Loligo forbesii is found on all British and Irish sea coasts, the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea, the East African coast, throughout the Atlantic Ocean around many islands, and essentially in all open coast areas. Migration is seasonal among the species and corresponds to the breeding season.
Biogeographic Regions: atlantic ocean (Native )
Loligo forbesii usually feeds on organisms smaller than itself, including herring and other small fish, crustaceans, other cephalopods, and polychaetes, among others. Cannibalism is also common among the species.
Animal Foods: fish; mollusks; aquatic or marine worms; aquatic crustaceans; other marine invertebrates
Primary Diet: carnivore (Piscivore , Eats non-insect arthropods)
Long-finned squids have a muscular bag behind the head which contains the organism's gills that provide rapid jet-propulsion used to escape predators. When the squid retracts backwards by use of the jet-propulsion, the body quickly changes to a much lighter color, and a bag of pigment opens into the mantle cavity that emits a large black cloud, confusing the predator.
Known Predators:
These cephalopods have eight "normal arms," along with a pair of retractile arms with clubbed suckers on the ends. Their torpedo-shaped, stream-lined bodies with terminal fins often appear somewhat blunter and wider as their depth increases, and enclose a thin membraneous internal shell. The two fins comprise a length of approximately two-thirds of the organism's body and produce a diamond-shape when seen from the dorsal view. These squid have well-developed heads with large eyes that are useful in predation. These squid possess colors and stripes; colors change during the escape mechanisms to a pink, red, or brown hue.
Range length: 12 to 90 cm.
Average length: 40 cm.
Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; heterothermic ; bilateral symmetry
The long-finned squid lives approximately 1-2 years in or out of captivity, three years at the most. Natural causes are the common cause of death; adults usually die after a mere year and a half. It is very common for squid to be eaten by predators, explaining why numbers in schools of squid are dramatically reduced during and after migration, falling prey to their predators. Cannibalism is also a very common cause of death of individuals. The large number of eggs produced more than compensates for the high mortality rate. (Wilson 2001, Grzimek 1972)
Range lifespan
Status: wild: 1 to 3 years.
Average lifespan
Status: wild: 1-2 years.
Range lifespan
Status: captivity: 1 to 3 years.
Average lifespan
Status: captivity: 1-1.5 years.
Typical lifespan
Status: wild: 1 to 2 years.
Average lifespan
Status: wild: 1-1.5 years.
Typical lifespan
Status: captivity: 1 to 3 years.
Average lifespan
Status: captivity: 1-2 years.
Long-finned squid are found in marine habitats, usually near sandy and muddy sea bottoms, but also quite often in clean, coarse sand on the ocean bottom. Loligo forbesii live in waters with a normal oceanic salinity content, usually near-shore regions with warm and rarely cool water, never very cold water.
Range depth: 10 to 500 m.
Habitat Regions: temperate ; tropical ; saltwater or marine
Aquatic Biomes: coastal
Squid are important as a food base for oceanic predators, as well as being important predators of smaller marine vertebrates and invertebrates.
Aside from the obvious use of squid as food, research, and education, an unusual use of these squid is for jewelry: many primitive tribes use the hooked rings of the species' suction cups for rings. Loligo forbesii is also used as fish bait and fish-meal production in the Mediterranean.
Positive Impacts: food ; research and education
Little is known of communication among Loligo forbesii, yet the most predominate communication and perception channel is visual, using their large, well-developed eyes to recognize sexes for mating, prey for eating, and so forth.
Communication Channels: visual ; tactile
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile
Loligo forbesii is abundant and is not threatened.
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
The yolky eggs undergo direct development without the presence of a true larval stage. The eggs are laid in large colorless capsules during the night. The swollen capsules shrink as the embryos develop and, after approximately thirty days of embryonic development, the young hatch, resembling miniature adults, about 5 to 7mm in length. The young maintain a vertical body structure for a period of time, floating and drifting submissively through the water. Growth occurs rapidly for the young during the summer, and the species is sexually mature between the months of June and October. After 1 to 1.5 years, the adults die, completing the life cycle.
