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Plancia ëd Bufotes boulengeri (Lataste 1879)
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Bufotes boulengeri (Lataste 1879)

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Description ( Anglèis )

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Bufotes boulengeri is a medium- to large-sized green Palearctic green toad from the Bufotes viridis subgroup (Stöck et al. 2008). In general, specimens from Morocco, have male snout-vent lengths of 63 - 80 mm and female snout-vent lengths of 70 - 80 mm. However, unsexed specimens from Egypt have snout-vent lengths of 73 - 95 mm and a maximum snout-vent length of 107 mm was reported in Libya. In the dorsal view the snout is rounded, and in the lateral view, the head is obtuse. The dorsolaterally directed nostrils are located approximately halfway between the eyes and the snout-tip. The eyes are also directed dorsolaterally and have horizontal elliptical pupils. The parotoids are large, ovoid, and parallel to each other. The tympanum is distinct and about 45% the size of the eye. Males possess a single subgular vocal sac (Escoriza and Ben Hassine 2019). Males have more robust forelimbs and fingers than females. In both sexes, the palms have two metacarpal tubercles, with the palmar tubercle being larger than the thenar tubercle. The fingers do not have discs or webbing and have relative lengths of IV < II < I < III. There is a single subarticular tubercle on each finger. In breeding males, there are nuptial pads on the first three fingers. On the foot, the inner and outer metatarsal tubercles are distinct. The rudimentarily webbed toes do not have discs and have relative toe lengths of I < II < V < III < IV. Like the fingers, the toes have a single subarticular tubercle on each toe, with the fourth toe occasionally having paired subarticular tubercles. The dorsal skin is rough with small to medium sized tubercles and spinules, while the skin on the ventral surfaces is granular (Escoriza and Ben Hassine 2019). At stage 36, the total length is approximately 38.1 mm, the body length is 14.8 mm, and the tail length is approximately 1.6 times the body length. The body is depressed with a nearly rounded snout in the dorsal view and a rounded snout in the lateral view. The nostrils are located closer to the tip of the snout and directed anterolaterally. The small eyes are positioned dorsally. The emarginated oral disc is positioned anteroventrally with a labial tooth row formula of 2(2)/3 uniserial rows. The two anterior rows are similar in length, but the first two posterior rows are either equal in length or a quarter larger than the third posterior row. There are small, uniserial marginal papillae that have dorsal and ventral gaps. The jaw sheaths are medium in size, keratinized, and have blunt serrations. The spiracle is sinistral and the vent is medial. The dorsal fin starts at the tail body junction and is low. The height of the tail musculature is slightly less than half the maximum tail height. The tail tip is rounded (Escoriza and Ben Hassine 2019).Bufotes boulengeri can be differentiated from other North African Bufonids by a combination of their size, iris color, and parotoid shape. Bufotes boulengeri is smaller than Bufo spinosus and Sclerophrys mauritanica. Bufotes boulengeri is larger than Barbarophryne brongersmai, Sclerophrys dodsoni, and Sclerophrys kassasii. It is generally larger than Sclerophrys pentoni and Sclerophrys regularis, but can over lap at the extreme sizes of the species, and it is of similar size to Sclerophrys xeros. However, B. boulengeri's green iris differentiates it from all of these species except B. brongersmai. Bufotes boulengeri's large, elongated parotoid differentiates it from B. brongersmai's small, oval paratoid and from the flat paratoids of S. dodsoni, S. kassasii, and S. pentoni (Escoriza and Ben Hassine 2019). In the Mediterranean, B. boulengeri differs from all others, especially all circum-Mediterranean green toad species, by its distinct mitochondrial haplotype group, coloration, and patterning. Bufotes boulengeri exhibits brownish to olive (but barely bright greenish) spots that often form light dorsal stripes (not to be confused with a yellowish pigmented