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Sandrasselottern ( Alman )

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Die Sandrasselottern (Echis) sind eine Gattung der wüstenbewohnenden Vipern. Lebensraum der Sandrasselottern sind trockene wüstenartige Gebiete Indiens, Sri Lankas, Arabiens und Nordostafrikas. Die Schlangen gelten als gefährlich und sind jährlich für etwa 100.000 Bissunfälle verantwortlich.[1]

Beschreibung

Die Sandrasselottern sind kleine bis mittelgroße Vipern. Sie werden durchschnittlich 30 bis 50 cm lang, die Maximallängen liegen bei 80 bis 90 cm. Sie haben einen deutlich vom Körper abgesetzten Kopf mit dreieckiger Form, der Körper wirkt im Vergleich zu anderen Vipern relativ schlank. Der Körper der Tiere ist gefleckt, die Grundfärbung variiert zwischen Grau- und Brauntönen.

Ihren Namen verdanken sie ihren seitlichen Schuppen, die durch Aneinanderreiben ein raschelndes Geräusch wie zwei aneinandergeriebene Blätter Schleifpapier erzeugen.

Sandrasselottern sind vorzugsweise dämmerungs- und nachtaktiv, tagsüber verstecken sich die Schlangen gerne unter Gebüsch, Steinen und Haufen trockenen Holzes.

Wie auch andere Wüstenschlangen können sich Sandrasselottern seitenwindend fortbewegen.

Arten

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Arabische Sandrasselotter (Echis coloratus)

Die Gattung umfasst nach aktuellem Kenntnisstand acht Arten:[2]

Neben diesen werden in verschiedenen Quellen weitere Arten benannt, beispielsweise:

Gefährlichkeit

Die Sandrasselottern gehören wegen ihres potenten Gifts sowie der häufigen Bissunfälle zu den für den Menschen gefährlichsten Giftschlangen. Es wird geschätzt, dass sie jährlich für mehr als 5000 Todesfälle verantwortlich sind – mehr als jede andere Schlangengattung.[3] Sie sind zwar oft nicht länger als 50 cm, haben aber relativ große Giftzähne. Sie sind aggressiv und angriffslustig. In Erregung versetzt, legen sie ihren Körper in Schlingen und reiben sie aneinander; dadurch entsteht ein rasselndes Geräusch. Der Kopf liegt in der Mitte der sich kreiselnden Spirale. Ergibt sich eine passende Gelegenheit, schlagen sie mit großer Wucht zu. Vermutlich zischen die Tiere deshalb nicht, weil dadurch sehr viel Feuchtigkeit über die Nasenlöcher ausgestoßen wird.

Quellen

  1. http://www.serumdepot.de/Download/Merkblatt/AG-Schlangen%20-%20MB%208%20-%20In%20Kuerze-Alles%20ueber%20Schlangen.pdf@1@2Vorlage:Toter Link/www.serumdepot.de (Seite nicht mehr abrufbar, Suche in Webarchiven)  src= Info: Der Link wurde automatisch als defekt markiert. Bitte prüfe den Link gemäß Anleitung und entferne dann diesen Hinweis.
  2. nach ITIS
  3. What are the world's deadliest animals? BBC News, 15. Juni 2016, abgerufen am 16. September 2018 (englisch).

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Sandrasselottern: Brief Summary ( Alman )

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Die Sandrasselottern (Echis) sind eine Gattung der wüstenbewohnenden Vipern. Lebensraum der Sandrasselottern sind trockene wüstenartige Gebiete Indiens, Sri Lankas, Arabiens und Nordostafrikas. Die Schlangen gelten als gefährlich und sind jährlich für etwa 100.000 Bissunfälle verantwortlich.

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Charx ilonlar ( usbech )

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Charx ilonlar, efalar (Echis) — qora ilonlar oilasiga mansub ilonlar urugʻi. Uz. 80 sm gacha. Kulrang yoki qoʻngʻir tusli tanasida oqish ilon izi hoshiyasi bor. Tanasining 2 yonidagi tangachalari kirrasida tishchalari boʻladi. Charx ilonlar tanasini halqa qilib oʻraganida tangachalar ishqalanishi natijasida charx toshi aylanishiga oʻxshash tovush chiqadi (nomi shundan). 3 turi, jumladan, qum charx iloni va chipor charx iloni Shimoliy Afrika, Janubiy, Jan.Gʻarbiy Osiyo va Oʻrta Osiyoda tarkalgan. Oʻzbekistonda qum charx iloni Buxoro, Surxondaryo viloyatlari hamda Qizilqum choʻlida uchraydi. Shomda va tunda faol hayot kechiradi. Mayda umurtqalilar, yosh Charx ilonlar, asosan, hasharotlar va oʻrgimchaksimonlar bilan oziqlanadi. Tuxumdan tirik tugʻadi. Urgʻochisi 3 tadan 18 tagacha bola tugʻadi. Zaxarli, chaqishi oʻlimga olib kelishi mumkin. Zaxaridan immun zardob tayyorlashda va i.t. ishlarida foydalaniladi.