This species is very common during specific times of the year in nearshore waters and may prey on small fish and herring important to nearshore fisheries. However, squid are also economically important to humans.
Reproductive behavior and specific mating rituals are limited to the act of congregating on the bottom of the sea before fertilization. For reproduction, members of Loligo have fused, unpaired gonads located at the posterior ends of their bodies. Specialized glands of the female provide substances for egg coverings and open into the mantle cavity. This species collects in large numbers on the ocean bottom and produces huge masses of gelatinous spawn. The spawn are attached to solid objects on the ocean bottom.
Male squid gather sperm into a spermatophore carried on a specialized tentacle, called a hectocotylus. This tentacle is used to transfer the spermatophore to the female's mantle cavity, and is possibly broken off there. The anterior portion of the spermatophore has a gelatinous substance that discharges explosively upon contact with the female glandular stucture. The sperm are then released into the mantle cavity to pursue the rather large, yolky eggs.
Mating System: monogamous
Females lay up to 100,000 eggs attached to sea floor substrates. Sexual maturity is reached about one year after hatching. Although it is possible for squid to reproduce more than once, they most often don't because of their limited lifespan.
Breeding interval: Breeding occurs yearly.
Breeding season: Loligo forbesii breed from autumn through spring.
Range number of offspring: 1000 to 100000.
Average number of offspring: 5000-32000.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 11 to 14 months.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 11 to 14 months.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization (Internal ); oviparous
Females provide their eggs richly with yolk. There is no further parental investment.
Parental Investment: pre-fertilization (Provisioning); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female)
Loligoblæksprutten (Loligo forbesii) er en tiarmet blæksprutte, der bl.a. lever i danske farvande. Den er fritsvømmende og færdes ofte i stimer. Blæksprutteringe er typisk kød fra denne eller lignende arter (f.eks flyveblæksprutte, Todarodes sagittatus, der også findes i Danmark).[1]
Arten kan have en totallængde på op til 100 centimeter, men er oftest mindre. Den er rødbrunt farvet, og på undersiden og kappens sider findes rødbrune striber. Hannerne er størst. Finnerne danner hos de voksne dyr en aflang rhombisk figur og indtager cirka ¾ af kappelængden. Armenes længde er knap halvdelen af kappens.
Den findes i store dele af Atlanterhavet, fra Azorerne og de Kanariske Øer i syd til Norge (ca 65° nordlig bredde) i nord. I danske farvande optræder den navnlig i efteråret, men kan findes hele året.
Loligoblæksprutten jager i stimer. Den lever af fisk og snegle, som den griber med de lange fangarme med sugekopper. Nogle gange forfølger den sit bytte helt op over overfladen. Den kan svømme meget hurtigt på grund af den slanke, strømlinede krop.
Loligoblæksprutten har en levetid på kun ca. 2 år, hvilket er typisk for de fleste arter af blæksprutter.[2]
Foruden Loligo forbesii er to arter i familien Loliginidae registreret i Danmark:[3]
Loligoblæksprutten (Loligo forbesii) er en tiarmet blæksprutte, der bl.a. lever i danske farvande. Den er fritsvømmende og færdes ofte i stimer. Blæksprutteringe er typisk kød fra denne eller lignende arter (f.eks flyveblæksprutte, Todarodes sagittatus, der også findes i Danmark).