stripe), a character rarely found in the green toads of Italy. Bufotes boulengeri almost never shows a reddish-orange coloration, characteristic of many B. balearicus, the only member of the subgroup with which it may co-occur on Sicily. Bufotes boulengeri is further distinguishable from B. balearicus, by the latter exhibiting pinhead-sized red (female B. balearicus) or brownish (male B. balearicus) spots around tips of lateral glands, but are not seen in B. boulengeri. In Sicily, the ratio of the vertical diameter of the tympanum by the diameter of the eye is smaller in B. boulengeri [0.530 (max) ≥ 0.381 (mean) ≤ 0.247 (min) (N = 42)] than in allo- or parapatric B. balearicus [0.622 ≥ 0.478 ≤ 0.345 (N = 31)]. The two species also differ in breeding behavior. Bufotes boulengeri exhibits a much longer, potentially bimodal breeding period (January-June and September-November) versus a short reproductive period in spring (February-April) that is typical of B. balearicus (Stöck et al. 2008).In life, B. boulengeri exhibits strong variability in coloration with adult males showing less contrast in marbled patterns than females. The basic dorsal coloration ranges from reddish brown, olive green, to creamy. Some specimens may have diffused orange on the head (Escoriza and Ben Hassine 2019). They have brownish to olive or bright greenish spots are often fused to form light dorsal stripes (not to be confused with a yellowish pigmented stripe). Some specimens have a green-yellow middorsal line. They do not have pinhead-sized spots around the tips of their lateral glands. The ventrum is a uniform yellowish-white, but some specimens have small green or dark spots. The iris is reported as dark yellowish-golden in populations from Sicily (Stöck et al. 2008), but lime green with black vermiculations and a gold pupil border in North Africa. Nuptial pads are dark brown (Escoriza and Ben Hassine 2019). In life, larval coloration is affected by water conditions and larval developmental stage. In turbid water, the body is uniformly ivory white, but in clear water the body is dark-gray to dark olive. The body color becomes paler at later Gosner stages. The tail musculature is the same color as the tail, but the fins are transparent. The eyes range from yellow to dark brown, but are occasionally almost black (Escoriza and Ben Hassine 2019).Based on genetics, there are two recognized subspecies: B. boulengeri boulengeri found only in North Africa and B. boulengeri siculus found only on Italian islands (see Distribution below; Stöck et al. 2008, Dufresnes et al. 2014, Nicolas et al. 2017, Dufresnes et al. 2019). Pygmy-sized populations have been reported in Egypt and Algeria at the edge of the Sahara, but these individuals have not been investigated further (Escoriza and Ben Hassine 2019).The species authority is: Lataste, F. (1879). ''La zoologie descriptive et la zoologie geographique.'' Revue Internationale des Sciences. 2e année. Paris, 4, 436–438. The subspecies, B. b. siculus was described by: Stöck, M., Sicilia, A., Belfiore, N., Buckley, D., Lo Brutto, S., Lo Valvo, M., Arculeo, M. (2008). ''Post-Messinian evolutionary relationships across the Sicilian channel: Mitochondrial and nuclear markers link a new green toad from Sicily to African relatives.'' BMC Evolutionary Biology, 8, 56-74.Based on Bayesian Inference of the mitochondrial control region, an intron of alpha-tropomyosine, and a fragment of the RAG 1 gene, B. boulengeri is sister to the clade composed of B. balearicus and B. viridis (Stöck et al. 2008). The genus, "Bufotes" is derived from the Latin "Bufo meaning "toad" (Escoriza and Ben Hassine 2019).The species epithet, "boulengeri" is the Latinization of George Albert Boulenger, a Belgian herpetologist who helped Fernand Lataste describe the species (Lataste 1879, Escoriza and Ben Hassine 2019).The subspecies name, "siculus" means, "native of Sicily" in Latin as a reference of where the subspecies is found (Stöck et al. 2008, Escoriza and Ben Hassine 2019).Initially, B. b. siculus was described as a full species (Stöck et al. 2008). However, further analysis indicted that B. b. siculus did not meet the criteria of distinctiveness from B. boulengeri (Dufresnes et al. 2014, Nicolas et al. 2017, Dufresnes et al. 2019).

