळ्यांनी बनविलेले असते. मादी एकावेळी ३ ते ५ पांढर्‍या रंगाची त्यावर भुरकट-तपकिरी ठिपके असलेली अंडी देते. पिलांचे संगोपन, त्यांना खाऊ घालणे वगेरे सर्व कामे नर-मादी मिळून करतात.

चित्रदालन

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भुजइठा ( Lenghe bihari )

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भुजइठा, भुजंगा या भुचेंगड़ा या कोतवाल या ठाकुरजी (अंगरेजी: Black drongo]] एगो बुलबुल की आकर का शरीर वाली आ लमहर दूमुहाँ पतवार नियर पोंछ वाली चिरई हवे।

गैलरी

  1. BirdLife International (2012). "Dicrurus macrocercus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. पहुँचतिथी 26 November 2013.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
  2. Vieillot, Louis Jean Pierre (1817). Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle Appliquée aux Arts. 9: 588. Missing or empty |title= (मदद)
  3. Hodgson, Brian Houghton (1836). The India Review and Journal of Foreign Science and the Arts. 1 (8): 326. Missing or empty |title= (मदद)
  4. Blyth, Edward (1850). The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. 19: 255. Missing or empty |title= (मदद)
  5. Swinhoe, Robert (1871). Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London for the Year. 2: 377. Missing or empty |title= (मदद)
  6. 6.0 6.1 Kloss, Cecil Boden (1921). Journal of the Federated Malay States Museums. 10. pt. 3: 208. Missing or empty |title= (मदद)
  7. Baker, Edward Charles Stuart (1918). "Some Notes on the Dicruridae". Novitates Zoologicae. 25: 299.
  8. Neave, Sheffield A., संपा. (1939). Nomenclator Zoologicus; a List of the Names of Genera and Subgenera in Zoology from the Tenth Edition of Linnaeus, 1758, to the End of 1935 (with supplements). Volume 1. Zoological Society of London, London. प. 425.
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ফেঁচু ( Assamèis )

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ফেঁচু[9] (ইংৰাজী: Black Drongo, বৈজ্ঞানিক নাম-Dicrurus macrocercus) 'Dicruridae' পৰিয়ালৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত এবিধ মজলীয়া আকাৰৰ চৰাইৰ প্ৰজাতি৷ দক্ষিণ এছিয়াইৰাণ, ভাৰত, শ্ৰীলংকাৰ পৰা চীন তথা ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া লৈকে ই স্থানীয় ভাৱে প্ৰজনন কৰে৷ ইয়াৰ সমগ্ৰ দেহটো ক'লা বৰণৰ, নেজ খাঁজকটা (forked)৷ ই প্ৰধানকৈ পোক-পতংগ খাই জীয়াই থাকে বাবে খেতি-পথাৰৰ আশে পাশে এই চৰাইবিধ পৰ্য্যাপ্ত পৰিমাণে দেখা পোৱা যায়৷ ফেঁচুক সাধাৰণতে অতিমাত্ৰা আক্ৰমণাত্মক আচৰণৰ বাবে জনা যায়৷ নিজৰ টেৰিটৰীৰ ভিতৰত সোমোৱা যিকোনো সৰু-বৰ চৰাইকে ই খেদি পঠিয়ায়৷

টেক্স'নমি

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Typical silhouette
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ফেঁচু

ফেঁচুক এসময়ত 'Drongo' পৰিয়ালৰে অন্য এবিধ প্ৰজাতি 'Fork-tailed Drongo' ৰ উপ-প্ৰজাতি বুল গণ্য কৰা হৈছিল৷[10][11]৷ বৰ্তমান এই দুয়োটাকে ভিন্ন প্ৰজাতি বুলি স্বীকৃতি দিয়া হৈছে৷[12][13] with the Fork-tailed Drongo restricted to Africa and separated from the Asian range of the Black Drongo.[12][13]

ফেঁচুৰ এতিয়ালৈকে সাতটা উপ-প্ৰজাতি চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছে[13] -

বিৱৰণ

 src=
Immatures can resemble the White-bellied Drongo

ফেঁচুৰ দেহৰ বৰণ জিলিকা ক'লা আৰু নেজডাল দকৈ দুভাগ কৈ কটা৷ পূৰ্ণবয়স্ক মতা ফেঁচু চৰাইৰ 'গেপ'(gape)ৰগুৰিত বগা দাগ থকা দেখা যায়৷ The iris is dark brown (not crimson as in the similar Ashy Drongo). The sexes cannot be told apart in the field. Juveniles are brownish and may have some white barring or speckling towards the belly and vent, and can be mistaken for the White-bellied Drongo. First-year birds have white tips to the feathers of the belly, while second-years have these white-tipped feathers restricted to the vent.[16]

They are aggressive and fearless birds, and although only 28–cm (11–in) in length, they will attack much larger species that enter their nesting territory, including crows and birds of prey. This behaviour led to their former name of King Crow. They fly with strong flaps of the wing and are capable of fast manoeuvres that enable them to capture flying insects.[17] With short legs, they sit upright on thorny bushes, bare perches or electricity wires. They may also perch on grazing animals.[18]

They are capable of producing a wide range of calls but a common call is a two note tee-hee call resembling that of the Shikra (Accipiter badius).[14]

বিতৰণ তথা বাসস্থান

Calls

The Black Drongo is found predominantly in open country and usually perches and hunts close to the ground. They are mostly aerial predators of insects but also glean from the ground or off vegetation. They are found as summer visitors to northeastern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan but are residents from the Indus Valley until Bangladesh and into India and Sri Lanka.[14] Some populations show seasonal movements[18] that are poorly understood.[19] The Black Drongo can be found in savannas, fields, and urban habitats.

Black Drongos were introduced just before the Second World War from Taiwan to the island of Rota to help in the control of insects. It is believed that they dispersed over the sea to the island of Guam in the 1950s. By 1967, they were the fourth most commonly seen birds in roadside counts on Guam and are today the most abundant bird there.[20][21] Predation by and competition from Black Drongos have been suggested as factors in the decline of endemic bird species such as the Rota Bridled White-eye[22] and the Guam Flycatcher.[20][23]

আচৰণ

খাদ্য

 src=
Black Drongo sunning or possibly anting[24]

Black Drongos become active very early at dawn and roost later than many other birds. They feed mainly on insects such as grasshoppers, cicadas,[25] termites, wasps, bees, ants, moths, beetles and dragonflies. They sometimes fly close to tree branches, attempting to disturb any insects that may be present. They congregate in fields that are being ploughed, picking up exposed caterpillars and beetle grubs. As many as 35 birds have been seen at such congregations. They are also attracted to burning grasslands where insects are disturbed. They appear to avoid flies.[26] They associate with Common Mynas, Cattle Egrets and other birds that share a similar diet and habitat.[27] Drongos benefit from this association and are more successful in their foraging.

প্ৰজনন

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Nest in West Bengal

Black Drongos breed mainly in February and March in southern India, and until August in other parts of the country. Males and females sing in the mornings during the breeding season. Courtship can include aerobatic chases and they may lock their wings and beaks together, with the pair sometimes falling to the ground. Displays may be made on the ground.[28] Pair bonds are retained for a whole breeding season. The nest is a cup made with a thin layer of sticks placed in the fork of branch, and is built in a week by both the male and female. Eggs are laid close to the first rains in April.[16] The usual clutch is three or rarely four eggs laid in a cup nest placed in the fork of an outer branch of tree. Large leafy tree such as the Jackfruit are preferred. The eggs are pale cream to red with spots and markings and are 26 mm long (1.05 in) and 19 mm wide (0.75 in). The eggs are incubated by both parents and hatch after 14 to 15 days. Nestlings are brooded for the first five days, after which the young are capable of maintaining a fairly constant body temperature.[16] A second clutch may be laid if the first is destroyed.[18] Nests are sometimes built in telephone poles.[29] A nesting territory of 0.003 to 0.012 km² (0.3 to 1.2 hectares) is maintained.[16]

আক্ৰমণাত্মক আচৰণ

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Fully fledged young yet to develop the forked tail

Their habit of driving away predators from near their nests is believed to encourage other birds such as orioles, doves, pigeons, babblers,[30] and especially bulbuls, to nest in the vicinity.[31][32] In one study 18 of 40 nests had Red-vented Bulbuls nesting within 10 মিটাৰs (33 ফুট).[16] An abnormal case of a Red-vented Bulbul feeding the chicks of a Black Drongo at their nest has been recorded.[33]

They are so aggressive that they may sometimes land on large birds of prey and peck them when mobbing.[34]

মানুহৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্ক

Their habit of preying on bees[35] makes them a nuisance to bee-keepers, but farmers attract them to their fields using artificial perches in fields to encourage them to feed on pest insects.[36][37]

তথ্যসুত্ৰ

  1. BirdLife International (2012). "Dicrurus macrocercus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/106006034। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 16 July 2012.
  2. Vieillot, Louis Jean Pierre (1817). Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle Appliquée aux Arts খণ্ড 9: 588.
  3. Hodgson, Brian Houghton (1836). The India Review and Journal of Foreign Science and the Arts খণ্ড 1 (8): 326.
  4. Blyth, Edward (1850). The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal খণ্ড 19: 255.
  5. Swinhoe, Robert (1871). Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London for the Year খণ্ড 2: 377.
  6. 6.0 6.1 Kloss, Cecil Boden (1921). Journal of the Federated Malay States Museums. 10 খণ্ড pt. 3: 208.
  7. Baker, Edward Charles Stuart (1918). "Some Notes on the Dicruridae". Novitates Zoologicae খণ্ড 25: 299. http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3857129.
  8. Neave, Sheffield A., ed (1939). Nomenclator Zoologicus; a List of the Names of Genera and Subgenera in Zoology from the Tenth Edition of Linnaeus, 1758, to the End of 1935 (with supplements). Volume 1. Zoological Society of London, London. পৃষ্ঠা. 425. http://www.ubio.org/NZ/detail.php?uid=24210&d=1.
  9. N.N. Dutta et al, Annals of Biological Research, 2011, 2 (5):374-384
  10. 12.0 12.1
  11. 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Vaurie, Charles (1949). "A revision of the bird family Dicruridae". Bulletin of the AMNH খণ্ড 93 (4): 203–342. সাঁচ:Hdl.
  12. 14.0 14.1 14.2 Rasmussen, Pamela C.; JC Anderton (2005). Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. Volume 2. Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions. পৃষ্ঠা. 590.
  13. Baker, ECS (1921). "Handlist of the birds of the Indian empire". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. খণ্ড 27 (3): 46–47. http://www.archive.org/details/handlistofgenera00bake.
  14. 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 Shukkur, EAA and Joseph, KJ (1978). "Breeding biology of the Black Drongo". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. খণ্ড 75 (4): 1212–1226.
  15. Chari, N.; Janaki Rama Rao, N., Ramesh, R. & Sattaiah, G. (1982). "Comparative studies on flight characteristics, moment of inertia and flight behaviour of two fly-catchers, Dicrurus adsimilis and Merops orientalis". Ind. J. Exp. Biol. খণ্ড 20: 894–896.
  16. 18.0 18.1 18.2 Whistler, Hugh (1949). Popular handbook of Indian birds. 4th ed.. Gurney and Jackson, London. পৃষ্ঠা. 155–157. http://www.archive.org/stream/popularhandbooko033226mbp#page/n195/mode/1up.
  17. Decandido, Robert; Nualsri, Chukiat and Allen, Deborah (2004). "Migration of Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus in southern Thailand in autumn 2003". Forktail খণ্ড 20: 143–144. http://web.archive.org/web/20081011023321/http://www.orientalbirdclub.org/publications/forktail/20pdfs/Decandido-Drongo.pdf.
  18. 20.0 20.1 Fritts, Thomas H. and Rodda, Gordon H. (1998). "The role of introduced species in the degradation of island ecosystems: A case history of Guam". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics খণ্ড 29 (1): 113–140. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.29.1.113. http://web.archive.org/web/20060906152104/http://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/Ecology/guam.pdf.
  19. Jenkins, J. M. (1983). The native forest birds of Guam. Ornithological Monographs 31. American Ornithologists Union. ISBN 0-943610-38-9. http://sora.unm.edu/node/156.
  20. Amidon F. A. (2000). Habitat relationships and life history of the Rota Bridled White-eye (Zosterops rotensis). M.Sc. thesis. Virginia Polytechnic Institute.
  21. Maben, Anne F. (1982). The Feeding Ecology of the Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus on Guam. Master's Thesis. Univ. Calif., Long Beach..
  22. Fletcher, T. B. (1937). "Birds and ants". Jour. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. খণ্ড 39: 640.
  23. Fischer, CEC (1923). "Drongo and cicada". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. খণ্ড 29 (3): 839–840.
  24. Mason, C W & H Maxwell-Lefroy (1911). The food of birds in India.. (Entomological series. Vol 3) Department of Agriculture in India. পৃষ্ঠা. 69–73. http://www.archive.org/details/foodofbirdsinind00masonrich.
  25. Dewar, Douglas (1905). "King-Crows and Mynas as mess-mates". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. খণ্ড 16 (2): 364–366. http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/5725536.
  26. Neelakantan, KK (1962). "Courtship and mating of the black drongo". Newsletter for birdwatchers খণ্ড 2 (4): 9. http://archive.org/stream/NLBW2#page/n54/mode/1up.
  27. Raju,KSR Krishna; Raju,UV Bairagi (1989). "Black Drongo Dicrurus adsimilis nesting on electric pole". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. খণ্ড 86 (3): 449–450.
  28. Allen, GO (1920). "Birds of different species nesting in company". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society খণ্ড 26: 1044. http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2050709.
  29. Shukkur,EAA & Joseph,KJ (1980). Proximity nesting of the Black Drongo and the Redvented Bulbul In Proceedings of the All India Symposium of Environmental Biology. Department of Zoology, University of Kerala. পৃষ্ঠা. 40–42.
  30. Waite, HW (1920). "Birds of different species nesting in company". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. খণ্ড 27 (1): 171. http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30358758.
  31. Van Gruisen, J (2004). "Red-vented bulbul Pycnonotus cafer feeding Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus chicks". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. খণ্ড 101: 159–60.
  32. Melville, DS (1992). "Intense mobbing by a Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus". J. Bombay Natural History Society খণ্ড 88: 285.
  33. Mundkur,Taej (1985). "Bee hunting by the Black Drongo". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. খণ্ড 82 (2): 411.
  34. Parasharya, BM; Dodia, JF; Mathew, KL; Yadav, DN (1996). "The role of birds in the natural regulation of Helicoverpa armigera Hubner in wheat". Pavo খণ্ড 34 (1&2): 33–38.
  35. Parasharya, BM; J F Dodia; K L Mathew & D N Yadav (1994). "Natural regulation of white grub (Holotrichia sp.: Scarabeidae) by birds in agroecosystem". J. Biosci. খণ্ড 19 (4): 381–389. doi:10.1007/BF02703175. http://www.ias.ac.in/jarch/jbiosci/19/381-389.pdf.

লগতে চাওক

  • Bhujle,BV; Nadkarni,VB (1980) Histological and histochemical observations on the adrenal gland of four species of birds, Dicrurus macrocercus (Viellot), Centropus sinensis (Stephens), Sturnus pagodarum (Gmelin) and Columba livia (Gmelin). Zool. Beitrage 26(2):287–295.
  • Lamba,BS (1963) The nidification of some common Indian birds. 3. The Black Drongo (Dicrurus macrocercus Viellot). Res. Bull. Panjab Univ. 14(1–2):1–9.
  • Shukkur,EAA; Joseph,KJ (1980) Annual rhythm in the Black Drongo Dicrurus adsimilis (family Dicruridae, Passeriformes, Aves). Comparative Physiol. Ecol. 5(2):76–77.
  • Shukkur, EAA (1978) Biology, Ecology and Behaviour of the Black Drongo (Dicrurus adsimilis). Thesis, University of Calicut.

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ফেঁচু: Brief Summary ( Assamèis )

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ফেঁচু (ইংৰাজী: Black Drongo, বৈজ্ঞানিক নাম-Dicrurus macrocercus) 'Dicruridae' পৰিয়ালৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত এবিধ মজলীয়া আকাৰৰ চৰাইৰ প্ৰজাতি৷ দক্ষিণ এছিয়াইৰাণ, ভাৰত, শ্ৰীলংকাৰ পৰা চীন তথা ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া লৈকে ই স্থানীয় ভাৱে প্ৰজনন কৰে৷ ইয়াৰ সমগ্ৰ দেহটো ক'লা বৰণৰ, নেজ খাঁজকটা (forked)৷ ই প্ৰধানকৈ পোক-পতংগ খাই জীয়াই থাকে বাবে খেতি-পথাৰৰ আশে পাশে এই চৰাইবিধ পৰ্য্যাপ্ত পৰিমাণে দেখা পোৱা যায়৷ ফেঁচুক সাধাৰণতে অতিমাত্ৰা আক্ৰমণাত্মক আচৰণৰ বাবে জনা যায়৷ নিজৰ টেৰিটৰীৰ ভিতৰত সোমোৱা যিকোনো সৰু-বৰ চৰাইকে ই খেদি পঠিয়ায়৷

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ਕਾਲ ਕਲੀਚੀ ( Punjabi )

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ਤਸਵੀਰ:Black drongo,village Saketdi Haryana, India.JPG
ਕਾਲ ਕਲੀਚੀ ਪਿੰਡ ਸਕੇਤੜੀ, ਹਰਿਆਣਾ, ਭਾਰਤ

ਕਾਲ ਕਲੀਚੀ (black drongo), ਕਾਲਕਲੀਚੀ ਦੱਖਣੀ ਏਸ਼ੀਆ ਵਿਚ ਦੱਖਣ-ਪੱਛਮੀ ਇਰਾਨ, ਭਾਰਤ, ਸ੍ਰੀਲੰਕਾ, ਦੱਖਣੀ ਚੀਨ ਤੇ ਇੰਡੋਨੇਸ਼ੀਆ ਦੇਸਾਂ 'ਚ ਮਿਲਣ ਵਾਲੀ ਇੱਕ ਚਿੜੀ ਹੈ। ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨ ਤੇ ਅਫ਼ਗ਼ਾਨਿਸਤਾਨ ਵਿਚ ਵੀ ਕੁਝ ਇਲਾਕਿਆਂ ਵਿਚ ਮਿਲ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ। ਇਹ ਦਮੂੰਹੇ ਪੂੰਝੇ ਵਾਲ਼ਾ ਕਾਲ਼ੇ ਰੰਗ ਦਾ ਪੰਛੀ ਹੈ ਜੋ ਕਿ ਆਮ ਤੌਰ 'ਤੇ ਖੇਤੀਬਾੜੀ ਵਾਲੇ ਖੇਤਰਾਂ ਵਿਚ ਬਸਰਦਾ ਹੈ। ਇਹ ਇੱਕ ਹਮਲਾਵਰ ਪੰਛੀ ਏ। ਜਦ ਵੀ ਕਦੇ ਕਾਂ ਜਾਂ ਹੋਰ ਕੋਈ ਸ਼ਿਕਾਰੀ ਪੰਛੀ ਇਸਦੇ ਇਲਾਕੇ ਵਿਚ ਆਉਂਦਾ ਹੈ ਤਾਂ ਇਹ ਝਕਦੇ ਨਹੀਂ ਸਗੋਂ ਗਾੜੀਓਂ ਹਮਲਾ ਕਰ ਘੱਤਦੇ ਹਨ। ਪੰਜਾਬ ਚ ਤੁਸਾਂ ਇਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਆਮ ਹੀ ਕਾਵਾਂ ਮਗਰ ਉੱਡਦਿਆਂ ਵੇਖਿਆ ਹੋਣਾ ਏ। ਇਸਦੇ ਇਸੇ ਵਰਤਾਰੇ ਕਾਰਨ ਇਸਨੂੰ ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ ਵਿਚ King Crow ਵੀ ਆਖਦੇ ਹਨ। ਇਸਨੂੰ ਪੰਜਾਬ ਵਿਚ ਕਾਲ-ਕੜਛੀ ਤੇ ਕੋਤਵਾਲ ਵੀ ਆਖਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ।

ਜਾਣ ਪਛਾਣ

ਇਸਦੀ ਲੰਮਾਈ 26-32 ਸੈਮੀ ਤੇ ਵਜ਼ਨ 40-60 ਗ੍ਰਾਮ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਏ।[9] ਇਸਦਾ ਰੰਗ ਪੂਰੀ ਤਰਾਂ ਕਾਲ਼ਾ ਤੇ ਪੂੰਝਾ ਦਮੂੰਹਾ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ। ਕਈ ਵੇਰਾਂ ਕਿਸੇ ਕਾਲਕਲੀਚੀ 'ਤੇ ਚਟਾਕ ਵੀ ਬਣੇ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਹਨ। ਨਰ ਤੇ ਮਾਦਾ ਲਗਭਗ ਇੱਕੋ ਜਹੇ ਹੀ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਹਨ, ਇਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਉੱਡਦੇ ਵਕਤ ਪਛਾਨਣਾ ਅਉਖਾ ਹੈ। ਜਵਾਨ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਪੰਛੀਆਂ ਦਾ ਰੰਗ ਥੋੜਾ ਲਾਖਾ ਜਿਹਾ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਏ ਤੇ ਸਰੀਰ 'ਤੇ ਚਟਾਕ ਜਹੇ ਬਣੇ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਹਨ। ਇਹ ਆਵਦੇ ਮਜ਼ਬੂਤ ਪਰਾਂ ਨਾਲ ਤੇਜ਼ ਰਫ਼ਤਾਰ ਨਾਲ ਉੱਡਦੀ ਹੈ ਜੇਸ ਕਾਰਨ ਇਹ ਉੱਡਦੇ ਪਤੰਗਿਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਰਮਾਨ ਨਾਲ ਹੀ ਫੜ ਲੈਂਦੀ ਹੈ। ਲੱਤਾਂ ਨਿੱਕੀਆਂ ਹੋਣ ਕਰਕੇ ਇਹ ਕੰਡਿਆਲੇ ਝਾੜਾਂ ਤੇ ਬੱਤੀ ਵਾਲ਼ੀਆਂ ਤਾਰਾਂ 'ਤੇ ਸੌਖਿਆਂ ਹੀ ਬਹਿ ਜਾਂਦੀ ਏ।

ਖ਼ੁਰਾਕ

ਇਸਦੀ ਖ਼ੁਰਾਕ ਕੀਟ-ਪਤੰਗੇ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਹਨ। ਜਿਹਨਾਂ ਵਿਚ ਹਰੇ ਟਿੱਡੇ, ਸਿਉਂਕ, ਭੂੰਡੀਆਂ, ਭੰਬੀਰੀਆ, ਮਾਖ਼ੋ, ਡੂਮਣਾ ਵਰਗੇ ਹੋਰ ਭੂੰਡੇ ਹਨ। ਆਖਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ ਪਈ ਇਹ ਪੰਛੀ ਸ਼ਿਕਰੇ ਦੀ ਅਵਾਜ਼ ਦੀ ਨਕਲ ਕਰ ਲੈਂਦਾ ਹੈ। ਜੇਸ ਕਾਰਨ ਲਾਲੜੀਆਂ, ਬਗ਼ਲੇ ਜਾਂ ਹੋਰ ਕੀਟ-ਪਤੰਗੇ ਖਾਣ ਵਾਲ਼ੇ ਪੰਛੀ ਸ਼ਿਕਰੇ ਦੀ ਅਵਾਜ਼ ਸੁਣਕੇ ਡਰਦੇ ਮਾਰੇ ਆਵਦੀ ਜਾਨ ਬਚਾਉਣ ਖ਼ਾਤਰ ਨੱਸ ਜਾਂਦੇ ਹਨ ਅਤੇ ਕਾਲਕਲੀਚੀ ਉਹਨਾਂ ਦੀ ਖ਼ੁਰਾਕ ਆਸਾਨੀ ਨਾਲ ਰਗੜ ਜਾਂਦੀ ਹੈ। ਕਈ ਵੇਰਾਂ ਇਹ ਨਿੱਕੇ ਪੰਛੀਆਂ ਤੇ ਚਾਮਚੜਿੱਕਾਂ ਤੋਂ ਵੀ ਸ਼ਿਕਾਰ ਖੋਹ ਲੈਂਦੀ ਹੈ।

