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Cranchia scabra Leach 1817

Comprehensive Description ( Anglèis )

fornì da Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology
Cranchia scabra Leach, 1817

Cranchia scabra Leach, 1817, p.140.—Hoyle, 1904, p.43, pl. 10, fig. ll.—Pfeffer, 1912, p.679, pl.48, figs. 22–28.— Sasaki, 929, p.329, pl.26, figs. 13–15, text – figs. 151–153.— Voss, 1963, p. 142, text fig. 31.—Pearcy, 1965, p.261.

Cranchia tenuitentaculata Pfeffer, 1884, p.26, pl.3, fig. 36.

Cranchia hispida Pfeffer, 1884, p.27, pl.3, fig.37.

DESCRIPTION.—The mantle is saclike, although it tapers abruptly to a point posteriorly. The mantle wall is very thin, but muscular. The anterior edge of the mantle is fused to the head in the nuchal region and to lateral corners of the funnel. From each of the latter points of fusion, two, short cartilaginous strips diverge to form a V-pattern. The entire surface of the mantle is covered with cartilaginous tubercules. The tubercules are somewhat variable, but generally have 3–4 well-separated cusps whose tips are usually subdivided into 2–3 additional cusps.

The fins are small and terminal (15–20% of the M.L. in length and 25–30% of the M.L. in total width). Each is nearly circular in outline and has free anterior and posterior lobes. The dorsal surface of the fins is covered with cartilaginous tubercules, but the ventral surface appears to have only small, rounded papillae.

The funnel reaches slightly past the bases of the arms. The dorsal pad of the funnel organ has roughly an inverted V-shape with a slender median ridge that is larger in its posterior portion; a flap occurs at the lateral edge of each diverging arm. The ventral pads are large and kidney-shaped, with the concave margin facing anteriorly. The surface of the funnel is covered with simple papillae; those on the ventral surface, immediately anterior to the mantle, are interconnected by low, narrow ridges that give a reticulated pattern. A funnel valve is present. The funnel is fused laterally to the head.

The head is short but broad and bears very large eyes that occupy the entire lateral sides of the head. Each eyelid has a small anterior sinus. Small, short “olfactory” papillae are present on either side of the head just lateral to the base of the funnel. Small, low papillae are scattered over the surface of the head.

The arms are short and in the order of III>IV=II>I. Arms I–III are joined basally by a web. The arms all have broad, trabeculate protective membranes on both dorsal and ventral borders. Well-developed aboral keels occur on arms III, but are barely detectable on arms I and II. Large lateral keels are present on arms IV. The arms have biserially arranged suckers except near the tips of arms III in males and on the hectocotylus. The suckers in the proximal halves of the arms each have about 5–7 low, rounded, irregular teeth on the distal portion of the inner chitinous ring. Distally, the broad teeth become more regular in arrangement and distinctly truncate. The teeth of the inner sucker rings in females seem to be more regularly arranged throughout the arm length, but are particularly so in the more distal suckers which have slender truncate teeth. Each arm III in males has the distal fifth modified by an increase to 4–5 slightly irregular longitudinal rows of suckers and by an abrupt decrease in the size of the suckers. The suckers become biserial again at the extreme tips of these arms.

The right arm IV is hectocotylized in males. It is considerably shorter than the left arm, and its tip is swollen and curled laterally. Proximally, the suckers of the hectocotylus are biserially arranged, but become tetraserial near the base of the curved tip. The curved tip has biserial suckers which are considerably enlarged proximally. Trabeculate protective membranes are present, but diminish on the curved portion. A large lateral keel extends to the tip of the arm. Each sucker on the proximal segment of the hectocotylus has about 6–7 broad truncate teeth on the distal margins of the inner chitinous ring. The largest suckers of the distal segment (curved portion) each have about 13–15 rounded teeth around the entire margin of the inner chitinous ring; the teeth on the distal margin are the largest.

The tentacles are short and carry small, compact clubs. Four longitudinal rows of suckers on the manus grade into 4 rows on the dactylus. Suckers of both manus and dactylus have a uniform size in a transverse series. There are 4–7 small, smooth-ringed suckers at the tip of the dactylus. The dentition of the inner rings of the manal suckers varies with the location of the sucker. The proximal suckers have 6–7 slender, pointed teeth on the distal half of the inner ring. On the more distal suckers, the number progressively increases and smaller teeth also develop on the proximal margin of the ring. At the distal end of the manus, the number of teeth per ring approaches 30. Pairs of alternating suckers and pads extend down the tentacular stalk for about two-thirds of its length; the total number of suckers varies from 33–36 in the 2 specimens in which accurate counts were possible.