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ફુરસા (સર્પ) ( Gujarati )

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ફુરસા કે પડકું કે પૈડકું (અંગ્રેજી:Saw-Scaled Viper, Carpet Viper; દ્વિપદ-નામ:Eachis carinatus) એ ગુજરાતમાં દેખાતી સર્પોના કુલ બાર(૧૨) કુટુંબોની ત્રેસઠ[૧] (૬૩) જાતિઓમાંની એક ઝેરી સર્પની જાતી છે[૨][૩]

ઓળખ

પૃખ્ત વયનાં સર્પની વધુમાં વધુ લંબાઈ ૩૨ ઇંચ જોવા મળી છે[૨].

આહાર

આ સર્પ ભોજન માટે મોટેભાગે તીડ, કરચલા, જીંવડા, અળસિયા, ગોકળગાય, કરોળીયા, વીંછી, કાનખજુરા, દેડકા, ગરોળી અને કાચિંડા પસંદ કરે છે[૨].

પ્રજનન

વરસમાં એક કે બે વખત પ્રજનન કરી દરેક વેતરે ૪ થી ૮ બચ્ચા ને જન્મ આપે છે. જન્મ સમયે બચ્ચાની લંબાઈ ૩ ઈંચ હોય છે[૨].

અન્ય માહિતિ

હીમોટોક્સિન પ્રકારનું ઝેર ધરવાતો હોવાથી એ કરડે ત્યારે માણસનાં લોહીમાંના રક્તકણો નાશ પામે છે અને અંતે મગજને પ્રાણવાયું ન મળવાથી માણસનું મૃત્યુ થાય છે[૪]. એ ગુંચળું વળીને પોતાના શરીર પરનાં ભીંગડાં એકબીજા સાથે ઘસીને એક ખાસ અવાજ પેદા કરે છે[૩]. પોતાના શરીરનાં ગુંચળાનો સ્પ્રીંગની માફક ઉપયોગ કરીને એ કુદકો મારી શકતો હોવાથી[૩] લોકબોલીમાં એને ઉડકણું પણ કહે છે. અંગ્રેજીભાષાનું નામ સો-સ્કેલ્ડ વાઇપર છે[૫].

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દક્ષીણભારતમાં જોવામળતો ફુરસા.


સંદર્ભ

  1. McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  2. ૨.૦ ૨.૧ ૨.૨ ૨.૩ દેસાઈ, અજય મ. (એપ્રિલ ૨૦૧૭). સર્પ સંદર્ભ (ગુજરાતનાં સાપ વિષે માહિતિ). પ્રકૃતિ મિત્ર મંડળ. p. ૧૪.
  3. ૩.૦ ૩.૧ ૩.૨ ગોંડલનરેશ શ્રી ભગવતસિંહજી. "ફુરસા". ભગવદ્ગોમંડલ. www.bhagvadgomandal.com. Retrieved ૦૭ જુન ૨૦૧૫. Check date values in: |accessdate= (મદદ)
  4. Daniels JC. 2002. The Book of Indian Reptiles and Amphibians. Mumbai: Bombay Natural History Society & Oxford University Press. 252 pp. [151-153]. ISBN 0-19-566099-4.
  5. Echis carinatus antivenoms at Munich Antivenom Index. Accessed 13 September 2006.

સંદર્ભ

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ફુરસા (સર્પ): Brief Summary ( Gujarati )

fornì da wikipedia emerging languages

ફુરસા કે પડકું કે પૈડકું (અંગ્રેજી:Saw-Scaled Viper, Carpet Viper; દ્વિપદ-નામ:Eachis carinatus) એ ગુજરાતમાં દેખાતી સર્પોના કુલ બાર(૧૨) કુટુંબોની ત્રેસઠ[૧] (૬૩) જાતિઓમાંની એક ઝેરી સર્પની જાતી છે

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ଧୂଳିଆ ବୋଡ଼ା ସାପ ( oriya )