ਪਰਸੂਤ

ਕਾਲ ਕਲੀਚੀ ਦਾ ਪਰਸੂਤ ਵੇਲਾ ਦੱਖਣੀ ਭਾਰਤ ਵਿਚ ਫਰਵਰੀ-ਅਪ੍ਰੈਲ ਤੇ ਭਾਰਤ ਦੇ ਹੋਰਨਾਂ ਇਲਾਕਿਆਂ ਵਿਚ ਅਗਸਤ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ। ਨਰ ਤੇ ਮਾਦਾ ਪਰਸੂਤ ਰੁੱਤੇ ਸੁਵੱਖਤੇ ਚਹਿ-ਚਹਾਉਂਦੇ ਹਨ। ਮਿਲਾਪ ਕਰਨ ਵੇਲੇ ਇਹ ਹਵਾ ਵਿਚ ਕਲਾਬਾਜ਼ੀਆਂ ਵਿਖਾਉਂਦੇ ਹਨ ਤੇ ਨਰ-ਮਾਦਾ ਇੱਕ ਦੁੱਜੇ ਦੇ ਪਰਾਂ ਤੇ ਚੁੰਝ ਨੂੰ ਆਪਸ ਵਿਚ ਫਸਾ ਲੈਂਦੇ ਹਨ, ਕਈ ਵੇਰਾਂ ਇਸ ਤਰਾਂ ਕਰਦਿਆਂ ਜੋੜਾ ਭੁੰਜੇ ਵੀ ਡਿੱਗ ਪੈਂਦਾ ਹੈ। ਜਿਸ ਕਾਰਨ ਬਹੁਤੀ ਵੇਰਾਂ ਇਹ ਭੌਂ 'ਤੇ ਹੀ ਮਿਲਾਪ ਕਰਦੇ ਹਨ। ਇਹ ਆਵਦਾ ਆਲ੍ਹਣਾ ਰੁੱਖ ਦੀ ਉੱਚਾਈ 'ਤੇ, ਨਰ ਅਤੇ ਮਾਦਾ ਰਲ਼ਕੇ 1 ਹਫ਼ਤੇ ਵਿਚ ਬਣਾਉਂਦੇ ਹਨ। ਮਾਦਾ ਇੱਕ ਵੇਰਾਂ 3-4 ਆਂਡੇ ਦੇਂਦੀ ਹੈ ਅਤੇ 2 ਹਫ਼ਤਿਆਂ ਦੇ ਚਿਰ ਤੱਕ ਆਂਡਿਆਂ ਤੇ ਬਹਿਣ ਮਗਰੋਂ ਬੋਟ ਨਿਕਲਦੇ ਹਨ। ਬੋਟ 2 ਸਾਲਾਂ ਦੀ ਉਮਰ ਤੱਕ ਪਰਸੂਤ ਕਰਨ ਲਈ ਤਿਆਰ ਹੋ ਜਾਂਦੇ ਹਨ।[10]

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ਕਾਲ ਕਲੀਚੀ ਚੰਡੀਗੜ੍ਹ ਮਿਨੀ ਝੀਲ, ਸੈਕਟਰ 42ਵਿਖੇ ਇੱਕ ਕੀਟ ਨੂੰ ਫੜਕੇ ਖਾਂਦੀ ਹੋਈ।

ਹਵਾਲੇ

  1. BirdLife International (2012). "Dicrurus macrocercus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  2. Vieillot, Louis Jean Pierre (1817). Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle Appliquée aux Arts. 9. p. 588.
  3. Hodgson, Brian Houghton (1836). The India Review and Journal of Foreign Science and the Arts. 1 (8): 326. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  4. Blyth, Edward (1850). "Remarks on the modes of variation of nearly affined species or races of Birds, chiefly inhabitants of India". The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. 19: 221–239.
  5. Swinhoe, Robert (1871). "A revised catalogue of the birds of China and its islands, with descriptions of new species, references to former notes, and occasional remarks". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 2: 337–423.
  6. 6.0 6.1 Kloss, Cecil Boden (1921). "New and known oriental birds". Journal of the Federated Malay States Museums. 10 (2): 207–213.
  7. Baker, Edward Charles Stuart (1918). "Some Notes on the Dicruridae". Novitates Zoologicae. 25: 299.
  8. Neave, Sheffield A., ed. (1939). Nomenclator Zoologicus; a List of the Names of Genera and Subgenera in Zoology from the Tenth Edition of Linnaeus, 1758, to the End of 1935 (with supplements). Volume 1. Zoological Society of London, London. p. 425.
  9. "Black Drongo".
  10. "Black Drongo ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ ਵਿਕੀਪੀਡੀਆ".
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ਕਾਲ ਕਲੀਚੀ: Brief Summary ( Punjabi )

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ਤਸਵੀਰ:Black drongo,village Saketdi Haryana, India.JPG ਕਾਲ ਕਲੀਚੀ ਪਿੰਡ ਸਕੇਤੜੀ, ਹਰਿਆਣਾ, ਭਾਰਤ

ਕਾਲ ਕਲੀਚੀ (black drongo), ਕਾਲਕਲੀਚੀ ਦੱਖਣੀ ਏਸ਼ੀਆ ਵਿਚ ਦੱਖਣ-ਪੱਛਮੀ ਇਰਾਨ, ਭਾਰਤ, ਸ੍ਰੀਲੰਕਾ, ਦੱਖਣੀ ਚੀਨ ਤੇ ਇੰਡੋਨੇਸ਼ੀਆ ਦੇਸਾਂ 'ਚ ਮਿਲਣ ਵਾਲੀ ਇੱਕ ਚਿੜੀ ਹੈ। ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨ ਤੇ ਅਫ਼ਗ਼ਾਨਿਸਤਾਨ ਵਿਚ ਵੀ ਕੁਝ ਇਲਾਕਿਆਂ ਵਿਚ ਮਿਲ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ। ਇਹ ਦਮੂੰਹੇ ਪੂੰਝੇ ਵਾਲ਼ਾ ਕਾਲ਼ੇ ਰੰਗ ਦਾ ਪੰਛੀ ਹੈ ਜੋ ਕਿ ਆਮ ਤੌਰ 'ਤੇ ਖੇਤੀਬਾੜੀ ਵਾਲੇ ਖੇਤਰਾਂ ਵਿਚ ਬਸਰਦਾ ਹੈ। ਇਹ ਇੱਕ ਹਮਲਾਵਰ ਪੰਛੀ ਏ। ਜਦ ਵੀ ਕਦੇ ਕਾਂ ਜਾਂ ਹੋਰ ਕੋਈ ਸ਼ਿਕਾਰੀ ਪੰਛੀ ਇਸਦੇ ਇਲਾਕੇ ਵਿਚ ਆਉਂਦਾ ਹੈ ਤਾਂ ਇਹ ਝਕਦੇ ਨਹੀਂ ਸਗੋਂ ਗਾੜੀਓਂ ਹਮਲਾ ਕਰ ਘੱਤਦੇ ਹਨ। ਪੰਜਾਬ ਚ ਤੁਸਾਂ ਇਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਆਮ ਹੀ ਕਾਵਾਂ ਮਗਰ ਉੱਡਦਿਆਂ ਵੇਖਿਆ ਹੋਣਾ ਏ। ਇਸਦੇ ਇਸੇ ਵਰਤਾਰੇ ਕਾਰਨ ਇਸਨੂੰ ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ ਵਿਚ King Crow ਵੀ ਆਖਦੇ ਹਨ। ਇਸਨੂੰ ਪੰਜਾਬ ਵਿਚ ਕਾਲ-ਕੜਛੀ ਤੇ ਕੋਤਵਾਲ ਵੀ ਆਖਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ।

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કાળો કોશી ( Gujarati )

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કાળો કોશી

કાળો કોશી આપણા ગુજરાત સહિત દેશના મોટા ભાગમાં જોવા મળતું વાડી-વગડાનું પક્ષી છે. તેને પક્ષીજગતના પોલીસનું બિરૂદ મળેલું છે. તળપદી બોલીમાં તેને "પટેલ"ના નામે પણ ઓળખવામાં આવે છે. અંગ્રેજો તેને 'હિઝ રોયલ હાઈનેસ' તરીકે ઓળખે છે, હિન્દીમાં તેને કોતવાલ અથવા ઠાકુરજી તરીકે ઓળખવામાં આવે છે.

તેનું શરીર ૧૩ ઈંચ જેટલું લાંબુ હોય છે, જેમાં પુંછડીનો ભાગ અડધી લંબાઈ ધરાવતો હોય છે. આ લડાયક પક્ષીની આંખ લાલ હોય છે. સમડી, કાગડા, ખેરખટ્ટા જેવાં પક્ષીઓ સાથે કાળો કોશી લડી લેતો હોય છે. તે પોતાની સીમા-વિસ્તારમાં બળવાન તેમ જ મોટાં પક્ષીઓની પાછળ પડી ભગાડી મૂકે છે. આ પક્ષી ઊડવામાં ચપળ હોય છે, જેથી ઝાડ, દિવાલ, વીજળી-ટેલીફોનના તાર પર બેસીને જમીન પરથી જીવડાંને તરાપ મારી પકડીને ફરી ઉપર આવી જાય છે. તે ચૈત્ર તેમ જ અષાઢ મહિનામાં માળા બનાવી ઈંડા મૂકે છે. તેનો માળો ફરતેથી ખુલ્લો હોય છે. લેલાં, પીળક જેવા પક્ષીઓ કાળા કોશીના માળા નજીક (પોતાનાને માળા રક્ષણ મળશે તેવા હેતુથી) તેમના માળા બનાવતા હોય છે.

અવાજ

કાળા કોશીનો અવાજ નીચેના સાધનનો ઉપયોગ કરી સાંભળી શકાય છે.

ચિત્રદર્શન

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કાળો કોશી: Brief Summary ( Gujarati )

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કાળો કોશી આપણા ગુજરાત સહિત દેશના મોટા ભાગમાં જોવા મળતું વાડી-વગડાનું પક્ષી છે. તેને પક્ષીજગતના પોલીસનું બિરૂદ મળેલું છે. તળપદી બોલીમાં તેને "પટેલ"ના નામે પણ ઓળખવામાં આવે છે. અંગ્રેજો તેને 'હિઝ રોયલ હાઈનેસ' તરીકે ઓળખે છે, હિન્દીમાં તેને કોતવાલ અથવા ઠાકુરજી તરીકે ઓળખવામાં આવે છે.

તેનું શરીર ૧૩ ઈંચ જેટલું લાંબુ હોય છે, જેમાં પુંછડીનો ભાગ અડધી લંબાઈ ધરાવતો હોય છે. આ લડાયક પક્ષીની આંખ લાલ હોય છે. સમડી, કાગડા, ખેરખટ્ટા જેવાં પક્ષીઓ સાથે કાળો કોશી લડી લેતો હોય છે. તે પોતાની સીમા-વિસ્તારમાં બળવાન તેમ જ મોટાં પક્ષીઓની પાછળ પડી ભગાડી મૂકે છે. આ પક્ષી ઊડવામાં ચપળ હોય છે, જેથી ઝાડ, દિવાલ, વીજળી-ટેલીફોનના તાર પર બેસીને જમીન પરથી જીવડાંને તરાપ મારી પકડીને ફરી ઉપર આવી જાય છે. તે ચૈત્ર તેમ જ અષાઢ મહિનામાં માળા બનાવી ઈંડા મૂકે છે. તેનો માળો ફરતેથી ખુલ્લો હોય છે. લેલાં, પીળક જેવા પક્ષીઓ કાળા કોશીના માળા નજીક (પોતાનાને માળા રક્ષણ મળશે તેવા હેતુથી) તેમના માળા બનાવતા હોય છે.

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વિકિપીડિયા લેખકો અને સંપાદકો

କଜଳପାତି ( oriya )

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କଜଳପାତି (ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ ନାମ: Dicrurus macrocercus) ଡାଇକ୍ରୁରାଇଡି (Dicruridae) ଜାତିର ଏକ ଏସୀୟ ପକ୍ଷୀ । ଏହାକୁ ମଧ୍ୟ କିଙ୍ଗ୍-କ୍ରୋ କୁହାଯାଏ । କଜଳପାତି ଏକ ପାସେରିନ୍ (Passerine) ଜାତୀୟ ପକ୍ଷୀ । ପୂର୍ବରୁ ଏମାନେ ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟ ଦୁଇ କେନିଆ ଲାଞ୍ଜ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଡ୍ରୋଙ୍ଗୋ (African Fork-tailed Drongo ବା Dicrurus adsimilis) ଜାତିର ଡାଇକ୍ରୁରସ୍ ଆଡ୍‌ସିମିଲିସ୍ ମାକ୍ରୋସେର୍‌କସ୍ (Dicrurus adsimilis macrocercus) ନାମକ ଏକ ଉପଜାତି ଭାବେ ପରିଚିତ ଥିଲେ ।[୯] କିନ୍ତୁ ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ ଏମାନେ ଏକ ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଜାତି ଭାବରେ ପରିଚିତ ।

ଶ୍ରେଣୀ ବିଭାଜନ (Taxonomy)

ଜୀବବିଜ୍ଞାନ ଅନୁସାରେ ଦେଖିବାକୁ ଗଲେ ଦୁଇ କେନିଆ ଲାଞ୍ଜ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଡ୍ରୋଙ୍ଗୋ (Fork-tailed Drongo) ଏବଂ କଜଳପାତି (Black Drongo) ଭିତରେ ବିଶେଷ କିଛି ପାର୍ଥକ୍ୟ ନାହିଁ । ଦୁଇ କେନିଆ ଲାଞ୍ଜ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଡ୍ରୋଙ୍ଗୋ ସାଧାରଣତଃ ଆଫ୍ରିକାରେ ଦେଖାଯାନ୍ତି । କିନ୍ତୁ କଜଳପାତି ଏକ ଏସୀୟ ପକ୍ଷୀ । ଏହି ପକ୍ଷୀ ଜାତିର ସାତ ଗୋଟି ଉପଜାତି ଅଛନ୍ତି । ଉତ୍ତର ଭାରତରେ ଦେଖାଯାଉଥିବା ଆଲ୍‌ବିରିକ୍ଟସ୍ (Albirictus) ଜାତୀୟ କଜଳପାତି ଶ୍ରୀଲଙ୍କାରେ ଦେଖାଯାଉଥିବା ମାଇନର୍ (Minor) ଜାତୀୟ କଜଳପାତିଠାରୁ ଆକାରରେ ବଡ଼ ଏବଂ ନୋମିନେଟ୍ (Nominate) ଜାତୀୟ କଜଳପାତିର ଆକାର ମଧ୍ୟମ ଧରଣର ଅଟେ ।[୧୦] କ୍ୟାଥୋଇକସ୍ (Cathoecus) ଜାତୀୟ କଜଳପାତି ଥାଇଲ୍ୟାଣ୍ଡ, ହଙ୍ଗ୍ କଙ୍ଗ୍ ଏବଂ ଚାଇନାରେ ଦେଖାଯାନ୍ତି । ଏମାନ‌ଙ୍କର ପାଟି ଖୁବ୍ ଛୋଟ ଏବଂ ଡେଣା ଦୁଇଟି କଳା ହେବା ସ‌ହ ଏଥିରେ ସାମାନ୍ୟ ସବୁଜ ରଙ୍ଗ ଥାଏ । ଜାଭାନସ୍ (Javanus) ଜାତୀୟ କଜଳପାତି ଜାଭା ଦ୍ୱୀପ ତ‌ଥା ବାଳି ଦ୍ୱୀପରେ ଦେଖାଯାନ୍ତି । ଫର୍‌ମୋସାଠାରେ ଦେଖାଯାଉଥିବା ହାର୍ଟର୍ଟି (Harterti) ଜାତୀୟ କଜଳପାତିମାନଙ୍କର ଲାଞ୍ଜର ଆକାର ଏମାନ‌ଙ୍କ ଡେଣାର ଆକାରଠାରୁ ସାନ ଅଟେ ।[୧୧]

ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନା

ଏହି ପକ୍ଷୀର ଦେହର ରଙ୍ଗ ଚିକ୍କଣ କଳା ଏବଂ ଏମାନଙ୍କର ଲାଞ୍ଜ ଦୁଇ କେନିଆ ଅଟେ । ବୟସ୍କ କଜଳପାତିମାନଙ୍କର ପାଟି ପାଖରେ ଧଳା ରଙ୍ଗର ଏକ ଛୋଟ ଚିହ୍ନ ଥାଏ । ଏମାନଙ୍କର ଆଖିର ସ୍ୱଚ୍ଛଳପଟର ରଙ୍ଗ ଗାଢ଼ ମାଟିଆ ଅଟେ । ଛୁଆ କଜଳପାତିମାନେ ସାଧାରଣତଃ ମାଟିଆ ରଙ୍ଗର ହୋଇଥାନ୍ତି ଏବଂ ଏମାନଙ୍କ ପେଟ ତ‌ଥା ଲାଞ୍ଜ ପାଖ ସାମାନ୍ୟ ଧଳା ରଙ୍ଗର ହୋଇଥାଏ । ଏକ ବର୍ଷ ବୟସ୍କ କଜଳପାତିମାନଙ୍କ ପେଟ ତ‌ଥା ଲାଞ୍ଜ ପାଖ ଧଳା ରଙ୍ଗର ହୋଇଥିବା ବେଳେ ଦୁଇ ବର୍ଷ ବୟସ୍କ କଜଳପାତିମାନଙ୍କ କ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ ଏହି ଧଳା ରଙ୍ଗ କେବଳ ଲାଞ୍ଜ ପାଖରେ ହିଁ ଥାଏ ।

ଏମାନଙ୍କ ଶରୀରର ଲମ୍ବ ସାଧରଣତଃ ୨୮ ସେଣ୍ଟିମିଟର (୧୧ ଇଞ୍ଚ) ହୋଇଥାଏ । କଜଳପାତି ଏକ ରାଗୀ ତ‌ଥା ନିର୍ଭୀକ ପକ୍ଷୀ । ଏମାନେ ନିଜ ବସା ପାଖକୁ ଆସୁଥିବା ବଡ଼ ବଡ଼ ପକ୍ଷୀ, ଯଥା କାଉ ଓ ଅନ୍ୟାନ୍ୟ ଶିକାରୀ ପକ୍ଷୀମାନଙ୍କୁ ଆକ୍ରମଣ କରିଥାନ୍ତି । ଏମାନଙ୍କର ଏହି ସାହସ ପାଇଁ ଏମାନଙ୍କୁ କିଙ୍ଗ୍-କ୍ରୋ ମଧ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଏ । ଏମାନେ ଉଡ଼ିବା ସମୟରେ ନିଜ ଡେଣାକୁ ଜୋର୍‌ରେ ବାଡ଼େଇଥାନ୍ତି ଏବଂ ଉଡ଼ୁଥିବା କୀଟ ପତଙ୍ଗଙ୍କୁ ମଧ୍ୟ ଖୁବ୍ ସ‌ହଜରେ ଧରି ପାରନ୍ତି ।

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ବିଜୁଳୀ ତାର ଉପରେ ବସିଥିବା କଜଳପାତି

ଏମାନଙ୍କ ଗୋଡ଼ର ଆକାର ଛୋଟ ଅଟେ । ଏମାନେ ସାଧରଣତଃ ପଥୁରିଆ ବୁଦା, ଗଛ ଡାଳ ତ‌ଥା ବିଦ୍ୟୁତ୍ ତାରରେ ବସିବାକୁ ଭଲପାନ୍ତି । ଏମାନେ ମଧ୍ୟ ଚରୁଥିବା ଗାଈ ଗୋରୁ ତ‌ଥା ଅନ୍ୟ ପଶୁମାନଙ୍କ ଉପରେ ବସିଥାନ୍ତି । କଜଳପାତିମାନେ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ପ୍ରକାର ଶବ୍ଦ କରି ବୋବାଇ ପାରନ୍ତି । କିନ୍ତୁ ସାଧାରଣତଃ ଏମାନେ ଦୁଇ ଥର ଟିହି ଶବ୍ଦ କରି ବୋବାଇଥାନ୍ତି ।

Black Drongo

ଭୌଗୋଳିକ ବିସ୍ତୃତି

କଜଳପାତିମାନେ ସାଧାରଣତଃ ଭୂମିର ନିକଟତର ହୋଇ ଶିକାର କରିଥାନ୍ତି । ଏମାନେ ସାଧାରଣତଃ ଉଡ଼ି ଉଡ଼ି କୀଟ-ପତଙ୍ଗମାନଙ୍କୁ ଶିକାର କରିଥାନ୍ତି । ଏମାନେ ମଧ୍ୟ ଭୂମି କିମ୍ବା ଗଛ-ପତ୍ର ଉପରେ ବସିଥିବା କୀଟ-ପତଙ୍ଗ ଇତ୍ୟାଦିଙ୍କୁ ଖାଇଥାନ୍ତି । ଏମାନେ ବାଂଲାଦେଶଠାରୁ ଆରମ୍ଭ କରି ଭାରତ ଏବଂ ଶ୍ରୀଲଙ୍କା ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ବିସ୍ତୃତ ଇଣ୍ଡସ୍ ଉପତ୍ୟକାରେ ବସବାସ କରନ୍ତି । ତେବେ ଗ୍ରୀଷ୍ମ ଋତୁରେ ଏମାନେ ଉତ୍ତର-ପୂର୍ବ ଆଫଗାନିସ୍ତାନ ତ‌ଥା ଉତ୍ତର ପାକିସ୍ତାନ‌କୁ ଯାତ୍ରା କରିଥାନ୍ତି । ଏମାନେ ତୃଣଭୂମି, ଚାଷ ଜମି ତ‌ଥା ସ‌ହରାଞ୍ଚଳରେ ଥିବା କୋଠା ଘରମାନ‌ଙ୍କର କାନ୍ଥ ବାଡ଼ରୁ ନିଜର ଖାଦ୍ୟ ସଂଗ୍ରହ କରିଥାନ୍ତି ।

ଦ୍ୱିତୀୟ ବିଶ୍ୱଯୁଦ୍ଧ ପୂର୍ବରୁ କୀଟ-ପତଙ୍ଗ‌ଙ୍କୁ ଦମନ କରିବା ପାଇଁ କଜଳପାତିମାନ‌ଙ୍କୁ ବିଶେଷ ଭାବରେ ତାଇୱାନରୁ ରୋଟା ଦ୍ୱୀପକୁ ଅଣାଯାଇଥିଲା । ଏହା ବିଶ୍ୱାସ କରାଯାଏ ଯେ ୧୯୫୦ ଦଶକରେ ଏହି କଜଳପାତିମାନେ ସମୁଦ୍ର ଉପର ଦେଇ ବିକ୍ଷିପ୍ତ ଭାବରେ ଗୁଆମ ଦ୍ୱୀପ ଆଡ଼କୁ ଚାଲିଯାଇଥିଲେ । ୧୯୬୭ ମସିହା ସୁଦ୍ଧା ଗୁଆମ ଦ୍ୱୀପର ରାସ୍ତା କଡ଼ରେ ବ‌ହୁଳ ଭାବରେ ଦେଖାଯାଉଥିବା ପକ୍ଷୀମାନ‌ଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ କଜଳପାତିମାନେ ଚତୁର୍ଥ ସ୍ଥାନ ଅଧିକାର କରିଥିଲେ । ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ ଗୁଆମ ଦ୍ୱୀପରେ ବ‌ହୁଳ ତ‌ଥା ସାଧାରଣ ଭାବେ ଦେଖାଯାଉଥିବା ପକ୍ଷୀମାନ‌ଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ କଜଳପାତି ଅନ୍ୟତମ ।

ଜୀବନ ଶୈଳୀ

ଖାଦ୍ୟାଭ୍ୟାସ

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କଜଳପାତିଟିଏ ମହୁମାଛି ଖାଉଥିବାର ଦୃଶ୍ୟ

କଜଳପାତିମାନେ ସାଧାରଣତଃ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ପ୍ରକାରର କୀଟ-ପତଙ୍ଗ, ଯଥା ଝିଣ୍ଟିକା, ଉଇ, ବିରୁଡ଼ି, ଗୋବର ପୋକ, ମହୁମାଛି, ପିମ୍ପୁଡ଼ି ଇତ୍ୟାଦିଙ୍କୁ ଖାଇଥାନ୍ତି । ଏମାନେ ବେଳେବେଳେ ଗଛ ଉପରେ ବସିଥିବା କୀଟ-ପତଙ୍ଗଙ୍କୁ ଶିକାର କରିବା ପାଇଁ ଗଛ ଡାଳର ନୀକଟବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ହୋଇ ଉଡ଼ିଥାନ୍ତି । ଏମାନେ ନୂଆ ନୂଆ ହଳ ହୋଇଥିବା ଚାଷ ଜମିରେ ଉପରକୁ ଉଠିଆସିଥବା ଶଁବାଳୁଆ ତ‌ଥା ଗୋବର ପୋକମାନ‌ଙ୍କୁ ମଧ୍ୟ ଖାଇଥାନ୍ତି । ନିଆଁ ଲାଗିଥିବା ତୃଣଭୂମି ତ‌ଥା କ୍ଷୁଦ୍ର ଅରଣ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ କୀଟ-ପତଙ୍ଗମାନେ ଇତସ୍ତ‌ତଃ ହୋଇ ଉଡ଼ୁଥିବା ସମୟରେ କଜଳପାତିମାନେ ସେମାନ‌ଙ୍କୁ ଖାଇଥାନ୍ତି । ଏମାନେ ମାଛି ଖାଇବାକୁ ପସନ୍ଦ କରନ୍ତି ନାହିଁ ।