Der Nordische Kalmar (Loligo forbesii), auch Flammenkalmar, Forbes' Kalmar oder Europäischer Tiefseekalmar genannt, ist eine Art der Tintenfische (Coleoidea) aus der Familie der Loliginidae, deren größte Art er darstellt.[1]
Die Länge des Mantels beträgt üblicherweise um die 30–50 cm, kann jedoch auch bis zu 90 cm erreichen, wobei die Männchen größer als die Weibchen sind. Der Mantel ist vergleichsweise schlank und läuft nach hinten spitz zu. Die Färbung der Oberseite ist rot bis orangerot, der Bauch weißlich, seitlich sind flammenartige rote Streifen im vorderen Teil des Mantels zu sehen.[2] Er weist paarige, horizontale, große Seitenflossen auf, die etwa über die Länge der beiden letzten Drittel des Mantels angeordnet sind und zusammen eine Rautenform bilden. Die Tentakel sind kräftig und mit zwei Reihen Saugnäpfen besetzt, die Augen sind sehr groß und weiß bis hellbläulich. Die Gesamtlänge des Tieres (ohne die zwei langen Fangarme) kann bis über 1,20 Meter betragen.[1]
Der nordische Kalmar ist in kühlen bis kalten Gewässern anzutreffen. Hauptverbreitungsgebiet ist der Atlantik um die britischen Inseln und vor Norwegen, doch auch südlicher vor Spanien und den Azoren kann die Art angetroffen werden.[1] In Norwegen wird die Art auch in tiefen Fjorden angetroffen, wo sie den Spitzenprädator darstellen kann. Gelegentliche Nachweise gibt es auch aus dem westlichen Mittelmeer.[2]
Der nordische Kalmar lebt für gewöhnlich in Tiefen von 50 bis 1000 Meter am Kontinentalschelf.[2] Im Flachwasser und in Häfen ist er im Gegensatz zu seinen kleineren Verwandten nicht anzutreffen. Die Kalmare leben einzelgängerisch oder in kleinen Schulen an Kontinentalabhängen. Tagsüber halten sie sich eher in Bodennähe auf, während in der Nacht ein Aufsteigen ins Freiwasser zu beobachten ist. Die Tiere schwimmen äußerst schnell durch das Rückstoßprinzip, der Beutefang erfolgt aggressiv und meist durch plötzliche Angriffe.[3]
Der nordische Kalmar ernährt sich von Fischen, Tintenfischen und Krustentieren, die er als aktiver Jäger fängt. Zu den bevorzugten Beutefischen zählen Dorsche, Wittling, Köhler, Lumb, Makrele und Schwarmfische wie Hering und Sandaale. Ebenso werden kleinere Tintenfischarten wie die Zirrenkrake oder der Gemeine Kalmar gefangen, daneben zählen auch Kaisergranat und andere Krebse zur genutzten Beute.[2] Aufgrund seiner Kraft ist der Kalmar in der Lage, auch große Beutetiere zu überwältigen.
Das Laichen erfolgt Die Gelege bestehen aus mehreren länglichen, halbtransparenten weißlichen Eiern und werden in Tiefen von 25–40 Meter an stabile Substrate befestigt.[1]
Die Larven sind den erwachsenen Exemplaren morphologisch ähnlich, das Wachstum verläuft schnell, kombiniert mit einem hohen Nahrungsbedarf.[3]
Der nordische Kalmar wird in seinem Verbreitungsgebiet gefangen und verzehrt. Das Fleisch gilt als Delikatesse und übersteigt die Qualität der kleineren Kalmar-Arten noch bei weitem. Fangmethoden sind Langleinen, Handangeln und Schleppnetze.[2]
Der nordische Kalmar besitzt die größten Nervenfasern des Tierreichs, manche Hauptaxone werden als Riesenaxone bis zu 1,5 mm dick. Diese Nervenzellen wurden in der Neurowissenschaft lange für Versuche genutzt. Eine gezielte Aufzucht der Kalmare scheiterte an der Aggressivität und der ausschließlichen Ernährung der Tiere durch lebende Beute.[2]
Angler fangen den nordischen Kalmar gelegentlich als Beifang in Skandinavien beim Pilkangeln auf Dorsche und Leng. Langsam geführte rote Köder haben sich als besonders fängig erwiesen.
