Size: Medium-large sized parrot, 251-349mm (in length); 260-329g.
Plumage: Sexually dimorphic.
Adult male: Bill colour old ivory; forecrown dark earth-brown in males, orange-red in females; crown olive-green; collar, nape and upper chest yellow-green; chin and throat orange-brown; cheek and ear coverts olive-green to yellow green; lore matt black; mantle colour (area between wings) dark green; edge of scapulars dark oily green; edge of upper wing coverts dark green; flight and tail feathers dark slate; shoulder edge orange-red; back , rump, upper-tail coverts, under-tail coverts, flank, belly and lower chest blue-green; tibio-tarsal joint orange-red. Aberrant yellow wing feathers are sometimes observed.
Adult female: Varied forecrown plumage patterns; some having orange across the forehead and others having none; none of the males have this forehead colouration. Juvenile: Both sexes have orange-red colour on the forehead in their first plumage, but only have red on the tibia or on the edge of the wing when they moult to ad plumage. The colour is more salmon pink and extends further on the crown in juveniles than in adults. At 8-10 months this colour is replaced in males with colour corresponding to the hood plumage colour.
Confusing species: Distinguished from the Grey-headed Parrot P. f. suahelicus by head and neck colouration, body plumage colour is regarded as rare (Downs 2000). Several factors are considered to have caused the decline of the Cape Parrot. These include forest degradation, food and nest-site shortages, low recruitment, removal of birds from the wild for the caged bird trade, and disease (Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease) (Wirminghaus et al. 1999, 2000a). The Cape Parrot only occurs in Podocarpus Afromontane forest patches from the Eastern Cape to southern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (Wirminghaus 1997), with a relic population in Limpopo Province (Wirminghaus 1997). Although restricted to Afromontane forest patches, the birds are food nomadics and are highly mobile moving between yellowwood forest patches, visiting orchards and occasionally forest near the coast (Mboyti to Port St. Johns). The Cape Parrot’s loud, often continuous, calling makes it conspicuous; it is active for several hours after dawn and before sunset, usually circling over the forest and calling loudly (Wirminghaus et al. 2000b). Flock size varies: singletons, pairs, or groups of 5-6 birds are usually observed. However, at localised food sites flock size may increase to 20-70 birds caused by aggregation and giving a false impression of abundance (Wirminghaus et al. 2001a).
Geographical variation: No recognised races, but appear to be some variation in vocalisations (C.T. Downs, pers. obs.).
Measurements: wing (24m) 210-230 (218.3), (14f) 205-219 (210.5); tail (25m) 90-98.9 (94.8), (16f) 79.6-97.2 (89.3); tarsus (25m) 18.2-23.5 (21.7), (16f) 19.9-22.4 (21.5); culmen (from edge of cere along curve to bill tip) (19m) 37-48 (40.8), (14f) 36-43 (38.3); mass (4 m) 295-329 (306), (3f) 260-328 (294).
Flock size is rarely greater than 10. Larger flocks usually concentrate at roost sites, water points or fruiting trees, and represent an aggregation of several groups. Between periods of activity the birds mostly remain perched; but also call, preen, allopreen, rest and occasionally feed (Skead 1964; Wirminghaus et al. 2000a). Pairing and gregarious flocking behaviour are common (Skead 1964; Wirminghaus et al. 2000a). Preening includes scratching and stretching behaviours (Wirminghaus et al. 2000a). When preening, birds vocalise with small chirps, rattle their feathers, then stretch their shoulders back, before scratching the head, especially below and behind the eye. The sequence of behaviours sometimes includes forward leaning with a bill-cleaning action, fluffing of the feathers, and turning the tail to the sun. Backward extension of the shoulders and wings, referred to as the archangel display, is also used in sexual and aggressive contexts. A high-pitched screech is associated with the display (Wirminghaus et al. 2000a). Stretching behaviour is accompanied by wing-clips and tail-wags which are also included courtship displays (see Breeding). Cape Parrots are strong fliers, with an erratic (zig-zag) flight pattern (Wirminghaus et al. 2000a). Birds fly high above the forest canopy, wheeling and swerving about; or with fast and direct movement when moving between forests; or with a slow and fluttering movement before settling to feed or socialise. They circle (singly or in flocks), dive (after horizontal flight) and swoop. Circling is the most common flight pattern, with birds flying out from snags or trees, to circle before returning to perch. If disturbed, birds take flight, sometimes darting through trees, squawking or screeching loudly (Wirminghaus et al. 2000a).
Intra-specific behaviours include chasing, diving, tussling with beaks, regurgitating and feeding one another, perching and playing, and moving and vocalising. Groups are often “family” groups of birds (an adult pair with 2-4 juveniles or non-breeding birds) (Wirminghaus et al. 2000a). Few interspecific interactions have been recorded with other avian frugivores, namely Rameron Pigeons Columba arquatrix and Knysna Louries Tauraco corythaix when mixed groups forage in fruiting trees. African Goshawks (Accipter tachiro), Black Sparrowhawks (A. melanoleucus) and Lanner Falcons (Falco biarmicus) occasionally chase Cape Parrots (Wirminghaus et al. 2000a). Will occasionally mob predators e.g. Gymonogene (Polyboroides typus). Roost sites are usually emergent snags or trees in the forest but sites adjacent to forest are also used (Wirminghaus et al. 2000a); usually tall Eucalyptus species.
Fly as pairs or larger groups with the group breaking up into sub-groups of 1-5 birds, which move in different directions and then regroup. Sometimes fly as singletons (Wirminghaus et al. 2000a). Nomadic species, moving between forest patches depending on food availability. Sometimes make long distance (100km) feeding forays to coastal forests (Skead 1964; Skead 1971).