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ଧୂଳିଆ ବୋଡ଼ା (ଇଂରାଜୀରେ Echis ବା saw-scaled vipers ବା carpet vipers[୨]) ଭାଇପରିନାଏ ପରିବାରର ଏକ ବିଷାକ୍ତ ସାପ । ଭାରତ, ପାକିସ୍ତାନ, ଶ୍ରୀଲଙ୍କା, ମଧ୍ୟ-ପୂର୍ବ ଏସିଆଆଫ୍ରିକାର ଶୁଷ୍କ ଅଞ୍ଚଳରେ ଏହି ସାପ ଦେଖାଯାନ୍ତି । ଶତ୍ରୁକୁ ଡରାଇବା ପାଇଁ ଏହି ସାପ ନିଜ ଦେହର କାତିକୁ ପରସ୍ପର ସହିତ ଘଷି ଏକ ଶବ୍ଦ ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରେ ଯାହା ଏହାର ସ୍ୱାତନ୍ତ୍ର୍ୟ ।[୩] ଏହି ସାପର ଇଂରାଜୀ ନାମ ଏକିସ୍ (Echis) ଗ୍ରୀକ୍ ଭାଷାରେ ବୋଡ଼ା ସାପ ପାଇଁ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ଶବ୍ଦ ἔχιςର ଲାଟିନ୍ ରୂପରୁ ଗୃହୀତ । ସାଧାରଣତଃ ଏହି ସାପକୁ ଇଂରାଜୀ ଭାଷାରେ "ସ-ସ୍କେଲ୍‍ଡ୍ ଭାଇପର୍ (saw-scaled vipers)" ବୋଲି କୁହାଯାଏ । ସମଗ୍ର ବିଶ୍ୱରେ ହେଉଥିବା ସାପ କାମୁଡ଼ା ଓ ମୃତ୍ୟୁ ଘଟଣାମାନଙ୍କରେ ଧୂଳିଆ ବୋଡ଼ା ଏକ ବଡ଼ ଅଂଶୀଦାର ।[୪] ଧୂଳିଆ ବୋଡ଼ା ପରିବାରର ୧୨ଟି ପ୍ରଜାତି ଅଦ୍ୟାବଧି ଚିହ୍ନଟ ହୋଇଛି ।[୫]

ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନା

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ଧୂଳିଆ ବୋଡ଼ା ସାପର କାତି
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ଧୂଳିଆ ବୋଡ଼ାର ମୁଣ୍ଡ

ଧୂଳିଆ ବୋଡ଼ା ସାପ ଆକାରରେ ଛୋଟ । ଏମାନଙ୍କ ପରିବାରର ସବୁଠାରୁ ବଡ଼ ପ୍ରଜାତିଗୁଡ଼ିକ ହେଲେ – ଧଳା-ପେଟ ଧୂଳିଆ ବୋଡ଼ା (Echis leucogaster) ଓ ମିଶରୀୟ ଧୂଳିଆ ବୋଡ଼ା (Echis pyramidum) ଓ ଏମାନଙ୍କ ଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟ ୯୦ ସେଣ୍ଟିମିଟରରୁ କମ୍ । ସବୁଠାରୁ ଛୋଟ ଧୂଳିଆ ବୋଡ଼ା ପ୍ରଜାତି ହେଲେ – ହ୍ୟୁଗ୍ ଧୂଳିଆ ବୋଡ଼ା (Echis hughesi) ଓ ୟୋଗର୍ ଧୂଳିଆ ବୋଡ଼ା (Echis jogeri) ଓ ଏହି ଦୁଇ ପ୍ରଜାତିର ସାପଙ୍କ ଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟ ୩୦ ସେଣ୍ଟିମିଟର ପାଖାପାଖି ।

ଧୂଳିଆ ବୋଡ଼ାର ମୁଣ୍ଡ ଛୋଟ ଓ ସାମାନ୍ୟ ଚଉଡ଼ା । ମୁଣ୍ଡ ଚଉଡ଼ା ହୋଇଥିବାରୁ ଶରୀରରେ ବେକ ଓ ମୁଣ୍ଡ ସ୍ପଷ୍ଟ ଭାବେ ବାରି ହୁଏ । ମୁହଁ ପାଖଟି ଛୋଟ ଓ ଅର୍ଦ୍ଧ ଗୋଲାକାର । ମୁଣ୍ଡର ଅନ୍ୟ ଅଂଶ ଅନୁପାତରେ ଆଖିଗୁଡ଼ିକ ସାମାନ୍ୟ ବଡ଼ । ଶରୀରଟି ପତଳା ଓ ସିଲିଣ୍ଡରାକୃତି । ଏହାର କାତି ଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଛୋଟ ଛୋଟ କଣ୍ଟା ପରି । କାତିଗୁଡ଼ିକ କରତ ଧାର ପରି ତେରଛା ଭାବେ ରହିଥିବାରୁ ଏହାକୁ ଇଂରାଜୀ ଭାଷାରେ Saw-scaled viper – କରତ ଧାର ପରି କାତିଯୁକ୍ତ ବୋଡ଼ା ବୋଲି କୁହାଯାଇଥାଏ । ଏହି ସାପର ଲାଞ୍ଜଟି ଛୋଟ ।[୩]

ଖ୍ରୀଷ୍ଟ ଧର୍ମଗ୍ରନ୍ଥ ବାଇବେଲ୍ ପୁସ୍ତକରେ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣିତ ଭୟଙ୍କର ଉଡ଼ନ୍ତା ସର୍ପ (fiery flying serpent) ଏହି ଧୂଳିଆ ବୋଡ଼ା ସାପ ହୋଇଥିବା ଅନୁମାନ କରାଯାଏ ।[୬]

