The diet of the Black Rail consists mainly of small (less than 1 cm) aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates, including snails, amphipods, isopods, spiders, ants, aphids grasshoppers, beetles, bugs, earwigs, and flies. Especially in winter, Black Rails may consume seeds as well (e.g., Typha cattails, Scirpus sedges). (Taylor 1996).
The Black Rail (Laterallus jamaicensis) is a highly secretive, sparrow-sized marsh bird. It generally walks or runs through the marsh, rarely flying or emerging from cover. It is heard far more often than it is seen. It breeds along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States and, very patchily, on the Pacific coast of the U.S. and in Central America and Western South America. (Kaufman 1996; Taylor 1996; AOU 1998)
The Black Rail has probably declined in most parts of its North American range, especially in the upper Midwest, mainly due to habitat loss (Kaufman 1996). Evens et al. (1991) reviewed the status of the Black Rail in western North America and concluded that it was experiencing a progressive decline resulting from the degradation and loss of its habitat.
The Black Rail is distributed along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States and, very patchily, in California, Arizona, Kansas, Illinois, and Ohio; Belize, Panama, western Peru, Chile, and western Argentina. It has been recorded as present during the breeding season (and therefore possibly breeding) in Missouri, Indiana, Baja California, Veracruz, Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, and (at least historically) Puerto Rico. The winter range includes the coast of California north to Tomales Bay, and the Imperial and lower Colorado River valleys; the Gulf coast from southeastern Texas east to Florida; the Atlantic coast north to North Carolina (casually to Maryland); and the breeding range in Belize and South America. (AOU 1998)
In a study of breeding Black Rails in Florida, Legare and Eddleman (2001) estimated the mean home range during nesting as 1.3 hectares for males (range 0.82 to 3.1; n = 9) and 0.62 hectares for females (range 0.51 to 0.86, n = 6). In a study in California, comparable home range was estimated to be 0.59 hectares, with males having larger home ranges and females smaller ones (Tsao et al. 2009).
The Black Rail is typically found in the shallow margins of salt marshes and, away from the coast, in freshwater marshes and wet meadows (Kaufman 1996; Taylor 1996; AOU 1998).
The Black Rail is a very small rail that is easily distinguished from other Laterallus rails and other rails occurring in its range by its very dark plumage with white spotting and barring (although the young of most rails are black). The female has paler underparts than the male. (Taylor 1996).
Black Rails may experience significant predation by avian predators, including Northern Harriers, Great Egrets, and Great Blue Herons (Evens and Page 1986).
The Black Rail's nest site is usually slightly above the ground or shallow water in a clump of vegetation. Clutch size is typically 6 to 8 eggs (range 3 to 13). Eggs are white to pale buff and dotted with brown. Incubation period (by both sexes) is 17 to 20 days. The downy young leave the nest within a day of hatching. (Kaufman 1996)
Distribucion General: Se reproducen en forma localizada en el suroeste, parte central y el este de E.U.A., México, América Central, Chile, Argentina y las Antillas. Invierna desde el sur de E.U.A. hacia el sur.
Son activos y emiten vocalizaciones en las noches de luna.
El rasclet fosc (Laterallus jamaicensis) és un ocell de la família dels ràl·lids (Rallidae) que habita aiguamolls i pantans de les dues Amèriques, des de Nova York cap al sud per la costa Atlàntica dels Estats Units, Cuba, Jamaica, la Hispaniola i altres Antilles, i localment a Califòrnia, Baixa Califòrnia, Belize i la costa del Pacífic de Perú i de Xile.
El rasclet fosc (Laterallus jamaicensis) és un ocell de la família dels ràl·lids (Rallidae) que habita aiguamolls i pantans de les dues Amèriques, des de Nova York cap al sud per la costa Atlàntica dels Estats Units, Cuba, Jamaica, la Hispaniola i altres Antilles, i localment a Califòrnia, Baixa Califòrnia, Belize i la costa del Pacífic de Perú i de Xile.
Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Rhegen ddu America (sy'n enw benywaidd; enw lluosog: rhegennod duon America) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Laterallus jamaicensis; yr enw Saesneg arno yw American black crake. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Rhegennod (Lladin: Rallidae) sydd yn urdd y Gruiformes.[1]
Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn L. jamaicensis, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.[2]
Mae'r rhegen ddu America yn perthyn i deulu'r Rhegennod (Lladin: Rallidae). Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:
Rhestr Wicidata:
rhywogaeth enw tacson delwedd Corsiar Porphyrio porphyrio Iâr ddŵr Allen Porphyrio alleni
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Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Rhegen ddu America (sy'n enw benywaidd; enw lluosog: rhegennod duon America) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Laterallus jamaicensis; yr enw Saesneg arno yw American black crake. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Rhegennod (Lladin: Rallidae) sydd yn urdd y Gruiformes.
Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn L. jamaicensis, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.
The black rail (Laterallus jamaicensis) is a mouse-sized member of the rail family Rallidae that occurs in both North and South America.
The black rail was formally described in 1789 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with all the rails in the genus Rallus and coined the binomial name Rallus jamaicensis.[2] Gmelin based his description on the "Least water hen" that had been described and illustrated in 1760 by the English naturalist George Edwards in his Gleanings of Natural History.[3] Edwards had obtained a preserved specimen that had been brought to London from Jamaica by Patrick Browne. Browne had briefly mentioned the rail in his book "The Civil and Natural History of Jamaica".[4] The black rail is now placed with 12 other small rails and crakes in the genus Laterallus that was introduced in 1855 by George Robert Gray.[5][6] The genus name is a portmanteau of Rallus lateralis, a synonym of the binomial name for the rufous-sided crake, the type species of the genus. The specific epithet jamaicensis is from "Jamaica", the type locality.[7]
There are five recognized subspecies:[6]
The black rail is a small black bird with a short bill. Black rails usually weigh 29-39 g, are 10-15 cm in length, and have a wingspan of 8.7-11.0 in (22-28 cm)[11].The body is dark, with white speckles along the back and wings. Both the beak and legs are dark. Adults have a red eye that appears around 3 months of age. [8]
It will often make its presence known with its distinctive ki-ki-krr call or an aggressive, presumably territorial, growl. This is primarily uttered during the night, when these birds are most vocal.[12] The peak of vocalization is during the first two weeks of May, when breeding and courtship behaviors are also at their peak.[13]
It is found in scattered parts of North America, the Caribbean, and the Pacific region of South America, usually in coastal salt marshes but also in some freshwater marshes. It is extinct or threatened in many locations due to habitat loss. The largest populations in North America are in Florida and California.
The black rail is rarely seen and prefers running in the cover of the dense marsh vegetation to flying.
This rail is territorial during the breeding season, and occasionally males will mate with two or more females.[12] The nests of this bird are placed on the ground, in dense, swampy vegetation or in patches of flooded grass. The nests are bowl-shaped and built with vegetation loosely woven.[12]
The clutch of this bird usually consists of six to eight creamy white speckled, with reddish-brown spots, eggs. These eggs are roundish and measure around 23 by 17 millimetres (0.91 by 0.67 in). They are incubated by both parents, taking shifts of approximately one hour each, for 16 to 20 days. The precocial young then hatch.
In 2015, the first ever breeding by black rails in South Carolina was captured through a camera study. This species was once thought to be a non-breeding visitor to the state. [14]
The black rail is an opportunistic feeder and consumes a wide range of food. Its diet includes seeds, insects, crustaceans and mollusks. The black rail forages by feeding along the water lines after high and low tide. [13]
Under the IUCN Red List, the black rail is listed as endangered with decreasing populations. The IUCN estimates there are between 28,000 and 92,000 mature individuals remaining. The largest threats to the Black Rail are habitat destruction and severe weather events. [15]
The wetland habitat that the black rail depends on has steadily declined through the last several decades, due to draining for development and conversion to agricultural land.[9]
In addition to declining populations and increasing threats, the black rail is also impacted by the lack of scientific studies available. Because of the secretive and hard to observe nature of the bird, there is very little known about them to help prevent population decline.
They are preyed upon by many avian (hawks, egrets, and herons) and mammalian (foxes and cats) predators, and rely on the cover of thick marsh vegetation for protection. High tides are a dangerous time for black rails, as they are quite vulnerable to predation outside the marsh.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) The black rail (Laterallus jamaicensis) is a mouse-sized member of the rail family Rallidae that occurs in both North and South America.
El burrito cuyano (Laterallus jamaicensis), también conocido como pidencito, cotarita o polluela negra es una especie de ave gruiforme de la familia Rallidae distribuida por América del Norte y la región del Pacífico de América del Sur. Habita normalmente en los pantanos salados costeros pero también en algunos pantanos de agua dulce. Está en peligro de extinción o amenazado en muchos lugares debido a la pérdida del hábitat. Las poblaciones más grandes en América del Norte están en Florida y California.