Der Nordische Kalmar (Loligo forbesii), auch Flammenkalmar, Forbes' Kalmar oder Europäischer Tiefseekalmar genannt, ist eine Art der Tintenfische (Coleoidea) aus der Familie der Loliginidae, deren größte Art er darstellt.
Loligo forbesii (sometimes erroneously[3] spelled forbesi), known commonly as the veined squid and long-finned squid, is a commercially important species of squid in the family Loliginidae, the pencil squids.
This squid grows up to 90 centimetres (35 in) in mantle length. The long fins are roughly diamond-shaped and make up two thirds of the total length of the body. The colour of the squid is variable, but is usually a shade of pink, red, or brown. The vestigial shell is a small, thin internal structure.[4]
Loligo forbesii can be found in the seas around Europe, its range extending through the Red Sea toward the East African coast.[5] It is widespread in the Atlantic Ocean.[6] It is one of the most common cephalopods in the Celtic Sea.[7]
The squid lives at depths of 10 to 500 metres (33 to 1,640 ft). It attains sexual maturity at about one year old and lives 1 to 2 years, with a maximum life span of about 3 years. It generally breeds only once. The male delivers sperm into the mantle of the female using structures on a specialized tentacle. The female will spawn up to 100,000 eggs, which adhere to the sea floor.[6] Peak spawning season is in January through March off Scotland, with recruitment of juveniles occurring in the fall.[8] Off Galicia the breeding season lasts from December to May, with most mating occurring in December through February.[9]
The diet includes fish, polychaetes, crustaceans, and other cephalopods,[10] often members of its own species.[6]
This is one of the most common squid species fished in the United Kingdom.[11]
Loligo forbesii (sometimes erroneously spelled forbesi), known commonly as the veined squid and long-finned squid, is a commercially important species of squid in the family Loliginidae, the pencil squids.
Loligo forbesii est une espèce de calmar de la famille des Loliginidae. Il vit dans l'est de l'océan Atlantique et la mer Méditerranée dans des eaux subtropicales et tempérées. Il se nourrit principalement de petits poissons ainsi que de crustacés, de polychètes et d'autres céphalopodes[1].
Loligo forbesii est une espèce de calmar de la famille des Loliginidae. Il vit dans l'est de l'océan Atlantique et la mer Méditerranée dans des eaux subtropicales et tempérées. Il se nourrit principalement de petits poissons ainsi que de crustacés, de polychètes et d'autres céphalopodes.
De Noordse pijlinktvis (Loligo forbesii) is een soort in de taxonomische indeling van de inktvissen, een klasse dieren die tot de stam der weekdieren (Mollusca) behoort. De inktvis komt uit het geslacht Loligo en behoort tot de familie Loliginidae. Loligo forbesii werd in 1856 beschreven door Steenstrup.[1]
De inktvis is in staat om van kleur te veranderen. Hij beweegt zich voort door water in zijn mantel te pompen en het er via de sifon weer krachtig uit te persen. De inktvis is een carnivoor en zijn voedsel bestaat voornamelijk uit vis, krabben, kreeften en weekdieren die ze met de zuignappen op hun grijparmen vangen.
De inktvis komt enkel in zout water voor.
Bronnen, noten en/of referentiesDe Noordse pijlinktvis (Loligo forbesii) is een soort in de taxonomische indeling van de inktvissen, een klasse dieren die tot de stam der weekdieren (Mollusca) behoort. De inktvis komt uit het geslacht Loligo en behoort tot de familie Loliginidae. Loligo forbesii werd in 1856 beschreven door Steenstrup.