ଭୌଗୋଳିକ ବ୍ୟାପ୍ତି

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(ଉପରୁ ତଳ) ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘ, ତାଜିକିସ୍ତାନ ଓ ତୁର୍କମେନିସ୍ତାନର ଡାକ ଟିକଟରେ ଧୂଳିଆ ବୋଡ଼ାର ଚିତ୍ର

ଧୂଳିଆ ବୋଡ଼ା ପାକିସ୍ତାନ, ଭାରତ (ମହାରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର, ରାଜସ୍ଥାନ, ଉତ୍ତର ପ୍ରଦେଶ, ପଞ୍ଜାବ, ଓଡ଼ିଶା), ଶ୍ରୀଲଙ୍କା, ମଧ୍ୟ-ପୂର୍ବ ଏସିଆଆଫ୍ରିକା ମହାଦେଶରେ ବିଷୁବ ରେଖାର ଉତ୍ତରସ୍ଥ ଅଞ୍ଚଳରେ ଦେଖାଯାନ୍ତି ।[୧]

ବ୍ୟବହାର

ଧୂଳିଆ ବୋଡ଼ାର ସମସ୍ତ ପ୍ରଜାତି ନିଜ ଶତ୍ରୁକୁ ଡରାଇବା ପାଇଁ ଅନେକ ଅର୍ଦ୍ଧ ଚନ୍ଦ୍ରାକାର କୁଣ୍ଡଳୀରେ ଗୁଡ଼ାଇ ହୋଇଯାନ୍ତି ଓ ଶରୀରକୁ ହଲାନ୍ତି । କାତିଗୁଡ଼ିକ ପରସ୍ପର ସହିତ ଘଷି ହୋଇ ଏକ ସ୍ୱତନ୍ତ୍ର “କର୍ କର୍” ଶବ୍ଦ କରନ୍ତି । ଦୁଇଟି ପାନିଆକୁ ଘଷିଲେ ଏପ୍ରକାରର ଶବ୍ଦ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୁଏ । କିଛି ଲେଖକ ଏହି ଶବ୍ଦ ଗରମ ତାଟିଆରେ ପାଣି ଛିଞ୍ଚିଲେ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହେଉଥିବା ଶବ୍ଦ ପରି ବୋଲି କହିଛନ୍ତି ।[୨][୩] ଶରୀରର ଅଙ୍ଗର ଘର୍ଷଣରୁ ଏପରି ଶବ୍ଦ ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରିବା ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟାକୁ ଷ୍ଟାରାଇଡ୍ୟୁଲେସନ୍ (stridulation) ବୋଲି କୁହନ୍ତି ।[୭] ଧୂଳିଆ ବୋଡ଼ାର ବିରକ୍ତି ଭାବ ବଢ଼ିଲେ ସେ ଏହି ଶବ୍ଦ ଅଧିକ ହୋଇଥାଏ । ଅନ୍ୟ ସାପ ସୁଁ ସୁଁ ଶବ୍ଦ କରିବା ଦେଖାଯାଏ ଓ ସୁଁ ସୁଁ ଶବ୍ଦ କରିବା ବେଳେ କିଛି ମାତ୍ରାରେ ଶରୀରର ଜଳୀୟ ଅଂଶ ଖର୍ଚ୍ଚ ହୋଇଥାଏ । ଶୁଷ୍କ ପରିବାସରେ ବାସ କରୁଥିବା ଧୂଳିଆ ବୋଡ଼ା ଜଳୀୟ ଅଂଶର ବ୍ୟୟକୁ ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରିତ କରିବା ପାଇଁ ଏପରି କରୁଥିବା କିଛି ସର୍ପ ବିଜ୍ଞାନୀ ବିଶ୍ୱାସ କରନ୍ତି ।[୩] କିନ୍ତୁ ଆଉ କିଛି ସର୍ପ ବିଜ୍ଞାନୀଙ୍କ ମତରେ ଧୂଳିଆ ବୋଡ଼ା କାତିଘଷା ଶବ୍ଦ ସହ ସୁଁ ସୁଁ ଶବ୍ଦ ମଧ୍ୟ କରିଥାଏ ।[୭]

ଅର୍ଦ୍ଧ-ଚନ୍ଦ୍ରାକାର କୁଣ୍ଡଳୀରେ ଥିବା ଅବସ୍ଥାରେ ଧୂଳିଆ ବୋଡ଼ାର ମୁଣ୍ଡ ଓ ଆଖି ଶତ୍ରୁ ବା ବିପଦ ଉପରେ କେନ୍ଦ୍ରିତ ଥାଏ । ସେହି ଅବସ୍ଥାରୁ ହିଁ ସାପ କାମୁଡ଼ିବାକୁ ଚେଷ୍ଟା କରିଥାଏ । କାମୁଡ଼ିବା ପାଇଁ ଚେଷ୍ଟା କଲାବେଳେ ସାପ ଭାରସାମ୍ୟ ହରାଇ ଅଳ୍ପ ଆଗକୁ ବା ଶତ୍ରୁ ଆଡ଼କୁ ବିସ୍ଥାପିତ ହୋଇଯାଏ । ଅନ୍ୟ ପ୍ରଜାତିର ସାପ କାମୁଡ଼ିବା ବେଳେ ଏପରି ବିସ୍ଥାପିତ ହେବା ଦେଖାଯାଏ ନାହିଁ ।[୨]