Arferiment

  • Dufresnes, C., Bonato, L., Novarini. N., Betto-Colliard, C., Perrin, N., Stöck, M. (2014). ''Inferring the degree of incipient speciation in secondary contact zones of closely related lineages of Palearctic green toads (Bufo viridis subgroup).'' Heredity, 113, 9–20.
  • Dufresnes, C., Mazepa, G., Jablonski, D., Oliveira, R.C., Wenseleers, T., Shabanov, D.A., Auer, M., Ernst, R., Koch, C., Ramírez-Chaves, H.E., Mulder, K.P., Simonov, E., Tiutenko, A., Kryvokhyzha, D., Wennekes, P.L., Zineko, O.I., Korshunov, O.V., Al-Johany, A.M., Peregontsev, E.A., Masroor, R., Betto-Colliard, C., Denoël, M., Borkin, L.J., Skorinov, D.V., Rasynkova, R.A., Mazanaeva, L.F., Rosanov, J.M., Dubey, S., Litvinchuk, S. (2019). ''Fifteen shades of green: The evolution of Bufotes toads revisited.'' Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 141(106615).
  • Lataste, F. (1879). ''La zoologie descriptive et la zoologie geographique.'' Revue Internationale des Sciences. 2e année. Paris, 4, 436–438.
  • Lo Valvo, M., and Giacalone, G. (2005). ''Dati e considerazioni sulla biologia riproduttiva della popolazione di Rospo smeraldino, Bufo viridis Laurenti, 1768, della Riserva Naturale di Monte Pellegrino (Palermo).'' Annali Museo Civico Storia Naturale di Ferrara, 6(2003), 61-65.
  • Lo Valvo, M., and Giacalone, G. (2006). ''Morfometria e selezione sessuale di una popolazione di Bufo viridis in Sicilia.'' V Congresso della Societas Herpetologica Italica, 145-149.
  • Martínez-Solano, I., Sindaco, R., Romano, A. (2015). ''Bufotes boulengeri''. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T153568A74497730. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-1.RLTS.T153568A74497730.en. Downloaded on 06 November 2019.
  • Nicolas, V., Mataame, A., Crochet, P.-A., Geniez, P., Fahd, S., Ohler, A. (2018). ''Phylogeography and ecological niche modeling unravel the evolutionary history of the African green toad, Bufotes boulengeri boulengeri (Amphibia: Bufonidae), through the Quaternary.'' J Zool Syst Evol Res., 56, 102–116.
  • Sicilia, A., Lillo, F., Zava, B., and Bernini, F. (2006). ''Breeding phenology of Bufo viridis Laurenti, 1768 in Sicily.'' Acta Herpetologica, 2, 107-117.
  • Stöck, M., Moritz, C., Hickerson, M., Frynta, D., Dujsebayeva, T., Eremchenko, V., Macey, J. R., Papenfuss, T. J., and Wake, D. B. (2006). ''Evolution of mitochondrial relationships and biogeography of Palearctic green toads (Bufo viridis subgroup) with insights in their genomic plasticity.'' Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 41, 663-689.
  • Stöck, M., Sicilia, A., Belfiore, N., Buckley, D., Lo Brutto, S., Lo Valvo, M., and Arculeo, M. (2008). ''Post-Messinian evolutionary relationships across the Sicilian channel: Mitochondrial and nuclear markers link a new green toad from Sicily to African relatives.'' BMC Evolutionary Biology, 8, 56-74.

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M. Stöck
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A. Sicilia
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N. M. Belfiore
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D. Buckley
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S. Lo Brutto
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M. Lo Valvo
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M. Arculeo
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Ann T. Chang
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Distribution and Habitat ( Anglèis )

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As a whole, B. boulengeri is found in North Africa and on several Italian Islands. More specifically, B. b. boulengeri can be found from Western Sahara and Morocco, in the West, through to Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt with a southern limit in El Argoub, Western Sahara (Martínez-Solano et al. 2015, Escoriza and Ben Hassine 2019). Bufotes b. siculus is endemic to Sicily, as well as Favignana Island and Ustica Island, Italy (Stöck et al. 2008). The species can be found in a variety of environments ranging from humid to hyperarid at elevations of sea level to 2670 m. Their habitat ranges from mesic and xeric forests, scrubland, semideserts, alpine grasslands, cultivated fields, and desert oases, river valleys, and wadis (Escoriza and Ben Hassine 2019).Populations in Arabia, southern Israel and Jordan were suspected of being B. boulengeri (Stöck et al. 2008, Escoriza and Ben Hassine 2019), however further investigation indicates that these populations are B. sitibundus (Dufresnes et al. 2019)
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M. Stöck
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A. Sicilia
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N. M. Belfiore
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D. Buckley
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S. Lo Brutto
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M. Lo Valvo
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M. Arculeo
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Ann T. Chang
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Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors ( Anglèis )