Tiene una longitud total de aproximadamente 15 centímetros. Tiene la cabeza y el vientre de coloración plomiza, la nuca y el cuello dorsalmente es de coloración canela, característica que lo diferencia de las otras especies. Dorso pardo salpicado. Flanco y subcaudales barreadas de negro. El ejemplar juvenil no tiene canela en el cuello o dorso.
Son omnívoros, propios de los pastizales salobres, alimentándose principalmente de invertebrados pequeños pero también de las semillas de algunas plantas. Son cazados por muchas aves (halcones y garzas), mamíferos (zorros y gatos); la vegetación del pantano espesa es su única protección. Son territoriales y cantan ruidosa y frecuentemente durante la estación de apareamiento.
Prefiere correr entre la vegetación a volar.
Esta especie puede ser conespecífica con Laterallus exilis, del litoral caribeño tropical y América del Sur oriental, y con el burrito de las Islas Galápagos, Laterallus spilonotus.
Se conocen cinco subespecies de Laterallus jamaicensis:[2]
El burrito cuyano (Laterallus jamaicensis), también conocido como pidencito, cotarita o polluela negra es una especie de ave gruiforme de la familia Rallidae distribuida por América del Norte y la región del Pacífico de América del Sur. Habita normalmente en los pantanos salados costeros pero también en algunos pantanos de agua dulce. Está en peligro de extinción o amenazado en muchos lugares debido a la pérdida del hábitat. Las poblaciones más grandes en América del Norte están en Florida y California.
Laterallus jamaicensis Laterallus generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Rallidae familian sailkatua dago.
Laterallus jamaicensis Laterallus generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Rallidae familian sailkatua dago.
Mustarääkkä (Laterallus jamaicensis) on amerikkalainen rantakana. Sen viisi tunnettua alalajia asuttavat Yhdysvaltain itäosaa, Kaliforniaa ja Baja Californiaa, Keski-Amerikan itäosaa, sekä Perua, Chileä ja Argentiinan läntisintä reunaa. Laji on hävinnyt monista tunnetuista esiintymispaikoistaan, ja sen kanta on vähitellen taantuva. Johann Friedrich Gmelin kuvaili lajin holotyypin Jamaikalta vuonna 1789.[2]
Mustarääkkä (Laterallus jamaicensis) on amerikkalainen rantakana. Sen viisi tunnettua alalajia asuttavat Yhdysvaltain itäosaa, Kaliforniaa ja Baja Californiaa, Keski-Amerikan itäosaa, sekä Perua, Chileä ja Argentiinan läntisintä reunaa. Laji on hävinnyt monista tunnetuista esiintymispaikoistaan, ja sen kanta on vähitellen taantuva. Johann Friedrich Gmelin kuvaili lajin holotyypin Jamaikalta vuonna 1789.
Laterallus jamaicensis
Le Râle noir (Laterallus jamaicensis) est une espèce d'oiseau de la famille des Rallidae, dont l'aire dissoute s'étend à travers le continent américain, généralement les endroits marécageux d’eaux salés près des côtes mais également dans certains marais d’eau douce. Il est disparu ou menacé dans certains endroits à cause de la disparition de son habitat. La population la plus importante se trouve en Floride et en Californie.
Le râle noir est omnivore, se nourrissant principalement de petits invertébrés, de graines et de plantes des marais. Il a plusieurs prédateurs, incluant les faucons, les aigrettes et les hérons, et des mammifères comme les renards et les chats. Il s’appuie sur le couvert de végétation épais des marais pour se protéger. Les râles noirs sont des oiseaux territoriaux qui crient bruyamment et fréquemment durant la saison de reproduction.
Le râle noir est rarement observé, préférant courir dans le dense couvert végétal que voler. Sa présence est toutefois indiquée par son cri. La meilleure occasion de voir cet oiseau est d’attendre les grandes marées durant lesquelles il est forcé de sortir de la végétation.
La sous-espèce tuerosi ou « Râle du lac Junín », endémique des environs du lac Junín dans le centre du Pérou, était parfois considérée comme espèce à part entière.