The buccal membrane attaches to the dorsal borders of arms I and II and to the ventral borders of arms III and IV.

In preservation, the specimens have small, brown chromatophores scattered over the body, head, and arms. In life, with chromatophores expanded and head contracted into the mantle, the animal looks like a large orange.

Photophores are present only on the surface of the eyes. There is a proximal row consisting of 8 photophores in a U-shaped series passing from the anterior to the medial section to the posterior surface of the eye. A distal series of photophores lies near the lens and has 4 photophores in a cescent-shape row ventral to the lens and 2 photophores dorsal to the lens. The eye, therefore, carries a total of 14 photophores.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Off West Africa.

LOCATION OF TYPE.—British Museum (Natural History).
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Young, Richard E. 1972. "The systematics and areal distribution of pelagic cephalopods from the seas off Southern California." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 1-159. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.97

Cranchia scabra ( Anglèis )

fornì da wikipedia EN

Cranchia scabra is a species of glass squid. It is the only species in the genus, and is fairly small (about 150 mm). The mantle is covered by large, multi-pointed cartilagenous tubercles. When disturbed, the squid often pulls its head and arms into the mantle cavity and folds its fins tightly against the mantle to form a turgid ball. The tubercules, presumably, provide some type of protection, but it is unclear what predators are affected and how. In addition, the squid may ink into the mantle cavity, making the ball opaque. This was thought to be an aberrant behavior due to stress and confinement of shipboard aquaria until the same inking behavior was seen in cranchiids from submersibles. The function of this behavior is unknown.[3]

The genus contains bioluminescent species.[4] It is named for John Cranch.[5][6]

References

  1. ^ Barratt, I.; Allcock, L. (2014). "Cranchia scabra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T162941A955561. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T162941A955561.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b Julian Finn (2016). "Cranchia scabra Leach, 1817". World Register of Marine Species. Flanders Marine Institute. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
  3. ^ Richard E. Young; Katharina M. Mangold. "Cranchia scabra Leach 1817". The Tree of Life Web Project. Retrieved 26 February 2018..
  4. ^ Herring, Peter J. (1987). "Systematic distribution of bioluminescence in living organisms". Journal of Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence. 1 (3): 147–163. doi:10.1002/bio.1170010303. PMID 3503524.
  5. ^ David M. Damkaer (2002). "Adding pages". The Copepodologist's Cabinet: A Biographical and Bibliographical History, Volume 1. Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society, Volume 240. American Philosophical Society. pp. 131–155. ISBN 978-0-87169-240-5.
  6. ^ White, Adam (1857). A Popular History of British Crustacea; Comprising a Familiar Account of Their Classification and Habits. Lovell Reeve. pp. 249–250.

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Cranchia scabra: Brief Summary ( Anglèis )

fornì da wikipedia EN

Cranchia scabra is a species of glass squid. It is the only species in the genus, and is fairly small (about 150 mm). The mantle is covered by large, multi-pointed cartilagenous tubercles. When disturbed, the squid often pulls its head and arms into the mantle cavity and folds its fins tightly against the mantle to form a turgid ball. The tubercules, presumably, provide some type of protection, but it is unclear what predators are affected and how. In addition, the squid may ink into the mantle cavity, making the ball opaque. This was thought to be an aberrant behavior due to stress and confinement of shipboard aquaria until the same inking behavior was seen in cranchiids from submersibles. The function of this behavior is unknown.

The genus contains bioluminescent species. It is named for John Cranch.

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Cranchia scabra ( Spagneul; Castilian )

fornì da wikipedia ES

Cranchia scabra es una especie de molusco cefalópodo de la familia Cranchiidae.[1]​ Es la única especie de su género.[1]

Descripción

Presenta la piel cubierta de fragmentos cartilaginosos.[2]​ Los ojos tienen catorce órganos luminosos de pequeño tamaño.[2]

Distribución y hábitat

Se distribuye por todas las aguas tropicales y subtropicales del mundo.[3]​ Se encuentra en alta mar cerca de la superficie y en profundidades medias.[2]

Comportamiento

Si se siente amenazado introduce la cabeza y tentáculos en el interior del cuerpo y se hincha formando una pelota, dificultando así que los depredadores puedan devorarlo.[2]

Referencias

  1. a b Sistema Integrado de Información Taxonómica. «Cranchia scabra (TSN 82578)» (en inglés).
  2. a b c d Norman, Mark (2000). Guía de Cefalópodos del Mundo. Elche, España: Grupo M&G Difusión. p. 320. ISBN 84-95223-06-6.
  3. Gofas, S. (2012). World Register of Marine Species, ed. «Cranchia scabra Leach, 1817». Consultado el 20 de enero de 2013.

