Morchella anatolica ist eine Schlauchpilzart (Ascomycota) aus der Familie der Morchelverwandten (Morchellaceae).
Morchella anatolica bildet recht kleine 30–35 Millimeter hohe und 8 bis 10 Millimeter breite, kegelige, in Hut und Stiel gegliederte Fruchtkörper (Komplexapothecien). Die Fruchtschicht bildet gestreckte Gruben, die durch sterile, länglich angeordnete Rippen voneinander getrennt sind, Die Rippen sind einfach, manchmal auch gegabelt. Der Hut ist lilafarben, wird im Alter etwas dunkler, manchmal gräulich. Der weißliche Stiel misst (6–)10–15 × 7–8 Millimeter, ist zylindrisch oder nach unten hin kegelig, leicht verdickt an der Basis, hohl. Seine Oberfläche ist feinflaumig oder grobkörnig mit dunkelbräunlichen Punkten oder Streifen im oberen Teil.[1]
Die Sporen bilden sich jeweils zu acht in Asci, die die Gruben auskleiden — die Rippen sind steril. Sie sind ellipsoid, jung dickwandig, durchscheinend (hyalin), bei Reife mit einer feinen länglichen bis körnigen Streifung und messen 24 bis 30 auf 12 bis 18 Mikrometer. Sie sind im Ascus ein- oder teilweise zweireihig angeordnet. Die Asci sind zylindrisch bis keulig geformt, lang gestielt und messen 290 bis 310 auf 18 bis 26 Mikrometer. Die Paraphysen sind zylindrisch bis schmal keulig, 10 bis 17 Mikrometer stark und ebenfalls hyalin oder mit einem körnigen Inhalt. Die Spitze ist manchmal verschmälert, abgestumpft.[1]
Die Hyphen der Rippen sind dünnwandig, hyalin oder leicht bräunlich an der Basis, zylindrisch bis spindelförmig. Sie sind unterschiedlich groß von 80 bis 220 Mikrometer lang und 12–22 Mikrometer dick. Sie enthalten unregelmäßig verteilt Kristalle.[1]
Morchella anatolica ist mit ihren kleinen, lilafarbenen Fruchtkörpern und den länglichen Rippen unverwechselbar.[1]
Morchella anatolica wächst in Gruppen in einem moosigen Wald unter Kalabrischer Kiefer.[1] In Spanien wuchs sie im Wald unter Breitblättriger Steinlinde und Oleander in der Nähe von Eschen und Eichen.[2]
Morchella anatolica ist bisher nur vom Ort der Erstbeschreibung in Südwestanatolien in der türkischen Provinz Muğla und aus der spanischen Provinz Córdoba bekannt. Vermutlich ist sie aber noch weiter im Mittelmeerraum verbreitet.[2]
Morchella anatolica wurde erst 2010 von Mustafa Işıloğlu, Brian M. Spooner, Hakan Allı und M. Halil Solak erstbeschrieben.[1] Morchella anatolica ist die Schwesterart zu Morchella rufobrunnea, eine Art, die im westlichen Nordamerika vorkommt. Beide zusammen bilden die am frühsten sich abspaltende Klade der Morcheln.[2][3]
Morchella anatolica ist eine Schlauchpilzart (Ascomycota) aus der Familie der Morchelverwandten (Morchellaceae).
Morchella anatolica is a rare species of ascomycete fungus in the family Morchellaceae. It was described as new to science in 2010 from southwest Anatolia, Turkey, where it grows on moss-covered stream beds in pine forests. An ancient climatic relict, M. anatolica is restricted to the Mediterranean basin and has also been documented in Spain, Cyprus and Greece, where it is sometimes encountered with trees of the Oleaceae family. Together with its sister-species Morchella rufobrunnea, they are the earliest diverging lineages in genus Morchella, forming a distinct clade that is basal in global morel phylogenies. Because of its phylogenetic position, M. anatolica has been crucial in inferring the historical biogeography of the genus, which is estimated to have emerged somewhere in the Mediterranean region in the late Jurassic.