Mating system: Appear to be no helpers, appears to be solitary, non-territorial nester. Degree of mate fidelity – unknown but appears high although will take a new partner if mate dies in captivity. During courtship, a typical male sequence is a quick wing-raise on arrival at a snag, then stretching of the wing (right then left) over a tail-extension, followed by stretching of the leg, rattling of the feathers, then looking around before half wing-raising with a tail-wag. Alternatively males give a tail-wag with the wings back, then do a wing extension followed by a head bob and a mandible rattle. The female responds with a wing stretch followed by a right wing or tail stretch. The male responds with a wing clip, a tail wag, and then a right wing extension (Wirminghaus et al. 2000a).
Laying dates: Breeding usually occurs from August to February, but occurs in other months, particularly in captive birds (Wirminghaus et al., in press b). In the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal, breeding in the Cape Parrot has occurred at varied times during the year (Mackworth-Praed & Grant 1962; Clancey 1964; Dean 1971).
Incubation: By the female and lasts 28-30 days.
Development and care of young: At first nestlings have a pink appearance, covered with a sparse white down which gets thicker as the nestlings grow older. Bills have a distinct egg tooth. At 15 days old, pin feathers begin appearing on the forehead. At about 35 days of age, green tail feathers begin to break free of the quills. When chicks emerge from the nest, each resembles an adult female in colouring, with coral pink foreheads (Wirminghaus et al., in press b). First moult begins after 5-7 months. Time taken to moult into mature plumage is variable in both sexes. Both parents attend the nest and regurgitate food to the young. The female spends more time in the nest than the male. Chicks solicit food by chirping continually until fed. Nestlings fledge asynchronously. After fledging (55-79 days), chicks remain in groups with their parents and continue to be fed by regurgitation by both parents. Food given to chicks includes the kernels of P. falcatus and seeds of Acacia mearnsii (Wirminghaus et al., in press b). There is much vocal contact between fledglings and ads. When leaving the nest, both parents appear cautious, before flying off. As chicks grow, they appear at the hole entrance and give ‘zeek-zeek’ calls (Wirminghaus et al., in press b).
Breeding success: Dueting pairs did not appear to defend nest sites, but occasionally chased other avian frugivores away. There was no destruction of any observed clutches or broods by predators. Nesting requirements suggest that nest-sites are limiting (Wirminghaus et al., in press b) as few nests have been found and consequently there is little recruitment (Wirminghaus et al., in press b).
Moult: No data.
Endemic to South Africa. Associated with Afromontane Podocarpus forests with a discontinuous distribution from Fort Beaufort in the Eastern Cape through to the Karkloof in KwaZulu-Natal (Wirminghaus 1997; Wirminghaus et al. 1999; Wirminghaus et al. 2000a; Wirminghaus et al. 2000b), with a small relict population in the Limpopo Province (Harrison et al. 1997; Wirminghaus et al. 1999). Breeds in Afromontane forests above 1000m (Skead 1964; Wirminghaus et al. 1999, Wirminghaus et al., in press b). Important forests are those in the Eastern Cape (the Amatole forest complex, Mkambati Nature Reserve, Insikeni and forests around Umtata and Port St. Johns) and in the KwaZulu-Natal Mistbelt Forests (Barnes 1998; C.T. Downs, unpubl. data).
Cape Parrots have the most restricted trophic niche of any Poicephalus parrots studied thus far. There diet is specialized to focus on yellowwood fruits throughout the year, including all three species distributed within their historical range. Due to the variable fruiting phenology of yellowwood species, Cape Parrots are food nomadics, moving between forest patches, occasionally making long feeding forays of up to 100km to coastal forest. In their natural habitat, Cape Parrots are known to also fed on Cape Chestnut (Calodendrum capense), Red stinkwood (Prunus africana), Cape Beech (Rapaneae melanophloes), Highveld Protea (Protea caffra), Cat-thorn (Scutia myrtina), Sneezewood (Ptaeroxylon obliquum), Pittosporum (Pittosporum viridiflorum), Ironwood (Olea capensis), White Stinkwood (Celtis africana), White Pear (Apodytes dimidiata) and the exotic, all pervasive Black Wattle (Acacia mearnsi). In recent years there have been an increasing number of reports of Cape Parrots feeding on exotic tree species in residential and rural gardens (e.g. Syringa (Melia azedarach)) and fruit and nuts in orchards (e.g. pecan farms throughout their range).
Habitat: Primarily associated with Afromontane forest, but are not confined to it, occasionally flying to other habitats in search of food (Skead 1964; Rowan 1983). Afromontane forests are dominated by Podocarpus species and occur at 1000-1500m altitude, on steep, south-facing slopes on dolerite ridges that receive frequent mist in the summer and mean annual rainfall of >1000mm. Yellowwood trees, particularly Podocarpus falcatus (a forest canopy tree), are important for breeding, feeding and social interactions (Wirminghaus et al. 2000a).
Like all parrot populations, Cape Parrot numbers are difficult to estimate (Casagrande & Beissinger 1997). Birds fly long distances between nesting, roosting and feeding areas (Chapman et al. 1989, Casagrande & Beissinger 1997). They are often difficult to detect and mark-recapture methods are unsuitable (Casagrande & Beissinger 1997). Trends in the population size of the Cape Parrot are particularly important because of its Endangered status, and for its conse ex-Transkei) (Skead 1964, 1971, Dalldorf pers. comm.), and in KwaZulu-Natal (Skead 1971, Kerr, Geekie pers. comm.) and little in the Northern Province, where it remains scarce (Brooke 1984). Accurate estimates of population size are difficult as standard bird census techniques are inappropriate because the birds are not predictable in their occurrence at particular forests.
Numbers and presence are determined during annual intensive national surveys which have been held since 1997 in the form of the Cape Parrot Big Birding Day. Presence of birds is unpredictable at forest patches in the Eastern Cape (know includes the ex-Transkei), Limpopo Province and KwaZulu-Natal. Present distributions in forest fragments reflect past distribution in a large mosaic of forest patches. Numbers are exceedingly low and the best estimate of numbers is 300-350 birds in the Eastern Cape, 150-170 in KwaZulu-Natal, and 50-60 in the Transvaal Drakensberg. This suggests about 500-600 Cape Parrots remain in the wild (for more current data on Cape Parrot numbers click here) Breeding success is low and populations are considered to be declining (Wirminghaus et al. 1999; Wirminghaus et al. 2000b).