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Cranchia scabra: Brief Summary ( Spagneul; Castilian )

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Cranchia scabra es una especie de molusco cefalópodo de la familia Cranchiidae.​ Es la única especie de su género.​

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Cranchia scabra ( Fransèis )

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Cranchia scabra est une espèce de petit calmar de verre (environ 150 mm). C'est le seul représentant de son genre Cranchia.

Son manteau est recouvert de plusieurs petites pointes cartilagineuses. Lorsqu'il est en danger, il rentre sa tête et ses bras dans la cavité du manteau et ses nageoires se plaquent contre le manteau pour former une boule. Les petites pointes, sans doute, fournissent un certain type de protection, mais on ne sait pas si les prédateurs sont affectés et comment. En outre, le calmar peut expulser de l'encre dans la cavité du manteau, ce qui rend le ballon complètement opaque. Les scientifiques pensaient qu'il s'agissait d'un comportement aberrant dû au stress et au confinement des aquariums des navires d'exploration, jusqu'à ce que ce comportement soit observé dans son milieu naturel. La fonction de ce comportement est inconnu.

Références taxinomiques

Source

  • (en) Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en anglais intitulé .
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Cranchia scabra: Brief Summary ( Fransèis )

fornì da wikipedia FR

Cranchia scabra est une espèce de petit calmar de verre (environ 150 mm). C'est le seul représentant de son genre Cranchia.

Son manteau est recouvert de plusieurs petites pointes cartilagineuses. Lorsqu'il est en danger, il rentre sa tête et ses bras dans la cavité du manteau et ses nageoires se plaquent contre le manteau pour former une boule. Les petites pointes, sans doute, fournissent un certain type de protection, mais on ne sait pas si les prédateurs sont affectés et comment. En outre, le calmar peut expulser de l'encre dans la cavité du manteau, ce qui rend le ballon complètement opaque. Les scientifiques pensaient qu'il s'agissait d'un comportement aberrant dû au stress et au confinement des aquariums des navires d'exploration, jusqu'à ce que ce comportement soit observé dans son milieu naturel. La fonction de ce comportement est inconnu.

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Cranchia scabra ( Galissian )

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Cranchia scabra é unha especie de molusco cefalópodo da superorde dos decapodiformes, orde dos egópsidos, familia dos cranquíidos,[1] e subfamilia dos cranquiinos, aínda que algúns autores encádrana na orde dos teútidos, suborde dos egospinos.

É a única especie do xénero Cranchia.[1][2]

Taxonomía

Descrición

Tanto o xénero como a especie foron descritos en 1817 polo zoólogo e biólogo mariño William Elford Leach na súa obra "Synopsis of the orders, families and genera of the class Cephalopoda", publicada en The Zoological Miscellany; being descriptions of new or interesting animals 3 (30): 137-141.[1]

Sinónimos

Ademais de polo nome que lle impuxo Leach, e actualmente válido, a especie tamén se coñeceu polos sinónimos seguintes:[2][3]

  • Cranchia hispida Pfeffer, 1884
  • Cranchia tenuitentaculata Pfeffer, 1884
  • Loligo cranchii Blainville, 1823
  • Octopus eylais d'Orbigny, 1834

Características

 src=
Octopus eylais d'Orbigny (= Cranchia scabra), debuxo de Paul Louis Oudart (1796–1860) en Voyage dans l'Amérique méridionale de Alcide d'Orbigny.

Cranchia scabra é unha especie de lura de cristal de pequeno tamaño (aproximadamente 150 mm).[4]

O seu manto está cuberto por varias pequenas puntas cartilaxinosas. Os ollos teñen catorce órganos luminescentes de pequeno tamaño.[4]

Cando está en perigo, mete a súa cabeza e os seus brazos na cavidade paleal e as súas aletas ahírense ao manto formando co restpo do corpo unha especie de bóla.
As pequenas puntas, sen dúbida, ofrecen algún tipo de protección, pero non se sabe se os depredadores se ven afectados por iso e como.
Ademais, a lura pode expulsar borra na cavidade paleal, que fai a bóla completamente opaca.[4]

Os científicos pensaban este que era un comportamento aberrante debido ao estrés e ao confinamento en acuarios de exploración, até que este comportamiento se observou no seu contorno natural. A función de dito comportamento descoñécese.