Laterallus jamaicensis
Le Râle noir (Laterallus jamaicensis) est une espèce d'oiseau de la famille des Rallidae, dont l'aire dissoute s'étend à travers le continent américain, généralement les endroits marécageux d’eaux salés près des côtes mais également dans certains marais d’eau douce. Il est disparu ou menacé dans certains endroits à cause de la disparition de son habitat. La population la plus importante se trouve en Floride et en Californie.
Le râle noir est omnivore, se nourrissant principalement de petits invertébrés, de graines et de plantes des marais. Il a plusieurs prédateurs, incluant les faucons, les aigrettes et les hérons, et des mammifères comme les renards et les chats. Il s’appuie sur le couvert de végétation épais des marais pour se protéger. Les râles noirs sont des oiseaux territoriaux qui crient bruyamment et fréquemment durant la saison de reproduction.
Le râle noir est rarement observé, préférant courir dans le dense couvert végétal que voler. Sa présence est toutefois indiquée par son cri. La meilleure occasion de voir cet oiseau est d’attendre les grandes marées durant lesquelles il est forcé de sortir de la végétation.
Il rallo nerastro (Laterallus jamaicensis J. F. Gmelin, 1789) è un uccello della famiglia dei Rallidi originario degli Stati Uniti, delle Grandi Antille e delle regioni occidentali del Sudamerica[2].
Il rallo nerastro, uno dei Rallidi più piccoli del mondo, misura 12–15 cm di lunghezza e ha un'apertura alare di 22–28 cm. Ha testa grigio-nerastra (con la sommità del capo marrone cioccolato in L. j. coturniculus) e parte posteriore del collo e schiena castane o rossicce; le parti rimanenti delle regioni superiori e le ali sono marroni-nerastre, macchiate o listate di bianco; le remiganti secondarie e la coda sono macchiate di bianco. La zona che va dal mento alla parte superiore dell'addome è grigio ardesia; i fianchi, la parte inferiore dell'addome e il sottocoda sono grigio-nerastri e barrati di bianco. Il becco è nero, l'iride scarlatta e le zampe e i piedi color carne o marroni. I sessi sono simili. Gli esemplari giovani, privi della zona rossiccia sulla schiena, sono quasi del tutto scuri.
Il rallo nerastro sembra avere una dieta onnivora; si nutre prevalentemente di piccoli invertebrati, ma non disdegna i semi di alcune piante palustri. A causa delle piccole dimensioni, ha molti predatori, sia tra gli altri uccelli (compresi rapaci, garzette e aironi) che tra i mammiferi (come volpi e gatti), e trascorre la maggior parte del tempo ben nascosto tra la fitta vegetazione delle paludi. È una specie territoriale e durante la stagione degli amori fa udire frequentemente il suo forte richiamo.
Il rallo nerastro viene avvistato solo raramente e all'approssimarsi di un pericolo preferisce correre a rifugiarsi tra la vegetazione, piuttosto che volare. È facile intuire la sua presenza, nella maggior parte dei casi, dal suo caratteristico richiamo, ki-ki-krr, o da un ringhio aggressivo, presumibilmente di natura territoriale. La migliore opportunità per vederne un esemplare è durante le maree più alte, quando questi uccelli sono costretti ad abbandonare le paludi costiere per andarsi a rifugiare nei campi e nelle sterpaglie vicine. I periodi di alta marea sono molto rischiosi per l'animale, perché dovendo abbandonando il fitto della palude si rende più vulnerabile agli attacchi dei predatori.
Il rallo nerastro vive nelle paludi (sia d'acqua dolce che salmastra) e nelle praterie umide di una vasta area delle Americhe e dei Caraibi. L. j. jamaicensis si incontra lungo le coste orientali degli Stati Uniti, ma compare sporadicamente anche in Colorado e Minnesota (ove però non nidifica più dal 1932). Con popolazioni molto localizzate è presente nel Messico nord-orientale, in Belize, Guatemala, Costa Rica e Panama. Sull'isola di Hispaniola è divenuto molto raro, ma compare ancora frequentemente, come visitatore svernante, in Giamaica e a Cuba. In passato nidificava anche a Porto Rico, ma la popolazione ivi presente è stata sterminata dalle manguste introdotte dall'uomo, e ora sull'isola compare solamente molto di rado, unicamente come specie svernante. La presenza dell'animale è stata riscontrata anche sulle isole Vergini. L. j. coturniculus, molto raro, vive negli Stati Uniti sud-occidentali e nel Messico nord-occidentale. Le altre due sottospecie, entrambe stanziali, occupano areali limitati: L. j. murivagans vive unicamente in poche paludi costiere del Perù centrale e L. j. salinasi nella zona che va dal Perù meridionale al Cile centrale, nonché nelle regioni adiacenti dell'Argentina centro-occidentale. Negli Stati Uniti l'areale della specie si è notevolmente ridotto nel corso del XX secolo e la popolazione è molto diminuita.