The Cape Parrot is not represented by a metapopulation as the birds are able to visit various forests and the subpopulations do not seem isolated with the exception of those in the Limpopo Province (Meffe & Carroll 1997).
Clancey’s (1997) proposals are adopted with P. robustus (which is associated with Afromontane forest habitats) as a separate species from P. fuscicollis. This is based on morphological, biogeographical and ecological differences. The arrangement of P. fuscicollis is revised; with two subspecies P. f. fuscicollis (which historically occurred in W Africa but is now only common in the Gambia) and the Grey-headed Parrot P. f. suahelicus (which occurs in low-lying woodland in south-central Africa).
The genus Poicephalus was proposed by Reichenow (1881) to replace Psittacus for the Cape Parrot. Latham (1781) first described the specimen as Robust Parrot (which is now lost) from J. Banks’ collection which Gmelin (1788) used for his type description of Poicephalus robustus (then described as Psittacus robustus). Psittacus is the same genus as the African Grey Parrot (P. erithacus). Poicephalus robustus robustus (Gmelin) was described as Psittacus robustus in the Eastern Cape Province (Clancey 1963). Poicephalus robustus (Gurney, 1873 Ibis, p. 255 (Natal); Salvad. 1891 Cat. B. M. xx, p. 363; Shelley, 1896, B. Afr. I, p. 138; Woodward & Woodward, 1897, p. 125) (See Stark & Sclater 1903 for details). Poicephalus robustus suahelicus (Reichenow) was described as Poicephalus suahelicus (Reichenow) from Msua, near Bagamoyo, Tanzania (Clancey 1963).
A recent review paper (Perrin 2005) collates and summarises the ecological and behavioural, as well as morphological and molecular, data in relation to the taxonomy of the Cape Parrot. This paper includes colour photos of these species.
Loud, often continuous, calling makes it conspicuous. Distinct vocal repertoire; calls heard most frequently include five distinct calls described as 'tzu-weee, zu-wee, zeu-wee, zz-keek' and a nasal 'zeek' (Wirminghaus et al. 2000a). In flight, very vocal: calling before taking off, and calling continuously while flying; characteristic high-pitched call during flight. A raucous alarm call is given by disturbed Cape Parrots. It is rapid with a rasping tone, with up to 12 identifiable harmonics. When disturbed, they dart through canopy trees or fly out squawking or screeching loudly. Adult and juvenile birds threatened in Breeding pairs at the nest are usually quiet but infrequently chirp (Wirminghaus et al. 2000a).
Die Woudpapegaai (Poicephalus robustus) is 'n endemiese en afnemende standvoël in Afrobergwoud tussen Port Elizabeth en Durban. Die voël is skaars, daar is maar 500 - 1500 voëls oor; dus is die status bedreigd. Die voël is 30 – 35 cm lank en 270 - 320 g groot. In Engels staan die voël bekend as die Cape Parrot.
Die Woudpapegaai (Poicephalus robustus) is 'n endemiese en afnemende standvoël in Afrobergwoud tussen Port Elizabeth en Durban. Die voël is skaars, daar is maar 500 - 1500 voëls oor; dus is die status bedreigd. Die voël is 30 – 35 cm lank en 270 - 320 g groot. In Engels staan die voël bekend as die Cape Parrot.
El lloro robust (Poicephalus robustus) és un ocell de la família dels psitàcids (Psittacidae) que habita boscos, manglars i terres de conreu de l'Àfrica occidental, central i meridional.
Aquesta espècie està classificada en tres subespècies:
Les dues últimes són sovint considerades una espècie diferent, seguint Hockey et al. 2005,:[1] Poicephalus fuscicollis.
El lloro robust (Poicephalus robustus) és un ocell de la família dels psitàcids (Psittacidae) que habita boscos, manglars i terres de conreu de l'Àfrica occidental, central i meridional.
Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Parot gyddf-frown (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: parotiaid gyddf-frown) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Poicephalus robustus; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Brown-necked parrot. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Parotiaid (Lladin: Psittacidae) sydd yn urdd y Psittaciformes.[1]
Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn P. robustus, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.[2]
Mae'r parot gyddf-frown yn perthyn i deulu'r Parotiaid (Lladin: Psittacidae). Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:
Rhestr Wicidata:
rhywogaeth enw tacson delwedd Corbarot brongoch Micropsitta bruijnii Corbarot Finsch Micropsitta finschii Corbarot Meek Micropsitta meeki Corbarot penfelyn Micropsitta keiensis Corbarot wyneblwyd Micropsitta pusio
Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Parot gyddf-frown (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: parotiaid gyddf-frown) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Poicephalus robustus; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Brown-necked parrot. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Parotiaid (Lladin: Psittacidae) sydd yn urdd y Psittaciformes.
Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn P. robustus, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.
Papoušek kapský (Poicephalus robustus), je největším zástupcem afrických dlouhokřídlých papoušků rodu Poicephalus. Ve volné přírodě není hojný a jeho stavy se postupně snižují. V České republice je zatím chován spíše vzácně, i když k úspěšným odchovům zde již došlo.
Tento robustní papoušek dorůstá délky 33-34 cm. Zbarvení jeho těla je převážně zelené, barva hlavy závisí na poddruhu. Nepřehlédnutelným atributem je papouškův mohutný zahnutý zobák. Pohlavní dimorfismus není příliš výrazný.
Domovinou papouška kapského je jih, západ a východ Afriky – Jihoafrická republika, Mosambik, Tanzanie, Rwanda, Zambie, Zimbabwe, Ghana, Nigérie aj. Tohoto papouška najdeme většinou v nadmořských výškách 1000-2100m. Obývá jehličnaté lesy, otevřené lesy a savany, za potravou zalétá i do mangrovů a na ovocné plantáže. Ke snižování populace papouška kapského přispívá ničení jeho biotopu, nelegální odchyty a v neposlední řadě i místní válečné konflikty a kmenové rozbroje.