Morchella anatolica was described as new to science in 2010 by Işıloğlu and colleagues, following two collections from the Muğla province in southwestern Turkey.[2] The authors described this species on the basis of its distinctive morphology and had not included any molecular phylogenetic analyses in the original publication. As a result, the phylogenetic placement of M. anatolica within the genus remained uncertain until 2012, when the isotype collection was sequenced.[3] Updated descriptions were provided by Palazón and colleagues in 2017,[4] by Haelewaters and colleagues in 2020,[5] and by Loizides and colleagues in 2021.[6]
Morchella lanceolata, proposed by Clowez in 2012 as an ad interim, [7] is an invalid synonym of this taxon.[1]
Early ancestral area reconstruction tests by Kerry O'Donnell and collaborators, estimated the genus Morchella to have diverged from its closest genealogical relatives some 129 million years ago (Mya), in western North America.[8] This preliminary estimate was later revised by Du and collaborators, who pushed the date further back to the late Jurassic, at approximately 154 Mya.[9] However, these early reconstructions had not included M. anatolica in the analyses, since no sequenced collections of this species were available at the time. Sequencing of the isotype collection of M. anatolica by Taşkın and colleagues,[3] subsequently placed this species in the ancestral /Rufobrunnea clade, casting doubts over the conclusions of previous reconstructions since M. anatolica is absent from North America. Both basalmost lineages in the genus, M. anatolica and M. rufobrunnea, are on the other hand present in the Mediterranean region.[10][11] Updated ancestral area reconstructions by Loizides and colleagues, have since revised the previous hypothesis and designated the Mediterranean basin as the most likely place of origin of morels, mainly inferred by M. anatolica's endemism to this ecoregion.[6]
The fruit bodies are rufescent and can grow to 40–100 mm (1.6–3.9 in) tall and 7–15 mm (0.28–0.59 in) wide. They are conical or acutely conical, with fleshy longitudinal ribs that remain typically pale at maturity and never darken. Young specimens have dark grey pits sometimes with a faint lilac tint, and contrasting pale ribs, but typically fade to uniformly buff or greyish-brown in maturity. Pits are large and vertically elongated, often stretching uninterrupted from the base of the pileus to the apex, with no or rare transverse interconnecting ribs that are characteristic of most other Morchella species. The stipe is bulbous at the base, weakly wrinkled and initially covered in a distinct grey pruinescence that fades in mature specimens. There is no sinus at the attachment of the pileus with the stipe. [2][4][5][6]
The ascospores are ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, hyaline (translucent), and measure (22.5–)24–27(–32) by (12–)13–17(–20) μm; these dimensions are relatively large for the genus Morchella. Deep longitudinal grooves are present on the surface of mature spores when viewed under a scanning electron microscope or in the appropriate staining medium. The spores are produced in groups of eight in cylindrical to club-shaped asci, measuring 266–345 by 20–26(–35) μm. The paraphyses are hyaline, slenderly cylindrical or slightly inflated, with rounded to attenuated and sometimes enlarged apices, have 1–2(–3) septa and measure 150–250 by 8.5–18 μm. The acroparaphyses, located on the sterile ribs, are fasciculate and variable in shape, have 1–4 septa and measure 60–217 by 14–30 μm. The stipe features distinctly long, subcapitate, clavate or pyriform hyphoid hairs, which are sub-hyaline to pale gray and measure (64–)89–174(–222) by 23–40 μm.[2][4][5][6]
The culture colony of M. anatolica is quite fast-growing, occupying 90-mm Petri dishes in approximately 20 days, eventually reaching 30–40 mm in diameter. The mycelium is buff to pale beige, sometimes with incrustations at the colony margin. The hyphal system is composed of thick-walled, hyaline to brownish hyphae 8–14.5 μm across, with hyaline or light brownish leading hyphae 5–7.5 μm across, and more tortuous interlacing hyphae 2.5–5 μm across.[6]
Because of its distinctive morphology, M. anatolica can hardly be confused with other morel species in the field. Like M. anatolica, M. rufobrunnea also lacks a sinus and has ribs that remain pale at all stages of growth, while the stipe is also covered by a grey pruinescence. However, M. rufobrunnea produces larger and more robust fruit bodies with multiple interconnecting ridges forming several longitudinally arranged pits. Microscopically, M. rufobrunnea has smaller spores on average, usually ranging between 22 and 26 μm long, and has shorter hyphoid hairs on the stipe, rarely exceeding 100 μm.[10][6]
Morchella anatolica appears to be very rare and narrowly endemic to the Mediterranean basin. It is thought to be a climatic relict that may once have had a wider distribution that shrank during the Quaternary glaciations.[6] In vitro cultures suggest that, like its sister-species M. rufobrunnea, M. anatolica may grow as a saprotroph. However, few collections in the wild have been found in close vicinity to Olea europaea and Fraxinus angustifolia, suggesting that the fungus may be able to form facultative associations with plants of the Oleaceae family.[6]
So far, M. anatolica is known only from Turkey, Spain, the island of Cyprus, and the Greek islands of Kefalonia, Lesvos and Zakynthos.[2][1][6]
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of December 2022 (link) Morchella anatolica is a rare species of ascomycete fungus in the family Morchellaceae. It was described as new to science in 2010 from southwest Anatolia, Turkey, where it grows on moss-covered stream beds in pine forests. An ancient climatic relict, M. anatolica is restricted to the Mediterranean basin and has also been documented in Spain, Cyprus and Greece, where it is sometimes encountered with trees of the Oleaceae family. Together with its sister-species Morchella rufobrunnea, they are the earliest diverging lineages in genus Morchella, forming a distinct clade that is basal in global morel phylogenies. Because of its phylogenetic position, M. anatolica has been crucial in inferring the historical biogeography of the genus, which is estimated to have emerged somewhere in the Mediterranean region in the late Jurassic.