କଜଳପାତିମାନେ ବଣି ତ‌ଥା ସମାନ ଖାଦ୍ୟାଭ୍ୟାସ ଥିବା ଅନ୍ୟାନ୍ୟ ପକ୍ଷୀମାନ‌ଙ୍କ ସ‌ହ ସମ୍ପର୍କ ଏବଂ ବନ୍ଧୁତା ରଖନ୍ତି । ଏହି ବନ୍ଧୁତାରୁ ସେମାନ‌ଙ୍କୁ ଖାଦ୍ୟ ସଂଗ୍ରହ କ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ ଖୁବ୍ ଲାଭ ମିଳେ । ଖୁବ୍ କ୍ୱଚିତ୍ ପରିସ୍ଥିତିରେ କଜଳପାତିମାନ‌ଙ୍କୁ ବଣିମାନ‌ଙ୍କ ଠାରୁ କୀଟ-ପତଙ୍ଗ ଛଡ଼ାଇ ଖାଉଥିବାର ଦେଖାଯାଏ । କଜଳପାତିମାନେ ଛୋଟ ଚଢ଼େଇ, ସରୀସୃପ ତ‌ଥା ବାଦୁଡ଼ିମାନ‌ଙ୍କ ଉପରେ ଆକ୍ରମଣ କରିବା ଖୁବ୍ ବିରଳ । ଏମାନେ ବେଳେ ବେଳେ ମୃତ ମାଛ ମଧ୍ୟ ଖାଇଥାନ୍ତି । ଏମାନେ ଏରିଥ୍ରିନା (Erythrina) ଓ ବମ୍ବାକ୍ସ୍ (Bombax) ଫୁଲର ରସ ପିଇଥାନ୍ତି ଏବଂ ବେଳେବେଳେ ଶସ୍ୟ ମଧ୍ୟ ଖାଇଥାନ୍ତି । ଖୁବ୍ କ୍ୱଚିତ୍ କ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ ଏମାନ‌ଙ୍କୁ ବିଛା ଜାତୀୟ ପ୍ରାଣୀମାନ‌ଙ୍କୁ ଖାଉଥିବାର ଦେଖାଯାଇଥାଏ । ଏମାନେ ସାଧାରଣତଃ ସନ୍ଧ୍ୟା ସମୟରେ ବିଜୁଳି ବତୀ ତଳେ ଉଡ଼ୁଥିବା ପତଙ୍ଗମାନ‌ଙ୍କୁ ଖାଇଥାନ୍ତି ।

ବାସସ୍ଥାନ ଏବଂ ପ୍ରଜନନ

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ବସା ମଧ୍ୟରେ କଜଳପାତି ଶାବକ

କଜଳପାତିମାନେ ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଭାରତରେ ମୁଖ୍ୟତଃ ଫେବୃଆରୀ ଓ ମାର୍ଚ୍ଚ ମାସରେ ଅଣ୍ଡା ଦେଇଥାନ୍ତି । ଦେଶର ଅନ୍ୟ ପ୍ରାନ୍ତମାନ‌ଙ୍କରେ ଏମାନେ ଅଗଷ୍ଟ ମାସ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଅଣ୍ଡା ଦେଇଥାନ୍ତି । ପ୍ରଜନନ ସମୟରେ ଅଣ୍ଡିରା ଏବଂ ମାଈ କଜଳପାତି ଉଭୟ ପ୍ରାତଃ ସମୟରେ ବୋବାଇଥାନ୍ତି । ଉଭୟ ଅଣ୍ଡିରା ଏବଂ ମାଈ କଜଳପାତି ଏକାଠି ବସା ତିଆରି କରିଥାନ୍ତି । ଏମାନ‌ଙ୍କ ବସା କପ୍ ଆକାରର ହୋଇଥାଏ ଓ ଏହା କାଠି-କୁଟାର ଏକ ପତଳା ଆସ୍ତରଣରେ ତିଆରି ହୋଇଥାଏ । ଏମାନେ ଗଛ ଡାଳର ସନ୍ଧିରେ ନିଜ ବସା ତିଆରି କରିଥାନ୍ତି ।

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କଜଳପାତିର ଅଣ୍ଡା

ଏପ୍ରିଲ ମାସର ପ୍ରଥମ ବର୍ଷା ସମୟରେ କଜଳପାତିମାନେ ଅଣ୍ଡା ଦେଇଥାନ୍ତି । ଏମାନେ ଥରକରେ ତିନିରୁ ଚାରିଟି ଅଣ୍ଡା ଦେଇଥାନ୍ତି । ଏମାନେ ଅଣ୍ଡା ଦେବା ପାଇଁ ସାଧାରଣତଃ ଗ‌ହଳିଆ ପତ୍ର ଥିବା ଗଛ, ଯଥା ପଣସ ଗଛକୁ ବାଛିଥାନ୍ତି । ଅଣ୍ଡାଗୁଡ଼ିକ ନାଲି ମିଶା ଫିକା ହଳଦିଆ ରଙ୍ଗର ହୋଇଥାଏ । ଏଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଉପରେ ସାମାନ୍ୟ ଦାଗ ମଧ୍ୟ ଥାଏ । ସାଧାରଣତଃ ଅଣ୍ଡାଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଲମ୍ବାରେ ୨୬ ମିଲିମିଟର (୧.୦୫ ଇଞ୍ଚ) ଓ ମୋଟେଇରେ ୧୯ ମିଲିମିଟର (୦.୭୫ ଇଞ୍ଚ) ହୋଇଥାଏ । ଉଭୟ ଅଣ୍ଡିରା ଓ ମାଈ କଜଳପାତି ଅଣ୍ଡା ଉଷୁମାଇବା କାମ କରିଥାନ୍ତି ଏବଂ ପ୍ରାୟ ୧୪ରୁ ୧୫ ଦିନ ପରେ ଅଣ୍ଡାଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଫାଟି ସେଥିରୁ ଛୁଆ ବାହାରନ୍ତି । ଅଣ୍ଡାରୁ ଛୁଆ ବାହାରିବାର ପ୍ରାୟ ପାଞ୍ଚ ଦିନ ପରେ ଶାବକଗୁଡ଼ିକ ନିଜ ଶରୀରର ତାପମାତ୍ରାକୁ ସ୍ଥାୟୀ କରିବାରେ ସମର୍ଥ ହୋଇଥାନ୍ତି ।

ବେଳେବେଳେ କଜଳପାତିମାନେ ଟେଲିଫୋନ ଖୁଣ୍ଟିରେ ମଧ୍ୟ ନିଜ ବସା ତିଆରି କରିଥାନ୍ତି । ସମାନ ଅଣ୍ଡିରା ଓ ମାଈ କଜଳପାତିଙ୍କ ଠାରୁ ଜନ୍ମ ହୋଇଥିବା କଜଳପାତିମାନେ ମଧ୍ୟ ନିଜ ପିତାମାତାଙ୍କ ପରବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ଶାବକମାନଙ୍କୁ ଖୁଅଇଥାନ୍ତି । ଏମାନ‌ଙ୍କର ପ୍ରଜନନ ପ୍ରାୟ ୪୪ ପ୍ରତିଶତ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ସଫଳ ହୋଇଥାଏ । ବୃଷ୍ଟପାତର ଅଭାବ ହେତୁ କମି କମି ଆସୁଥିବା କୀଟ-ପତଙ୍ଗମାନ‌ଙ୍କ ସଂଖ୍ୟା କଜଳପାତିମାନ‌ଙ୍କ କ୍ଷୀଣ ବଂଶ ବୃଦ୍ଧିର ଏକ ପ୍ରମୁଖ କାରଣ ।

ବୃଦ୍ଧି ଏବଂ ବିକାଶ

କିଶୋରାବସ୍ଥାରେ କଜଳପାତିମାନ‌ଙ୍କ ପାଟି ଲାଲ୍ ମିଶା ହଳଦୀ ରଙ୍ଗର ହୋଇଥାଏ । ଅଣ୍ଡାରୁ ଛୁଆ ବାହାରିବାର ଚାରି ଦିନ ବେଳକୁ ଛୁଆମାନ‌ଙ୍କ ଦେହରେ ପର ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହେବା ଆରମ୍ଭ ହୋଇଥାଏ ଏବଂ ପାଖାପାଖି ଏକ ସପ୍ତାହ ବେଳକୁ ସେମାନ‌ଙ୍କ ଡେଣାରେ ପର ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୋଇଥାଏ । ୧୨ ଦିନ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ସେମାନ‌ଙ୍କ ଓଜନ ଧିରେ ଧିରେ ବଢ଼ିଥାଏ । ଅଷ୍ଟମ ଦିନରେ କଜଳପାତି ଛୁଆମାନ‌ଙ୍କର ଅଖି ଫିଟିଥାଏ । ଏମାନ‌ଙ୍କର ଆଖି ଡୋଳା ଲାଲ୍ ମିଶା କଳା ରଙ୍ଗର ହୋଇଥାଏ । ୧୬ତମ ତ‌ଥା ୧୭ତମ ଦିନରେ କିଶୋର କଜଳପାତିମାନେ ବସା ଛାଡ଼ିଦେଇଥାନ୍ତି । ତେବେ ତିନି ସପ୍ତାହ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଏମାନ‌ଙ୍କ ଲାଞ୍ଜ ଦୁଇ କେନିଆ ହୋଇ ନ ଥାଏ । ଏକ ମାସ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଅଣ୍ଡିରା ଓ ମାଈ କଜଳପାତି ନିଜ ଛୁଆମାନ‌ଙ୍କୁ ଖୁଆଇଥାନ୍ତି । ଦୁଇ ବର୍ଷର ହେବା ବେଳକୁ ଏହି କଜଳପାତିମାନ‌ଙ୍କ ପାଖରେ ପ୍ରଜନନ କ୍ଷମତା ଆସିଯାଇଥାଏ ।

କିଶୋରାବସ୍ଥାରେ କଜଳପାତିମାନେ ଥଣ୍ଟରେ ପତ୍ରକୁ ଉଉରକୁ ପକାଇ ଭୂମିରେ ପଡ଼ିବା ପୂର୍ବରୁ ପତ୍ରଟିକୁ ପୁଣି ଥଣ୍ଟରେ ଧରି ପକାନ୍ତି । ଏହି ପରି ଭାବରେ ଖେଳ ଖେଳି କିଶୋର କଜଳପାତିମାନେ ଉଡ଼ିବା କୌଶଳ ଶିଖିଥାନ୍ତି ।

ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଭାରତରେ ଏହି ପକ୍ଷୀମାନେ ଜୁନ ମାସରୁ ଅକ୍ଟୋବର ମାସ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ନିଜର ପର ତ୍ୟାଗ କରିଥାନ୍ତି ଏବଂ ଏହା ବଦଳରେ ଏମାନ‌ଙ୍କ ଦେହରେ ନୂଆ ପର ଉଠିଥାଏ । ଜୁଲାଇ ମାସରେ ଏମାନେ ପ୍ରଥମ ଭାଗ ପର ତ୍ୟାଗ କରିଥାନ୍ତି । ଅଗଷ୍ଟ ମାସରୁ ଏମାନେ ଦ୍ୱିତୀୟ ଭାଗରେ ମଧ୍ୟମ ଧରଣର ପରଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ତ୍ୟାଗ କରିଥାନ୍ତି । ତୃତୀୟ ଭାଗରେ ଏମାନେ ନିଜର ଲମ୍ବା ପରଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ତ୍ୟାଗ କରନ୍ତି । ମେଲାନିନ୍ ସଂଶ୍ଲେଷଣ ଯୋଗୁଁ କଜଳପାତିମାନ‌ଙ୍କ ଅଣ୍ଡକୋଷର ଟିସୁରେ ଋତୁ ଅନୁଯାୟୀ ରଙ୍ଗ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ ପରିଲକ୍ଷିତ ହୁଏ । ତେବେ ପ୍ରଜନନ ସମୟରେ ମେଲାନିନ୍ କଣିକାଗୁଡ଼ିକଦ୍ୱାରା ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୋଇଥିବା ଏହି ଦାଗ‌ଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଧିରେ ଧିରେ ଅଦୃଶ୍ୟ ହୋଇଯାଏ ।

ରୋଗ

କଜଳପାତିମାନ‌ଙ୍କ ଦେହରେ ଅନେକ ବାହ୍ୟ ପରଜୀବୀ (Ectoparasite) ଓ ଆଭ୍ୟନ୍ତରୀଣ ପରଜୀବୀ (Endoparasite) ଦେଖାଯାନ୍ତି । ତେବେ ଏମାନ‌ଙ୍କୁ ସେପରି କୌଣସି ବିଶେଷ ତ‌ଥା ମାରାତ୍ମକ ରୋଗ ହୋଇ ନ ଥାଏ ।

ମଣିଷଜାତି ସ‌ହ ସମ୍ପର୍କ

କଜଳପାତିମାନେ ମହୁମାଛିମାନ‌ଙ୍କୁ ଖାଇଥାନ୍ତି । ଏମାନ‌ଙ୍କର ଏହି ଖାଦ୍ୟାଭ୍ୟାସ ଯୋଗୁଁ ମହୁମାଛି ପାଳକମାନେ ବ‌ହୁ ଅସୁବିଧା ଭୋଗିଥାନ୍ତି । କିନ୍ତୁ କୃଷକମାନେ ନିଜ ଚାଷ ଜମିରେ ପକ୍ଷୀମାନ‌ଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ କୃତ୍ରିମ ଆଶ୍ରୟ ସ୍ଥଳ ନିର୍ମାଣ କରି କୀଟ-ପତଙ୍ଗ ଖାଇବା ପାଇଁ କଜଳପାତିମାନ‌ଙ୍କୁ ନିଜ ଚାଷ ଜମି ପ୍ରତି ଆକର୍ଷିତ କରନ୍ତି ।

ଏକ ସ୍ଥାନୀୟ ପକ୍ଷୀ ହୋଇଥିବାରୁ କଜଳପାତିକୁ ଲୋକେ ଅନେକ ନାମରେ ଜାଣନ୍ତି । କଜଳପାତିକୁ ବୁଚଙ୍ଗ ମଧ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଏ । ଏହି ନାମଟି ଏକ ହିନ୍ଦୀ ଶବ୍ଦ ଭୁଜଙ୍ଗରୁ ଆସିଛି । କଜଳପାତିକୁ ପାକିସ୍ତାନରେ ଥାମ୍ପାଲ, ବେଲୁଚିସ୍ତାନରେ ଗୋହାଲୋଲ୍‌କୋଲାହୋ, ସିନ୍ଧିରେ କାଲ୍‌କାଲାଚି, ହିନ୍ଦୀରେ କୋଟ୍‌ୱାଲ୍ (ଅର୍ଥାତ୍ ପୋଲିସ୍), ବଙ୍ଗଳାରେ ଫିଙ୍ଗା, ଆସାମରେ ଫେଞ୍ଚୁ, ମଣିପୁରରେ ଚେଇରୋଇ, ଗୁଜରାଟରେ କୋସିଟାଲ୍ କାଲୋ କୋଶି, ମରାଠୀରେ ଘୋସିଆ, ଓଡ଼ିଆରେ କଜଳପାତି, ତାମିଲରେ ଏରେଟ୍ଟାଇ ବାଲାନ୍, ତେଲୁଗୁରେ ପାସ୍ସାଲା ପୋଲି ଗାଦୁ, ମାଲାୟାଲାମରେ କାକା ଟାମ୍ପୁରାଟ୍ଟି (ଅର୍ଥାତ୍ କାଉମାନ‌ଙ୍କ ରାଣୀ), କନ୍ନଡ଼ରେ କାରି ଭୁଜଙ୍ଗ, ଏବଂ ସିଙ୍ଘଳରେ କାଉଡ଼ା କୁହାଯାଏ ।[୧୨]

ଆଧାର

  1. BirdLife International (2012). "Dicrurus macrocercus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  2. Vieillot, Louis Jean Pierre (1817). Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle Appliquée aux Arts. 9. p. 588.
  3. Hodgson, Brian Houghton (1836). The India Review and Journal of Foreign Science and the Arts. 1 (8): 326. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  4. Blyth, Edward (1850). "Remarks on the modes of variation of nearly affined species or races of Birds, chiefly inhabitants of India". The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. 19: 221–239.
  5. Swinhoe, Robert (1871). "A revised catalogue of the birds of China and its islands, with descriptions of new species, references to former notes, and occasional remarks". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 2: 337–423.
  6. ୬.୦ ୬.୧ Kloss, Cecil Boden (1921). "New and known oriental birds". Journal of the Federated Malay States Museums. 10 (2): 207–213.
  7. Baker, Edward Charles Stuart (1918). "Some Notes on the Dicruridae". Novitates Zoologicae. 25: 299.
  8. Neave, Sheffield A., ed. (1939). Nomenclator Zoologicus; a List of the Names of Genera and Subgenera in Zoology from the Tenth Edition of Linnaeus, 1758, to the End of 1935 (with supplements). Volume 1. Zoological Society of London, London. p. 425.
  9. Black, Drongo. "Family background".
  10. Black, Drongo. "Size".
  11. Black, Drongo. "Category".
  12. "ସ୍ଥାନୀୟ ନାମ". |first= missing |last= (help)

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କଜଳପାତି: Brief Summary ( oriya )

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କଜଳପାତି (ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ ନାମ: Dicrurus macrocercus) ଡାଇକ୍ରୁରାଇଡି (Dicruridae) ଜାତିର ଏକ ଏସୀୟ ପକ୍ଷୀ । ଏହାକୁ ମଧ୍ୟ କିଙ୍ଗ୍-କ୍ରୋ କୁହାଯାଏ । କଜଳପାତି ଏକ ପାସେରିନ୍ (Passerine) ଜାତୀୟ ପକ୍ଷୀ । ପୂର୍ବରୁ ଏମାନେ ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟ ଦୁଇ କେନିଆ ଲାଞ୍ଜ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଡ୍ରୋଙ୍ଗୋ (African Fork-tailed Drongo ବା Dicrurus adsimilis) ଜାତିର ଡାଇକ୍ରୁରସ୍ ଆଡ୍‌ସିମିଲିସ୍ ମାକ୍ରୋସେର୍‌କସ୍ (Dicrurus adsimilis macrocercus) ନାମକ ଏକ ଉପଜାତି ଭାବେ ପରିଚିତ ଥିଲେ । କିନ୍ତୁ ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ ଏମାନେ ଏକ ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଜାତି ଭାବରେ ପରିଚିତ ।

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இரட்டைவால் குருவி ( tamil )

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இரட்டைவால் குருவி அல்லது கரிக்குருவி (About this soundஒலிப்பு ) (Black Drongo, Dicrurus macrocercus) என்பது ஆசியக் கண்டத்தைத் தாயகமாகக் கொண்ட ஒரு சிறு பாடும் பறவை. இப்பறவை கரிச்சான், காரி, கருவாட்டு வாலி என்றும் அழைக்கப்படும். திவ்யப் பிரபந்தங்களில் வழங்கப்படும் ஆனைச்சாத்தன் என்ற பெயரும் இப்பறவையைக் குறிப்பதே என மா. கிருட்டிணன் குறிப்பிட்டுள்ளார்[9]. இது தெற்காசியாவின் பெரும்பாலான பகுதிகளில் அதாவது தென் மேற்கில் ஈரான் தொடங்கி இந்தியா, இலங்கையிலும் கிழக்கில் சீனா, இந்தோனேசியா வரையிலும் காணப்படுகின்றது.

இப்பறவை முழுவதும் கருப்பு நிறத்திலும் வால் பகுதி நுனியில் இரண்டாகப் பிரிந்தும் இருக்கும். வாலின் நீளம் ஏறத்தாழ 28 செ.மீ இருக்கும். பூச்சிகளை இரையாகக் கொள்ளும் இப்பறவை பொதுவாக திறந்தவெளியான வேளாண்மை நிலங்களிலும் அடர்த்தியற்ற காடுகளிலும்வசிக்கறது. இவை பயமற்ற பறவைகளாகும். இது தனது கூட்டின் எல்லைக்குள் வரும் தன்னை விடப்பெரிய பறவைகளைக் கூட இப்பறவை தாக்கும் குணம் கொண்டது.

மேற்கோள்கள்

  1. "Dicrurus macrocercus". பன்னாட்டு இயற்கைப் பாதுகாப்புச் சங்கத்தின் செம்பட்டியல் பதிப்பு 2008. பன்னாட்டு இயற்கைப் பாதுகாப்புச் சங்கம் (2008).
  2. Vieillot, Louis Jean Pierre (1817). Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle Appliquée aux Arts 9: 588.
  3. Hodgson, Brian Houghton (1836). The India Review and Journal of Foreign Science and the Arts 1 (8): 326.
  4. Blyth, Edward (1850). The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 19: 255.
  5. Swinhoe, Robert (1871). Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London for the Year 2: 377.
  6. 6.0 6.1 Kloss, Cecil Boden (1921). Journal of the Federated Malay States Museums. 10 pt. 3: 208.
  7. Baker, Edward Charles Stuart (1918). "Some Notes on the Dicruridae". Novitates Zoologicae 25: 299. http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3857129.
  8. Neave, Sheffield A., தொகுப்பாசிரியர் (1939). Nomenclator Zoologicus; a List of the Names of Genera and Subgenera in Zoology from the Tenth Edition of கரோலஸ் லின்னேயஸ் 1758, to the End of 1935 (with supplements). Volume 1. Zoological Society of London, London. பக். 425. http://www.ubio.org/NZ/detail.php?uid=24210&d=1.
  9. பக்கம் 34, பறவைகளும் வேடந்தாங்கலும், மா. கிருட்டிணன், தொகுப்பாசிரியர்: பெருமாள் முருகன், காலச்சுவடு பதிப்பகம்

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விக்கிபீடியா ஆசிரியர்கள் மற்றும் ஆசிரியர்கள்

இரட்டைவால் குருவி: Brief Summary ( tamil )

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இரட்டைவால் குருவி அல்லது கரிக்குருவி (About this soundஒலிப்பு ) (Black Drongo, Dicrurus macrocercus) என்பது ஆசியக் கண்டத்தைத் தாயகமாகக் கொண்ட ஒரு சிறு பாடும் பறவை. இப்பறவை கரிச்சான், காரி, கருவாட்டு வாலி என்றும் அழைக்கப்படும். திவ்யப் பிரபந்தங்களில் வழங்கப்படும் ஆனைச்சாத்தன் என்ற பெயரும் இப்பறவையைக் குறிப்பதே என மா. கிருட்டிணன் குறிப்பிட்டுள்ளார். இது தெற்காசியாவின் பெரும்பாலான பகுதிகளில் அதாவது தென் மேற்கில் ஈரான் தொடங்கி இந்தியா, இலங்கையிலும் கிழக்கில் சீனா, இந்தோனேசியா வரையிலும் காணப்படுகின்றது.

இப்பறவை முழுவதும் கருப்பு நிறத்திலும் வால் பகுதி நுனியில் இரண்டாகப் பிரிந்தும் இருக்கும். வாலின் நீளம் ஏறத்தாழ 28 செ.மீ இருக்கும். பூச்சிகளை இரையாகக் கொள்ளும் இப்பறவை பொதுவாக திறந்தவெளியான வேளாண்மை நிலங்களிலும் அடர்த்தியற்ற காடுகளிலும்வசிக்கறது. இவை பயமற்ற பறவைகளாகும். இது தனது கூட்டின் எல்லைக்குள் வரும் தன்னை விடப்பெரிய பறவைகளைக் கூட இப்பறவை தாக்கும் குணம் கொண்டது.

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விக்கிபீடியா ஆசிரியர்கள் மற்றும் ஆசிரியர்கள்

කළු කවුඩා ( Singalèis )

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කළු පැහැති කවුඩා, පන්ජාබ්, ඉන්දියව

කළු පැහැති කවුඩා (කවුඩු කුලය) යනු කවුඩු පවුලට අයත් කළු පැහැති කවුඩා ආසියා තික පැසරියට අයත් කුරුල්ලෙකි. කවුඩා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් නිවර්තන කලාපීය දකුණු ආසියාවේ ප්‍රදේශ වල බහුලව දක්නට ලැබෙන අතර නිරිත දිග ඉරානය ඇතුළුව ඉන්දියාව ට සහ නැගෙනහිර ලංකාව සිට දකුණු චීනය සහ ඉන්දුනීසියාව වැනි ප්‍රදේශ වල ද දැකිය හැක. සුවිශේෂී දෙබල් වලිගයක් සමඟ සම්පුර්ණ කළු පැහැති සිරුරක් හිමි සෙන්ටිමීටර 28 (අඟල් 11) ක් දිගැති කළු පැහැති කවුඩා කුඩා සතුන් ගොදුරු කරගන්නා, නිතරම විවෳත කෳෂි බිම් වල සහ ලඳු කැලෑවන් වල, නිරවරණය නොවු කැපී පෙනෙන පක්ෂින් ලඟින ස්ථාන හෝ විදුලි කම්බි හෝ දුරකථන කම්බි වැනි ස්ථාන වල දැකිය හැක. මොවුන්, කපුටන් වැනි විශාල කුරුල්ලන් පවා මොවුන්ගේ වාස භූමි ආක්‍රමණය කරන විට කලහාකාරි හැසිරිමක් දක්වා පහරදීමට පසුබට නොවේ. මෙම හැසිරීම නිසාම "කාක රජු" ලෙස අන්වරථ නාමයක් ද පට බැදී ඇත. වෙනත් කුඩා කුරුල්ලන් ද නිතරම කළු කවුඩගේ කූඩුවට ආසන්න ප්‍රදේශයක සිය වාසස්ථාන සාදන්නේ හොදින් ආරක්ෂාවක් ලබා ගැනීමේ අරමුණෙන් යුතුවයි. අතීතයේ ඇමරිකානු දෙබල් වලිගයක් ඇති කවුඩා(පුලුටු හොටැති කවුඩා) ගේ උප විශේෂයක් (පුලුටු හොටැති කවුඩු කුලය) ලෙස හැදින් වුවද, වර්තමානයේ වෙනම විශේෂයක් ලෙස කළු පැහැති කවුඩා හදුනා ගෙන ඇත. මොවුන් නිතර තනිව හෝ යුවලවල් ලෙස සැරිසරයි

කළු පැහැති කවුඩා පැසිපික් දූපත් කීපයකට හඳුන්වාදීමෙන් අනතුරුව එහි සීග්‍රව වර්ධනය විමෙන් දූපත් වාසි ඒකදේශිය පක්ෂින්ගේ පැවැත්මට දැඩි තරජනයක් බවට පත්විය.