ଆହାର

କିଛି ଧୂଳିଆ ବୋଡ଼ା ପ୍ରଜାତିଙ୍କ ଆହାର ସମ୍ପର୍କରେ ଅଧିକ ତଥ୍ୟ ଉପଲବ୍ଧ ନାହିଁ । ଆହାର ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧୀୟ ତଥ୍ୟ ଜଣାଥିବା ଧୂଳିଆ ବୋଡ଼ାମାନେ କ୍ଷୁଦ୍ରାକାର ସ୍ତନ୍ୟପାୟୀ ପ୍ରାଣୀ, ଛୋଟ ପକ୍ଷୀ, ଅନ୍ୟାନ୍ୟ ସରୀସୃପ (ଏପରି କିଛି ପ୍ରଜାତିର ସାପ), ସମ୍ବାଳୁଆ, ବେଙ୍ଗ, ବୁଢ଼ିଆଣୀ, ଜିଆ, କୀଟପତଙ୍ଗ, କଙ୍କଡ଼ା ବିଛା ଇତ୍ୟାଦି ଜୀବଙ୍କୁ ଭକ୍ଷଣ କରିଥାନ୍ତି ।[୨][୩]

ପ୍ରଜନନ

ଆଫ୍ରିକା ମହାଦେଶରେ ଦେଖାଯାଉଥିବା ଅଧିକାଂଶ ଧୂଳିଆ ବୋଡ଼ା ଅଣ୍ଡା ଦେଉଥିବା ବେଳେ ଭାରତୀୟ ଧୂଳିଆ ବୋଡ଼ା କ୍ଷୁଦ୍ର ସାପମାନଙ୍କୁ ଜନ୍ମ ଦେଇଥାଏ ।[୨][୩]

ଧୂଳିଆ ବୋଡ଼ାର ବିଷ ଓ ତାହାର ପ୍ରଭାବ

ଧୂଳିଆ ବୋଡ଼ାର ବିଷରେ ସ୍ନାୟୁ କ୍ଷୟକାରୀ (Neurotoxin), ମାଂସପେଶୀ କ୍ଷୟକାରୀ (cardiotoxin), ରକ୍ତ କ୍ଷୟକାରୀ (hemotoxin) ଓ କୋଷିକା କ୍ଷୟକାରୀ (cytotoxin) ତତ୍ତ୍ୱ ଥାଏ । କ୍ରାନ୍ତୀୟ ଅଞ୍ଚଳରେ ଏହି ସାପକୁ ଚିକିତ୍ସା ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ଦୃଷ୍ଟିରୁ ନିତାନ୍ତ ଦରକାରୀ ବୋଲି କୁହାଯାଇଛି । ଅନ୍ଧାରରେ ଏହି ସାପ ଖୁବ୍ ସକ୍ରିୟ ଥାଏ ଓ ସେହି ସମୟରେ ସର୍ବାଧିକ ସାପ କାମୁଡ଼ା ଦୁର୍ଘଟଣା ଘଟିଥାଏ ।[୩]

ଧୂଳିଆ ବୋଡ଼ା ବିଷ ପ୍ରଭାବରେ ରକ୍ତ ଜମାଟରେ ଅସଙ୍ଗତତା ଦେଖା ଦେଇ ଡିଆଇସି ପରି ଅବସ୍ଥା ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୁଏ ଓ ଏହା କିଛି ଦିନ ବା ସପ୍ତାହ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ରହିପାରେ । ଏପରି ଅବସ୍ଥାରେ ଶରୀରର ଯେକୌଣସି ସ୍ଥାନରେ ରକ୍ତସ୍ରାବ ହୋଇପାରେ ଓ ରକ୍ତକ୍ଷୟ ଜନିତ ମୃତ୍ୟୁ ଘଟିପାରେ । ସାପ କାମୁଡ଼ାର ଅଳ୍ପ କିଛି ଦିନ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଏହା ଘଟିପାରେ ।[୮]