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Although B. boulengeri appears to tolerate some habitat modification, as long as irrigation provides suitable breeding sites, the species is threatened by habitat loss, especially at coastal marshes. It is also threatened by introduced species, eutrophication or pollution of temporary ponds, desiccation, and road mortality (Martínez-Solano et al. 2015, Escoriza and Ben Hassine 2019). Additionally, the species is likely found in some protected areas given its wide range (Martínez-Solano et al. 2015).
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M. Stöck
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A. Sicilia
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N. M. Belfiore
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D. Buckley
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S. Lo Brutto
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M. Lo Valvo
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M. Arculeo
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Ann T. Chang
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Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors ( Anglèis )

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Bufotes boulengeri is crepuscular and nocturnal. In some locations, they are active all year round. The home range is reported to be about 142 m2 (Escoriza and Ben Hassine 2019). Mating can occur on land or in water with the species exhibiting a longer, potentially bimodal breeding period (January-June and September-November), and high plasticity (Lo Valvo and Giacalone 2005, Sicilia et al. 2006, Stöck et al. 2008). However, breeding typically occurs in intermittent streams, temporary ponds, alpine lakes, water reservoirs, gueltas, and sabkhas. It is capable of tolerating high concentrations of sodium chloride to about 1221.9 g/L (Escoriza and Ben Hassine 2019). Males frequently vocalize during the day at the edges of ponds or partially submerged in the water with a call described as “rrrou, rrrou” (Escoriza and Ben Hassine 2019) composed of individual notes that rise and fall symmetrically (Stöck et al. 2008). At temperatures of 21°C in North Africa, the call consists of trains of 90 - 136 short pulses with a dominant frequency between 1205 - 1240 Hz (Escoriza and Ben Hassine 2019). At temperatures of 16°C in Sicily, the call is similar to B. viridis, sounding like a canary trill. The call has up to 75 actively pulsed notes at a dominant frequency of 1600 Hz that are separated by consistent internote intervals. Note series are separated by at least 12 seconds (Stöck et al. 2008). Amplexus is axillary (Escoriza and Ben Hassine 2019). Females deposit eggs close to the surface of water at breeding sites. Larvae are ready to hatch after three to five days and are detritivores, but may also feed on animal matter. Metamorphose occurs after one to two months at sizes of 15 - 20 mm and can be found between March and July (Escoriza and Ben Hassine 2019). Larval B. boulengeri have been found in sympatry with D. pictus and H. meridionalis in northern Algeria and Tunisia and with S. mauritanica and B. brongersmai in southern Morocco (Escoriza and Ben Hassine 2019). Bufotes boulengeri adults feed on Arthropoda, mainly Coleoptera, and are preyed on by ardeids (B. ibis) and owls (Bubo ascalaphus; Escoriza and Ben Hassine 2019). When threatened B. boulengeri tries to escape and urinates (Escoriza and Ben Hassine 2019).
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M. Stöck
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A. Sicilia
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N. M. Belfiore
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D. Buckley
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S. Lo Brutto
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M. Lo Valvo
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M. Arculeo
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Ann T. Chang
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Nordafrikanische Wechselkröte ( Alman )

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Das ungefähre Verbreitungsgebiet der Nominatform.
Bufo viridis01.jpg

Die Nordafrikanische Wechselkröte (Bufotes boulengeri) ist eine Art der Kröten und lebt überwiegend in Nordafrika.

Merkmale

Eine mittelgroße bis große Art aus dem Verwandtschaftskreis der Wechselkröten. Männchen erreichen Kopf-Rumpf-Längen von 9,1 cm, Weibchen bis 10,4 cm, örtlich eventuell noch etwas größer, meist aber kleiner bleibend. Die Körperform ist leicht gedrungen, der Kopf ist kurz und breiter als lang. Die Schnauze ist kurz und stumpf. Die Beine sind mäßig lang, die Hinterbeine etwas länger als die Vorderbeine. Hinter den Augen befinden sich zwei große, flache, annähernd parallel oder nach hinten leicht konvergierend verlaufende Ohrdrüsenpakete (Parotiden). Männchen besitzen eine kehlständige Schallblase, die weit vorgestülpt werden kann und zur Paarungszeit an den ersten drei Fingern schwarzbraune Brunftschwielen. Färbung und Zeichnung sind sehr variabel. Die Grundfarbe ist oberseits hellgrau, bräunlich-grau, beigefarben oder grünlich. Darauf finden sich unregelmäßige grüne Flecken, die in Größe und Umriss beträchtlich variieren und meist scharf vom Untergrund abgesetzt sind. Die Warzen auf dem Rücken und an den Körperseiten sind häufig rot oder bräunlich-rot endend. Über die Rückenmitte verläuft bei vielen Tieren eine schmale gelbe Linie. Die Iris ist gelblich-gold, durchzogen von feinen dunklen Linien. Die Unterseite ist schmutzig weiß, ohne oder mit schwärzlichen oder olivfarbenen Flecken. Die Paarungsrufe sind weithin hörbare, langgezogene Triller. Die Larven sind oberseits dunkelbräunlich oder schwärzlich gefärbt mit blassen, wenig pigmentierten und am Ende abgerundeten Schwanzsäumen. Die frisch metamorphosierten Jungtiere messen 1,5 bis 2 cm.