වර්ගීකරණය විද්‍යාව සහ වර්ගීකරණ

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ආකෘතික අදුරු සේයාව

කළු පැහැති කවුඩා, දෙබල් වලිගයක් ඇති කවුඩා (පුලුටු හොටැති කවුඩා)ගේ [9][10] උප විශේෂයක් ලෙස සැළකුව ද මෑතක දී අන්‍යෝන්‍ය වශයෙන් වෙන් වු ළඟම නෑයන් බවට ප්‍රභේද කරනු ලැබුවා. [9][10][11][12] වර්තමානයේ එම සතුන් දෙන්නා වෙනම විශේෂයන් ලෙස සලකනු අතර [11][12] ආසියා ප්‍රදේශයේ කළු පැහැති කවුඩන් ගෙන් වෙන් වු දෙබල් වලිගයක් ඇති කවුඩා, ඇෆ්‍රිකාවට සීමා වේ. [11][12] උප විශේෂ 7ක් නම් කලා [12]නමුත් එකිනෙකා සමඟ මැදිහත් වීම සහ පාරිසරික වෙනස්වීම් මත බොහෝ සෙයින් සමීප ගහනයක් දක්නට ලැබේ. ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ සුළු විශේෂ ගහනයට වඩා වැඩි විශේෂයන් උතුරු ඉන්දියාවේ (එසෙස්පි.අල්බිරික්ටස්) දක්නට ලැබෙන අතර අර්ධද්වීපික ඉන්දියාවේ මධ්‍යස්ථ විශේෂයන් ප්‍රමාණයක් දක්නට ලැබේ. [13] කැතෝසස් ජාතිය තායිලන්තය, හොංකොං සහ චීනයෙන් සොයා ගනු ලැබුවා. [14] මෙම ජාතියට හුඟක් කුඩා, පුලුටු හොටක් සහ දිළිසෙන කොළ සමඟ මිශ්‍ර කළු පැහැති තටු ඇත. [12]තයි ජාතිය දකුණු සියමේ පදි සිටියි. නමුත් ශීත සමඟ කැතෝසස් ජාතිය මෙහි අති ව්‍යාප්තියක් සිදු වේ. ජවානස් ජාතිය ජාවා සහ බලි දූපත් වලින් සොයා ගනු ලැබුවා. පියාපත් වලට වඩා දිහින් අඩු වලිගයක් ඇති හර්ටර්ටි ජාතිය ෆොර්මොසා වලින් සොයා ගනු ලැබුවා. [12]

විස්තර කිරීම

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ළපටීන් සුදු මහ බඩෑති කවුඩා ට සමාන වේ

වල්ගයට පුළුල් දෙබලක් සහිත මේ කුරුල්ලා දිදුලන කළු පාටය. වෑඩිහිටි කුරුල්ලන්ගේ සාමාන්‍යයෙන් කුඩා සුදු ලපයක් ඈරුණු කට මුල තිබේ. කළු ඉන්ගිරියාව තද දුඹුරු පාටය (අළු පැහැති කවුඩා ගේ මෙන් තද රතු පාට නොවේ). ක්ෂේත්‍රයේ දී ස්ත්‍රී පුරුෂ භාවය වෙනම කිව නොහෑකිය. ළපටියෝ, දුඹුරු පැහැති සහ යම් සුදු පෙර බෑමවුමක් හෝ ලපයක් බඩ සහ කුඩා විවරය දිසාවට තිබිය හෑකි සුදු මහ බඩෑති කවුඩා ලෙස වරද්දා ගත හෑකිය. එක් අවුරුදු කුරුල්ලන්ගේ බඩේ පිහාටු වලට සුදු කෙළවරක් තිබෙන අතර දෑ අවුරුද්දන්ට තිබෙන මෙම සුදු කෙළවර පිහටු කුඩා විවරය දක්වා සීමාවේ. [15] ඔවුහු කලහකාරී සහ නිර්භය කුරුල්ලන් සහ දිගින් සෙන්ටිමීටර 28ක් (අඟල් 11) පමණ වුවත් ඔවුන් ඔවුන්ගේ දේශ භූමිට ඈතුළු වන කපුටන් සහ ගොදුරු කුරුල්ලන් ඇතුළුව ඉතා විශාල විශේෂයන්, ආක්‍රමණය කරනු ලබාවි. මෙම හෑසිරීම ඔවුන්ගේ කාක රජු නම් වූ ඉහත කී නමට මඟ පෙන්වීය. ඔවුහු පියාපත් වල ශක්තිමත් පතු සහ ඔවුන්ට ශක්තිය දෙන වේගවත් උපාය මෙහෙයුම් වල යෙදෙමින් පියාඹන කෘමීන් අල්ලා ගෑනීමට දක්ෂ වේ. [16] කෙටි පාද සහිත ඔවුහු, කටු සහිත පදුරු, පක්ෂීන් ලගින තෑන් වල, හෝ විදුලි රෑහෑන් මත කෙලින් වාඩි වී සිටියි. එසේම ඔවුන් තණකන සතුන් මත ද ලගියි.[17] ඔවුහු පුළුල් පරාසයක අඩගෑසීම් උත්පාදනයට දක්ෂ වන නමුත් සාමාන්‍ය අඩගෑසීම ස්වර දෙකේ ටී-හී අඩගෑසීම උකුස්සාගේ අඩගෑසීම සමාන වේ(උකුස්සා).[13]

ව්‍යාප්තිය සහ ජන්මභූමිය

ඇමතුම්

කළු පැහැති කවුඩා, විවෘත දේශයන් ගෙන් ප්‍රමුඛව සොයා ගත හැකි අතර සහ සාමාන්‍යයෙන් පොළොව ආසන්නයේ ලෑගීම හා දඩයම් කිරීම කරයි. ඔවුහු බොහෝවිට ඉතා සියුම් කෘමී විලෝපීයන් වන නමුත් අමතරව පොළොවෙන් ඈහිද ගෑනීම හෝ ගහ කොළෙන් තොර වේ. ඔවුන් සොයා ගනු ලෑබෙන්නේ ඊසාන දිග ඈෆ්ගනිස්තානයට සහ උතුරු දිග පාකිස්තානයට ගිම්හාන අමුත්තන් ලෙස නමුත් බන්ගලාදේශය දක්වා ඉන්දු නිම්නයේ සහ ඉන්දියාවට සහ ශ්‍රී ලංකාවට නේවාසිකයෝ වෙති. සමහර ජනගහනයන් තේරුම් ගෑනීමට අපහසු සෘතුමය වෙනස් වීම්[17] පෙන්වනු ලෑබේ. [18] කළු පැහැති කවුඩා සෑවානා භූමි වලින් සහ නාගරික වාසභූමි වලින් සොයාගනු ලැබුවා. කළු පැහැති කවුඩා හදුන්වාදෙනු ලෑබුවේ හරියටම දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධයට පෙර කෘමීන් පාලනය සදහා උදවු කිරීමට තායිවානයේ රෝට දිවයිනටය. 1950 දී ඔවුන් මුහුදින් එතෙර ගුවාම් දිවයිනට ව්‍යාප්ත වන්නට ඈතෑයි විශ්වාස කෙරේ. 1967 වන විට ඔවුන් ගුවාම්හි පාර අයිනේ සිවුවන සුලභව දෑකිය හෑකි කුරුල්ලන් ලෙසද, වර්තමානයේ එහි සුලභම කුරුල්ලන් ද වේ. [19][20] ගුවාම් ෆයිකැට්චර් [19][21]සහ රෝට බ්‍රිඩ්ලෙඩ් වයිට්- අයි [22]වෑනි ඒක දේශීය කුරුලු විශේෂයන්ගේ හීන වීමට හේතු ලෙස කළු පැහැති කවුඩන්ගේ විලෝපීයත්වය සහ තරගකාරීත්වය යෝජනා කර තිබේ.

හැසිරීම සහ පරිසර විද්‍යාව

ආහාර සහ ආහාර සොයගන්නා අකාර

 src=
කළු පැහැති කවුඩා හිරු තපිමින් හෝ කෘමීන් දඩයම් කරමින් සිටින ආකාරය [23]

කළු පැහැති කවුඩා, හිරු උදාවත් සමඟ ඉතාම ක්‍රියාශීලී වන අතර අනෙකුත් කුරුල්ලන්ට වඩා පමාවී ගස් මුදුන් වෙත ඈදෙයි. ඔවුන් ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ආහාරයට ගනු ලබන්නේ තණකොල පෙත්තන්, රෑහෑයියන්, [24] වෙයන්, බඹරන්, මීමෑස්සන්, ඇඹලයන්, සලබයින්, කුරුමිනියන් හා බත් කූරන් වෙනි කෘමි සතුන්ය. ඔවුන් සීසාන ලද කුඹුරු වලට එක් රෑස් වී අවකාශයට විවෘත වී සිටින දළඹුවන් හා පුංචි කෘමි සතුන් අහුල ගනිති. එවෑනි අවස්ථා වල කුරුල්ලන් 35 ක් පමණ රැස් වනු දෑක ගත හෑකිවේ. මෙම කුරුල්ලන් කලබලය ට පත් වූ කුරුමිනියන් සොයමින් දෑවෙන තෘණ බිම් කරා ද ඈදෙනවා. ඔවුන් පියබන කෘමීන් වෙතින් ඈත්වී සිටින්නට උත්සහ කරනවා.[25] ඔවුන් සාමාන්‍යය මයින න්, රාජාලිය න් වැනි සමාන ආහාර රටා සහ හුරුපුරුදු ඈති කුරුලු විශේෂ සමඟ ඇසුරේ පසුවෙනවා. [26] මෙම ඇසුරෙන් ඔවුනට ප්‍රයෝජන ඇති අතර ආහාර සෙවීමේ දි එය ඔවුනට ඉතා හොඳ ප්‍රතිඵල ඇත. මයිනන් හා කළු පැහැති කවුඩන් ගොදුරු සඳහා තෝරා ගන්නා කෘමීන් එකම වීම සිදුවන්නේ අර්ධ වශයෙනි. ඉතා කලාතුරකින් කවුඩකු මයිනෙකුගේ ගොදුර සොරා ගෑනීමේ අවස්ථා දෑකිය හෑක. [27] අසන්නට ලැබෙන අයුරෙන් ඔවුන් උකුස්සා ගේ හඩ අනුකරණය කර හඩ නගා මයින පලවා හෑර පසුව මයිනන්ගේ ගොදුරු උදුරා ගනී.[28] දෙබල් වලිගයක් ඇති කවුඩා ද මෙවෑනිම අනතුරු ඈගවීමේ හඩ නගනු දැකිය හැක. [29] කළු පැහැති කවුඩා විසින් කුඩා කුරුල්ලන් , සර්පයින් පමණක් නොව වවුලන් ද ගොදුරු කරගත් අවස්ථා ඇත. [30][31][32][33][34] ඔවුන් මාළු සහ''එරිත්‍රිනා'' හා ''බොම්බක්ස්'' ශාක වල මල් ආහාරයට ගත් බවට ද සාක්ෂි තිබේ. [35][36] මේ ඔවුන් වතුර සහ පෑණි සොයා ගිය අවස්ථාවක විය හෑකිය. [37] ඒ වගේම සමහරවිට ඔවුන් ධාන්‍ය වර්ග ආහාරයට ගෙන ඇත. [38] ඔවුන් ගොනුස්සන් හා පත්තෑයන් වැනි විශාල සන්ධිපදකයින් අල්ලා ගනු ලබන්නේ ඉතාමත්ම කලතුරකිනි. [39][40] ඔවුන් අනෙක් විලෝපියන් [41] විසින් ආහාරයට නොගන්නා ලස්සන සමනලයින් ආහාරයට ගන්නා අතර මෙම කුරුල්ලන් කෘතිම ආලෝක වලට ආකර්ශනය වන කෘමි සතුන් ගොදුරු කර ගැනීමට හෑකි හෙයින් ආහාර ගන්නේ සවස හෝ රාත්‍රී කාලයේදි ය. [42][43][44]

කූඩු තැනීම සහ අභිජනනය

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බටහිර බංගලාදේශයේ කූඩුවකි

කළු පැහැති කවුඩන් ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් දකුණු ඉන්දීය ප්‍රදේශ වල පෙබරවාරි හා මාර්තු මාස වල බිත්තර දෑමීම සිදු කරන අතර අගොස්තු මාසයේ දි දිවයිනෙ අනෙකුත් ප්‍රදේශවල බිත්තර දෑමීම සිදු කරයි. බිත්තර දමන සමයේ දි පිරිමි සහ ගෑහෑණු සතුන් දෙදෙනාම උදෑසන ගීත ගායනා කරති. විවාහ ආරාධනාව නොයෙකුත් රෑගුම් හා ගුවන් කරණම් වලින් සමන්විත විය හෑක. [45] බිත්තර දමන සමය පුරවටම දෙදෙනා එකට වාසය කරයි. කුරුළු කූඩුව ගස් අතු අතර තුනී කොටු කෑබලි වලින් සතියක් පුරා දෙදෙනා විසින්ම මෙය තනනු ලබයි. අප්‍රේල් පලමු වෑසි සමය ආරම්භයේ දී බිත්තර දමනු ලෑබේ. [15] සාමාන්‍යයෙන් ගසේ පිටතට වන්නට සාදන එක් කුඩුවක බිත්තර 3ක් දක්නට ලැබෙන අතර කලාතුරකින් බිත්තර 4ක් ද දෑකිය හැකිය. ඔවුන් වඩාත් ප්‍රිය කරන්නේ කොස් වෑනි විශාල පත්‍ර ඈති ශාක වලට යි. ලා පැහැ ආලේපනයේ සිට රතු පෑහෑති තිත් වැටුනු මෙම බිත්තර දිගින් මිලි මීටර 26(අඟල් 1.05)ක් හා පලළින් මිලි මීටර 19(අඟල් 0.75)ක් පමණ වේ. බිත්තර දෙදෙනා විසින්ම රකින අතර දින 14ත් 15ත් අතර මෙම බිත්තර පුපුරා යයි. කුරුළු පෑටවුන් සිරුරේ උණුසුම පවත්වා ගෙන යාමට හුරුවුනු පසු දින 5ක් පමණ කුඩුවේ වෙසෙයි. [15] පළමු බිත්තර විනාශ වුයේ නම් දෙවෙනි වරට ද මොවුන් බිත්තර දමයි. [17] යම් විටක කුරුළු කූඩු දුරකතන කණු මත ද සාදනු ලබයි. [46] මෙම කුරුල්ලන් කූඩුව සාදන බල ප්‍රදේශය වර්ග කිලෝ මීටර 0.0003 හා 0.00012 (හෙක්ටයාර 0.3 to 1.2) අතර පවත්වා ගනිති. [15] සමහර විට ඔවුන්ගේ දෙමව්පියන් කෑම කෑවීමට අසමත් වු විට පෙර සමයේ ඇති කරන ලද පෑටවුන් මෙවර අලුත් පෑටවුන් ට කෑම කෑවීම සඳහා උදවු කාරයෝ වෙති. [47] දරුවන් පෝෂණය කිරීම සම්බන්ධයෙන් ආසියාතික කවුඩ න්ගේ හුරුපුරුදු දක්නට ඈත. [48] බිත්තර තුලින් නිරෝහි පැටවුන් බිහි වීමේ ප්‍රතිශතය 44% වන අතර බොහෝ පෑටවුන් විනාශ වන්නේ වැසි කාල වල ආහාර මදකම නිසාය. [15]

රංචු වශයෙන් ගැවසීම සහ අසල කූඩු තැනීම

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දෙබල් වලිගයක් ඇතිව වර්ධනය වු සම්පුර්ණ තටු ඇති තරුණ කුරුළු ජෝඩුවකි

ඔවුන්ගේ පුරුද්දක් ලෙස සතුරු පක්ෂීන් පලවා හැරීමට, අනිකුත් හිතකර පක්ෂීන් වන සිවුරු හොරා, පරවියා, [49] සහ විශේෂයෙන් කොවුලා යන පක්ෂී කණ්ඩායම් ආසන්නයේ කූඩු තනා ගැනීමට උනන්දු වේ. [50][51] සාමාන්‍යය අධ්‍යයනයකින් හෙලි වී ඇති පරිදි එක විට කූඩු 18,40 පමණ සාදනු ලැබේ. මේ අතරින් රතු කොවුලා මිටර් 10 (අඩි 33) පමණ පරාසයක කූඩු තනා ගනී. [15] අසාමාන්‍යය තත්වයන් තුළ රතු කොවුලාන් තම කූඩු වල බිහිවන කළු පැහැති කුඩා කවුඩු පැටවුන් කවා පොවා ඇති දැඩි කරනු වර්තා වේ. [52] ඇතැම් අවස්ථා වලදී ඔවුන් විශාල කුරුළු කණ්ඩායම් සමඟ කලහකාරි ලෙස කෙටීම් සිදු කර ගනී. [53] ආසියානු කවුඩු කොහා (සුනිකලස් ලුගුබ්‍රිස්) මෙම ජාතිය අනුකරණය කිරීම නිසා මෙවැනි තත්වයන් යෝජනා කල හැක. [54] විශේෂයෙන් මෙම කුරුල්ලන් අභිජනන කාල වල සහ බහුලව කූඩු සාදන කාල වල මෙම සන්සරනය සිදු වේ. මේවා ජාවා දුපත් අසල කරන ලද පර්යේෂණයකින් හෙලි වී ඇත. ජාවා දුපත් රාජාලියා න් මෙවැනි ලක්ෂණ පෙන්නුම් කරන නමුත් කළු රාජාලියා වසරේ සියළු කාල සීමවන් තුළ සමකාලීනව හැසිරේ. මෙයින් පැහැදිලි වන්නේ මෙම කුරුල්ලන් අභිජනන කාල තුල දි කූඩු සෑදීමෙන් වැලැකී සිටින බවයි. [55]

වර්ධනය සහ දියුණුව

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මානෙල් මල මත සිටින උපවිශේෂයක් වන කැතෝසස් කුරුල්ලකු (බුයින්ග් බොරපට්, තායිලන්තය)

තරුණ කුරුල්ලන්ට කහ පාටට හුරු රතු පාට හොටක් ඇත. සිව්වන දිනයේ දී පිහාටු පත්‍රාකාරව දිස් වන අතර කුර පිහාටු මතු වන්නේ සතියකින් පසුවය. කුරුළු පැටවා ගේ වයස අවුරුදු 12 වන තුරු පැටවාගේ බර ක්‍රමයෙන් වර්ධනය වේ. අටවන දිනයේ දී ඇස් විවර කරන අතර හොට රතු පාටට වෙනස් වන අතර තුර කළු ඉන්ගිරියාව රතුවට හුරු කළු පාටක් ගනී. බිත්තරයෙන් එළියට ඇවිත් දවස් 16ක් 20කින් පසු තරුණ කුරුල්ලන් කූඩුව හැර යයි. සති තුනක් යනතුරු ඔවුන්ට දෙබල වලිගයක් නොමැත. මාසයක් මුළුල්ලේ නොකඩවා දෙමාපියන් විසින් ඔවුන්ව පෝෂණය කරමින් රැකබලා ගනී. තරුණ කුරුල්ලන් තව දුරටත් ආහාර ඉල්ලා අයදින නමුත් වැඩිහිටියන් විසින් ඔවුන්ව නොසලකා හැර හෝ පන්නා දමයි. අවුරුදු දෙකකින් පමණ කුරුල්ලන් අභිජනන තත්වයට පත් වේ. [15][56]

ඔවුන්ගේ ක්‍රීඩා හැසිරීම නිරීක්ෂණය කිරීමේ දී පෙන්නුම් කරන්නේ කුරුල්ලන් කොලයක් සුළඟට බිමහෙලා මද සුළගේ දී එය ඇල්ලීම ට තැත් කරන ආකාරයයි. මෙය තරුණ කුරුල්ලන්ට ගුවන් කරණම් ගැසීමේ හැකියාව ලබා ගැනීමට උපකාරී වේ. [57]

මොවුන් දකුණු ඉන්දියාවේ දී ජුනි සිට ඔක්තෝම්බර් දක්වා ඔවුන්ගේ පිහාටු හලයි. ප්‍රාරම්භයේ සිට දහය දක්වා පියාපත් හැලීම සිදුවන අතර එය ආරම්භ වන්නේ ජුලි මාසයේදීය. ප්‍රාථමික පිහාටු කූර දක්වා ගිය පසු ද්වීතික පියපත් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය වේ. මෙය සිදුවන්නේ අගෝස්තු මාසයේ සිට ය. ද්විතීක පියාපත් හැලීම ක්‍රමවත්ව සිදු නොවේ. අටවන සහ හත්වන ඒවා අනෙක්වාට වඩා පෙරාතුව හැලේ. වලිගයේ පියාපත් හැලෙන්නේ කේන්ද්‍රාපසාරි ලෙසටය. [15] අභිජනන අවධියේ දී සිවියෙහි තද පාට නැති වී යනවාත් සමග මෙලනින් සංයෝගයේ විචලනය හේතු කොට ගෙන අණ්ඩ පටක වල සෘතුමය පාට වෙනස්කම් සිදුවිය. [58]

පිළිලය සහ රෝග

බොහෝ අන්තහ්පරපෝෂී කුරුල්ලන්ගේ උකුණන් (මයර්සිඩිඅ එස්පිපි. සහ මෙනකන්තුස් එස්පිපි.), අන්තහ්පරපෝෂී පැතලි පණුවන් [59][60] සහ වට පණුවන් යනාදිය මෙමගින් විස්තර කෙරේ. [61][62][63][64][65] කෙසේ වුවත් විලෝපියන් හෝ රෝග යනාදිය වැඩිහිටි මරණ වල සැලකිය යුතු සාධක වේ. [15]

මනුෂ්‍යයාට ඇති නෑකම

මී මැස්සන් අල්ලා කෑමේ පුරුද්ද නිසා [66] මී මැසි පාලකයන් ට මොවුන් හිරිහැරයක් වී ඇත. නමුත් ගොවියන් විසින් පක්ෂීන් ලගින තැන් සකස් කරමින් කෘමි වසංගතය ආහාරයට ගැනීමට ඔවුන්ගේ කුඹුරු වෙත උන්ව ආකර්ශනය කර ගැනීමට දිරිමත් කරයි. [67][68]

සංස්කෘතිය

පොදුවේ ගත් කල මෙම කුරුල්ලා ඉතා විශාල නම් ගණනාවකින් ලොව තුල හඳුන්වනු ලබයි. මේ අතරින් පරණ නම වන බුචන්ගා(Buchanga) යන නම හින්දි නම වන භුජන්ගා (Bhujanga) නමින් ලබා ගනී. අනෙකුත් ආවේණික නම් ලෙස පකිස්ථානයේ තම්පල් (Thampal), බුලුචිස්තාන්හි ගොහලොකොලහො (Gohalo/Kolaho), සින්දි වලින් කල්කලචි (Kalkalachi), හින්දි වලින් කොට්වල් (Kotwal)(=පොලිස්භටයා), බෙන්ගාලි වලින් ෆින්ගා (Finga), අසමෙස් වලින් ෆින්ශු (Phenshu), මනිපුරි වලින් චෙයිරොයි (Cheiroi), ගුජරාටි වලින් කොසිට/ කලො කොශි (Kosita/ Kalo koshi), මරාටි වලින් ගොසිආ (Ghosia), ඔරියා වලින් කජලපටි (Kajalapati), දෙමළෙන් කරි කුරුවි (Kari kuruvi) (=අඟුරු කුරුල්ලා), එරෙට්ටයි වලන් (Erettai valan)(= වලිග දෙකක් ඇති), තෙලිගු වලින් පස්සල පොලි ගඩු (Passala poli gadu), මලයාලම් වලින් කාක ටම්පුරට්ටි (Kaaka tampuratti) (=කපුටන්ගේ රැජින), කන්නඩ වලින් කරි භුජන්ගා (Kari bhujanga), සිංහලෙන් කවුඩා (Kauda) ලෙස ද හඳුන්වයි.[69] අළුතෙන් පිහාටු සැදූනු කුරුල්ලකු, ගවයාගේ ඇඟ මත වැසු විට එම ගවයාට ජිවීතය අහිමි වන බවට මධ්‍යම ඉන්දියානුවන්ගේ මිත්‍යා විශ්වාසයක් පවතී. [28] පුජීත ශිආ මුස්ලිම්වරුන් (Shī‘a Muslims) බාර වු හුසයින් ඉබ්න් අලි ට වතුර ගෙනා යුතු බව පන්ජාබ්භි සමහර ප්‍රදේශ වල විශ්වාස කර නමස්කාර කරනවා. [70]