ପ୍ରଜାତି, ଭୌଗୋଳିକ ଅବସ୍ଥିତି, ଲିଙ୍ଗ, ବିଷ ସଞ୍ଚରଣ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟା ଓ ଋତୁ ଅନୁସାରେ ଧୂଳିଆ ବୋଡ଼ାର ବିଷାକ୍ତତାରେ ବିବିଧତା ପରିଲକ୍ଷିତ ହୋଇଥାଏ । ତେଣୁ ଧୂଳିଆ ବୋଡ଼ା ପ୍ରଜାତିଙ୍କ LD୫୦ର ମାନରେ ମଧ୍ୟ ବିଭିନ୍ନତା ଦେଖିବାକୁ ମିଳେ । ଧୂଳିଆ ବୋଡ଼ା କାମୁଡ଼ିଥିବା ମୂଷା ଦେହରେ LD୫୦ ୨.୩ ମି.ଗ୍ରା./କି.ଗ୍ରା.ରୁ (U.S. Navy, 1991) ୨୪.୧ ମି.ଗ୍ରା./କି.ଗ୍ରା. (Christensen, 1955) ଓ ୦.୪୪-୦.୪୮ ମି.ଗ୍ରା./କି.ଗ୍ରା. (Cloudsley-Thompson, 1988) ଥିବା ଦେଖାଯାଇଛି । ୩-୫ ମି.ଗ୍ରା./କି.ଗ୍ରା. ମଣିଷଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ଘାତକ ହୋଇପାରେ (Minton, 1967) । ଅଣ୍ଡିରାଙ୍କ ତୁଳନାରେ ମାଈଙ୍କ ବିଷର ମାନ ଦୁଇ ଗୁଣରୁ ଅଧିକ ବିଷାକ୍ତ ।[୩]

ବିଷ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତିର ହାର ମଧ୍ୟ ବଦଳୁଥାଏ । ୪୧-୫୬ ସେଣ୍ଟିମିଟର ଲମ୍ବା ସାପଠାରୁ ୨୦-୩୫ ମିଲିଗ୍ରାମ୍ ବିଷ କ୍ଷରିତ ହେଉଥିବା ବେଳେ[୯] ଏକ ଇରାନୀୟ ପ୍ରଜାତିର ସାପଠାରୁ ୬-୪୮ ମିଲିଗ୍ରାମ୍ (ହାରାହାରି ୧୬ ମିଲିଗ୍ରାମ୍) ବିଷ[୧୦] ଓ ଅନ୍ୟ ଅଞ୍ଚଳର ସାପଙ୍କଠାରୁ ୧୩-୩୫ ମିଲିଗ୍ରାମ୍ ବିଷ କ୍ଷରିତ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।[୧୧] ଋତୁ ଓ ଲିଙ୍ଗ ଅନୁସାରେ ବିଷ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତିରେ ତଫାତ ଦେଖାଦିଏ । ଗ୍ରୀଷ୍ମ କାଳରେ ଧୂଳିଆ ବୋଡ଼ା ସାପଙ୍କ ଶରୀରରେ ଅଧିକ ବିଷ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ ହୁଏ । ଅଣ୍ଡିରାମାନଙ୍କ ଶରୀରରେ ମାଈମାନଙ୍କ ଅପେକ୍ଷା ଅଧିକ ବିଷ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।[୩]