As femias maduras teñen órganos luminosos sobre as puntas dos seus tentáculos que se poden utilizar para atraeren aoas machos.[4]

Hábitat e distribución

Esta pequena especie, transparente, encóntrase nos mares de todas as rexións tropicais e subtropicais do mundo,[5] incluíndo o mar Mediterráneo.[6] Encóntrase en alta mar cerca da superficie e en profundidades medias.[4]

Bioloxía

Pouco se sabe sobre o ciclo de vida, bioloxía e ecoloxía desta especie. Os individuos xuvenís encóntranse desde a superficie até os 400 m de profundidade, e os exemplares máis grandes alcanza augas máis profundas.[7]

Esta especie ten paralarvas planctónicas.[5][8] Por estudos baseados na morfoloxía e crecemento dos seus estatólitos, parece que o seu ciclo vital consta de dous estadios: unha etapa de rápido crecemento epipelágico durante a cal os individuos alcanzan unha lonxitude do manto de 120 a 130 mm en 4 ou 5 meses, seguida doutra etapa adulta en auguas profundas.[9]

Inimigos

Esta especie sofre depredación, entre outros, por parte do caldeirón tropical (Globicephala macrorhynchus),[10] os petreis Pterodroma heraldica, P. neglecta e P. ultima.[11] e peixes como o atún patudo (Thunnus obesus).[12]

Estado de conservación

Segundo a Unión Internacional para a Conservación da Natureza e dos Recursos Naturais (UICN) o status actual da especie (2016) é LC (pouco preocupante) debido a que é unha especie oceánica que ten unha ampla distribución xeográfica e habita en augus profundas, polo que é pouco susceptíbel ao impacto humano. Tampouco é obxecto de pesca e é pouco probábel que o sexa no futuro. Porén, aíndato se necesita máis investigación sobre a súa bioloxía e ecoloxía.[12]

Notas

  1. 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 Cranchia Leach, 1817 no WoRMS.
  2. 2,0 2,1 Cranchia scabra Leach, 1817 en FishBase.
  3. Cranchia scabra no ITIS.
  4. 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 4,4 Norman, Mark (2000): Guía de cefalópodos del mundo: Océano Pacífico, Océano Índico, Mar Rojo, Océano Atlántico, Caribe, Ártico, Antártico. Elche, España: Grupo Editorial M&G Difusión. ISBN 978-84-9522-306-7, páx. 320.
  5. 5,0 5,1 Young, R. E. & Mangold, K. M. 2008. Cranchia Leach 1817. Cranchia scabra Leach 1817. Version 03 June 2008. Ver aquí.
  6. Quetglas, A., Alemany, F., Carbonell, A. & Sanchez, P. (1999): "First record of Cranchia scabra in the Mediterranean Sea". Bollettino Malacologico 35 (1-4): 1-2.
  7. Voss, N. A., Stephen, S. J. & Dong, Zh. (1992): "Family Cranchiidae". Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 513: 187-210.
  8. Richard Edward Young & Robert F. Harman (1988): "Larva", "Paralarva", and "Subadult" in Cephalopod Terminology". Malacologia 29' (1): 201–207.
  9. Arkhipkin, A. (1996): "Age and growth of planktonic squids Cranchia scabra and Liocranchia reinhardti in epipelagic waters of the central-east Atlantic". Journal of Plankton Research 18 (9): 1675-1683.
  10. Hernández-Garcia V. & V. Martin (1994): "Stomach contents of two short-finned pilot whale (Globicephala macrorhyncus Gray, 1846) (Cetacea, Delphinidae) off the Canary Islands: A preliminary note". International Council for the Exploration of the Sea: Marine Mammals Committee 16.
  11. Imber M. J., Jolly J. N. & M. L. Brooke (1995): "Food of three sympatric gadfly petrels (Pterodroma spp.) breeding on the Pitiairn Islands". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 56: 233-240.
  12. 12,0 12,1 Barratt, I. & Allcock, L. (2014):Cranchia scabra Leach, 1817 na Lista vermella de especies en perigo da UICN. Versión 2015-4. Consultada o 03-04-1016.