නිදේශ

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  8. Neave, Sheffield A., ed (1939). Nomenclator Zoologicus; a List of the Names of Genera and Subgenera in Zoology from the Tenth Edition of Linnaeus, 1758, to the End of 1935 (with supplements). Volume 1. Zoological Society of London, London. පි. 425. http://www.ubio.org/NZ/detail.php?uid=24210&d=1.
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  12. 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 Vaurie, Charles (1949). "A revision of the bird family Dicruridae". Bulletin of the AMNH. 93 (4): 203–342. සැකිල්ල:Hdl.
  13. 13.0 13.1 Rasmussen, Pamela C.; JC Anderton (2005). Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. Volume 2. Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions. පි. 590.
  14. Baker, ECS (1921). "Handlist of the birds of the Indian empire". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 27 (3): 46–47.
  15. 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 15.8 Shukkur, EAA and Joseph, KJ (1978). "Breeding biology of the Black Drongo". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 75 (4): 1212–1226.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. Chari, N. (1982). "Comparative studies on flight characteristics, moment of inertia and flight behaviour of two fly-catchers, Dicrurus adsimilis and Merops orientalis". Ind. J. Exp. Biol. 20: 894–896. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  17. 17.0 17.1 17.2 Whistler, Hugh (1949). Popular handbook of Indian birds. 4th ed.. Gurney and Jackson, London. පිටු 155–157. http://www.archive.org/stream/popularhandbooko033226mbp#page/n195/mode/1up.
  18. Decandido, Robert; Nualsri, Chukiat and Allen, Deborah (2004). "Migration of Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus in southern Thailand in autumn 2003" (PDF). Forktail. 20: 143–144.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. 19.0 19.1 Fritts, Thomas H. and Rodda, Gordon H. (1998). "The role of introduced species in the degradation of island ecosystems: A case history of Guam" (PDF). Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 29 (1): 113–140. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.29.1.113.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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  21. Maben, Anne F. (1982). The Feeding Ecology of the Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus on Guam. Master's Thesis. Univ. Calif., Long Beach..
  22. Amidon F. A. (2000). Habitat relationships and life history of the Rota Bridled White-eye (Zosterops rotensis). M.Sc. thesis. Virginia Polytechnic Institute.
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  26. Dewar, Douglas (1905). "King-Crows and Mynas as mess-mates". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 16 (2): 364–366.
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  29. Ridley, AR & NJ Raihani (2007). "Facultative response to a kleptoparasite by the cooperatively breeding pied babbler". Behav. Ecol. 18 (2): 324–330. doi:10.1093/beheco/arl092.
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  32. Jayson, E. A. & K. K. Ramachandran (1994). "Indian Black Drongo Dicrurus adsimilis (Bechstein) feeding on a small bird". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 91 (2): 320.
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  35. Senthilmurugan, B. (2005). "Fish in the diet of the Black Drongo". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 102 (1): 116.
  36. Serrao JS (1971). "Black Drongo (Dicrurus adsimilis) fishing". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 11 (7): 10.
  37. Aluri J.S. Raju & Srungavarapu P. Rao (2004). "Passerine bird pollination and fruiting behaviour in a dry season blooming tree species, Erythrina suberosa Roxb. (Fabaceae) in the Eastern Ghats forests, India". Ornithological Science. 3 (2): 139–144. doi:10.2326/osj.3.139.
  38. Dodia, JF; Parasharya, BM and Yadav, DN (1989). "Black Drongo feeding on Sorghum grains". Pavo. 27 (1&2): 75–76.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  39. Sharma,IK (1980). "Grey Shrike and Black Drongo hunting scorpion and the centipede". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 20 (5): 6.
  40. Bhargava,RN (1981). "The Bank Myna Acridotheres ginginianus and King Crow Dicrurus adsimilis preying upon the Cricket Acheta (Orthoptera:Gryllidae)". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 21 (12): 18–19.
  41. Ali, S & S D Ripley (1986). Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan. 5 (2 සංස්.). Oxford University Press. පිටු 114–118. ISBN 0-19-562063-1.
  42. Jamdar,Nitin (1983). "Nocturnal habits of Black Drongo (Dicrurus adsimilis)". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 80 (1): 218.
  43. Sharma,SK (1991). "Nocturnal feeding by Black Drongo". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 31 (3&4): 8.
  44. Nameer,PO (1990). "Midnight feeding by black drongo". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 30 (7–8): 9.
  45. Neelakantan, KK (1962). "Courtship and mating of the black drongo". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 2 (4): 9.
  46. Raju,KSR Krishna; Raju,UV Bairagi (1989). "Black Drongo Dicrurus adsimilis nesting on electric pole". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 86 (3): 449–450.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  47. Thangamani A., K Paramanandham & AJT Johnsingh (1981). "'Helpers' among the Black Drongo (Dicrurus adsimilis)". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 78 (3): 602–603.
  48. Smith,TEH (1950). "Black Drongos fostering a Koel". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 49 (2): 304–305.
  49. Allen, GO (1920). "Birds of different species nesting in company". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 26: 1044.
  50. Shukkur,EAA & Joseph,KJ (1980). Proximity nesting of the Black Drongo and the Redvented Bulbul In Proceedings of the All India Symposium of Environmental Biology. Department of Zoology, University of Kerala. පිටු 40–42.
  51. Waite, HW (1920). "Birds of different species nesting in company". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 27 (1): 171.
  52. Van Gruisen, J (2004). "Red-vented bulbul Pycnonotus cafer feeding Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus chicks". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 101: 159–60.
  53. Melville, DS (1992). "Intense mobbing by a Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus". J. Bombay Natural History Society. 88: 285.
  54. Davies NB & Welbergen JA (2008). %20Welbergen%202008.pdf "Cuckoo-hawk mimicry? An experimental test" Check |url= value (help) (PDF). Proc. Biol. Sci. 275 (1644): 1817–1822. doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.0331. PMC 2587796. PMID 18467298.
  55. Nijman, Vincent (2004). "Seasonal variation in naturally occurring mobbing behaviour of drongos (Dicruridae) towards two avian predators". Ethology, Ecology and Evolution. 16 (1): 25–32. doi:10.1080/08927014.2004.9522651.
  56. Ali, AMS; Asokan S; Manikannan R & GT Nithiyanandam (2010). "Nest-site characteristics and breeding biology of the Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus in Cauvery Delta, Southern India" (PDF). World Applied Sciences Journal. 9 (11): 1280–1285.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  57. Nair, Manoj V (1995). "An instance of play behaviour in Black Drongo Dicrurus adsimilis (Bechstein)". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 92 (2): 266.
  58. Hore, B.B., Mehrotra, P.N., Hore, A. (1994). "Testicular melanin pigments and the gonadal cycle in a tropical wild passerine bird, Dicrurus adsimilis (Passeriformes, Dicruridae)". Functional and developmental morphology. 4 (1): 21–24. PMID 7819603.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  59. Duggal C. L. & Sushma Gupta (1986). "On Notopentorchis kherai, a new asian cestode (Dilepididae) parasitizing Dicrurus macrocercus at Chandigarh, India". Acta parasitologica Polonica. 31 (1–12): 1–5.
  60. Duggal C. L.; Gupta S (1987). "On a new avian cestode, Paruterina dicruri, from black drongo, Dicrurus macrocercus at Chandigarh, India". Rivista di Parassitologia. 48 (1): 89–92.
  61. Uchida, S. (1927). "Studies on amblycerous Mallophaga of Japan" (PDF). Journal of the College of Agriculture, Tokyo. 9 (1): 1–56.
  62. Palma, RL; RD Price (2006). "A note on Philopterus kalkalichi Ansari, 1955 (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera: Philopteridae)". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 33 (1): 7–9. doi:10.1080/03014223.2006.9518425.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  63. Nandi, Anadi P. (2005). "Data on the morphology of Viguiera dicrurusi Gupta, 1960 (Nematoda: Habronematidae) with notes on related forms" (PDF). Folia Parasitologica. 52 (3): 261–266. PMID 16270807.
  64. De N.C. (1979). "Viguiera majumdari sp. n. (Nematoda: Habronematidae) from the bird Dicrurus m. macrocercus (Vieill.) from West Bengal, India". Folia Parasitol. 26: 73–76.
  65. Sood M.L., Kalia R. (1978). "Viguiera adsimilisai n. sp. (Nematoda: Spiruridae) from Dicrurus adsimilis from India". Rivista di Parassitologia. 39: 23–25.
  66. Mundkur,Taej (1985). "Bee hunting by the Black Drongo". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 82 (2): 411.
  67. Parasharya, BM; Dodia, JF; Mathew, KL; Yadav, DN (1996). "The role of birds in the natural regulation of Helicoverpa armigera Hubner in wheat". Pavo. 34 (1&2): 33–38.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  68. Parasharya, BM; J F Dodia; K L Mathew & D N Yadav (1994). "Natural regulation of white grub (Holotrichia sp.: Scarabeidae) by birds in agroecosystem" (PDF). J. Biosci. 19 (4): 381–389. doi:10.1007/BF02703175.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  69. Anonymous (1998). "Vernacular Names of the Birds of the Indian Subcontinent" (PDF). Buceros. 3 (1): 53–109.
  70. Rose, HA (1910). "Panjab Folklore Notes". Folklore. 21 (2): 216–217. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1910.9719930.

වෙනත් ප්‍රභව

  • Bhujle,BV; Nadkarni,VB (1980) Histological and histochemical observations on the adrenal gland of four species of birds, Dicrurus macrocercus (Viellot), Centropus sinensis (Stephens), Sturnus pagodarum (Gmelin) and Columba livia (Gmelin). Zool. Beitrage 26(2):287–295.
  • Lamba,BS (1963) The nidification of some common Indian birds. 3. The Black Drongo (Dicrurus macrocercus Viellot). Res. Bull. Panjab Univ. 14(1–2):1–9.
  • Shukkur,EAA; Joseph,KJ (1980) Annual rhythm in the Black Drongo Dicrurus adsimilis (family Dicruridae, Passeriformes, Aves). Comparative Physiol. Ecol. 5(2):76–77.
  • Shukkur, EAA (1978) Biology, Ecology and Behaviour of the Black Drongo (Dicrurus adsimilis). Thesis, University of Calicut.

බාහිර සබැඳුම්

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ငှက်တော် ( birman )

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ငှက်တော်သည် လင်းမြီးဆွဲငှက်နှင့်အတူ 'ဒိုင်ကရိုရီဒေး' မျိုးရင်းတွင် ပါဝင်သည်။ ငှက်တော်မျိုး အများပင် ရှိသည်။ သတ္တဗေဒ(ပါဏဗေဒ‎) အမည်ဖြင့် 'ဒိုင်ကရုရပ်ပါရာဒီဆီယပ်ရန်ဂွန်နစ်ဆစ်' ဟုခေါ်သော ငှက်တော်ကို ငှက်တော်မြီးတော်ရှည်ဟူ၍ သိကြ သည်။ ကျီးကန်းလင်းမြီးဆွဲငှက်တို့ကဲ့သို့ သပိတ်ရောင် အဆင်းရှိသည်။ ကိုယ်အလျား ၁၄ လက်မရှိ၍ ရှည်လျားသော အမြီးခွသည် ၁၃ လက်မအထိ ထိုးထွက်နေသည်။

ဤငှက်တော်သည် အသံအမျိုးမျိုးပြု၍ အော်တတ်သည်။ အခြားငှက်များ၏ အသံကိုလည်း အတုခိုး၍ အော်တတ်သည်။ ထိုငှက်၏အော်သံကို တစ်နေ့လုံး အဝေးကပင် ကြားနိုင်သည်။ ၆ ကောင်ခန့် အသင်းအပင်းဖွဲ့၍ နားနေရာမှ မကြာခဏ ထပျံ ၍ ပိုးမွှားများကို ထိုးသုတ်တတ်ကြသည်။ ထိုနောက် နားနေရာ သို့ တစ်ဖန်ပြန်လာတတ်ကြသည်။ မတ်လမှ မေလအတွင်းတွင် ငှက်တော်ကလေးများ ပေါက်ကြသည်။ အသိုက်ကို ပင်မြင့် ပေါ်၌ လုပ်တတ်သည်။ တစ်မြုံလျှင် ၃ ဥမှ ၄ ဥ အထိ ရှိသည်။ ဥမှာ ရှည်မျောမျော ခပ်ချွန်ချွန်ဖြစ်သည်။ ဥအရောင် မှာ အဖြူအောက်ခံပေါ်တွင် အနီ၊ အညို၊ ခရမ်းရောင်အပြောက် အစက်များ ရှိသည်။

ဤငှက်တော်မျိုးကို အရှေ့တိုင်းနိုင်ငံများတွင် အနှံ့အပြား တွေ့ရသည်။ မြန်မာနိုင်ငံ ပဲခူးရိုးမတောင်ရှိ ကျွန်းတောများ တွင် အမြင်ရများသည်။ တောင်ခြေရှိ သစ်တောများတွင် နေလေ့ရှိသည်။ ပေ ၃ဝဝဝ ထက်မြင့်သော အရပ်ဒေသတွင် မနေကြချေ။[၉]

ကိုးကား

  1. BirdLife International (2008). Dicrurus macrocercus. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 2 March 2009.
  2. Vieillot, Louis Jean Pierre (1817). "{{{title}}}". Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle Appliquée aux Arts 9: 588.
  3. Hodgson, Brian Houghton (1836). "{{{title}}}". The India Review and Journal of Foreign Science and the Arts 1 (8): 326.
  4. Blyth, Edward (1850). "{{{title}}}". The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 19: 255.
  5. Swinhoe, Robert (1871). "{{{title}}}". Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London for the Year 2: 377.
  6. ၆.၀ ၆.၁ Kloss, Cecil Boden (1921). "{{{title}}}". Journal of the Federated Malay States Museums 10 pt. 3: 208.
  7. Baker, Edward Charles Stuart (1918). "{{{title}}}". Novitates Zoologicae 25: 299.
  8. (1939) in Neave, Sheffield A.: Nomenclator Zoologicus; a List of the Names of Genera and Subgenera in Zoology from the Tenth Edition of Linnaeus, 1758, to the End of 1935 (with supplements). Volume 1. Zoological Society of London, London, 425။
  9. မြန်မာ့စွယ်စုံကျမ်း၊ အတွဲ(၃)
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ဝီကီပီးဒီးယားစာရေးသူများနှင့်အယ်ဒီတာများ

ငှက်တော်: Brief Summary ( birman )

fornì da wikipedia emerging languages

ငှက်တော်သည် လင်းမြီးဆွဲငှက်နှင့်အတူ 'ဒိုင်ကရိုရီဒေး' မျိုးရင်းတွင် ပါဝင်သည်။ ငှက်တော်မျိုး အများပင် ရှိသည်။ သတ္တဗေဒ(ပါဏဗေဒ‎) အမည်ဖြင့် 'ဒိုင်ကရုရပ်ပါရာဒီဆီယပ်ရန်ဂွန်နစ်ဆစ်' ဟုခေါ်သော ငှက်တော်ကို ငှက်တော်မြီးတော်ရှည်ဟူ၍ သိကြ သည်။ ကျီးကန်းလင်းမြီးဆွဲငှက်တို့ကဲ့သို့ သပိတ်ရောင် အဆင်းရှိသည်။ ကိုယ်အလျား ၁၄ လက်မရှိ၍ ရှည်လျားသော အမြီးခွသည် ၁၃ လက်မအထိ ထိုးထွက်နေသည်။

ဤငှက်တော်သည် အသံအမျိုးမျိုးပြု၍ အော်တတ်သည်။ အခြားငှက်များ၏ အသံကိုလည်း အတုခိုး၍ အော်တတ်သည်။ ထိုငှက်၏အော်သံကို တစ်နေ့လုံး အဝေးကပင် ကြားနိုင်သည်။ ၆ ကောင်ခန့် အသင်းအပင်းဖွဲ့၍ နားနေရာမှ မကြာခဏ ထပျံ ၍ ပိုးမွှားများကို ထိုးသုတ်တတ်ကြသည်။ ထိုနောက် နားနေရာ သို့ တစ်ဖန်ပြန်လာတတ်ကြသည်။ မတ်လမှ မေလအတွင်းတွင် ငှက်တော်ကလေးများ ပေါက်ကြသည်။ အသိုက်ကို ပင်မြင့် ပေါ်၌ လုပ်တတ်သည်။ တစ်မြုံလျှင် ၃ ဥမှ ၄ ဥ အထိ ရှိသည်။ ဥမှာ ရှည်မျောမျော ခပ်ချွန်ချွန်ဖြစ်သည်။ ဥအရောင် မှာ အဖြူအောက်ခံပေါ်တွင် အနီ၊ အညို၊ ခရမ်းရောင်အပြောက် အစက်များ ရှိသည်။

ဤငှက်တော်မျိုးကို အရှေ့တိုင်းနိုင်ငံများတွင် အနှံ့အပြား တွေ့ရသည်။ မြန်မာနိုင်ငံ ပဲခူးရိုးမတောင်ရှိ ကျွန်းတောများ တွင် အမြင်ရများသည်။ တောင်ခြေရှိ သစ်တောများတွင် နေလေ့ရှိသည်။ ပေ ၃ဝဝဝ ထက်မြင့်သော အရပ်ဒေသတွင် မနေကြချေ။

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ဝီကီပီးဒီးယားစာရေးသူများနှင့်အယ်ဒီတာများ

Â-chhiu-chien ( Hak )

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Â-chhiu-chien (阿啾箭) he yit-chúng tiâu-é.

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Black drongo ( Anglèis )

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The black drongo (Dicrurus macrocercus) is a small Asian passerine bird of the drongo family Dicruridae. It is a common resident breeder in much of tropical southern Asia from southwest Iran through Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka east to southern China and Indonesia and accidental visitor of Japan. It is an all black bird with a distinctive forked tail and measures 28 cm (11 in) in length. It feeds on insects, and is common in open agricultural areas and light forest throughout its range, perching conspicuously on a bare perch or along power or telephone lines.

The species is known for its aggressive behaviour towards much larger birds, such as crows, never hesitating to dive-bomb any bird of prey that invades its territory. This behaviour earns it the informal name of king crow. Smaller birds often nest in the well-guarded vicinity of a nesting black drongo. Previously grouped along with the African fork-tailed drongo (Dicrurus adsimilis), the Asian forms are now treated as a separate species with several distinct populations.

The black drongo is listed as least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) on the IUCN Red List, due to its large range and relative commonness. It has been introduced to some Pacific islands, where it has thrived and become abundant to the point of threatening and causing the extinction of native and endemic bird species there.

Taxonomy and systematics

Typical silhouette

The black drongo was once considered a subspecies of the fork-tailed drongo (Dicrurus adsimilis),[9][10] a close relative that diverged relatively recently.[9][10][11][12] The two are now considered distinct species,[11][12] with the fork-tailed drongo restricted to Africa and separated from the Asian range of the black drongo.[11][12]

Seven subspecies have been named[12] but the largely contiguous populations show clinal variation and intergrade with each other. Individuals from northern India (ssp. albirictus) are larger than those from the Sri Lankan population minor while those from the peninsular India (nominate subspecies) are intermediate in size.[13] Race cathoecus is found in Thailand, Hong Kong and China.[14] This race has a much smaller rictal spot and the wings are dark with a greenish gloss.[12] In southern Siam a race thai is resident, but overlaps with wintering cathoecus. Race javanus is found on the islands of Java and Bali. Race harterti found in Formosa has the tail length less than the wing.[12]

Description

This bird is glossy black with a wide fork to the tail. Adults usually have a small white spot at the base of the gape. The iris is dark brown (not crimson as in the similar ashy drongo). The sexes cannot be told apart in the field. Juveniles are brownish and may have some white barring or speckling towards the belly and vent, and can be mistaken for the white-bellied drongo. First-year birds have white tips to the feathers of the belly, while second-years have these white-tipped feathers restricted to the vent.[15]

They are aggressive and fearless birds, and although only 28 cm (11 in) in length, they will attack much larger species that enter their nesting territory, including crows and birds of prey. This behaviour led to their former name of king crow. They fly with strong flaps of the wing and are capable of fast manoeuvres that enable them to capture flying insects.[16] With short legs, they sit upright on thorny bushes, bare perches or electricity wires. They may also perch on grazing animals.[17]

They are capable of producing a wide range of calls but a common call is a two note tee-hee call resembling that of the shikra (Accipiter badius).[13]

Distribution and habitat

The black drongo is found predominantly in open country and usually perches and hunts close to the ground. They are mostly aerial predators of insects but also glean from the ground or off vegetation. They are found as summer visitors to northeastern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan but are residents from the Indus Valley until Bangladesh and into India and Sri Lanka.[13] Some populations show seasonal movements[17] that are poorly understood while populations in Korea are known to be migratory.[18][19] The black drongo can be found in savanna, fields, and urban habitats.

Black drongos were introduced just before the Second World War from Taiwan to the island of Rota to help in the control of insects. It is believed that they dispersed over the sea to the island of Guam in the 1950s. By 1967, they were the fourth most commonly seen birds in roadside counts on Guam and are today the most abundant bird there.[20][21] Predation by and competition from black drongos have been suggested as factors in the decline of endemic bird species such as the Rota bridled white-eye[22] and the Guam flycatcher.[20][23]

Behaviour and ecology

Food and foraging

Black drongo sunning or possibly anting[24]

Black drongos become active very early at dawn and roost later than many other birds. They feed mainly on insects such as grasshoppers, cicadas,[25] termites, wasps, bees, ants, moths, beetles and dragonflies. They sometimes fly close to tree branches, attempting to disturb any insects that may be present. They congregate in fields being ploughed, picking up exposed caterpillars and beetle grubs. As many as 35 birds have been seen at such congregations. They are also attracted to fires in scrub and grasslands habitats where insects are disturbed.[26] They appear to avoid flies.[27] They associate with common mynas, cattle egrets and other birds that share a similar diet and habitat.[28] Drongos benefit from this association and are more successful in their foraging. There is only partial overlap in the insect prey sought by mynas and drongos although in rare instances the drongos may rob prey from mynas.[29] It is said that they imitate the call of the shikra so as to put mynas to flight and then to steal prey.[30] Similar behaviour, using false alarm calls, has been noted in the fork-tailed drongo.[31] There are some cases of the black drongo preying on small birds, reptiles, or maybe even bats.[32][33][34][35][36] It has been suggested that they may feed on birds more intensively on migration. An individual on a migratory stop-over island in Korea caught several birds one after the other, killing them by striking at the back of the head and neck and feeding selectively on parts, especially the brain.[19] They have also been on occasion seen feeding on fish[37][38] Flowers of trees such as Erythrina and Bombax may be visited for water and nectar[39] and they are sometimes known to feed on grains.[40] They are only rarely known to take larger arthropods such as scorpions and centipedes.[41][42] They feed on milkweed butterflies that are often avoided by other predators[43] and are known to feed late in the evening or night, often on insects attracted to artificial lights.[44][45][46]

Nesting and breeding

Nest in West Bengal

Black drongos breed mainly in February and March in southern India, and until August in other parts of the country. Males and females sing in the mornings during the breeding season. Courtship can include aerobatic chases and they may lock their wings and beaks together, with the pair sometimes falling to the ground. Displays may be made on the ground.[47] Pair bonds are retained for a whole breeding season. The nest is a cup made with a thin layer of sticks placed in the fork of branch, and is built in a week by both the male and female. Eggs are laid close to the first rains in April.[15] The usual clutch is three or rarely four eggs laid in a cup nest placed in the fork of an outer branch of tree. Large leafy trees such as the jackfruit are preferred. The eggs are pale cream to red with spots and markings and are 26 mm (1.0 in) long and 19 mm (0.75 in) wide. The eggs are incubated by both parents and hatch after 14 to 15 days. Nestlings are brooded for the first five days, after which the young are capable of maintaining a fairly constant body temperature.[15] A second clutch may be laid if the first is destroyed.[17] Nests are sometimes built in telephone poles.[48] A nesting territory of 0.003 to 0.012 km2 (0.3 to 1.2 hectares) is maintained.[15]

Helpers, offspring from the previous brood, have sometimes been noted to assist in feeding the fledglings at the nest of their parents.[49] Cases of brood parasitism by the Asian koel have been noted.[50] An average breeding success of 44% has been noted with the main cause of fledgling mortality being shortage of insect food which in turn was dependent on rainfall.[15]

Mobbing and proximity nesting

Fully fledged young yet to develop the forked tail

Their habit of driving away predators from near their nests is believed to encourage other birds such as orioles, doves, pigeons, babblers,[51] and especially bulbuls, to nest in the vicinity.[52][53] In one study 18 of 40 nests had red-vented bulbuls nesting within 10 metres (33 ft).[15] An abnormal case of interspecific feeding with a red-vented bulbul feeding the chicks of a black drongo at their nest has been recorded.[54]

[55] It has been suggested that the Asian drongo-cuckoo (Surniculus lugubris) has evolved to mimic this species.[56] The intensity of mobbing predators was studied in Java and observations showed that there was a significant increase in mobbing, during the nesting season, of some predators such as the Javan hawk-eagle but the black eagle, a nest predator is mobbed with equal intensity in all seasons. It has been suggested that this strategy may avoid giving away the location of nests during the breeding season.[57]

Growth and development

Young birds have a yellowish-red gape. The feather follicles appear on the fourth day and pin feathers emerge after a week. Nestlings increase in weight steadily until they are 12 days old. The eyes open on the eighth day, the iris reddish-black while the gape turns red. The young leave the nest after about 16 to 20 days after hatching. They do not have the fork in the tail until three weeks. The parents continue to feed and protect them for a month. Young birds may beg for food for longer, but are often ignored or chased away by the adults. Birds reach breeding condition in about two years.[15]

Egg, Collection Museum Wiesbaden

They are so aggressive that they may sometimes land on large birds of prey and peck them when mobbing.