Verbreitung

Die Art bewohnt ein großes Verbreitungsgebiet in Nordafrika. Es erstreckt sich im Westen von der Westsahara über nahezu ganz Marokko und das nördliche Algerien, bis nach Israel und Jordanien im Osten. Dabei erreicht das Areal auch den Süden des Libanon und Syriens. Im Zentrum des Verbreitungsgebietes lebt die Art in großen Teilen Tunesiens, im Norden von Libyen und im Norden von Ägypten, wobei sie entlang des Nil auch weiter südlich vorkommt. In Libyen und vor allem Algerien reicht die Verbreitung im Süden bis in viele Oasen der Sahara, somit kommt sie auch in den zentralen und sogar südlichen Teilen der Länder noch vor, jedoch nur in disjunkten Arealen. Ein weiteres disjunktes Areal befindet sich im Südwesten von Saudi-Arabien. In Europa lebt sie nur auf der zu Italien gehörenden Mittelmeerinsel Lampedusa, sowie auf Sizilien mit Ausnahme des Nordostens.[1][2]

Lebensraum

Von Meeresspiegelhöhe bis 2600 m über NN in Marokko. Die Art bevorzugt offene Landschaften mit permanenten oder temporären Gewässern unterschiedlicher Ausprägung, wie Sümpfe, Weiher, Tümpel, Teiche, Bäche, auch vom Menschen geschaffene Wasserreservoirs, Zisternen, Straßengräben und andere. Sie laicht auch in Brackwasser und toleriert große Trockenheit, sowie hohen Salzgehalt (bis 2 %). Versteckplätze findet sie unter Steinen und in lockerem Sand.

Lebensweise

Die Art ist zumindest in Teilen des Areals, z. B. in der Küstenregion Nordwest-Algeriens, ganzjährig aktiv. In sehr trockenen Regionen im Sommer zurückgezogen („Übersommerung“). Die Fortpflanzung findet meist von Februar bis Mai, oft aber auch im August/September statt. In der Zeit ist die Art auch tagsüber aktiv, sonst nachtaktiv. Die Nahrung besteht aus Käfern, darunter großen Laufkäfern, Schnecken, Regenwürmern, Schmetterlingsraupen u. ä.[3]

Gefährdung

Die IUCN listet die Art als nicht gefährdet (least concern).[4] Die Art ist weit verbreitet, wenn auch sporadisch, dabei örtlich häufig. Gefährdungen entstehen vorrangig durch den Verlust von Laichgewässern und den Tod auf Straßen während der Wanderungen zur Laichzeit.

Unterarten

Eine Unterart der Nordafrikanischen Wechselkröte ist die Sizilianische Wechselkröte (Bufotes boulengeri siculus (Stöck, Sicilia, Belfiore, Lo Brutto, Lo Valvo & Arculeo, 2008)), die auf Sizilien lebt und ehemals als eigene Art geführt wurde.

Literatur

  • Dieter Glandt: Die Amphibien und Reptilien Europas. Alle Arten im Porträt. 2., aktualisierte und erweiterte Auflage. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2015, ISBN 978-3-494-01581-1, S. 163–164.