Véxase tamén

Bibiografía

  • Felley, J., Vecchione, M., Roper, C. F. E., Sweeney, M. & Christensen, T. (2001-2003): Current Classification of Recent Cephalopoda. National Museum of Natural History: Department of Systematic Biology: Invertebrate Zoology: Cephalopods
  • Hanlon, Roger T. & John B. Messenger (1996): Cephalopod Behaviour. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-42083-0.
  • Nixon, Marion & John Z. Young (2003): The brains and lives of Cephalopods. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-852761-6.
  • Nancy A. Voss, Michael Vecchione, Ronald B. Toll and Michael J. Sweeney (1998): Systematics and Biogeography of Cephalopods, vol. I. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology.
  • Nancy A. Voss, Michael Vecchione, Ronald B. Toll and Michael J. Sweeney (1998): Systematics and Biogeography of Cephalopods, vol. II. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology.
  • Voss N. A. (1980): "A generic revision of the Cranchiidae (Cephalopoda: Oegopsida)". Bulletin of Marine Science 30 (2): 365-412.

Outros artigos

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Cranchia scabra: Brief Summary ( Galissian )

fornì da wikipedia gl Galician

Cranchia scabra é unha especie de molusco cefalópodo da superorde dos decapodiformes, orde dos egópsidos, familia dos cranquíidos, e subfamilia dos cranquiinos, aínda que algúns autores encádrana na orde dos teútidos, suborde dos egospinos.

É a única especie do xénero Cranchia.

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Cranchia scabra ( olandèis; flamand )

fornì da wikipedia NL

Cranchia scabra is een soort in de taxonomische indeling van de inktvissen, een klasse dieren die tot de stam der weekdieren (Mollusca) behoort. De inktvis komt enkel in zout water voor en is in staat om van kleur te veranderen. Hij beweegt zich voort door water in zijn mantel te pompen en het er via de sifon weer krachtig uit te persen. De inktvis is een carnivoor en zijn voedsel bestaat voornamelijk uit vis, krabben, kreeften en weekdieren die ze met de zuignappen op hun grijparmen vangen.

De inktvis komt uit het geslacht Cranchia en behoort tot de familie Cranchiidae. Cranchia scabra werd in 1817 beschreven door Leach.[1]

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. World Register of Marine Species, Cranchia scabra. Marinespecies.org. Geraadpleegd op 3 oktober 2011.
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小头乌贼 ( cinèis )

fornì da wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Cranchia scabra
(Leach, 1817)[1]

小头乌贼学名Cranchia scabra),又名小頭魷,为小头乌贼科小头乌贼属下的唯一一種动物。分布于日本群岛西南部和南部、菲律宾群岛、爪哇海、萨摩亚群岛、新西兰、俄勒冈、瓜达卢佩岛、印度半岛、马斯克林群岛、南非、西南非、西非、墨西,包括南海等海域,生活环境为海水,多栖息于500 米内深层。其生存的海拔范围为-500至-20米。该物种的模式产地在西非。[1]

参考文献

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 中国科学院动物研究所. 小头乌贼. 《中国动物物种编目数据库》. 中国科学院微生物研究所. [2009-04-28]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-05).
 src= 维基物种中的分类信息:小头乌贼 小作品圖示这是一篇與章魚相關的小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。
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小头乌贼: Brief Summary ( cinèis )

fornì da wikipedia 中文维基百科

小头乌贼(学名:Cranchia scabra),又名小頭魷,为小头乌贼科小头乌贼属下的唯一一種动物。分布于日本群岛西南部和南部、菲律宾群岛、爪哇海、萨摩亚群岛、新西兰、俄勒冈、瓜达卢佩岛、印度半岛、马斯克林群岛、南非、西南非、西非、墨西,包括南海等海域,生活环境为海水,多栖息于500 米内深层。其生存的海拔范围为-500至-20米。该物种的模式产地在西非。

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Distribution ( Anglèis )

fornì da World Register of Marine Species
circum-(sub)tropical

Arferiment

van der Land, J. (ed). (2008). UNESCO-IOC Register of Marine Organisms (URMO).

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Habitat ( Anglèis )

fornì da World Register of Marine Species
meso-bathypelagic

Arferiment

van der Land, J. (ed). (2008). UNESCO-IOC Register of Marine Organisms (URMO).

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Habitat ( Anglèis )

fornì da World Register of Marine Species
Known from seamounts and knolls

Arferiment

Stocks, K. 2009. Seamounts Online: an online information system for seamount biology. Version 2009-1. World Wide Web electronic publication.

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