Morchella anatolica de son nom vernaculaire la morille d'Anatolie, est une espèce de champignons comestibles, du genre Morchella de la famille des Morchellaceae, découverte en 2009 en Anatolie, elle est caractérisée par une couleur lilas et une absence de côtes transversales.
Morchella anatolica Işiloğlu, Spooner, Alli et Solak 2009[1]
Hyménophore : chapeau creux, de 3 à 4 cm de haut, conique pointu ou ovoïde, parcouru par de longues côtes généralement en séries parallèles, sans côtes transversales et donc sans alvéoles, couleur lilas à rose.
Stipe : de 1 à 1,5 cm
Forêt de Pinus brutia, grégaire sur la mousse
Comestible
Morchella anatolica de son nom vernaculaire la morille d'Anatolie, est une espèce de champignons comestibles, du genre Morchella de la famille des Morchellaceae, découverte en 2009 en Anatolie, elle est caractérisée par une couleur lilas et une absence de côtes transversales.
Morchella anatolica (Mustafa Ișiloğlu, Hakan Alli, Brian M. Spooner,.M. Halil Solak, 2010) este o specie de ciuperci comestibile saprofită din încrengătura Ascomycota, în familia Morchellaceae și de genul Morchella,[1] denumită în popor zbârciog anatolian. Ea a fost descoperită pentru prima dată în provincia Muğla, Turcia, fiind însă răspândită de asemenea în Spania de Sud (provincia Cordoba)[2] și Balcani[3] și poate fi găsită probabil de asemenea în Dobrogea precum în regiunile transdunărene ale României. Buretele, care creste în grupuri mici, se dezvoltă în regiuni mai calde pe mușchi (plantă sub pini dar de asemenea pe lângă frasini și stejari. Timpul apariției est primăvara, din aprilie până iunie.[4]
Acest soi este - spre deosebire de multe altele - destul de clar de delimitat și determinabil. Printr-o observație superficială, o confuzie ar fi posibilă cu câteva puține specii mai mari și cu toate comestibile, cum sunt de exemplu: Morchella conica,[6] Morchella costata,[7] Morchella punctipes,[8] Morchella rufobrunnea,[9] sau Verpa bohemica.[10]
Sub numele românesc de „zbârciog” se tratează aproape mereu patru mari genuri de ciuperci: Gyromitra, Helvella, Morchella și Verpa. Între primele două se găsesc specii otrăvitoare pe când cele două din urmă sunt comestibile. Cu toate că cele patru genuri sunt goale pe interior, ele pot fi deosebite destul de ușor: Morchella și Verpa sunt unicamerale, pe când Gyromitra și Helvella sunt multicamerale, prezentând o încrengătură de goluri în interiorul lor.[11][12]
Morchella conica
Morchella costata
Morchella punctipes
Morchella rufobrunnea
Verpa bohemica
Zbârciogul anatolian este de aceiași valoare culinară ca Morchella esculenta, fiind și el, consumat crud, otrăvitor ca toate soiurile ale genului Morchella.[13]
Dacă specia s-ar găsi în România, ar trebui să fie cruțată și lăsată la loc pentru a permite răspândirea ei.
Materiale media legate de Zbârciog anatolian la Wikimedia Commons
Morchella anatolica (Mustafa Ișiloğlu, Hakan Alli, Brian M. Spooner,.M. Halil Solak, 2010) este o specie de ciuperci comestibile saprofită din încrengătura Ascomycota, în familia Morchellaceae și de genul Morchella, denumită în popor zbârciog anatolian. Ea a fost descoperită pentru prima dată în provincia Muğla, Turcia, fiind însă răspândită de asemenea în Spania de Sud (provincia Cordoba) și Balcani și poate fi găsită probabil de asemenea în Dobrogea precum în regiunile transdunărene ale României. Buretele, care creste în grupuri mici, se dezvoltă în regiuni mai calde pe mușchi (plantă sub pini dar de asemenea pe lângă frasini și stejari. Timpul apariției est primăvara, din aprilie până iunie.
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