Attualmente vengono riconosciute cinque sottospecie di rallo nerastro[2]:
Il rallo nerastro (Laterallus jamaicensis J. F. Gmelin, 1789) è un uccello della famiglia dei Rallidi originario degli Stati Uniti, delle Grandi Antille e delle regioni occidentali del Sudamerica.
De zwarte dwergral (Laterallus jamaicensis) is een vogel uit de familie van de Rallen, koeten en waterhoentjes (Rallidae).
Deze soort komt voor van de Verenigde Staten en de Grote Antillen tot westelijk Zuid-Amerika en telt vijf ondersoorten op de IOC World Bird List:[2]
De zwarte dwergral (Laterallus jamaicensis) is een vogel uit de familie van de Rallen, koeten en waterhoentjes (Rallidae).
A sanã-preta (Laterallus jamaicensis),[2] também conhecida como açanã-preta, é uma ave de pequeno porte encontrada no Brasil e em outros pontos do continente americano, como Cuba, Estados Unidos e Argentina.
Seu habitat são regiões pantanosas ou alagadas na beira do mar. Sua plumagem apresenta a cor preta como descreve seu nome popular, mas também possui as cores branca e ferrugem nas costas.
São reconhecidas cinco subespécies:[3]
A sanã-preta (Laterallus jamaicensis), também conhecida como açanã-preta, é uma ave de pequeno porte encontrada no Brasil e em outros pontos do continente americano, como Cuba, Estados Unidos e Argentina.
Seu habitat são regiões pantanosas ou alagadas na beira do mar. Sua plumagem apresenta a cor preta como descreve seu nome popular, mas também possui as cores branca e ferrugem nas costas.
Svartrall[2] (Laterallus jamaicensis) är en fågel i familjen rallar inom ordningen tran- och rallfåglar.[3]
Svartrall delas in i fem underarter:[3]
Birdlife International urskiljer underarten tuerosi som den egna arten "junínrall".
IUCN kategoriserar arten som nära hotad.[1] Taxonet tuerosi kategoriseras för sig, som starkt hotad.
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör svartrall.
Wikispecies har information om Laterallus jamaicensis.
Svartrall (Laterallus jamaicensis) är en fågel i familjen rallar inom ordningen tran- och rallfåglar.
Laterallus jamaicensis là một loài chim trong họ Rallidae.[1]
保全状況評価 NEAR THREATENED
分類 界 : 動物界 Animalia 門 : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata 綱 : 鳥綱 Aves 目 : ツル目 Gruiformes 科 : クイナ科 Rallidae 属 : コガタクイナ属クロコクイナ黒小水鶏、学名：Laterallus jamaicensis) は、ツル目クイナ科に分類される鳥類の一種である。別名クロコビトクイナとも呼ばれる。
アメリカからメキシコにかけてと、ペルー、チリ、アルゼンチンに断続的に分布する。これらの周辺の国々でも稀に記録されることがある。
体長12-14cm。クイナ科において最小の種の一つで、大体スズメ大の大きさである。頭頂部から後頭部にかけては灰色がかった黒色で、上頸から背中は濃い黒茶色に小さな白斑が多数入る。嘴の基部から耳羽付近までは黒色で、それ以外は顔からの体の下面は濃い灰色である。脇と下尾筒は黒茶色か褐色で、白色の横縞が入ることもある。虹彩は赤色、嘴は黒色、脚は黄緑色である。
淡水や塩水の湿地や湿った草地に生息する。
茂みの中に営巣し、1腹6-10個の卵を産む。
以下の3亜種に分類される。
基亜種。アメリカ東部から、メキシコ、イギリス領ホンジュラスで繁殖し、冬季はメキシコ湾沿いのアメリカからキューバ、プエルトリコ、ジャマイカなどに渡って越冬する。
ペルー西部に分布する。
開発等による生息地の環境破壊や人為的に移入された動物による食害により、生息数は減少している。
この項目は、鳥類に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めています（ポータル鳥類 - PJ鳥類）。 .png){kind=small}