Zástupci tohoto druhu žijí převážně v párech či menších rodinných skupinkách. Za letu udržují navzájem kontakt pomocí hlasitého volání; při přijímání potravy jsou naopak velmi tiší. Hnízdí v dutinách stromů, kde samičky snáší 2-4 bílá kulovitá vejce. Mláďata se líhnou po 26-28 dnech a hnízdo opouštějí po cca 70 dnech. I poté je však rodiče ještě nějakou dobu dokrmují. V našich podmínkách spadá doba hnízdění papoušků kapských přibližně na listopad.
Papoušci kapští jsou od přírody plaší ptáci; odchycení jedinci velmi špatně snášejí transport a mnoho jich cestou hyne. Zakoupení jedinci z dovozu zůstávají dlouho bojácní.
Papoušek kapský se v přirozeném prostředí živí semeny, bobulemi, ořechy, květy, listy a větvičkami stromů, příležitostně i hmyzem. Hlavní složkou potravy jsou semena jehličnanů rodu Podocarpus. Nezřídka tento papoušek zalétá na ovocná a obilná pole, kde se živí datlemi, fíky, švestkami, kukuřicí, čirokem nebo burskými oříšky.
V zajetí papouškům kapským podáváme směs zrnin pro větší papoušky (bílá a žíhaná slunečnice, kardi, pšenice, kukuřice, semenec, proso, pohanka), kterou pravidelně doplňujeme čerstvým ovocem, zeleninou, ořechy či bobulemi ( jeřabiny, hloh, šípek). Vhodným zdrojem živin je i naklíčené zrní (mungo, hrách, slunečnice, kukuřice, kardi). Stravu lze zpestřit i granulemi, piškoty, vařenou nesolenou rýží nebo těstovinami, trochou sýra atd. Jako zdroj vápníku slouží sépiová kost; k okusu je dobré podávat čerstvé větvičky ovocných stromů.
Papouškům kapským svědčí chov v prostorné voliéře s vnější (4 × 1 × 2m) a vnitřní (2 × 1 × 2m) částí. Dovezení ptáci se brzy otuží a snášejí i teploty jen několik stupňů nad nulou. Voliéra by měla být vybavena dostatečným množstvím bidel, protože tito papoušci rádi šplhají. Nedoporučuje se chovat pohromadě více samic, neboť se mohou navzájem napadat.
Tento papoušek je u nás chován téměř výhradně jako voliérový pták; jeho chov v roli domácího společníka se dosud nerozšířil. V zahraničí jsou ručně dokrmení papoušci kapští oblíbeni pro svou mírnou a vřelou povahu a někteří chovatelé-mazlíkáři je přirovnávají ke kakaduům, od nichž se ovšem odlišují menší náročností na čas a péči majitele. Přestože nejsou tak řečnicky nadaní jako papoušci konžští nebo senegalští, naučí se opakovat několik slov a zvuků. Vzhledem k vzácnosti tohoto druhu se však držení jednotlivců za účelem ochočení nedoporučuje; papouškům kapským by měla být dána šance rozmnožit se v podmínkách voliérového chovu.
Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu papoušek kapský ve Wikimedia Commons
Papoušek kapský (Poicephalus robustus), je největším zástupcem afrických dlouhokřídlých papoušků rodu Poicephalus. Ve volné přírodě není hojný a jeho stavy se postupně snižují. V České republice je zatím chován spíše vzácně, i když k úspěšným odchovům zde již došlo.
Der Kappapagei (Poicephalus robustus), gelegentlich auch Kap-Papagei geschrieben, ist eine Vogelart aus der Gattung der Langflügelpapageien. Er wird als die am stärksten bedrohte Art afrikanischer Großpapageien angesehen. Er kommt heute nur noch in einem stark fragmentierten Verbreitungsgebiet im Südosten Afrikas vor. Im Jahre 2004 wurden nur noch 1024 Individuen dieser Art gezählt[1].
Kopf und Nackenfärbung variieren von grünlich bis gelblichbraun, die Federbasen sind dunkelbraun und mattgrün. Die Federn an Zügel, Kinn und den unteren Wangenpartien sind schwarzbraun und manchmal mit rosaroten Federn durchsetzt. Ein rotes Stirnband ist bei den Weibchen besonders stark ausgeprägt, bei den Männchen tritt es nur gelegentlich auf. Die Rückenfedern und Flügeldecken sind schwarz mit dunkelgrünem Rand, die Unterflügeldecken grünlichschwarz. Die Schenkel und der Flügelrand sind orangerot. Die Schwanzfedern sind schwarzbraun, die Füße graublau mit graubraunen Krallen. Der Schnabel ist hornfarben. Die Iris der Kappapageien ist braun.
Langflügelpapageien sind eigentlich Nahrungsgeneralisten, die ein breites Spektrum an Früchten, Blätter, Samen und Blüten fressen und auch Insekten zu sich nehmen. Der Kappapagei stellt hier eine Ausnahme dar. Er lebt überwiegend von den Samen der Steineiben (Podocarpus) sowie in deutlich geringerem Umfang von den Samen des afrikanischen Zürgelbaums (Celtis africanus)[2]. Die hohe Abhängigkeit von diesen Nahrungspflanzen ist ursächlich für den starken Bestandsrückgang. Podocarpus-Wälder sind in den letzten Jahrzehnten umfangreich abgeholzt worden. Größere zusammenhängende Wälder bestehen nur noch in unzugänglichen Höhenlagen. Der Lebensraum des Kappapageis ist entsprechend stark fragmentiert. Kappapageien sind dadurch gezwungen, energieaufwändige Nahrungsflüge von den Schlafbäumen zu den Nahrungsplätzen zu unternehmen, die auch die Prädationsgefahr deutlich erhöhen.[3]
Kappapageien brüten überwiegend in Ast- und Stammhöhlen der Steineiben. Das Gelege besteht aus zwei bis vier weißen, rundlichen bis ovalen Eiern. Nur das Weibchen brütet. Das Männchen versorgt das Weibchen während der Brutzeit und in den ersten Tagen, nachdem die Jungen geschlüpft sind, mit Nahrung. Die Jungen schlüpfen nach einer Brutzeit von etwa 28 bis 30 Tagen. Die Nestlinge sind nach etwa 60 bis 79 Tagen flügge[4].