A Loligo forbesii (Steenstrup, 1856), é uma espécie de lula nectobentónica de interesse comercial que ocorre no oceano Atlântico Nordeste.[1][2] Encontra-se desde a costa sudoeste da Noruega (63°–64°N) até à costa noroeste de África (23°–24°N), Mar Mediterrâneo e Mar Vermelho. Os Açores (37°–40°N; 25°–31°W) são o seu limite de distribuição geográfica Oeste.[1][3] Prefere águas costeiras, encontrando-se desde a superfície, à noite, até aos 400 metros de profundidade, durante o dia.[1][4] Esta é a maior espécie da família Loliginidae e, embora nas águas costeiras da Europa raramente ultrapasse os 2 kg de peso,[5] nos Açores os machos podem apresentar um manto com quase um metro de comprimento e ter mais de 8 kg de peso.[2][3]
Nos Açores, esta espécie é vulgarmente conhecida por lula-mansa, sendo o único loliginídeo que habita os mares do arquipélago. A pesca de lula-mansa nos Açores tem longa tradição e, embora não se saiba a sua origem, crê-se que esta actividade teve início durante a presença dos baleeiros americanos no arquipélago.[6] A sua exploração é referida pela primeira vez em 1856 por Drouet, mas só existem dados estatísticos sobre as suas descargas a partir de 1948.[7] A pescaria destes cefalópodes começou a ter expressão comercial em 1979,[7] sendo uma importante actividade nas ilhas de São Miguel, Terceira, São Jorge, Faial e Pico.[6] Segundo a Lotaçor, dos recursos comercializados na lota do Faial em 2010, a lula-mansa foi a 8ª espécie economicamente mais importante. Mais de 80% das lulas capturadas nos Açores são exportadas para Portugal continental e Espanha e as restantes vendidas no comércio local para alimentação ou usadas como isco para a pesca.[6]
A lula pode ser capturada entre os 80 e os 400 metros de profundidade. A sua pesca decorre ao longo de todo o ano, sendo as capturas mais elevadas entre os meses de Novembro e Fevereiro. As melhores alturas do dia para a sua captura são ao nascer do dia e ao fim da tarde.[6]
A Loligo forbesii (Steenstrup, 1856), é uma espécie de lula nectobentónica de interesse comercial que ocorre no oceano Atlântico Nordeste. Encontra-se desde a costa sudoeste da Noruega (63°–64°N) até à costa noroeste de África (23°–24°N), Mar Mediterrâneo e Mar Vermelho. Os Açores (37°–40°N; 25°–31°W) são o seu limite de distribuição geográfica Oeste. Prefere águas costeiras, encontrando-se desde a superfície, à noite, até aos 400 metros de profundidade, durante o dia. Esta é a maior espécie da família Loliginidae e, embora nas águas costeiras da Europa raramente ultrapasse os 2 kg de peso, nos Açores os machos podem apresentar um manto com quase um metro de comprimento e ter mais de 8 kg de peso.
Loligo forbesii[5][6][7][8][9] är en bläckfiskart som beskrevs av Japetus Steenstrup 1856. Loligo forbesii ingår i släktet Loligo och familjen kalmarer.[10][11] Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.[10]
Denna bläckfisk förekommer i Atlanten och Medelhavet. Över Suezkanalen nådde den även Röda havet. Arten föredrar havsområden med mjuk botten som slam eller sand. Den vistas i varmt och tempererat vatten.[12]
Hos Loligo forbesii förekommer inget riktigt larvstadium. När ägget kläcks är bläckfisken bara 5 till 7 mm lång men har samma skepnad som vuxna individer. Arten lever i havet 1 till 2 år och i akvarium upp till 3 år.[12]
Loligo forbesii äter många olika vattenlevande smådjur som kräftdjur, små fiskar och andra blötdjur. Kannibalism förekommer likaså.[12]
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Loligo forbesii.
Loligo forbesii är en bläckfiskart som beskrevs av Japetus Steenstrup 1856. Loligo forbesii ingår i släktet Loligo och familjen kalmarer. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.
Denna bläckfisk förekommer i Atlanten och Medelhavet. Över Suezkanalen nådde den även Röda havet. Arten föredrar havsområden med mjuk botten som slam eller sand. Den vistas i varmt och tempererat vatten.