ଧୂଳିଆ ବୋଡ଼ା ପରିବାରର ପ୍ରଜାତିଗଣ

ଚିତ୍ର ପ୍ରଜାତି[୧] ସମ୍ପୃକ୍ତ ଜୀବବିଜ୍ଞାନୀ[୧] ଉପପ୍ରଜାତି[୫] ସାଧାରଣ ନାମ ଭୌଗୋଳିକ ବ୍ୟାପ୍ତି[୧] ଏକିସ୍ ବୋର୍କିନି ଶେର୍ଲିନ୍, ୧୯୯୦ ୦ ଦକ୍ଷିଣ-ପଶ୍ଚିମ ଆରବ ଓ ପଶ୍ଚିମ ୟେମେନ Echis carinatus sal (edit).jpg ଏକିସ୍ କ୍ୟାରିନେଟସ୍ ୟୋହାନ୍ ଗୋଟ୍ଲୋବ୍ ଶ୍ନାଇଡର୍, ୧୮୦୧ ୪ Saw-scaled viper ଦକ୍ଷିଣ-ପୂର୍ବ ଆରବ (ଓମାନ, ମସିରା ଓ ପୂର୍ବ ସଂଯୁକ୍ତ ଆରବ ଏମିରେଟ୍), ଦକ୍ଷିଣ-ପଶ୍ଚିମ ଇରାନ, ଇରାକ, ଆଫଗାନିସ୍ତାନ, ଉଜବେକିସ୍ତାନ, ତୁର୍କମେନିସ୍ତାନ, ତାଜିକିସ୍ତାନ, ପାକିସ୍ତାନ, ଭାରତ, ଶ୍ରୀଲଙ୍କାବଙ୍ଗଳାଦେଶ אפעה מגוון-2.jpg ଏକିସ୍ କଲରେଟସ୍ ଆଲ୍‍ବର୍ଟ୍ ଗୁନ୍ଥର୍, ୧୮୭୮ ୦ ଚିତ୍ରିତ ଧୂଳିଆ ବୋଡ଼ା ଦକ୍ଷିଣ-ପୂର୍ବ ମିଶର, ଇସ୍ରାଏଲ୍, ଜୋର୍ଡାନ୍, ସାଉଦି ଆରବ, ୟେମେନ ଓ ଓମାନ ଏକିସ୍ ହ୍ୟୁଗେସି ଭ୍ଲାଡିମିର୍ ଆଲେକ୍‍ଜାଣ୍ଡ୍ରୋୱିଚ୍ ଶେର୍ଲିନ୍, ୧୯୯୦ ୦ ହ୍ୟୁଗ୍ ଧୂଳିଆ ବୋଡ଼ା ସୋମାଲିଆ ଏକିସ୍ ୟୋଗେରି ଶେର୍ଲିନ୍, ୧୯୯୦ ୦ ୟୋଗର୍ ଧୂଳିଆ ବୋଡ଼ା ପଶ୍ଚିମ ଓ କେନ୍ଦ୍ରୀୟ ମାଲି Echis carinatus3.jpg ଏକିସ୍ ଖୋସାତ୍‍ଜ୍‍କି ଶେର୍ଲିନ୍, ୧୯୯୦ ୦ ପୂର୍ବ ୟେମେନ୍ ଓ ଓମାନ୍ ଏକିସ୍ ଲ୍ୟୁକୋଗାଷ୍ଟର୍ ବେନିଗ୍ନୋ ରୋମାନ, ୧୯୭୨ ୦ ଧଳା-ପେଟ ଧୂଳିଆ ବୋଡ଼ା ପଶ୍ଚିମ ଓ ଉତ୍ତର-ପଶ୍ଚିମ ଆଫ୍ରିକା : ମୋରୋକ୍କୋ, ପଶ୍ଚିମ ସାହାରା, ଆଲଜେରିଆ, ମୌରିଟାନିଆ, ସେନେଗାଲ, ଉତ୍ତର ଗିନି, ବୁର୍କିନା ଫାସୋ, ପଶ୍ଚିମ ନାଇଜର, ଉତ୍ତର ନାଇଜେରିଆ ଏକିସ୍ ମେଗାଲୋସେଫାଲସ୍ ଶେର୍ଲିନ୍, ୧୯୯୦ ୦ ଶେର୍ଲିନ୍‍ ଧୂଳିଆ ବୋଡ଼ା ୟେମେନ ଓ ଏରିଟ୍ରିଆ ମଧ୍ୟବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ଲୋହିତ ସାଗରର ଦ୍ୱୀପ ଏକିସ୍ ଓସେଲେଟସ୍ ଓଥ୍‍ମାର ଷ୍ଟେମ୍‍ଲର୍, ୧୯୭୦ ୦ ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟ ଧୂଳିଆ ବୋଡ଼ା ଉତ୍ତର-ପଶ୍ଚିମ ଆଫ୍ରିକା : ମୌରିଟାନିଆ, ସେନେଗାଲ, ମାଲି, ଗିନିଆ, ଆଇଭୋରି କୋଷ୍ଟ୍, ବୁର୍କିନା ଫାସୋ, ଘାନା, ଟୋଗୋ, ବେନିନ, ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ନାଇଜର, ନାଇଜେରିଆ, ଉତ୍ତର କ୍ୟାମେରୁନ୍, ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଚାଡ୍ ଏକିସ୍ ଓମାନେସିସ୍ ବୋବୋକ୍ସେ, ୨୦୦୪ ୦ ଓମାନୀୟ ଧୂଳିଆ ବୋଡ଼ା ସଂଯୁକ୍ତ ଆରବ ଏମିରେଟ୍‍ସ୍, ପୂର୍ବ ଓମାନ Echis pyramidum.jpg ଏକିସ୍ ପିରାମିଡମ୍ ଏଟିନ୍ ଜ୍ୟଫ୍ରି ସେଣ୍ଟ୍-ହିଲେର୍, ୧୮୨୭ ୨ ମିଶରୀୟ ଧୂଳିଆ ବୋଡ଼ା ଉତ୍ତର-ପୂର୍ବ ଆଫ୍ରିକା : ଉତ୍ତର ମିଶର, କେନ୍ଦ୍ରୀୟ ସୁଦାନ, ଏରିଟ୍ରିଆ, ଇଥିଓପିଆ, ସୋମାଲିଆ, ଉତ୍ତର କେନିଆ; ଦକ୍ଷିଣ-ପଶ୍ଚିମ ଆରବ : ପଶ୍ଚିମ ସାଉଦି ଆରବ, ୟେମେନ; ଲିବ୍ୟା, ଟ୍ୟୁନିସିଆ, ଆଲଜେରିଆ ଏକିସ୍ ରୋମାନି ଟ୍ରାପେ, ୨୦୧୮ 0 ଦକ୍ଷିଣ-ପଶ୍ଚିମ ଚାଡ୍, ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ନାଇଜର, ନାଇଜେରିଆ, ଉତ୍ତର କ୍ୟାମେରୁନ୍, ଉତ୍ତର-ପଶ୍ଚିମ କେନ୍ଦ୍ରୀୟ ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟ ଗଣରାଜ୍ୟ