Bei Untersuchungen an Kappapageien hat man festgestellt, dass ein Teil der Papageien das Virus der Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease (PBFD) in sich tragen. Diese Krankheit ist unheilbar und hat einen häufig tödlichen Verlauf. Bei einem Teil der Vögel, die mit dem Virus infiziert sind, kommt die Krankheit zwar nicht zum Ausbruch, sie sind jedoch Krankheitsüberträger.
Zum Erhalt der Arten sind in der Republik Südafrika Reste der Steineibenwälder unter Naturschutz gestellt worden. Zu den Ornithologen, die sich besonders dem Schutz des Kappapageis widmen, gehört der Südafrikaner Olaf Wirminghaus, der mehrere Feldstudien zu dieser Art durchgeführt hat.
Das folgende Kladogramm zeigt die Gattung Poicephalus mit ihren jeweiligen Verwandtschaftsgraden. Es fehlt der Niam-Niam-Papagei (Poicephalus crassus), dessen Artstatus umstritten ist[5]. Verwandtschaftlich steht der Kappapagei insbesondere dem Graukopfpapagei, dem Kongopapagei und dem Gelbkopfpapagei nahe. In Größe, Gefiederfärbung und Verhalten besteht zwischen diesen vier Arten große Ähnlichkeit.
Poicephalus (Gattung) Eupsittacus (Untergattung) N.N.Der Kappapagei (Poicephalus robustus), gelegentlich auch Kap-Papagei geschrieben, ist eine Vogelart aus der Gattung der Langflügelpapageien. Er wird als die am stärksten bedrohte Art afrikanischer Großpapageien angesehen. Er kommt heute nur noch in einem stark fragmentierten Verbreitungsgebiet im Südosten Afrikas vor. Im Jahre 2004 wurden nur noch 1024 Individuen dieser Art gezählt.
The Cape parrot (Poicephalus robustus) or Levaillant's parrot is a large, temperate forest dwelling parrot of the genus Poicephalus endemic to South Africa. It was formerly grouped as a subspecies along with the savanna-dwelling brown-necked parrot (Poicephalus fuscicollis) and grey-headed parrot (P. f. suahelicus), but is now considered a distinct species.
The Cape parrot was described in 1781 by the English ornithologist John Latham under the English name, the "robust parrot".[2] When in 1788 the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin revised and expanded Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae, he included the Cape parrot with a short description, coined the binomial name Psittacus robustus and cited Latham's work.[3] The type locality is South Africa.[4] The Cape parrot is now placed with nine other species in the genus Poicephalus that was introduced by the English naturalist William John Swainson in 1837.[5][6] The genus name is from the Ancient Greek phaios "grey" and -kephalos "headed". The specific epithet rubustus is Latin for "strong" or "robust".[7] The species in monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.[6]
The Cape parrot was formerly considered to be one of the three subspecies of the brown-necked parrot (Poicephalus fuscicollis). The Cape parrot is smaller than the other two taxa and has an olive-yellow rather than a silvery-grey head.[8] A detailed genetic analysis of the three taxa published in 2015 confirmed the distinctness of brown-necked and cape parrots, and suggested that ancestors of the two had diverged between 2.13 and 2.67 million years ago in the late Pliocene to early Pleistocene epoch. This period was a period of changes in climate, where grassland and forest were expanding and contracting, which presumably led to isolation and eventually speciation of separate populations.[9]
The Cape parrot is a short-tailed moderately large bird with a very large beak used to crack all sorts of hard nuts and fruit kernels, especially those of African yellowwood trees (Podocarpus spp.). This contrasts with the closely related savanna species (Poicephalus fuscicollis) which feeds on a wide variety of tropical woodland trees such as marula, Commiphora spp. and Terminalia spp. These species are sexually dimorphic, with females typically sporting an orange frontal patch on the forehead. Juveniles also show a larger orange - pink patch on the forehead but lack the red on shoulders and legs of adults.[10] These plumage characteristics vary among individuals and among the three recognized forms.[11]
The Cape parrot is endemic to South Africa. It occurs in Afromontane forests at moderate altitudes in eastern South Africa from the coastal escarpment near sea-level to the midlands at around 1000m. These forests occur as a series of small patches around the south and east of South Africa and are dominated by yellowwood trees (Podocarpus latifolius, Podocarpus falcatus and Podocarpus henkelii). Cape parrots have a disjunct distribution with the largest population around in the Amathole mountains of the Eastern Cape Province and extending east, with several large gaps, through the Mthatha escarpment and Pondoland in the Eastern Cape and the southern midlands of KwaZulu-Natal Province to Karkloof, near Pietermaritzburg. A very small population, of around 30 individuals occurs over 600 km to the north in the Magoebaskloof area of Limpopo Province. Cape parrots are absent from large areas of afromontane forests such as those along the southern coast of South Africa, near Knysna, the higher altitude Afromontane forests in the Drakensberg mountains of KwaZulu-Natal, or the moderate-altitude forests of northern KwaZulu-Natal province and Eswatini, which separate the KwaZulu-Natal midlands and Limpopo escarpment populations.[12] All of these areas are within the dispersal range of the parrots and there are old records of Cape parrots from northern KwaZulu-Natal.
Over one hundred P. robustus parrots are kept as cage birds, most of which are wild-caught birds although they do breed reasonably well in captivity. To date there have not been any successful releases of captive birds and the survival of this species is dependent on habitat conservation to maintain wild populations. Trade and export of wild-caught Cape parrots from South Africa has been made illegal by the international CITES agreement (appendix list II) and by South African law. They are rare as pets, despite low-levels of ongoing illegal collection and trade. Those that are kept have demonstrated wonderful personalities, and a talking ability that rivals their larger cousin the grey parrot. A small trade still persists in the related Grey-headed and brown-necked parrots.