Hos Loligo forbesii förekommer inget riktigt larvstadium. När ägget kläcks är bläckfisken bara 5 till 7 mm lång men har samma skepnad som vuxna individer. Arten lever i havet 1 till 2 år och i akvarium upp till 3 år.
Loligo forbesii äter många olika vattenlevande smådjur som kräftdjur, små fiskar och andra blötdjur. Kannibalism förekommer likaså.
Loligo forbesii là một loài mực trong họ Loliginidae. Loài này có thân dài, mảnh dẻ, dài đến 90 cm. Chúng sinh sống ở quanh British Isles, Địa Trung Hải, kéo dài qua Biển Đỏ đến bờ biển Trung Phi[2] và Đại Tây Dương về phía nam đến vịnh Guinea. Tại Biển Celtic L. forbesii là một trong các loài cephalopoda dồi dào nhất.[3] Chúng sinh sống đến độ sâu 10–500 m. Trưởng thành tính dục ở tuổi 11–14 tháng; tuổi thọ trung bình 1,5 năm tuổi. Mỗi con cái mỗi lần đẻ trên đáy biển đến 100.000 quả trứng, con non nở ra dài 5–7 mm.[4] Chúng chủ yếu ăn cá, cá trích cơm, lươn cát và các cephalopoda khác[5]. Người ta không rõ việc chúng ăn thịt đồng loại hay không.[6]
Loligo forbesii là một loài mực trong họ Loliginidae. Loài này có thân dài, mảnh dẻ, dài đến 90 cm. Chúng sinh sống ở quanh British Isles, Địa Trung Hải, kéo dài qua Biển Đỏ đến bờ biển Trung Phi và Đại Tây Dương về phía nam đến vịnh Guinea. Tại Biển Celtic L. forbesii là một trong các loài cephalopoda dồi dào nhất. Chúng sinh sống đến độ sâu 10–500 m. Trưởng thành tính dục ở tuổi 11–14 tháng; tuổi thọ trung bình 1,5 năm tuổi. Mỗi con cái mỗi lần đẻ trên đáy biển đến 100.000 quả trứng, con non nở ra dài 5–7 mm. Chúng chủ yếu ăn cá, cá trích cơm, lươn cát và các cephalopoda khác. Người ta không rõ việc chúng ăn thịt đồng loại hay không.
分類 界 : 動物界 Animalia 門 : 軟体動物門 Mollusca 綱 : 頭足綱 Cephalopoda 目 : 閉眼目 Myopsida 科 : ヤリイカ科 Loliginidae 属 : Loligo 種 : ヨーロッパオオヤリイカ L. forbesii 学名 Loligo forbesiiヨーロッパオオヤリイカ Loligo forbesii はヤリイカ科に属するイカの一種。漁業上重要な種である。英名は veined squid・long-finned squid など。種小名は誤って forbesi と綴られることもある[2]。
外套長90cmに達する。鰭は菱形で長く、外套膜の2/3程度の長さになる。体色は様々だが、通常はピンクから赤・茶色である。体内の殻は薄く痕跡的である[3]。
紅海、東アフリカ沿岸から、ヨーロッパを含む[2]大西洋で広く見られる[4]。ケルト海で最も普通に見られる頭足類の一つである[5]。
深度10-500mに生息する。1歳で性成熟し、寿命は最大3年ほどである。繁殖は1回のみ。雄は特殊化した触手で雌の外套膜に精包を挿入する。雌は基質に付着させる形で約10万個の卵を産む[4]。スコットランド近海では1-3月に繁殖し、幼体は秋頃に個体群に加わる[6]。ガリシア州近海では12-5月に繁殖し、ピークは12-2月である[7]。
餌は魚・多毛類・甲殻類・他の頭足類で[8]、共食いすることもある[4]。
ヨーロッパオオヤリイカ Loligo forbesii はヤリイカ科に属するイカの一種。漁業上重要な種である。英名は veined squid・long-finned squid など。種小名は誤って forbesi と綴られることもある。
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