Einzelnachweise

  1. ↑ Bufotes boulengeri. In: amphibiaweb. Abgerufen am 16. September 2020 (englisch).
  2. ↑ Bufotes boulengeri (African Green Toad). In: IUCN Redlist. Abgerufen am 16. September 2020 (englisch).
  3. ↑ Dieter Glandt: Die Amphibien und Reptilien Europas: Alle Arten im Porträt. 2., aktualisierte und erweiterte Auflage. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2015, ISBN 978-3-494-01581-1.
  4. ↑ Bufotes boulengeri in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN.
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Nordafrikanische Wechselkröte: Brief Summary ( Alman )

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src= Das ungefähre Verbreitungsgebiet der Nominatform. Bufo viridis01.jpg

Die Nordafrikanische Wechselkröte (Bufotes boulengeri) ist eine Art der Kröten und lebt überwiegend in Nordafrika.

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African green toad ( Anglèis )

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The African green toad (Bufotes boulengeri) is a species of toad found in North Africa from Morocco to Egypt, and on the Italian islands of Sicily, Favignana, Lampedusa and Ustica. The populations on the Italian islands were described as a separate species, the Sicilian green toad (B. siculus), in 2008, but more recent authorities treat it as a subspecies of the African green toad because they are very closely related.[2][3] Both were historically included in the European green toad (B. viridis) and all have been included in the genus Bufo.[2][3] It was previously suggested that the African green toad might range east into Sinai and the Levant, but a review has shown that this involves the related B. sitibundus.[3] The African green toad is found from coastal areas to highland plateaus in forests, scrubland, grassland, semi-deserts and deserts; it breeds in temporary ponds and similar habitats.[1][4]

In both size and colouration, the African green toad resembles other members of the genus Bufotes, including the European green toad and the Balearic green toad (B. balearicus). The range of the African and Balearic green toads approach each other in easternmost Sicily; only the latter species has coloured spots on the paratoid glands and some reddish-orange markings.[4] The two subspecies of the African green toad very closely resemble each other; the North African B. b. boulengeri may differ from the Sicilian B. b. siculus by its dorsal stripe.[4]

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bufotes boulengeri.
  1. ^ a b Martínez-Solano, I.; R. Sindaco; A. Romano (2015). "Bufotes boulengeri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T153568A74497730. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-1.RLTS.T153568A74497730.en. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
  2. ^ a b c Frost, Darrel R. (2020). "Search for taxon: Bufotes boulengeri". Amphibian Species of the World, an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History, New York. Retrieved 8 January 2020.
  3. ^ a b c Dufresnes, C.; et al. (2019). "Fifteen shades of green: The evolution of Bufotes toads revisited". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 141: 106615. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2019.106615. PMID 31520778. S2CID 202573454.
  4. ^ a b c Dufresnes, C. (2019). Amphibians of Europe, North Africa and the Middle East: A Photographic Guide. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 78–79. ISBN 978-1-4729-4137-4.
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African green toad: Brief Summary ( Anglèis )

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The African green toad (Bufotes boulengeri) is a species of toad found in North Africa from Morocco to Egypt, and on the Italian islands of Sicily, Favignana, Lampedusa and Ustica. The populations on the Italian islands were described as a separate species, the Sicilian green toad (B. siculus), in 2008, but more recent authorities treat it as a subspecies of the African green toad because they are very closely related. Both were historically included in the European green toad (B. viridis) and all have been included in the genus Bufo. It was previously suggested that the African green toad might range east into Sinai and the Levant, but a review has shown that this involves the related B. sitibundus. The African green toad is found from coastal areas to highland plateaus in forests, scrubland, grassland, semi-deserts and deserts; it breeds in temporary ponds and similar habitats.

In both size and colouration, the African green toad resembles other members of the genus Bufotes, including the European green toad and the Balearic green toad (B. balearicus). The range of the African and Balearic green toads approach each other in easternmost Sicily; only the latter species has coloured spots on the paratoid glands and some reddish-orange markings. The two subspecies of the African green toad very closely resemble each other; the North African B. b. boulengeri may differ from the Sicilian B. b. siculus by its dorsal stripe.

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Bufotes boulengeri ( Spagneul; Castilian )

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El sapo norteafricano (Bufotes boulengeri) es una especie de anfibio anuro de la familia Bufonidae.

Descripción

Existen variaciones en color y diseño a lo largo de su área de distribución. Las manchas varían de verde a marrón obscuro y en ocasiones también rojo. El vientre es, por lo general, de colores claros. Pueden variar su color en respuesta al calor y la luz en mayor grado que otros sapos. También tienen glándulas productoras de bufotoxinas como defensa ante las amenazas. Las hembras depositan entre 9000 y 15000 huevos en cada freza. Pueden alcanzar, a lo sumo, tallas de 15 cm.