The IUCN Red List, which uses the Birdlife International checklist, lumps the common and widespread grey-headed parrot with Cape parrots and brown-necked parrots, each of which are more narrowly distributed and more threatened, leading to an assessment of least concern.[13] This contrasts with alternative assessments of the South African endemic P. robustus, as endangered[14] and possible threatened status of the brown-headed parrot of West Africa.
Hundreds of volunteers participate on the first weekend each May in the "Cape Parrot Big Birding Day" which is an annual count of the population throughout its distribution. The parrots are relatively easy to count at any forest patch due to their distinctive silhouettes, slow, 'rowing' flight and raucous calls. Counts are made in the evening as parrots arrive at roost patches and in the following morning as the parrots leave. A complete census of the population is difficult to achieve, however, as these forests are naturally fragmented and there are insufficient volunteers to count the more remote patches. There are also difficulties in achieving a precise count because the birds fly long distances for food and may be 'double-counted' at both feeding and roosting sites. Counts increased from about 500 specimens in May 2000 to over 1000 in recent years, although this may be largely explained by an increase in the particular sites that were counted. The parrots are particularly threatened by the fatal psittacine beak and feather disease virus (BFDV), and there have been suggestions that a diet heavy in yellowwood fruits greatly reduces the symptoms, although this has not been empirically investigated. Their habitat is being reduced by logging and modification of African yellowwood trees, in particular the loss of old trees and dead snags with suitable nesting hollows. The provision of nesting boxes has had some success and offers some hope for increasing the proportion of breeding individuals.
The Cape parrot (Poicephalus robustus) or Levaillant's parrot is a large, temperate forest dwelling parrot of the genus Poicephalus endemic to South Africa. It was formerly grouped as a subspecies along with the savanna-dwelling brown-necked parrot (Poicephalus fuscicollis) and grey-headed parrot (P. f. suahelicus), but is now considered a distinct species.
El lorito robusto[2] (Poicephalus robustus) es una especie de ave de la familia de los loros (Psittacidae) endémica de África.
El lorito robusto se reconoce como especie recientemente. Desde que Gmelin en 1788 descubriese a este loro hasta que Clancey en 1997 lo reconociese como una especie distinta. La propuesta de Clancey era de crear una sola especie entre el Poicephalus robustus y el Poicephalus fuscicollis, para ello Clancey y Wirminghaus (1997) se basaron en las diferencias morfológicas, ecológicas y biogeográficas. También observaron la secuenciación del ADN.
Después de esto se dieron válidos los criterios para formar la especie nominal con el nombre de Poicephalus robustus y con sus 3 subespecies (Poicephalus robustus, Poicephalus suahelicus, Poicephalus fuscicollis).
La especie nominal se encuentra primordialmente toda la parte este de Sudáfrica,[3] bien es cierto, que las aves no conocen de fronteras y se pueden encontrar en países alrededores como Mozambique.
Existe una gran controversia entre la situación de conservación del Poicephalus robustus.
El 6 de junio de 1981 en loro del cabo es catalogado en el apéndice II de CITES (Convención sobre el Comercio Internacional de Especies Amenazadas de Fauna y Flora Silvestres).
En 1988 se incluye por primera vez en la lista roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN como especie en menor preocupación.
La causa de que el loro del cabo no esté en peligro crítico se debe a que las subespecies de este comprenden un área de difusión muchísimo mayor a la de la especie nominal, con lo cual, esto conlleva a un crecimiento de la población de subespecies y a la disminución de la especie nominal. Las subespecies ocupan toda la África central y occidental, mientras que el Poicephalus robustus solo habita en algunas provincias de Sudáfrica como son Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal y Limpopo.
Con el tiempo los Poicephalus robustus, han descendido drásticamente su población debido a la tala incontrolada de los bosques de Sándalo para fabricar muebles. Llegando así a que solo existe el dos por ciento de los bosque de Sándalo.
En cautividad este loro existe en pequeñas cantidades por varios países de Europa y sin muchos exitosos avances de cría, con lo cual el primer objetivo para conservar la especie nominal es controlar la tala de bosques, puesto que los loros del cabo tienen que viajar muchos kilómetros para alimentarse, como no hay comida tienen que descender para alimentarse de los campos de cultivo donde muchos mueren porque son cazados por los dueños de los campos de cultivo. Los bosques también son necesarios en la vida de los Poicephalus robustus puesto que en las cavidades de estos árboles ellos anidan, se alimentan.
El comercio ilegal y legal constituye otro punto a destacar en la conservación de esta especie. Desde 1998 los países con más exportaciones legales han sido Tanzania, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, República Democrática del Congo y Côte d’Ivoire. Lo que da a pensar que la especie nominal ha sido la menos afectada en cuanto al comercio mientras que las subespecies han sido las más afectadas y las más comercializadas. Esto se puede saber observando el área de difusión de las subespecies y los países con más exportaciones realizadas.
Las enfermedades también son una gran amenaza, sobre todo en la especie nominal. La enfermedad de PBFD o enfermedad de pico y pluma (Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease virus) es la que más muertes ha causado a los Poicephalus robustus.
Los Poicephalus robustus habitan en un área de 3.100.000 km². Podríamos decir que esa superficie la habitan primordialmente las subespecies puesto que la especie nominal solo se encuentra en unas provincias de Sudáfrica. Esta especie pasa casi todo su tiempo en busca de comida y agua donde se les suelen ver en grupos de 5 a 10.
Anidan en los huecos de los árboles de Sándalo,[4] entonces la hembra se queda con los huevos o los polluelos mientras que el macho se encarga de alimentarla y de ir a buscar comida y agua.
Debido a la tala de árboles de Sándalo los loritos robustos tienes que buscar otro tipo de árboles donde anidar y buscar comida, estos son los bosques de Podocarpus entre 1.000 y 1.500 metros de altitud donde allí se alimentan de los endocarpios de Podocarpus y de otro tipo de árboles frutales.