Play behaviour has been observed with birds dropping a leaf in the air and catching it in mid-air and these may possibly help young birds acquire aerobatic skills.[58]

In southern India, they moult their feathers from June to October. The wing moult begins in July with the first primary and proceeds towards the tenth. Secondaries are replaced from August after the primaries are at the third quill. The secondary moult is not orderly, the 8th and 7th being dropped earlier than the rest. The tail feathers are moulted centrifugally.[15] Seasonal colour changes in the testicular tissues are caused by variation in melanin synthesis, with the dark pigmentation being lost during the breeding season.[59]

Parasites and diseases

Many ectoparasitic bird lice (Myrsidea spp. and Menacanthus spp.), endoparasitic cestodes[60][61] and nematodes have been described from this species.[62][63][64][65][66] However no predators or diseases are significant factors in adult mortality.[15]

Relationship to humans

Their habit of preying on bees[67] makes them a nuisance to bee-keepers, but farmers attract them to their fields using artificial perches in fields to encourage them to feed on pest insects.[68][69]

In culture

Being common, they have a wide range of local names. The older genus name of Buchanga was derived from the Hindi name of Bhujanga. Other local names include "srigunting hitam" in Indonesia, Thampal in Pakistan, Gohalo/Kolaho in Baluchistan, Kalkalachi in Sindhi, Kotwal (policeman) in Hindi; Finge or Finga in Bengali; Phesu in Assamese; Cheiroi in Manipuri; Kosita/Kalo koshi in Gujarati; Ghosia in Marathi; Kajalapati in Oriya; Kari kuruvi (charcoal bird), Erettai valan (two tail) in Tamil; Passala poli gadu in Telugu; Aanaranji (elephant snatcher) in Malayalam; Kari bhujanga in Kannada and Kalu Kawuda in Sinhalese.[70] The soliga people do not differentiate this and the bronzed drongo, both being known as karaḷi but the greater racket-tailed drongo is called dodda karaḷi (or large karaḷi).[71] A superstition in central India is that cattle would lose their horn if a newly fledged drongo alighted on it.[30] It is held in reverence in parts of Punjab in the belief that it brought water to Husayn ibn Ali, revered by Shī‘a Muslims.[72]

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  54. ^ Van Gruisen, J (2004). "Red-vented bulbul Pycnonotus cafer feeding Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus chicks". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 101: 159–160.
  55. ^ Melville, D.S. (1992). "Intense mobbing by a Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 88: 285.
  56. ^ Davies NB, Welbergen JA (2008). "Cuckoo-hawk mimicry? An experimental test" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 275 (1644): 1817–1822. doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.0331. PMC 2587796. PMID 18467298. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 June 2011.
  57. ^ Nijman, Vincent (2004). "Seasonal variation in naturally occurring mobbing behaviour of drongos (Dicruridae) towards two avian predators". Ethology, Ecology and Evolution. 16 (1): 25–32. doi:10.1080/08927014.2004.9522651. S2CID 55180015.
  58. ^ Nair, Manoj V (1995). "An instance of play behaviour in Black Drongo Dicrurus adsimilis (Bechstein)". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 92 (2): 266.
  59. ^ Hore, B.B.; Mehrotra, P.N.; Hore, A. (1994). "Testicular melanin pigments and the gonadal cycle in a tropical wild passerine bird, Dicrurus adsimilis (Passeriformes, Dicruridae)". Functional and Developmental Morphology. 4 (1): 21–24. PMID 7819603.
  60. ^ Duggal C. L. & Sushma Gupta (1986). "On Notopentorchis kherai, a new asian cestode (Dilepididae) parasitizing Dicrurus macrocercus at Chandigarh, India". Acta Parasitologica Polonica. 31 (1–12): 1–5.
  61. ^ Duggal C. L.; Gupta S (1987). "On a new avian cestode, Paruterina dicruri, from black drongo, Dicrurus macrocercus at Chandigarh, India". Rivista di Parassitologia. 48 (1): 89–92.
  62. ^ Uchida, S. (1927). "Studies on amblycerous Mallophaga of Japan" (PDF). Journal of the College of Agriculture, Tokyo. 9 (1): 1–56.
  63. ^ Palma, RL; RD Price (2006). "A note on Philopterus kalkalichi Ansari, 1955 (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera: Philopteridae)". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 33 (1): 7–9. doi:10.1080/03014223.2006.9518425. S2CID 85196271. Archived from the original on 24 May 2010.
  64. ^ Nandi, Anadi P. (2005). "Data on the morphology of Viguiera dicrurusi Gupta, 1960 (Nematoda: Habronematidae) with notes on related forms". Folia Parasitologica. 52 (3): 261–266. doi:10.14411/fp.2005.034. PMID 16270807.
  65. ^ De N.C. (1979). "Viguiera majumdari sp. n. (Nematoda: Habronematidae) from the bird Dicrurus m. macrocercus (Vieill.) from West Bengal, India". Folia Parasitol. 26: 73–76.
  66. ^ Sood M.L.; Kalia R. (1978). "Viguiera adsimilisai n. sp. (Nematoda: Spiruridae) from Dicrurus adsimilis from India". Rivista di Parassitologia. 39: 23–25.
  67. ^ Mundkur, Taej (1985). "Bee hunting by the Black Drongo". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 82 (2): 411.
  68. ^ Parasharya, BM; Dodia, JF; Mathew, K.L.; Yadav, D.N. (1996). "The role of birds in the natural regulation of Helicoverpa armigera Hubner in wheat". Pavo. 34 (1&2): 33–38.
  69. ^ Parasharya, BM; J F Dodia; K L Mathew & D N Yadav (1994). "Natural regulation of white grub (Holotrichia sp.: Scarabeidae) by birds in agroecosystem" (PDF). Journal of Biosciences. 19 (4): 381–389. doi:10.1007/BF02703175. S2CID 20382896.
  70. ^ Anonymous (1998). "Vernacular Names of the Birds of the Indian Subcontinent". Buceros. 3 (1): 53–109.
  71. ^ Agnihotri, Samira; Si, Aung (2012). "Solega Ethno-Ornithology". Journal of Ethnobiology. 32 (2): 185–211. doi:10.2993/0278-0771-32.2.185. ISSN 0278-0771. S2CID 145470323.
  72. ^ Rose, HA (1910). "Panjab Folklore Notes". Folklore. 21 (2): 216–217. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1910.9719930.
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Black drongo: Brief Summary ( Anglèis )

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The black drongo (Dicrurus macrocercus) is a small Asian passerine bird of the drongo family Dicruridae. It is a common resident breeder in much of tropical southern Asia from southwest Iran through Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka east to southern China and Indonesia and accidental visitor of Japan. It is an all black bird with a distinctive forked tail and measures 28 cm (11 in) in length. It feeds on insects, and is common in open agricultural areas and light forest throughout its range, perching conspicuously on a bare perch or along power or telephone lines.

The species is known for its aggressive behaviour towards much larger birds, such as crows, never hesitating to dive-bomb any bird of prey that invades its territory. This behaviour earns it the informal name of king crow. Smaller birds often nest in the well-guarded vicinity of a nesting black drongo. Previously grouped along with the African fork-tailed drongo (Dicrurus adsimilis), the Asian forms are now treated as a separate species with several distinct populations.

The black drongo is listed as least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) on the IUCN Red List, due to its large range and relative commonness. It has been introduced to some Pacific islands, where it has thrived and become abundant to the point of threatening and causing the extinction of native and endemic bird species there.

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Dicrurus macrocercus ( Spagneul; Castilian )

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El drongo real (Dicrurus macrocercus) es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Dicruridae ampliamente distribuido por el sur y este de Asia. Se extiende desde la India y Sri Lanka al este de China y Java.

Galería

Referencias

  1. BirdLife International (2008). «Dicrurus macrocercus». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2008 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 11 de febrero de 2011.

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Dicrurus macrocercus: Brief Summary ( Spagneul; Castilian )

fornì da wikipedia ES

El drongo real (Dicrurus macrocercus) es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Dicruridae ampliamente distribuido por el sur y este de Asia. Se extiende desde la India y Sri Lanka al este de China y Java.

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Drongo beltz ( Basch )

fornì da wikipedia EU

Drongo beltza (Dicrurus macrocercus) Dicrurus generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Dicruridae familian sailkatua dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez) IOC Master List
  2. Vieillot, Louis Jean Pierre (1817) Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle Appliquée aux Arts 9 588. or..
  3. Hodgson, Brian Houghton (1836) The India Review and Journal of Foreign Science and the Arts 1 (8): 326.
  4. Blyth, Edward (1850) The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 19: 255.
  5. Swinhoe, Robert (1871) Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London for the Year 2: 377.
  6. a b Kloss, Cecil Boden Journal of the Federated Malay States Museums 10 (3): 208.
  7. Baker, Edward Charles Stuart (1918) «Some Notes on the Dicruridae» Novitates Zoologicae 25: 299.

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Drongo beltz: Brief Summary ( Basch )

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Drongo beltza (Dicrurus macrocercus) Dicrurus generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Dicruridae familian sailkatua dago.

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Mustadrongo ( Finlandèis )

fornì da wikipedia FI

Mustadrongo (Dicrurus macrocercus)[2] on drongojen heimoon kuuluva varpuslintu.

Levinneisyys

Mustadrongoa tavataan laajalla alueella Etelä-, Itä- ja Kaakkois-Aasiassa. Lajin maailmanlaajuista populaatiota ei tiedetä, mutta sekä Kiinassa että Taiwanissa arvioidaan pesivän 10 000–100 000 paria. Mustadrongo on luokiteltu elinvoimaiseksi.[1]

Lähteet

  1. a b c BirdLife International: Dicrurus macrocercus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. 2012. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 30.11.2013. (englanniksi)
  2. Väisänen, R. A.; Högmander, H.; Björklund, H.; Hänninen, L.; Lammin-Soila, M.; Lokki, J. & Rauste, V.: Maailman lintujen suomenkieliset nimet. 2., uudistettu painos. Helsinki: BirdLife Suomi ry, 2006. Teoksen verkkoversio.
Tämä lintuihin liittyvä artikkeli on tynkä. Voit auttaa Wikipediaa laajentamalla artikkelia.
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Mustadrongo: Brief Summary ( Finlandèis )

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Mustadrongo (Dicrurus macrocercus) on drongojen heimoon kuuluva varpuslintu.

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Drongo royal ( Fransèis )

fornì da wikipedia FR

Dicrurus macrocercus

Le Drongo royal (Dicrurus macrocercus) est une espèce de passereaux de la famille des Dicruridae.

Description

C'est un oiseau entièrement noir, avec une queue fourchue caractéristique, qui mesure 28 cm de longueur pour un poids de 40 à 60 g.

Alimentation

Black Drongo DSC9890.jpg

Il se nourrit principalement d'insectes, c'est pourquoi il est courant de le voir dans les champs et les bois de tout son domaine de répartition, posé sur un perchoir bien visible ou sur les lignes électriques ou téléphoniques. Il mange aussi parfois des oisillons dans leur nid et des petites chauve-souris.

Parfois il boit du nectar des fleurs d'arbres fromagers bombax insigna et bombax ceiba (salmalia malabarica).

Comportement

L'espèce est connue pour son comportement agressif envers les oiseaux beaucoup plus grands que lui, tels que les corneilles, n'hésitant pas à plonger en bombe sur tout oiseau de proie qui envahit son territoire. Les petits oiseaux nichent souvent dans le voisinage bien gardé d'un nid de Drongo royal.

Répartition

Cet oiseau réside dans une grande partie du sud de l'Asie tropicale depuis le sud-ouest de l'Iran en passant par l'Inde et l'est du Sri Lanka au sud de la Chine et l'Indonésie.

 src=
Distribution du Drongo royal

Introduit dans certaines îles du Pacifique, il a prospéré et est devenu tellement abondant qu'il menace ou a causé l'extinction d'espèces d'oiseaux indigènes endémiques.

Habitat

Le drongo royal vit à l'orée des forêts, dans des endroits couverts de buissons et d'arbres isolés et aussi dans les parcs et jardins des villes.

Reproduction

Black Drongo chicks I IMG 4413.jpg

Ce passereau construit un nid à la fourche d'une branche d'un arbre feuillu (manguier, acacia nilotica, prosopis spicifera ou chêne quercus) entre 2 et 12 m au dessus du sol. Ce nid est constitué de rameaux et de filaments végétaux. La femelle pond de 2 à 3 œufs. Les deux parents couvent à tour de rôle pendant 16 jours puis nourrissent les oisillons.

Le drongo élève aussi souvent à son insu un coucou.[1]

Chant

Taxonomie

Longtemps considéré comme une sous-espèce du Drongo brillant (Dicrurus adsimilis), il est maintenant reconnu comme une espèce à part entière.

Galerie

Sous-espèces

D'après la classification de référence (version 5.2, 2015) du Congrès ornithologique international, cette espèce est constituée des sept sous-espèces suivantes (ordre phylogénique) :

  • Dicrurus macrocercus albirictus (Hodgson) 1836 ;
  • Dicrurus macrocercus macrocercus Vieillot 1817 ;
  • Dicrurus macrocercus minor Blyth 1850 ;
  • Dicrurus macrocercus cathoecus Swinhoe 1871 ;
  • Dicrurus macrocercus thai Kloss 1921 ;
  • Dicrurus macrocercus harterti Baker, ECS 1918 ;
  • Dicrurus macrocercus javanus Kloss 1921.

Notes et références

  1. Jiří Felix (trad. Jean et Renée Karel), Faune d'Asie, Gründ, 1982, 302 p. (ISBN 2-7000-1512-6), Drongo royal page 74

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Drongo royal: Brief Summary ( Fransèis )

fornì da wikipedia FR

Dicrurus macrocercus

Le Drongo royal (Dicrurus macrocercus) est une espèce de passereaux de la famille des Dicruridae.

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Srigunting hitam ( Indonesian )

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Srigunting hitam (bahasa Latin: Dicrurus macrocercus) adalah spesies burung dari keluarga Dicruridae, dari genus Dicrurus. Burung ini merupakan jenis burung pemakan capung, kumbang, belalang, rayap, kupu-kupu yang memiliki habitat di pesisir, dataran rendah, tempat terbuka, tersebar sampai ketinggian 1600 m dpl.

Ciri-ciri

Srigunting hitam memiliki tubuh berukuran sedang (29 cm). Tubuh warna hitam buram. Paruh relatif kecil. Ekor sangat panjang dan menggarpu dalam, sering membentuk sudut menakjubkan.

Burung remaja: memiliki garis-garis keputihan pada tubuh bawah. Iris merah, paruh hitam, kaki hitam. Sering hinggap di pohon kecil, tonggak, atau kabel.

Sarang berbentuk cawan, pada dahan bercabang horisontal dekat permukaan tanah. Telur berwarna putih berbintik coklat, jumlah 2 butir. Berbiak bulan April-Desember.

Penyebaran

  • Iran, India, Cina, Asia tenggara (kecuali Semenanjung Malaysia).
  • Jawa, Bali.

Galeri

Referensi

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2012). "Dicrurus macrocercus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Diakses tanggal 16 July 2012.Pemeliharaan CS1: Menggunakan parameter penulis (link)
  2. ^ Vieillot, Louis Jean Pierre (1817). Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle Appliquée aux Arts. 9: 588. Tidak memiliki atau tanpa |title= (bantuan)
  3. ^ Hodgson, Brian Houghton (1836). The India Review and Journal of Foreign Science and the Arts. 1 (8): 326. Tidak memiliki atau tanpa |title= (bantuan)
  4. ^ Blyth, Edward (1850). The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. 19: 255. Tidak memiliki atau tanpa |title= (bantuan)
  5. ^ Swinhoe, Robert (1871). Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London for the Year. 2: 377. Tidak memiliki atau tanpa |title= (bantuan)
  6. ^ a b Kloss, Cecil Boden (1921). Journal of the Federated Malay States Museums. 10. pt. 3: 208. Tidak memiliki atau tanpa |title= (bantuan)
  7. ^ Baker, Edward Charles Stuart (1918). "Some Notes on the Dicruridae". Novitates Zoologicae. 25: 299.
  8. ^ Neave, Sheffield A., ed. (1939). Nomenclator Zoologicus; a List of the Names of Genera and Subgenera in Zoology from the Tenth Edition of Linnaeus, 1758, to the End of 1935 (with supplements). Volume 1. Zoological Society of London, London. hlm. 425.
Scilab128.png Artikel bertopik burung ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.
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Srigunting hitam: Brief Summary ( Indonesian )

fornì da wikipedia ID

Srigunting hitam (bahasa Latin: Dicrurus macrocercus) adalah spesies burung dari keluarga Dicruridae, dari genus Dicrurus. Burung ini merupakan jenis burung pemakan capung, kumbang, belalang, rayap, kupu-kupu yang memiliki habitat di pesisir, dataran rendah, tempat terbuka, tersebar sampai ketinggian 1600 m dpl.

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Dicrurus macrocercus ( Italian )

fornì da wikipedia IT

Il drongo nero (Dicrurus macrocercus Vieillot, 1817) è un uccello passeriforme appartenente alla famiglia Dicruridae[2].

Etimologia

Il nome scientifico della specie, macrocercus, deriva dall'aggiunta del prefissoide di origine greca macro- ("grande") con la parola anch'essa greca κερκος (kerkos, "coda"), col significato di "dalla coda lunga", in riferimento all'aspetto della coda di questi uccelli.

Questi uccelli presentano un vasto numero di nomi comuni nel loro areale, fra i quali kari bhujanga (da cui il nome scientifico obsoleto del genere Dicrurus, Bhuchanga) in lingua kannada, kotwal ("poliziotto", per la loro territorialità) in hindi, kari kuruvi ("uccello di carbone") o rettai valan ("due code") in lingua tamil, kaaka tampuratti ("regina di corvi", per il coraggio con cui aggredisce e scaccia anche grossi uccelli) in lingua malayalam[3].

Descrizione

 src=
Esemplare in natura.
 src=
Esemplare nel Karnataka.

Dimensioni

Misura 26–31 cm di lunghezza[4]. A parità d'età, i maschi sono leggermente più grossi rispetto alle femmine: sussiste inoltre una certa variabilità a livello di dimensioni fra le varie sottospecie[4].

Aspetto

Si tratta di uccelli dall'aspetto robusto e slanciato, muniti di grossa testa di forma arrotondata, becco conico e robusto di media lunghezza e dall'estremità adunca, zampe corte, lunghe ali digitate e coda lunga (175–206 mm[4]) e dalla metà distale profondamente forcuta, con le due punte lievemente incurvate verso l'esterno nella parte distale.

Il piumaggio si presenta interamente di colore nero lucido, con presenza di riflessi metallici bluastri su testa, dorso, ali e petto, evidenti (anche se non molto, a differenza di quanto osservabile in numerose altre specie di drongo) quando l'animale si trova nella luce diretta: sul basso ventre, sui fianchi e sugli orli di ali e coda il piumaggio tende ad essere più opaco e con sfumature grigio-cannella. Alla base del becco, sui due lati, si trova una caratteristica macchiolina circolare di colore bianco.
I due sessi sono del tutto simili fra loro, sebbene le femmine tendano genericamente a presentare piumaggio meno brillante e coda mediamente più corta rispetto ai maschi: nei giovani fino al secondo anno d'età, invece, la colorazione è sfumata di bruno e le penne del ventre presentano punta di colore biancastro, rendendo questi uccelli simili al drongo ventrebianco.

Il becco e le zampe si presentano di colore nero: gli occhi sono invece di colore bruno-rossiccio.

Biologia

 src=
Esemplare intento a fare un bagno di formiche.
 src=
Esemplare il volo nel Tamil Nadu.

Il drongo nero è un uccello dalle abitudini di vita essenzialmente diurne, che tende a vivere da solo fino al momento in cui trova un partner, momento a partire dal quale passerà la vita in coppia fino alla morte sua o del compagno: in caso di fonti di cibo particolarmente abbondanti, come i campi freschi di mietitura, tuttavia, numerosi esemplari residenti nell'area circostante (fino a 35) possono raggrupparsi per un breve periodo di tempo, salvo fare poi ritorno ai rispettivi territori[5].

 src=
Esemplare vocalizza in natura.
 src=
Esemplare si ciba a Hong Kong.

I dronghi neri passano la maggior parte della giornata appollaiati su un posatoio in evidenza, generalmente la punta del ramo di un albero o di un arbusto: da tale posatoio, essi tengono costantemente d'occhio i dintorni, alla ricerca di eventuali possibili prede o di intrusi conspecifici o comunque visti come una minaccia. Nel primo caso, l'animale spicca il volo, ghermendo la preda al suolo o anche al volo (mostrandosi capaci di veloci manovre aeree nello stretto[6]) oppure catturandola fra i rami o il fogliame, mentre nel secondo caso l'intruso viene redarguito con richiami d'allarme ed in seguito aggredito senza complimenti, con picchiate e colpi di becco[7]: i dronghi neri, infatti, sono uccelli molto territoriali, che non badano alle dimensioni degli intrusi, aggredendo anche rapaci e grossi corvi qualora osino avvicinarsi troppo. Questa territorialà, che non si applica su uccelli che non vengono visti come una minaccia (sebbene durante il periodo degli amori i dronghi neri divengano ancora più aggressivi e possano scacciare anche animali di specie normalmente ignorate), fa sì che non di rado al drongo nero si associano altre specie che cercano il cibo al suolo, come storni tristi ed aironi guardabuoi[8].

Richiamo.
Richiamo.

Come tutti i dronghi, anche il drongo nero è un uccello molto vocale in grado di emettere una grande varietà di suoni. Questi uccelli vocalizzano soprattutto durante le prime ore del mattino e verso sera, non di rado esibendosi in duetti e ritirandosi a riposare più tardi rispetto alla maggior parte degli altri uccelli diurni coi quali condividono l'areale[9][10][11]: fra i richiami emessi dal drongo nero vi sono sia aspri e gracchianti versi d'allarme che altri più flautati o liquidi, nonché alti stridii bitonali simili al richiamo dello shikra e non l'ultima l'imitazione dei versi di altri uccelli.

Alimentazione

 src=
Esemplare mangia un'ape a Chandigarh.
 src=
Esemplare si nutre a Calcutta.

Il drongo nero è un uccello fondamentalmente insettivoro: questi uccelli si nutrono di una grande varietà di insetti ed altri invertebrati, principalmente cavallette, locuste e grilli, ma anche cicale[12], termiti, coleotteri, libellule e lepidotteri (fra cui le Danainae, generalmente evitate dagli altri insettivori[13]). I dronghi neri evitano le mosche[14], mentre sono molto ghiotti di vespe ed api (motivo per il quale non sono visti di buon occhio dagli apicoltori)[15]: fra le altre prede favorite vi sono i ragni, mentre solo raramente questi uccelli predano grossi invertebrati aggressivi come centopiedi e scorpioni[16][17]. Grazie alla loro dieta insettivora, talvolta i dronghi vengono utilizzati come insetticida naturale posizionando pali nei campi coltivati che fungeranno da posatoi[18][19].
Oltre agli invertebrati, i dronghi neri possono cibarsi anche di piccoli vertebrati, predando soprattutto piccoli uccelli (dei quali mangiano solo alcune parti, come il cervello)[20][21][22], ma anche pesci[23][24], rettili, anfibi e perfino pipistrelli[25]: queste prede sembrano essere favorite dalle popolazioni migratorie e durante la migrazione, mentre i dronghi stanziali raramente cacciano vertebrati[26].
Molto sporadicamente, infine, i dronghi neri possono cibarsi di cibo di origine vegetale, visitando gli alberi di Bombax ed Eythrina (allo scopo di suggere i fiori, per ottenere acqua e nettare[27]) e piluccando granaglie[28].

 src=
Due dronghi neri a caccia nei pressi di un lampione.
 src=
Esemplare sul dorso di un bovino nel Kerala.

Per reperire il cibo, i dronghi tengono d'occhio i dintorni da un posatoio elevato, volando velocemente per raggiungere la preda al suolo o fra rami e fogliame oppure catturandola al volo[6]: di tanto in tanto, questi uccelli spiccano il volo e sorvolano i dintorni tenendosi vicino ai rami o al suolo, cibandosi degli insetti che si levano in volo o cercano di allontanarsi spaventati. Per lo stesso motivo, i dronghi neri sono attratti dai fuochi o dalle aree di semina, dove possono cibarsi delle grandi quantità di piccoli animali che sono costretti a scappare[5]: inoltre, i dronghi neri hanno beneficiato dell'urbanizzazione del loro areale appostandosi sotto le luci delle città per cibarsi degli insetti attratti[9][10][11]. Questi uccelli, infine, non di rado si appollaiano sul dorso di bovini od ovini intenti a brucare, dal quale possono godere sia di una visuale a trecentosessanta gradi della zona circostante, sia di un "passaggio"[29].
Similmente all'affine drongo codaforcuta, anche il drongo nero può emettere richiami d'allarme ingiustificati o addirittura richiami di predatori (come lo shikra) per spaventare gli altri uccelli (in particolare lo storno triste) ed indurli alla fuga, cibandosi poi del cibo da loro lasciato sul luogo[30].