Distribución

Especie que habita en gran parte de África del norte, con poblaciones fragmentadas, desde el Sáhara Occidental y Marruecos desde Argelia, Túnez y Libia hasta Egipto y en la isla de Lampedusa, Italia. Las poblaciones fragmentadas que habitan el oeste de Arabia, el sur de Israel y Jordania no está clara su pertenencia a esta especie y posiblemente pueden pertenecer a Bufotes variabilis. En España habita en las ciudades autónomas de Ceuta y Melilla.

Hábitat

Especie que habita áreas de herbazales, matorrales, pastizales secos, zonas semi y desérticas, por lo general se encuentran en los oasis.

Referencias

  1. ↑ Iñigo Martínez-Solano, Roberto Sindaco, Antonio Romano 2008. Pseudepidalea boulengeri. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. . Downloaded on 15 de junio de 2010.

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Bufotes boulengeri: Brief Summary ( Spagneul; Castilian )

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El sapo norteafricano (Bufotes boulengeri) es una especie de anfibio anuro de la familia Bufonidae.

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Pseudepidalea boulengeri ( Basch )

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Pseudepidalea boulengeri Pseudepidalea generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Bufonidae familian sailkatuta dago, Anura ordenan.

Erreferentziak

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Pseudepidalea boulengeri: Brief Summary ( Basch )

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Pseudepidalea boulengeri Pseudepidalea generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Bufonidae familian sailkatuta dago, Anura ordenan.

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Bufotes boulengeri ( Fransèis )

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Bufotes boulengeri est une espèce d'amphibiens de la famille des Bufonidae[1].

Répartition

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Distribution

Cette espèce se rencontre en Afrique du Nord[1],[2] :

Les spécimens provenant d'Israël, de Jordanie, d'Arabie saoudite et du Yémen ne sont pas rattachés de manière certaine. Il s'agit soit de Bufotes boulengeri, soit de Bufotes variabilis, soit de Bufotes viridis.

Taxinomie

Cette espèce était considérée comme synonyme de Bufotes viridis, le Crapaud vert, jusqu'en 2006[3]

Étymologie

Cette espèce est nommée en l'honneur de George Albert Boulenger.

Publication originale

  • Lataste, 1879 : Sur les secours réciproques que peuvent se fournir la zoologie descriptive et la zoologie géographique. Revue internationale des sciences, vol. 3, p. 434-438 (texte intégral).

Notes et références

  1. ↑ a et b Amphibian Species of the World, consulté lors d'une mise à jour du lien externe
  2. ↑ AmphibiaWeb. University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, consulté lors d'une mise à jour du lien externe
  3. ↑ Stöck, Moritz, M. Hickerson, Frynta, Dujsebayeva, Eremchenko, Macey, Papenfuss & Wake, 2006 : Evolution of mitochondrial relationships and biogeography of Palearctic green toads (Bufo viridis subgroup) with insights in their genomic plasticity. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, vol. 41, p. 663-689 (texte intégral).
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Bufotes boulengeri: Brief Summary ( Fransèis )

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Bufotes boulengeri est une espèce d'amphibiens de la famille des Bufonidae.

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Bufotes boulengeri ( Italian )

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Il rospo smeraldino africano (Bufotes boulengeri (Lataste, 1879)) è un anfibio anuro della famiglia Bufonidae.[2]

Distribuzione

La specie è presente principalmente nel Nord Africa; la sua presenza in Europa è limitata all'isola di Lampedusa con la sottospecie nominale mentre con la sottospecie B. b. siculus è presente in Sicilia e nelle isole di Ustica, Favignana e Pantelleria.[2]

Tassonomia

In uno studio del 2019 [3] vengono considerate due sottospecie:

Note

  1. ^ (EN) Iñigo Martínez-Solano, Roberto Sindaco, Antonio Romano, 2009, Pseudepidalea boulengeri, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020. URL consultato l'11 novembre 2014.
  2. ^ a b (EN) Frost D.R. et al., Bufotes boulengeri (Lataste, 1879), in Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0, New York, American Museum of Natural History, 2014. URL consultato il 5 ottobre 2019.
  3. ^ Dufresnes, C., G. O. Mazepa, D. Jablonski, R. C. Oliveira, T. Wenseleers, D. A. Shabanov, M. Auer, R. Ernst, C. Koch, H. E. Ramírez-Chaves, K. P. Mulder, E. Simonovo, A. Tiutenko, D. Kryvokhyzhar, P. L. Wennekes, O. I. Zinenko, A. V. Korshunov, A. M. Al-Johany, E. A. Dunayev, R. Masroor, C. Betto-Colliard, M. Denoël, L. J. Borkin, D. V. Skorinov, R. A. Pasynkova, L. F. Mazanaeva, J. M. Rosanov, S. Dubey, and S. N. Litvinchuk. 2019. Fifteen shades of green: The evolution of Bufotes toads revisited. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 141: 1–25.

Bibliografia

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Bufotes boulengeri: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Il rospo smeraldino africano (Bufotes boulengeri (Lataste, 1879)) è un anfibio anuro della famiglia Bufonidae.

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Bufotes boulengeri ( svedèis )

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Bufotes boulengeri[2], även kallad Pseudepidalea boulengeri[3], är en groddjursart som först beskrevs av Fernand Lataste 1879. Den ingår i släktet Bufotes och familjen paddor.[2] IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig.[1] Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.[4]

Beskrivning

Paddan, som kan bli knappt 11 cm lång, har grönaktiga fläckar mot ljus botten. Huvudet är relativt stort, med de små trumhinnorna dolda under parotidkörtlarna. Ögonen är gröna.[5]

Ekologi

Paddan förekommer i habitat som skogar, buskage, torra gräsmarker, halvöknar och öknar (vanligtvis i eller nära oaser). Den gynnas troligtvis av konstbevattning som ger den ökade våtområden för fortplantning.[1]

Utbredning

Arten förekommer i Nordafrika i splittrade populationer från Västsahara, Marocko över Algeriet, Tunisien och Libyen till Egypten. Den har även påträffats på den italienska ön Lampedusa. Det råder ännu osäkerhet hur populationerna på Arabiska halvön, södra Israel och Jordanien skall föras taxonomiskt; till denna art, Bufotes variabilis eller någon annan art i grönpaddekomplexet.[1]

Taxonomi och kontroverser

Denna arts taxonomi är omstridd. Ursprungligen fördes den till släktet Bufo. När detta släkte delades upp på flera, hamnade den initialt i släktet Pseudepidalea. Flera auktoriteter anser emellertid att detta var felaktigt, IUCN betraktar det senare släktet som polyfyliskt, i alla fall för de så kallade grönpaddorna (denna art, Bufotes balearicus, Bufotes siculus, Bufotes variabilis och Bufotes viridis[6] och förordar att de i stället skall föras till Bufotes.[2][7]

Källor

  1. ^ [a b c d] 2009 Bufotes boulengeri Från: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2 <www.iucnredlist.org>. Läst 5 juli 2015.
  2. ^ [a b c] Darrel Frost. ”Amphibian Species of the World 6.0” (på engelska). The American Museum of Natural History. http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Bufonidae/Bufotes/Bufotes-boulengeri. Läst 5 juli 2015.
  3. ^ Frost, Darrel R. (2009) , database. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference v5.3
  4. ^ Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (28 april 2011). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/Bufotes+boulengeri/match/1. Läst 24 september 2012.
  5. ^ Octavio Jiménez Robles och Gabriel Martínez del Mármol Marín (30 september 2013). ”African Green Toad Bufotes boulengeri (Lataste, 1879)” (på engelska/spanska). Moroccoherps.com. http://www.moroccoherps.com/en/ficha/Bufotes_boulengeri/. Läst 5 juli 2015.
  6. ^ ”Forslag: Bufo viridis ændres til Bufo variabilis” (på danska). Forum. Danmarks Fugle og Natur. 1 juni 2010. http://www.fugleognatur.dk/forum/show_message.asp?MessageID=468248&ForumID=13. Läst 1 juli 2015.
  7. ^ Bufotes viridis på IUCN:s rödlista, auktor: Aram Agasyan et. al. (2008), läst 23 juni 2015.

Externa länkar

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Bufotes boulengeri: Brief Summary ( svedèis )

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Bufotes boulengeri, även kallad Pseudepidalea boulengeri, är en groddjursart som först beskrevs av Fernand Lataste 1879. Den ingår i släktet Bufotes och familjen paddor. IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

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