El loro de cabo se parece mucho al loro jardinero (Poicephalus gulielmi) en sus tonalidades verdes y sus tonalidades anaranjadas.
Su color predominante es el verde. Un verde muy oscuro y con algunos rasgos en negro en la parte de las alas y con un verde brillante y claro en el pecho.
Los muslos y los hombros adquieren una coloración naranja y roja. En la frente existe una coloración roja que nos permite saber y diferenciar cual es el macho de la hembra, ambos tienen plumas rojizas en la frente, pero la hembra tiene bastante más coloración. A diferencia de los Poicephalus gulielmi que en los dos sexos poseen coloración en la frente.
La cabeza y el cuello son de una tonalidad grisácea y marrón pálidos que llega hasta el pecho y la espalda donde se mezcla con el verde de ambas tonalidades.
Las patas son grisáceas y los iris de color castaño oscuro. Estos loros son los más grandes de su género Poicephalus llegando a medir 33 y 35 cm[5] de altura. Tienen un enorme pico, el macho pesa 300 - 400 gramos y la hembra pesa ligeramente menos 280 – 350 gramos.
Los inmaduros poseen la cabeza y el cuello de un color oliva pálido, no poseen tonalidad rojiza en los hombros, en los muslos y ni en la frente. No obstante se afirma que cuando son jóvenes poseen una coloración mucho más llamativa y que los jóvenes sí que tienen coloración roja, pero la pierden en la segunda muda.
Son pocas especies de las que se dispone información en la avicultura, pero se conoce que después de la reproducción la hembra pone 3 o 4 huevos con intervalos de 3 días entre cada huevo después los huevos eclosionan después de 25 o 28 días. Mientras tanto el macho va en busca de comida y de agua para alimentar a la madre. Entre 40 y 50 días comienzan a salir del nido como otras especies de Poicephalus.
El lorito robusto (Poicephalus robustus) es una especie de ave de la familia de los loros (Psittacidae) endémica de África.
Poicephalus robustus Poicephalus generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Psittacidae familian sailkatua dago.
Poicephalus robustus Poicephalus generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Psittacidae familian sailkatua dago.
Isoafrikankaija (Poicephalus robustus) on afrikkalainen papukaijalaji, jota tavataan Etelä-Afrikan itäosissa. Se elää pääosin KwaZulu-Natalin ja Itä-Kapin provinssissa. Pieni noin 60–80 yksilöä käsittävä populaatio on lisäksi Limpopossa.[1] Lajin holotyypin kuvaili Johann Friedrich Gmelin Kapin niemimaalta vuonna 1788.[2]
Isoafrikankaija lajimääritelmä tehtiin uudestaan vuonna 2017, kun siitä erotettiin omaksi lajikseen Poicephalus robustus.[1]
Suurimmaksi osaksi isoafrikankaija on vihreä. Naaralla on punaista tai oranssia väriä otsassa. Selkä ja siivet ovat tummanvihreät, ja oranssia tai punaista löytyy reisistä ja siipien itäosasta. Pyrstö on musta tai ruskea.[3]
Isoafrikankaija (Poicephalus robustus) on afrikkalainen papukaijalaji, jota tavataan Etelä-Afrikan itäosissa. Se elää pääosin KwaZulu-Natalin ja Itä-Kapin provinssissa. Pieni noin 60–80 yksilöä käsittävä populaatio on lisäksi Limpopossa. Lajin holotyypin kuvaili Johann Friedrich Gmelin Kapin niemimaalta vuonna 1788.
Isoafrikankaija lajimääritelmä tehtiin uudestaan vuonna 2017, kun siitä erotettiin omaksi lajikseen Poicephalus robustus.
Suurimmaksi osaksi isoafrikankaija on vihreä. Naaralla on punaista tai oranssia väriä otsassa. Selkä ja siivet ovat tummanvihreät, ja oranssia tai punaista löytyy reisistä ja siipien itäosasta. Pyrstö on musta tai ruskea.
Poicephalus robustus
Le Perroquet robuste (Poicephalus robustus) ou perroquet du Cap, est une espèce d'oiseaux d'origine africaine de la famille des Psittacidae. Avec le Perroquet à cou brun (Poicephalus fuscicollis), ils sont les plus grands perroquets du genre Poicephalus.
L'espèce comprenait auparavant trois sous-espèces, P. r. fuscicollis, P. r. robustus et P. r. suahelicus mais des analyses génétiques ont montré que ce taxon correspondait en fait à deux espèces très proches[1]. La seconde espèce, dans cette hypothèse, a été appelée Poicephalus fuscicollis et regroupe les sous-espèces P. f. fuscicollis et P. f. suahelicus.
Poicephalus robustus
Le Perroquet robuste (Poicephalus robustus) ou perroquet du Cap, est une espèce d'oiseaux d'origine africaine de la famille des Psittacidae. Avec le Perroquet à cou brun (Poicephalus fuscicollis), ils sont les plus grands perroquets du genre Poicephalus.
Il pappagallo del Capo (Poicephalus robustus J. F. Gmelin, 1788) è un uccello della famiglia degli Psittacidi.
Il corpo compatto e forte e la grande testa, dotata di becco vistoso, fanno sembrare questo pappagallo più grande della sua taglia, attorno ai 33 cm. La colorazione generale è verde, più scura sulle ali e più chiara nelle parti ventrali; il cappuccio grigio sfumato in ocra copre tutta la testa e il collo, con sfumature rosse sulla fronte e sulla corona molto evidenti nelle femmine e quasi assenti nel maschio (ma non sempre è così, per questo non possiamo considerarlo un vero e proprio dimorfismo sessuale); spalle e calze (piumaggio che copre la gamba, più corto dei calzoni) rosse; becco grigio e iride marrone.
È un uccello di foresta e boscaglia: abita le foreste primarie e secondarie, le foreste costiere e le savane alberate. Potremmo definirlo timido e silenzioso: solitamente vive in coppia e solo di rado forma bande che si muovono alla ricerca del cibo; in queste occasioni diventa anche più chiassoso e intraprendente. La stagione riproduttiva spesso coincide con l'intera stagione delle piogge, quando il cibo è abbondante. Il nido è localizzato nella cavità di un albero e la femmina vi depone 2-4 uova a intervalli di 2-3 giorni; la cova dura 29-30 giorni. I giovani si involano attorno alle 10-12 settimane.