Riproduzione

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Nido con pulli a Calcutta.

Il drongo nero è un uccello rigidamente monogamo: la stagione riproduttiva comincia fra la fine di febbraio e l'inizio di marzo proseguendo fino a giugno[4]. Durante questo periodo, le coppie portano generalmente avanti una singola covata: nel caso questa vada perduta per qualche motivo, i due partner possono cercare di portarne avanti una seconda, estendendo la stagione riproduttiva fino ad agosto inoltrato[4].

Il corteggiamento è composto da voli acrobatici, durante i quali i due partner (la cui maturità sessuale viene raggiunta attorno al secondo anno d'età[31]) cercano di tenersi il becco e le ali, finendo spesso per cadere al suolo[32].

Il nido, fragile e sottile, è a forma di coppa: esso viene costruito in circa una settimana da ambedue i sessi, intrecciando alla biforcazione della parte distale di un ramo d'albero (utilizzando di preferenza come siti di nidifcazione vecchi alberi dalle foglie larghe, come la giaca[33], ma nidificando alla bisogna anche su lampioni o altri tipi di supporto[34]) fibre vegetali e rametti sottili.

 src=
Uovo.

All'interno del nido la femmina depone 2-4 uova di colore che varia dal bianco-crema al rosato, con presenza di screziature brune: esse vengono covate alternativamente da ambedue i genitori, e schiudono a 14-15 giorni dalla deposizione.
I pulli sono ciechi ed implumi alla schiusa: per i primi cinque giorni di vita essi vengono costantemente coperti da uno dei genitori, mentre l'altro si occupa di reperire il cibo per nutrirli, mentre a partire dal quinto giorno (quando cioè è spuntato il piumino) essi sono in grado di termoregolare in autonomia ed entrambi i genitori si dedicano alla ricerca di cibo[35]. Gli occhi vengono aperti solitamente all'ottavo giorno di vita, mentre a 16-20 giorni dalla schiusa avviene l'involo, con la biforcazione della coda che viene acquisita a circa tre settimane d'età.

 src=
Giovane esemplare (notare il ventre biancastro) a Chhapar.
 src=
Due giovani (notare la coda non forcuta) nel Bengala occidentale.

Dopo l'involo, i giovani rimangono nei pressi del nido, continuando ad essere nutriti dai genitori (talvolta coadiuvati da degli aiutanti, che in genere sono giovani appartenenti alla covata dell'anno precedente[36], ed in una singola occasione anche dalle coppie di bulbul ventrerosso nidificanti nelle vicinanze[37]) ancora per un mese circa, dopodiché (nonostante non di rado essi continuino a mendicare il cibo ai genitori) vengono solitamente ignorati o scacciati, di fatto affrancandosi dalle cure parentali. I giovani dronghi neri mostrano un'attività classificabile come gioco, portando in quota delle foglie o delle pagliuzze e cercando di recuperarle al volo mentre cadono[38].

Durante la stagione degli amori, i dronghi neri divengono ancora più aggressivi, aggredendo fieramente anche grossi rapaci per scacciarli dai dintorni del nido[39]: essi difendono un territorio di 0,3-1,2 ettari di estensione attorno al nido[35]. La loro aggressività viene sfruttata da numerosi altri uccelli (orioli, colombe, garruli e bulbul[40], nonché il cuculo drongo codaquadrata che mostra mimetismo batesiano nei confronti del drongo nero[41]), che ne approfittano per nidificare nelle vicinanze dei nidi di drongo nero[42][43].

Il drongo nero subisce parassitismo di cova da parte del koel comune[44].

Distribuzione e habitat

 src=
Esemplare a Bangalore.

Il drongo nero è una specie asiatica, che popola un vasto areale che si estende dalla valle dell'Indo e dalle proggini orientali dell'Afghanistan al sud della Cina, a Taiwan ed al Tenasserim, attraverso le pendici meridionali dell'Himalaya, il subcontinente indiano e la penisola indocinese: una popolazione (rappresentante una sottospecie a sé stante) è inoltre presente a Giava e a Bali.

Le popolazioni meridionali tendono ad essere residenti nell'ambito del proprio areale: le popolazioni settentrionali, invece, durante l'inverno tendono a migrare verso sud fino in Sri Lanka (dove sono già presenti popolazioni residenti) e nella penisola malese[45], mentre durante il periodo caldo si spostano a nord fino a Kashmir, Tibet sud-orientale, Cina centrale e orientale, Manciuria e Corea nord-occidentale[26].
Il drongo nero è stato inoltre introdotto immediatamente prima della Seconda Guerra Mondiale sull'isola di Rota, nelle isole Marianne, dove si è ambientata perfettamente, colonizzando nel corso degli anni '50 anche la vicina Guam e rappresentando attualmente una delle specie di uccello più comuni[46], oltre ad avere molto verosimilmente giocato un ruolo piuttosto importante nel declino degli endemici occhialino di Rota e pigliamosche di Guam[47].

L'habitat di questi animali è virtualmente rappresentato da ogni tipologia di area alberata sul limitare di una radura erbosa o di uno spiazzo più aperto, dalla foresta pluviale tropicale alla savana: questi uccelli, inoltre, tollerano molto bene l'antropizzazione del proprio areale, colonizzando senza problemi anche le piantagioni e le coltivazioni e le aree periferiche e suburbane di villaggi ed insediamenti urbani.

Tassonomia

Se ne riconoscono sette sottospecie[2]:

 src=
Esemplare impagliato della sottospecie nominale.

In passato, la specie veniva accorpata al drongo codafrocuta, rispetto al quale presenta differenze nella morfometria ed più consistenti nei richiami, oltre all'areale disgiunto: recenti studi genetici hanno tuttavia confermato la stretta parentela fra le due specie[48].

Nella cultura di massa

Il drongo nero è molto presente nel folklore dell'India: nel Punjab si ritiene che il drongo nero abbia portato l'acqua all'assetato al-Husayn ibn Ali[49], mentre nel Deccan vedere uno di questi uccelli posarsi sul corno di uno zebù è considerato un cattivo auspicio[50].

Note

  1. ^ (EN) BirdLife International 2012, Dicrurus macrocercus, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ a b (EN) Gill F. and Donsker D. (eds), Family Dicruridae, in IOC World Bird Names (ver 9.2), International Ornithologists’ Union, 2019. URL consultato il 30 novembre 2018.
  3. ^ Vernacular Names of the Birds of the Indian Subcontinent, in Buceros, vol. 3, n. 1, 1998, p. 53–109.
  4. ^ a b c d e (EN) Black Drongo (Dicrurus macrocercus), su HBW Alive. URL consultato il 30 novembre 2018.
  5. ^ a b Biddulph, C. H., Possible association between the large yellow-naped woodpecker and the large racket-tailed drongo, in Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, vol. 52, p. 209.
  6. ^ a b Chari, N.; Janaki Rama Rao, N.; Ramesh, R.; Sattaiah, G., Comparative studies on flight characteristics, moment of inertia and flight behaviour of two fly-catchers, Dicrurus adsimilis and Merops orientalis, in Ind. J. Exp. Biol., vol. 20, 1982, p. 894–896.
  7. ^ Melville, D. S., Intense mobbing by a Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus, in Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, vol. 88, 1992, p. 285.
  8. ^ Dewar, D., King-Crows and Mynas as mess-mates, in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 16, n. 2, 1905, p. 364–366.
  9. ^ a b Jamdar, N., Nocturnal habits of Black Drongo (Dicrurus adsimilis), in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 80, n. 1, 1983, p. 218.
  10. ^ a b Sharma, S. K., Nocturnal feeding by Black Drongo, in Newsletter for Birdwatchers, vol. 31, n. 3-4, 1991, p. 8.
  11. ^ a b Nameer, P. O., Midnight feeding by black drongo, in Newsletter for Birdwatchers, vol. 30, 7–8, 1990, p. 9.
  12. ^ Fischer, C. E. C., Drongo and cicada, in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 29, n. 3, 1923, p. 839–840.
  13. ^ Ali, S. & Ripley, S. D., Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan, vol. 5, II, Oxford University Press, 1986, p. 114–118, ISBN 0-19-562063-1.
  14. ^ Mason, C. W. & Maxwell-Lefroy, H., Entomological series, in The food of birds in India, vol. 3, Department of Agriculture in India, 1911, p. 69–73.
  15. ^ Mundkur, T., Bee hunting by the Black Drongo, in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 82, n. 2, 1985, p. 411.
  16. ^ Sharma, I. K., Grey Shrike and Black Drongo hunting scorpion and the centipede, in Newsletter for Birdwatchers, vol. 20, n. 5, 1980, p. 6.
  17. ^ Bhargava, R. N., The Bank Myna Acridotheres ginginianus and King Crow Dicrurus adsimilis preying upon the Cricket Acheta (Orthoptera:Gryllidae), in Newsletter for Birdwatchers, vol. 21, n. 12, 1981, p. 18–19.
  18. ^ Parasharya, B. M.; Dodia, J. F.; Mathew, K. L.; Yadav, D. N., The role of birds in the natural regulation of Helicoverpa armigera Hubner in wheat, in Pavo, vol. 34, n. 1-2, 1996, p. 33–38.
  19. ^ Parasharya, B. M.; Dodia, J. F.; Mathew, K. L.; Yadav, D. N., Natural regulation of white grub (Holotrichia sp.: Scarabeidae) by birds in agroecosystem (PDF), in J. Biosci., vol. 19, n. 4, 1994, p. 381–389, DOI:10.1007/BF02703175.
  20. ^ Sridharan, U. & Sivasubramanian, C., Additional records of the Black Drongo (Dicrurus adsimilis) feeding on birds, in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 83, 1987, p. 212–213.
  21. ^ D'Silva, C.; Sankaran, R.; Mohapatra, K. K.; Chandra, J., Indian Black Drongo Dicrurus adsimilis eating a bird, in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 87, 1990, p. 301.
  22. ^ Jayson, E. A. & Ramachandran, K. K., Indian Black Drongo Dicrurus adsimilis (Bechstein) feeding on a small bird, in Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, vol. 91, n. 2, 1994, p. 320.
  23. ^ Senthilmurugan, B., Fish in the diet of the Black Drongo, in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 102, n. 1, 2005, p. 116.
  24. ^ Serrao, J. S., Black Drongo (Dicrurus adsimilis) fishing, in Newsletter for Birdwatchers, vol. 11, n. 7, 1971, p. 10.
  25. ^ Osmaston, B. B., Predaceous habit of the Common King Crow, in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 28, 1922, p. 546.
  26. ^ a b Hong, G.-P.; Bing, G.-C:; Choi, C.-Y.; Nam, H.-Y.; I.-J.; Kim, S.-J.; Park, J.-G.; Chae, H.-Y., Migrating Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus feeding on Passerines on a Stopover Island, Korea, in J. Yamashina Inst. Ornithol., vol. 41, 2010, p. 200-203.
  27. ^ Aluri J. S. R. & Srungavarapu P. R., Passerine bird pollination and fruiting behaviour in a dry season blooming tree species, Erythrina suberosa Roxb. (Fabaceae) in the Eastern Ghats forests, India, in Ornithological Science, vol. 3, n. 2, 2004, p. 139–144, DOI:10.2326/osj.3.139.
  28. ^ Dodia, J. F.; Parasharya, B. M.; Yadav, D. N., Black Drongo feeding on Sorghum grains, in Pavo, vol. 27, n. 1-2, 1989, p. 75–76.
  29. ^ Whistler, H., Popular handbook of Indian birds, IV, Gurney & Jackson, London, 1949, p. 155–157.
  30. ^ Veena, T. & Lokesha, R., Association of drongos with myna flocks: Are drongos benefitted ? (PDF), in J. Biosci., vol. 18, n. 1, 1993, p. 111–119, DOI:10.1007/BF02703043.
  31. ^ Hore, B. B.; Mehrotra, P. N.; Hore, A., Testicular melanin pigments and the gonadal cycle in a tropical wild passerine bird, Dicrurus adsimilis (Passeriformes, Dicruridae), in Functional and developmental morphology, vol. 4, n. 1, 1994, p. 21–24, PMID 7819603.
  32. ^ Neelakantan, K. K., Courtship and mating of the black drongo, in Newsletter for Birdwatchers, vol. 2, n. 4, 1962, p. 9.
  33. ^ Ali, A. M. S.; Asokan S.; Manikannan, R.; Nithiyanandam, G. T., Nest-site characteristics and breeding biology of the Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus in Cauvery Delta, Southern India (PDF), in World Applied Sciences Journal, vol. 9, n. 11, 2010, p. 1280–1285. URL consultato il 1º dicembre 2018 (archiviato dall'url originale l'8 ottobre 2011).
  34. ^ Raju, K. S. R. K. & Raju, U. V. B., Black Drongo Dicrurus adsimilis nesting on electric pole, in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 86, n. 3, 1989, p. 449–450.
  35. ^ a b Shukkur, E. A. A. & Joseph, K. J., Breeding biology of the Black Drongo, in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 75, n. 4, 1978, p. 1212–1226.
  36. ^ Thangamani, A.; Paramanandham, K.; Johnsingh, A. J. T., 'Helpers' among the black drongo (Dicrurus adsimilis), in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 78, n. 3, 1981, p. 602–603.
  37. ^ Van Gruisen, J., Red-vented bulbul Pycnonotus cafer feeding Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus chicks, in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 101, 2004, p. 159–160.
  38. ^ Nair, M. V., An instance of play behaviour in Black Drongo Dicrurus adsimilis (Bechstein), in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 92, n. 2, 1995, p. 266.
  39. ^ Nijman, V., Seasonal variation in naturally occurring mobbing behaviour of drongos (Dicruridae) towards two avian predators , in Ethology, Ecology and Evolution, vol. 16, n. 1, 2004, p. 25–32, DOI:10.1080/08927014.2004.9522651.
  40. ^ Shukkur, E. A. A. & Joseph, K. J., Proximity nesting of the Black Drongo and the Redvented Bulbul, in Proceedings of the All India Symposium of Environmental Biology, 1980, p. 40–42.
  41. ^ Davies, N. B. & Welbergen, J. A., Cuckoo-hawk mimicry? An experimental test (PDF), in Proc. Biol. Sci., vol. 275, n. 1644, 2008, p. 1817–1822, DOI:10.1098/rspb.2008.0331, PMC 2587796, PMID 18467298. URL consultato il 1º dicembre 2018 (archiviato dall'url originale il 3 giugno 2011).
  42. ^ Allen, G. O., Birds of different species nesting in company, in Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, vol. 26, 1920, p. 1044.
  43. ^ Waite, H. W., Birds of different species nesting in company, in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 27, n. 1, 1920, p. 171.
  44. ^ Smith, T. E. H., Black Drongos fostering a Koel, in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 49, n. 2, 1950, p. 304–305.
  45. ^ Decandido, R.; Nualsri, C.; Allen, D., Migration of Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus in southern Thailand in autumn 2003 (PDF), in Forktail, vol. 20, 2004, p. 143–144. URL consultato il 1º dicembre 2018 (archiviato dall'url originale l'11 ottobre 2008).
  46. ^ Jenkins, J. M., Ornithological Monographs 31, in The native forest birds of Guam, American Ornithologists Union, 1983, ISBN 0-943610-38-9.
  47. ^ Fritts, T. H. & Rodda, G. H., The role of introduced species in the degradation of island ecosystems: A case history of Guam (PDF), in Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, vol. 29, n. 1, 1998, p. 113–140, DOI:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.29.1.113. URL consultato il 1º dicembre 2018 (archiviato dall'url originale il 6 settembre 2006).
  48. ^ Pasquet, E.; Pons, J.-M.; Fuchs, J.; Cruaud,, C.; Bretagnolle, V., Evolutionary history and biogeography of the drongos (Dicruridae), a tropical Old World clade of corvoid passerines, in Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, vol. 45, n. 1, 2007, p. 158–167, DOI:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.03.010, PMID 17468015.
  49. ^ Rose, H. A., Panjab Folklore Notes, in Folklore, vol. 21, n. 2, 1910, p. 216–217, DOI:10.1080/0015587X.1910.9719930.
  50. ^ King, R. C. H. Moss, The resident birds of the Saugor and Damoh Districts, Central Provinces, in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 21, n. 1, 1911, p. 87–103.

Bibliografia

  • Duggal, C. L. & Sushma, G., On Notopentorchis kherai, a new asian cestode (Dilepididae) parasitizing Dicrurus macrocercus at Chandigarh, India, in Acta parasitologica Polonica, vol. 31, 1–12, 1986, p. 1–5.
  • Duggal, C. L. & Gupta, S., On a new avian cestode, Paruterina dicruri, from black drongo, Dicrurus macrocercus at Chandigarh, India, in Rivista di Parassitologia, vol. 48, n. 1, 1987, p. 89–92.
  • Nandi, A. P., Data on the morphology of Viguiera dicrurusi Gupta, 1960 (Nematoda: Habronematidae) with notes on related forms, in Folia Parasitologica, vol. 52, n. 3, 2005, p. 261–266, PMID 16270807.
  • De, N. C., Viguiera majumdari sp. n. (Nematoda: Habronematidae) from the bird Dicrurus m. macrocercus (Vieill.) from West Bengal, India, in Folia Parasitol., vol. 26, 1979, p. 73–76.
  • Sood, M. L. & Kalia, R., Viguiera adsimilisai n. sp. (Nematoda: Spiruridae) from Dicrurus adsimilis from India, in Rivista di Parassitologia, vol. 39, 1978, p. 23–25.

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Dicrurus macrocercus: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Il drongo nero (Dicrurus macrocercus Vieillot, 1817) è un uccello passeriforme appartenente alla famiglia Dicruridae.

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Burung Cecawi Hitam ( malèis )

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Burung Cecawi Hitam adalah salah satu daripada haiwan yang boleh didapati di Malaysia. Nama sainsnya ialah Dicrurus macrocercus.

Burung Cecawi Hitam merupakan burung passerine Asia kecil drongo dalam keluarga Dicruridae. Sebelumnya dianggap subspesies (Dicrurus adsimilis macrocercus) dari "Fork-tailed Drongo" Afrika (Dicrurus adsimilis), ia kini dikenali sebagai spesies penuh. Ia merupakan penduduk pembiak biasa di kebanyakan kawasan Asia Selatan tropika sepanjang barat daya Iran sehingga India dan timur Sri Lanka sehingga selatan China dan Indonesia. Ia burung hitam sepenuhnya dengan ekor bercabang jelas dan berukuran 28 cm (11 in) panjang. Memakan serangga, ia adalah biasa di kawasan pertanian terbuka dan hutan nipis sepanjang julatnya, bertenggek dengan jelas di cabang botak atau sepanjang talian eletrik atau telefon. Spesies ini terkenal bagi tingkah-laku agresif terhadap burung lebih besar, seperti gagak, tidak teragak-agak bagi menjunam sebarang burung pemangsa yang mencerobohi kawasannya. Burung lebih besar sering kali bersarang di kawasan terjaga baik bagi kawasan burung Cecawi Hitam.

Burung Cecawi Hitam telah diperkenalkan di sebahagian kepulauan Pasifik, di mana ia membiak dan menjadi banyak sehingga mengancam dan menyebabkan kepupusan spesies burung tempatan dan endemik di situ.

Taksonomi dan sistematik

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Bayangan biasa


Ciri-ciri

Burung Cecawi Hitam ialah haiwan yang tergolong dalam golongan benda hidup, alam : haiwan, filum : kordata, sub-filum : bertulang belakang (vertebrata), kelas : burung. Burung Cecawi Hitam adalah haiwan berdarah panas, mempunyai sayap dan tubuh yang diselubungi bulu pelepah. Paruh Burung Cecawi Hitam tidak bergigi.

Makanan

Pembiakan

Burung Cecawi Hitam membiak dengan bertelur. Telur Burung Cecawi Hitam bercengkerang keras.

Habitat

Rujukan

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2008). Dicrurus macrocercus. Senarai Merah Spesies Terancam IUCN 2008. IUCN 2008. Dicapai pada 2 March 2009.
  2. ^ Vieillot, Louis Jean Pierre (1817). Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle Appliquée aux Arts. 9: 588. Missing or empty |title= (bantuan)
  3. ^ Hodgson, Brian Houghton (1836). The India Review and Journal of Foreign Science and the Arts. 1 (8): 326. Missing or empty |title= (bantuan)
  4. ^ Blyth, Edward (1850). The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. 19: 255. Missing or empty |title= (bantuan)
  5. ^ Swinhoe, Robert (1871). Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London for the Year. 2: 377. Missing or empty |title= (bantuan)
  6. ^ a b Kloss, Cecil Boden (1921). Journal of the Federated Malay States Museums. 10. pt. 3: 208. Missing or empty |title= (bantuan)
  7. ^ Baker, Edward Charles Stuart (1918). "Some Notes on the Dicruridae". Novitates Zoologicae. 25: 299.
  8. ^ Neave, Sheffield A., penyunting (1939). Nomenclator Zoologicus; a List of the Names of Genera and Subgenera in Zoology from the Tenth Edition of Linnaeus, 1758, to the End of 1935 (with supplements). Volume 1. Zoological Society of London, London. m/s. 425.

Pautan luar


Senarai burung Burung merpati A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z
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Burung Cecawi Hitam: Brief Summary ( malèis )

fornì da wikipedia MS

Burung Cecawi Hitam adalah salah satu daripada haiwan yang boleh didapati di Malaysia. Nama sainsnya ialah Dicrurus macrocercus.

Burung Cecawi Hitam merupakan burung passerine Asia kecil drongo dalam keluarga Dicruridae. Sebelumnya dianggap subspesies (Dicrurus adsimilis macrocercus) dari "Fork-tailed Drongo" Afrika (Dicrurus adsimilis), ia kini dikenali sebagai spesies penuh. Ia merupakan penduduk pembiak biasa di kebanyakan kawasan Asia Selatan tropika sepanjang barat daya Iran sehingga India dan timur Sri Lanka sehingga selatan China dan Indonesia. Ia burung hitam sepenuhnya dengan ekor bercabang jelas dan berukuran 28 cm (11 in) panjang. Memakan serangga, ia adalah biasa di kawasan pertanian terbuka dan hutan nipis sepanjang julatnya, bertenggek dengan jelas di cabang botak atau sepanjang talian eletrik atau telefon. Spesies ini terkenal bagi tingkah-laku agresif terhadap burung lebih besar, seperti gagak, tidak teragak-agak bagi menjunam sebarang burung pemangsa yang mencerobohi kawasannya. Burung lebih besar sering kali bersarang di kawasan terjaga baik bagi kawasan burung Cecawi Hitam.

Burung Cecawi Hitam telah diperkenalkan di sebahagian kepulauan Pasifik, di mana ia membiak dan menjadi banyak sehingga mengancam dan menyebabkan kepupusan spesies burung tempatan dan endemik di situ.

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Koningsdrongo ( olandèis; flamand )

fornì da wikipedia NL

Vogels

De koningsdrongo (Dicrurus macrocercus) is een zangvogelsoort uit de familie van de Drongo's uit het geslacht Dicrurus. Voorheen werd deze soort beschouwd als de Aziatische ondersoort van de Afrikaanse treurdrongo met de wetenschappelijke naam D. adsimilis macrocercus.

Kenmerken

De koningsdrongo is 28 tot 29 cm lang. Het is een zwarte vogel met rode ogen en een zeer diep gevorkte staart, waardoor dat typische silhouet ontstaat.

Leefwijze

Vooral van deze soort drongo is diverse malen beschreven dat hij naast insecten ook grotere prooien aankan en zelfs als een dagroofvogel kleine vogels aanvalt en opeet.[2]

Verspreiding en leefgebied

De koningsdrongo komt voor in Azië van zuidwest Iran, door India en Sri-Lanka tot in Zuid- en West-China en Indochina als broedvogel, met ook een populatie op Java. Vogels in het noordelijk deel van het broedgebied in China trekken 's winters daaruit weg. In de winter wordt de koningsdrongo waargenomen op het schiereiland Malakka en in Borneo.

De soort telt 7 ondersoorten:

  • D. m. albirictus: van zuidoostelijk Iran en oostelijk Afghanistan tot noordelijk India, zuidoostelijk Tibet en noordwestelijk Myanmar.
  • D. m. macrocercus: zuidoostelijk Pakistan, centraal en zuidelijk India.
  • D. m. minor: Sri Lanka.
  • D. m. cathoecus: van centraal, oostelijk en zuidelijk China tot oostelijk Myanmar, noordelijk Thailand en noordelijk Indochina.
  • D. m. thai: van zuidelijk Myanmar tot Indochina.
  • D. m. harterti: Taiwan.
  • D. m. javanus: Java en Bali.

De vogel is geïntroduceerd als insectenbestrijder op het eiland Guam en op de noordelijke Marianen.

Het is een algemeen voorkomende vogel van open landschappen, agrarisch landschap, parken en tuinen en zelfs in steden.[3][4]

Status

De koningsdrongo heeft een groot verspreidingsgebied en de grootte van de totale populatie is niet gekwantificeerd. Er is geen aanleiding te veronderstellen dat de soort in aantal achteruit gaat. Daarom staat deze drongo als niet bedreigd op de Rode Lijst van de IUCN.[1]

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. a b (en) Koningsdrongo op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. (en) Jayson, E. A. & K. K. Ramachandran, 1994. Indian Black Drongo Dicrurus adsimilis (Bechstein) feeding on a small bird.". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 91 (2): 320.
  3. (en) Phillipps, Q & K. Phillipps, 2011. Phillips' field guide to the birds of Borneo. John Beaufoy, Oxford. ISBN 978 1 906780 56 2.
  4. (en) King et al, 1983. A field guide to the birds of South-East Asia. Collins, London. ISBN 0 00 219206 3
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Koningsdrongo: Brief Summary ( olandèis; flamand )

fornì da wikipedia NL

De koningsdrongo (Dicrurus macrocercus) is een zangvogelsoort uit de familie van de Drongo's uit het geslacht Dicrurus. Voorheen werd deze soort beschouwd als de Aziatische ondersoort van de Afrikaanse treurdrongo met de wetenschappelijke naam D. adsimilis macrocercus.

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Dziwogon długosterny ( polonèis )

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Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Dziwogon długosterny (Dicrurus macrocercus) – gatunek średniej wielkości ptaka z rodziny dziwogonów. Występuje w południowo-wschodniej Azji. Nie jest zagrożony wyginięciem.

Taksonomia

Po raz pierwszy gatunek opisał Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot w 1817 na podstawie holotypu z Ćennaju (południowe Indie). Nowemu gatunkowi nadał nazwę Dicrurus macrocercus[3]. Nazwa ta jest obecnie (2017) uznawana przez Międzynarodowy Komitet Ornitologiczny. IOC wyróżnia 7 podgatunków[4].

Podgatunki i zasięg występowania

IOC wyróżnia następujące podgatunki[4]:

  • D. m. albirictus (Hodgson, 1836)Himalaje od wschodniego Afganistanu oraz północnego i wschodniego Pakistanu na wschód po zachodnią i północną Mjanmę i południowe Chiny (południowo-wschodni Tybet) na południe po południowo-wschodni Pakistan i centralne Indie; poza sezonem lęgowym docierają również do południowych Indii, centralnej i południowej Mjanmy oraz północnej Tajlandii[3]
  • D. m. macrocercus Vieillot, 1817 – południowowo-wschodni Pakistan i Indie na południe od Gudźaratu, Madhya Pradesh i Bengalu Zachodniego[3]
  • D. m. minor Blyth, 1850 – północna i północno-zachodnia Sri Lanka oraz Mannar Island[3]
  • D. m. cathoecus Swinhoe, 1871 – gniazdują w centralnych, wschodnich i południowych Chinach (na wschód od Qinghai, na południe od Jilin), w tym na wyspie Hajnan, w Mjanmie (poza zachodnią i północną częścią kraju), w północnej Tajlandii i północnych Indochinach; zimują na południe do południowo-zachodniej i Południowej Mjanmy, na południowym Półwyspie Malajskim (s Singapurze) i w południowych Indochinach[3]
  • D. m. thai Kloss, 1921 – południowa Mjanma, centrana i wschodnia Tajlandia, prawdopodobnie wschodnia Kambodża i południowe Indochiny[3]
  • D. m. harterti Baker, ECS, 1918Tajwan[3]
  • D. m. javanus Kloss, 1921Jawa i Bali[3]

Morfologia

Długość ciała u przedstawicieli podgatunku nominatywnego wynosi 30–31 cm, u D. m. thai 27–28,5 cm, u D. m. harterti przeciętnie 27,9 cm u samców i 26,9 cm u samic, zaś u przedstawicieli D. m. minor około 26 cm[3]. Średnia masa ciała u 26 przebadanych osobników z Tajwanu wynosi 57,2 g, średnia długość dzioba 21,9 mm (n=28), zaś średnia długość skoku 22,7 mm (n=28)[5]. Upierzenie czarne z niebieską lub zieloną opalizacją. U dorosłych zwykle u nasady dzioba dostrzec można białą plamkę. Tęczówka ciemnobrązowa. Ogon jest głęboko wcięty, zewnętrzne sterówki wygięte są na zewnątrz. Dziób czarny, nogi szare[6].

Ekologia i zachowanie

Dziwogony długosterne zamieszkują otwarte tereny i obszary rolnicze z porozrzucanymi drzewami[3]. Odnotowywane były od poziomu morza do 1900 m n.p.m. Żywią się bezkręgowcami, takimi jak mrówki, termity, prostoskrzydłe, chrząszcze, pszczoły i motyle, zjadają również nektar. Są to ptaki agresywne. Zwykle przebywają pojedynczo, w parach lub grupach liczących do 3 osobników[6].

Lęgi

Okres lęgowy w Pakistanie trwa od marca do czerwca, w Indiach od marca do sierpnia[3]. Gniazdo o kształcie kubeczka zwykle umieszczone jest na drzewie. Zniesienie liczy 2–4 jaja. Inkubacja trwa 14–15 dni, wysiadują obydwa ptaki z pary. Przez pierwsze pięć dni życia młode są pod nieustanną opieką, później potrafią już same utrzymać ciepłotę ciała. Otwierają oczy 8. dnia życia. Przez kolejny miesiąc są karmione przez rodziców. Później mogą jeszcze żebrać o jedzenie, ale są ignorowane lub przeganiane przez dorosłe ptaki[6].

Status

IUCN uznaje dziwogona długosternego za gatunek najmniejszej troski (LC, Least Concern) nieprzerwanie od 1988[7].

Przypisy

  1. Dicrurus macrocercus, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Dicrurus macrocercus. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).
  3. a b c d e f g h i j k Rocamora, G. & Yeatman-Berthelot, D.: Black Drongo (Dicrurus macrocercus). W: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive [on-line]. 2017. [dostęp 5 marca 2017].
  4. a b Frank Gill & David Donsker: Orioles, drongos & fantails. IOC World Bird List (v7.1), 8 stycznia 2017. [dostęp 5 marca 2017].
  5. Hau-Jie Shiu, Tzung-Su Ding, Jia-En Sheu, Ruey-Shing Lin, Chau-Nien Koh & Pei-Fen Lee. Morphological Characters of Bird Species in Taiwan. „Taiwania”. 50 (2), s. 80-92, 2005.
  6. a b c Vijay Choudhary: Black Drongo (Dicrurus macrocercus) complete detail. Abhinav Nature Conservation Origination, 22 lutego 2017. [dostęp 5 marca 2017].
  7. Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus. BirdLife International. [dostęp 5 marca 2017].
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Dziwogon długosterny: Brief Summary ( polonèis )

fornì da wikipedia POL

Dziwogon długosterny (Dicrurus macrocercus) – gatunek średniej wielkości ptaka z rodziny dziwogonów. Występuje w południowo-wschodniej Azji. Nie jest zagrożony wyginięciem.

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Svartdrongo ( svedèis )

fornì da wikipedia SV

Svartdrongo[2] (Dicrurus macrocercus) är en fågel i familjen drongor inom ordningen tättingar.[3]

Utseende

Svartdrongon är en helsvart fågel med en kroppslängd på 28 centimeter inklusive den långa, kluvna stjärten. Jämfört med andra närbesläktade arter är blåsvartglänsande på undersidan samt har en arttypisk liten vit fläck mellan näbben och ögat. Ungfågeln är matt svart under med tydliga vita bräm på buken.[4]

Utbredning och systematik

Svartdrongo delas in i sju underarter med följande utbredning:[3]

  • Dicrurus macrocercus albirictus – förekommer från sydöstra Iran till Afghanistan och norra Indien
  • Dicrurus macrocercus macrocercus – förekommer på Indiska halvön
  • Dicrurus macrocercus minor – förekommer på Sri Lanka
  • Dicrurus macrocercus cathoecus – häckar i centrala och östra Kina, Burma, norra Thailand och norra Indokina; nordliga populationer flyttar söderut till sydöstra Kina, Indokina, Malackahalvön, nordvästra Borneo och Sumatra
  • Dicrurus macrocercus thai – förekommer i södra Burma, södra Thailand och södra Vietnam
  • Dicrurus macrocercus harterti – förekommer på Taiwan
  • Dicrurus macrocercus javanus – förekommer på Java och Bali

Svartdrongon är även införd till ön Guam i Stilla havet.[1] Arten har tillfälligt påträffats på Koreahalvön[1] samt i Mellanöstern i Iran, Oman och Förenade Arabemiraten.[5]

Status

Artens population har inte uppskattats och dess populationstrend är okänd, men utbredningsområdet är relativt stort. Internationella naturvårdsunionen IUCN anser inte att den är hotad och placerar den därför i kategorin livskraftig.[1]

Bilder

Noter

  1. ^ [a b c d] Birdlife International 2012 Dicrurus macrocercus Från: IUCN 2015. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.4 www.iucnredlist.org. Läst 2016-02-01.
  2. ^ Sveriges ornitologiska förening (2018) Officiella listan över svenska namn på världens fågelarter, läst 2018-02-14
  3. ^ [a b] Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood (2016) The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 2016 http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download, läst 2016-08-11
  4. ^ Grimmett, R.; Inskipp,C. & Inskipp, T. 1999. Birds of the Indian Subcontinent. Oxford University Press
  5. ^ Mitchell, Dominic (2017). Birds of Europe, North Africa and the Middle East : An Annotated Checklist. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. sid. 152. ISBN 978-84-941892-9-6

Externa länkar

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Svartdrongo: Brief Summary ( svedèis )

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Svartdrongo (Dicrurus macrocercus) är en fågel i familjen drongor inom ordningen tättingar.

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Дронго чорний ( ucrain )

fornì da wikipedia UK
 src=
Поширення чорного дронго

Дронго чорний[2] (Dicrurus macrocercus) — вид невеликих птахів з роду Дронго родини Дронгові ряду горобцеподібних птахів. Має 7 підвидів.

Опис

Птах розміром зі шпака. Загальна довжина 27—30 см при вазі 51 г. Довжина крила самців 142—159 мм, самиць — 143,5—145 мм. Хвіст довгий — 130—150 мм, глибоко вирізаний. Косиці хвоста трохи розведені в боки. Ноги короткі, дзьоб недовгий, міцний, з невеликим гачком на вершині, оточений пружними щетинками.

Доросла птиця цілком чорна з синюватим або зеленуватим металевим відливом, особливо сильним на спинний стороні. Дзьоб і ноги чорні, райдужина очей темно-червона. У першому річному вбранні на пір'ї черева і подхвостья видно білуваті облямівки, що утворюють слабкий лускатий малюнок, райдужина темно-коричнева.

Спосіб життя

Населяє порослі деревами місцевості, як в природному, так і в культурному ландшафті. Нерідко супроводжує стада рогатої худоби, розшукуючи комах близько тварин і на їх спинах. Часто сидить на проводах або одиночних гілках. Утворює громади у 20—30 особин. Полює за літаючими комахами, зокрема метеликами, сараною, цикадами, термітами, осами, бджолами, мурахами, міллю, жуками, бабками. Іноді полює на дрібну рибу, скорпіонів та багатоніжок.

Голос металевий, дзвінкий, у пісні часто звучать коліна, запозичені з пісень інших птахів, зокрема туркестанського яструба-тювика, чим відлякує ворогів. Линька відбувається раз на рік, повна — наприкінці літа і восени.

Розмноження чорних дронго буває в квітні — серпні. Гнізда влаштовуються високо на дереві. Іноді на цьому ж дереві можуть перебувати гнізда вивільги або голуба. Дронго мирно уживається з цими птахами, тоді як ворон і яструбів рішуче виганяє зі своєї гніздової ділянки. У кладці 3—5 яєць білого кольору з бурими і фіолетовими цяточками.

Поширення

Розповсюджено в Південній і Східній Азії: від Ірану до Індії (тут доволі звичайний птах), на південь до островів Шрі-Ланка, на островах Ява і Балі (Індонезія).

Підвиди

  • D. m. macrocercus (Vieillot, 1817)
  • D. m. albirictus (Hodgson, 1836)
  • D. m. minor Blyth, 1850
  • D. m. cathoecus Swinhoe, 1871
  • D. m. thai Kloss, 1921
  • D. m. javanus Kloss, 1921
  • D. m. harterti Baker, 1918

Примітки

  1. BirdLife International (2012). Dicrurus macrocercus: інформація на сайті МСОП (версія 2013.2) (англ.) 26 November 2013
  2. Фесенко Г. В. Вітчизняна номенклатура птахів світу. — Кривий Ріг : ДІОНАТ, 2018. — 580 с. — ISBN 978-617-7553-34-1.

Джерела

  • Shukkur, EAA (1978) Biology, Ecology and Behaviour of the Black Drongo (Dicrurus adsimilis). Thesis, University of Calicut.
  • Ridley, AR & NJ Raihani (2007). Facultative response to a kleptoparasite by the cooperatively breeding pied babbler. Behav. Ecol. 18 (2): 324—330.
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Дронго чорний: Brief Summary ( ucrain )

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 src= Поширення чорного дронго

Дронго чорний (Dicrurus macrocercus) — вид невеликих птахів з роду Дронго родини Дронгові ряду горобцеподібних птахів. Має 7 підвидів.

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Chèo bẻo ( vietnamèis )

fornì da wikipedia VI
Đối với các định nghĩa khác, xem Chèo bẻo (định hướng).

Chèo bẻo hay chèo bẻo đen[9], tên khoa học Dicrurus macrocercus, là một loài chim trong họ Dicruridae.[10]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2012). Dicrurus macrocercus. Sách Đỏ IUCN các loài bị đe dọa. Phiên bản 2013.2. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế. Truy cập ngày 26 tháng 11 năm 2013.
  2. ^ Vieillot, Louis Jean Pierre (1817). Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle Appliquée aux Arts 9: 588. |tựa đề= trống hay bị thiếu (trợ giúp)
  3. ^ Hodgson, Brian Houghton (1836). The India Review and Journal of Foreign Science and the Arts 1 (8): 326. |tựa đề= trống hay bị thiếu (trợ giúp)
  4. ^ Blyth, Edward (1850). The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 19: 255. |tựa đề= trống hay bị thiếu (trợ giúp)
  5. ^ Swinhoe, Robert (1871). Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London for the Year 2: 377. |tựa đề= trống hay bị thiếu (trợ giúp)
  6. ^ a ă Kloss, Cecil Boden (1921). Journal of the Federated Malay States Museums. 10. pt. 3: 208. |tựa đề= trống hay bị thiếu (trợ giúp)
  7. ^ Baker, Edward Charles Stuart (1918). “Some Notes on the Dicruridae”. Novitates Zoologicae 25: 299.
  8. ^ Neave, Sheffield A. biên tập (1939). Nomenclator Zoologicus; a List of the Names of Genera and Subgenera in Zoology from the Tenth Edition of Linnaeus, 1758, to the End of 1935 (with supplements). Volume 1. Zoological Society of London, London. tr. 425.
  9. ^ Danh lục chim Vườn Quốc gia Xuân Thủy, Vườn Quốc gia Xuân Thủy.
  10. ^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, B.L. Sullivan, C. L. Wood, and D. Roberson (2012). “The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 6.7.”. Truy cập ngày 19 tháng 12 năm 2012.

Tham khảo

 src= Wikispecies có thông tin sinh học về Chèo bẻo


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết Bộ Sẻ này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Chèo bẻo: Brief Summary ( vietnamèis )

fornì da wikipedia VI
Đối với các định nghĩa khác, xem Chèo bẻo (định hướng).

Chèo bẻo hay chèo bẻo đen, tên khoa học Dicrurus macrocercus, là một loài chim trong họ Dicruridae.

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Чёрный дронго ( russ; russi )

fornì da wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Класс: Птицы
Подкласс: Настоящие птицы
Инфракласс: Новонёбные
Семейство: Дронговые (Dicruridae Vigors, 1825)
Род: Дронго
Вид: Чёрный дронго
Международное научное название

Dicrurus macrocercus Vieillot, 1817

Ареал

изображение

Охранный статус Commons-logo.svg
Изображения
на Викискладе
ITIS 179656NCBI 261969EOL 922308

Чёрный дро́нго[1] (лат. Dicrurus macrocercus) — вид певчих воробьиных птиц из семейства дронговых (Dicruridae)[2]

Описание

Dicrurus macrocercus - Bueng Boraphet.jpg

Птица размером со скворца. Общая длина 27—30 см при весе 51 г. Длина крыла самцов 142—159 мм, самок — 143,5—145 мм. Хвост длинный — 130—150 мм, глубоко вырезан. Концы хвоста немного разведены в стороны. Ноги короткие, клюв короткий и крепкий, с небольшим крючком на вершине, окруженный упругими щетинками.

Оперение взрослой птицы целиком чёрное с синеватым или зеленоватым металлическим отливом, особенно сильным на спинной стороне. Клюв и ноги чёрные, радужина глаз тёмно-красная. В первом годовом наряде на перьях в области живота и подхвостья видны беловатые каймы, образующие слабый чешуйчатый рисунок, радужина тёмно-коричневая.

Ареал

Распространен в Южной и Восточной Азии: от Ирана до Индии (здесь довольно обычный вид птиц), на юг до островов Шри-Ланка, на островах Ява и Бали (Индонезия).

В России как залётный вид очень редко может встречаться в Приморье на Дальнем Востоке.

Биология

Населяет поросшие деревьями местности в природных и культурных ландшафтах. Часто птицы сопровождают стада крупного рогатого скота, разыскивая насекомых около животных и на их спинах. Часто сидят на проводах или одиночных ветвях. Образует стаи по 20—30 особей. Охотится за летающими насекомыми. Иногда охотится на мелкую рыбу, скорпионов и многоножек. Голос звонкий, в песне часто звучат колена, заимствованные из песен других птиц. Линька происходит раз в год, полная — в конце лета и осенью.

Гнездование в апреле — августе. Гнезда устраиваются высоко на дереве. Иногда на этом же дереве могут находиться гнезда других птиц. В кладке 3—5 яиц белого цвета с бурыми и фиолетовыми крапинками.

Примечания

  1. Бёме Р. Л., Флинт В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Птицы. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский / Под общ. ред. акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., «РУССО», 1994. — С. 462. — 2030 экз.ISBN 5-200-00643-0.
  2. Orioles, drongos, fantails : [англ.] / F. Gill & D. Donsker (Eds). // IOC World Bird List (v 8.2). — 2018. — DOI:10.14344/IOC.ML.8.2. (Проверено 31 октября 2018).
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Чёрный дронго: Brief Summary ( russ; russi )

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Чёрный дро́нго (лат. Dicrurus macrocercus) — вид певчих воробьиных птиц из семейства дронговых (Dicruridae)

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黑卷尾 ( cinèis )

fornì da wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Dicrurus macrocercus
(Vieillot, 1817)[2]  繁殖區 度冬區 留鳥
繁殖區 度冬區 留鳥

黑卷尾学名Dicrurus macrocercus英语:Black drongo)为卷尾科卷尾属的一种,又名大卷尾,俗名吃杯茶铁炼甲篱鸡铁燕子黑黎鸡。在台灣俗稱烏鶖烏秋。分布于西自伊朗、阿富汗向东南至南亚和东南亚、俄罗斯、台灣以及中国大陆黑龙江吉林辽宁内蒙古、华北各省、西至陕西、四川西藏、长江以南流域地区、西抵云南、海南等地,常见于城郊村庄附近和广大农村以及尤喜在村民屋前后高大的椿树上营巢。该物种的模式产地在印度。[2]

亚种

  • 黑卷尾错那亚种学名Dicrurus macrocercus albirictus)。分布于伊朗、巴基斯坦、阿富汗、印度、喜马拉雅山、孟加拉国、缅甸以及中国大陆西藏等地,一般生活于海拔2500m 的针阔混交林缘。该物种的模式产地在尼泊尔。[3]
  • 黑卷尾普通亚种学名Dicrurus macrocercus cathoecus)。分布于阿穆尔河和乌苏里斯克以北地区、缅甸、泰国、老挝、柬埔寨、越南、马来半岛以及中国大陆黑龙江辽宁内蒙古、华北各省、西至陕西、四川西藏、长江流域以南地区、西抵云南、贵州云南海南等地。该物种的模式产地在海南、台湾。[4]
  • 黑卷尾台湾亚种学名Dicrurus macrocercus harterti)。分布于马利亚纳群岛的南部罗达岛、台灣等地。该物种的模式产地在台湾台北。[5]

習性

大卷尾常見棲止於電線上或棲坐於牛背上,如發現牛吃草或犁地時飛出來的昆蟲,則起飛捕食,而在其領域內,若是有烏鴉或鳶出現,則必將牠追擊逼退為止。大卷尾以昆蟲為主食,蜻蜓、煌蟲、金龜、虻、蠅等均為其食物。營巢於林緣的高樹或電線桿上,以芒草穗,禾草纖維等築成堅實的碗形巢。 母鳥在哺乳幼鳥,每年5-8月是繁殖期,烏鶖是地域性很強的鳥類,會為了保護鳥巢或雛鳥攻擊經過的人類。

註釋

  1. ^ BirdLife International. Dicrurus macrocercus. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2016 [1 October 2016]. 数据库資料包含說明此物種被編入無危級別的原因
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 中国科学院动物研究所. 黑卷尾. 《中国动物物种编目数据库》. 中国科学院微生物研究所. [2009-04-04]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-05).
  3. ^ 中国科学院动物研究所. 黑卷尾错那亚种. 《中国动物物种编目数据库》. 中国科学院微生物研究所. [2009-04-04]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-05).
  4. ^ 中国科学院动物研究所. 黑卷尾普通亚种. 《中国动物物种编目数据库》. 中国科学院微生物研究所. [2009-04-04]. (原始内容存档于2013-12-03).
  5. ^ 中国科学院动物研究所. 黑卷尾台湾亚种. 《中国动物物种编目数据库》. 中国科学院微生物研究所. [2009-04-04]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-05).

参考文献

  • Bhujle, BV; Nadkarni, VB (1980) Histological and histochemical observations on the adrenal gland of four species of birds, Dicrurus macrocercus (Viellot), Centropus sinensis (Stephens), Sturnus pagodarum (Gmelin) and Columba livia (Gmelin). Zool. Beitrage 26(2):287–295.
  • Lamba, BS (1963) The nidification of some common Indian birds. 3. The Black Drongo (Dicrurus macrocercus Viellot). Res. Bull. Panjab Univ. 14(1–2):1–9.
  • Shukkur, EAA; Joseph, KJ (1980) Annual rhythm in the Black Drongo Dicrurus adsimilis (family Dicruridae, Passeriformes, Aves). Comparative Physiol. Ecol. 5(2):76–77.
  • Shukkur, EAA (1978) Biology, Ecology and Behaviour of the Black Drongo (Dicrurus adsimilis). Thesis, University of Calicut.

外部連結

 src= 维基物种中的分类信息:黑卷尾  src= 维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源:黑卷尾 物種識別信息
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黑卷尾: Brief Summary ( cinèis )

fornì da wikipedia 中文维基百科

黑卷尾(学名:Dicrurus macrocercus,英语:Black drongo)为卷尾科卷尾属的一种,又名大卷尾,俗名吃杯茶、铁炼甲、篱鸡、铁燕子、黑黎鸡。在台灣俗稱烏鶖或烏秋。分布于西自伊朗、阿富汗向东南至南亚和东南亚、俄罗斯、台灣以及中国大陆黑龙江吉林辽宁内蒙古、华北各省、西至陕西、四川西藏、长江以南流域地区、西抵云南、海南等地,常见于城郊村庄附近和广大农村以及尤喜在村民屋前后高大的椿树上营巢。该物种的模式产地在印度。

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オウチュウ ( Giaponèis )

fornì da wikipedia 日本語
オウチュウ Black Drongo (Dicrurus macrocercus) IMG 7702 (1)..JPG
オウチュウ
分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 鳥綱 Aves : スズメ目 Passeriformes : オウチュウ科 Dicruridae : オウチュウ属 Dicrurus : オウチュウ D. macrocercus 学名 Dicrurus macrocercus Vieillot, 1817 和名 オウチュウ 英名 Black Drongo

オウチュウ(烏秋、学名Dicrurus macrocercus)は、鳥綱スズメ目オウチュウ科に分類される1種。

形態[編集]

全長約28cm。成鳥は全身が青みがかった黒色で、羽には光沢がある。尾は長く、先端が逆Y字に割れており、野外で本種を識別する際の特徴となっている。嘴と足も黒い。

亜種[編集]

以下の亜種がある[1]

分布[編集]

中国東部から台湾東南アジアインドに分布する。中国に生息する個体は、冬期には南方へ渡る。

日本では数少ない旅鳥として、主に春に記録される。日本海の島部や南西諸島では比較的よく観察される。

生態[編集]

開けた森や田畑、市街地に生息する。浅く波を描くようにふわふわと飛びながら、昆虫類を捕食する。「ジーッ」、「ジェー」など、やや濁った声で鳴く。

関連項目[編集]

出典[編集]

  1. ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2014), “Vireos, crows, and allies”, IOC World Bird Names, version 4.4
執筆の途中です この項目は、鳥類に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますポータル鳥類 - PJ鳥類)。
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オウチュウ: Brief Summary ( Giaponèis )

fornì da wikipedia 日本語

オウチュウ(烏秋、学名:Dicrurus macrocercus)は、鳥綱スズメ目オウチュウ科に分類される1種。

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