Vive nelle foreste del KwaZulu-Natal, in Sudafrica (dove la fonte principale di cibo è fornita dai semi di Podocarpus falcatus e dalle olive selvatiche della Olea capensis). La popolazione in libertà può essere valutata attorno ai 500 individui e quindi in serio pericolo di estinzione.
In cattività non ci sono molte coppie riproducenti, per questo sarebbe importante fermare le catture e incrementare l'allevamento utilizzando i soggetti già in cattività.
Il pappagallo del Capo (Poicephalus robustus J. F. Gmelin, 1788) è un uccello della famiglia degli Psittacidi.
De Kaapse papegaai (Poicephalus robustus) is een vogel uit de familie Psittacidae (papegaaien van Afrika en de Nieuwe Wereld). De soort werd lang als ondersoort (en nominaat) van de bruinnekpapegaai (P. fuscicollis) beschouwd.[2]
De vogel is ongeveer 30 cm lang en weegt ongeveer 300 g. Het mannetje en het vrouwtje verschillen iets van elkaar. Vrouwtjes hebben een oranje vlekje op het voorhoofd. Beide geslachten hebben een bruingekleurde kop, de snavel is ivoorkleurig, de keel is geel, de rug is blauwgroen en de poten blauwgrijs.[3]
Deze soort is endemisch in oostelijk Zuid-Afrika, in de provincies KwaZoeloe-Natal en Oost-Kaap en een kleine geïsoleerde populatie in de provincie Limpopo. Deze papegaai komt voor in naaldwouden van Podocarpus-soorten op 1000 tot 1400 m boven zeeniveau. De vogel heeft de gewoonte om te foerageren in lager gelegen gebieden.[1]
De Kaapse papegaai heeft een beperkt verspreidingsgebied en daardoor is de kans op uitsterven aanwezig. De grootte van de populatie werd in 2017 door BirdLife International geschat op 730 tot 1200 volwassen individuen en de populatie-aantallen nemen af door ontbossing en door vangst voor de kooivogelhandel. Om deze redenen staat deze soort als kwetsbaar op de Rode Lijst van de IUCN.[1]
Er gelden beperkingen voor de handel in deze papegaai, de soort staat in de Bijlage II van het CITES-verdrag.[4]
Bronnen, noten en/of referentiesDe Kaapse papegaai (Poicephalus robustus) is een vogel uit de familie Psittacidae (papegaaien van Afrika en de Nieuwe Wereld). De soort werd lang als ondersoort (en nominaat) van de bruinnekpapegaai (P. fuscicollis) beschouwd.
Kappapegoja[2] (Poicephalus robustus) är en fågel i familjen västpapegojor inom ordningen papegojfåglar.[3]
Kappapegoja förekommer i östra Sydafrika. Tidigare behandlades beigehuvad papegoja (Poicephalus fuscicollis) som underart till kappapegoja och vissa gör det fortfarande.[4]
IUCN kategoriserar arten som sårbar.[1]
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör kappapegoja.
Wikispecies har information om Poicephalus robustus.
Kappapegoja (Poicephalus robustus) är en fågel i familjen västpapegojor inom ordningen papegojfåglar.
Довжина тіла папуги — 33 см без хвоста, хвіст — близько 9 см. Основний колір оперення — зелений. Пір'я голови, шиї і грудей жовтувато-коричневого кольору, низ тулуба — блакитно-зелений, спина і крила забарвлені в темно-оливково-зелений колір, плямочка на лобі і край крила зазвичай червоного або цегляно-оранжевого кольору. У окремих особин буває рожевий наліт на щоках. Дзьоб світлий, а окуляри — чорні. Райдужина очей темно коричнева. Колір лап — сірий.
Живуть у мангрових заростях, фруктових садах і саванах. Можуть розбиватися на пари або жити порівняно невеликими групками. Під час польоті спілкуються голосно кричучи. Раціон становлять насіння, ягоди, горіхи, листя і гілочки дерев, квітки. Іноді можуть поїдати комах.
Гнізда влаштовують в дуплах дерев, де самиця зазвичай відкладає два-чотири яйця білого кольору. Пташенята вилуплюються в середньому через 27 днів. Птах невибагливий, довго живе в домашніх умовах.
Це незавершена стаття про папуг.Poicephalus robustus là một loài chim trong họ Psittacidae.[1]
Poicephalus robustus là một loài chim trong họ Psittacidae.
Poicephalus robustus Gmelin, 1788
Охранный статус
Капский длиннокрылый попугай[1] (лат. Poicephalus robustus) — птица семейства попугаевых.
Длина тела 33—34 см, хвоста 9 см. Основная окраска оперения зелёная. Голова, шея и грудь желтовато-коричневые, низ голубовато-зелёный, спина и крылья тёмно-оливково-зелёные, край крыла и пятно на лбу красные или кирпично-оранжевые. У некоторых особей на щеках есть розоватый налёт. Клюв светлой окраски, окологлазное кольцо чёрное. Радужка тёмно-коричневая. Лапы серые.
Обитает на западе, юге и юго-востоке Африки.
Населяют саванны, леса, мангровые заросли, фруктовые сады, до высоты 4000 м над уровнем моря. Живут, в основном, парами или небольшими группами. В полёте поддерживают контакт с помощью громкого крика. Питаются семенами, ягодами, орехами, цветками, листьями и веточками деревьев, иногда насекомыми.
Гнездятся в дуплах деревьев. Самка откладывает 2—4 белых яйца. Насиживание длится 26—28 дней.
Редкий вид.
Неприхотливые попугаи. Долго живут в домашних условиях.
Вид включает в себя 3 подвида:
Капский длиннокрылый попугай (лат. Poicephalus robustus) — птица семейства попугаевых.