ବର୍ଗୀକରଣ

ଜୀବବିଜ୍ଞାନ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧୀୟ ଅନ୍ୟ ଲେଖାରେ ପ୍ରଜାତିଙ୍କ ବର୍ଗୀକରଣ ବିଷୟରେ ନିମ୍ନ ତଥ୍ୟ ପ୍ରାପ୍ତ ହୋଇଛି :[୩][୧୨][୧୩]

  • ଏକିସ୍ ଓମାନେସିସ୍ ବାବୋକ୍ସେ, ୨୦୦୪, ସଂଯୁକ୍ତ ଆରବ ଏମିରେଟ୍‍ସ୍ ଓ ପୂର୍ବ ଓମାନରୁ ଆବିଷ୍କୃତ ଏକ ନୂତନ ଧୂଳିଆ ବୋଡ଼ା ପ୍ରଜାତି
  • ଏକିସ୍ ଖୋସାତ୍‍ଜ୍‍କି ଶେର୍ଲିନ୍, ୧୯୯୦, ଓମାନ ଓ ୟେମେନରେ ଦେଖାଯାଉଥିବା ଏହି ପ୍ରଜାତିକୁ ଏକିସ୍ ପିରାମିଡମ୍‍ ସହ ସମାନ ବୋଲି କୁହାଯାଏ
  • ଏକିସ୍ ମଲ୍‍ଟିସ୍କ୍ୱାମାଟସ୍ ଶେର୍ଲିନ୍, ୧୯୮୧, ଏହାକୁ ଏକିସ୍ କ୍ୟାରିନେଟସ୍ ମଲ୍‍ଟିସ୍କ୍ୱାମାଟସ୍ ଉପପ୍ରଜାତି ବୋଲି ମଧ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଏ ।

ଆହୁରି ଦେଖନ୍ତୁ

ଆଧାର

  1. ୧.୦ ୧.୧ ୧.୨ ୧.୩ ୧.୪ McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  2. ୨.୦ ୨.୧ ୨.୨ ୨.୩ ୨.୪ Spawls S, Branch B. 1995. The Dangerous Snakes of Africa. Dubai: Ralph Curtis Books. Oriental Press. 192 pp. ISBN 0-88359-029-8.
  3. ୩.୦ ୩.୧ ୩.୨ ୩.୩ ୩.୪ ୩.୫ ୩.୬ ୩.୭ ୩.୮ ୩.୯ Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003. True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.
  4. Campbell JA, Lamar WW. 2004. The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates. 870 pp. 1500 plates. ISBN 0-8014-4141-2.
  5. ୫.୦ ୫.୧ "Echis". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 31 July 2006.
  6. What Fiery Flying Serpent Symbolized Christ? Archived 10 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine. at Meridian. Accessed 22 June 2007.
  7. ୭.୦ ୭.୧ Mehrtens JM. 1987. Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. ISBN 0-8069-6460-X.
  8. Campbell CH. 1995. "Snake bite and snake venoms: their effects on the nervous system". In: de Wolff FA, editor. Handbook of clinical neurology, vol 21 (65). Intoxications of the nervous system, part II. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publications.
  9. Minton 1974. U.S. Navy. 1991.
  10. Latifi 1991.
  11. Boquet 1967.
  12. ଛାଞ୍ଚ:NRDB genus
  13. Echis omanensis, Oman saw-scaled viper Archived 27 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine. at Wolfgang Wüster's homepage Archived 25 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine.. Accessed 7 June 2007.

ଆହୁରି ପଢ଼ନ୍ତୁ

  • Boquet P. 1967. "Pharmacology and toxicology of snake venoms of Europe and the Mediterranean regions". In: Bucherl W, editor. 1967. Venomous Animals and their Venoms. Vol. I. Paris: Masson. pp 340–58.
  • Boulenger GA. 1890. The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Batrachia. London: Secretary of State for India in Council. (Taylor & Francis, printers). xviii + 541 pp.
  • Boulenger GA. 1896. Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume III., Containing the ... Viperidæ. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiv + 727 pp. + Plates I.- XXV. (Genus Echis, p. 504).
  • Cherlin, VA. 1990. Taxonomic revision of the snake genus Echis (Viperidae). II. An analysis of taxonomy and description of new forms. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute, Leningrad, USSR Academy of Schience 207: 193-223. [202]. (in Russian).
  • Christensen PA. 1955. South African Snake Venoms and Antivenins. Johannesburg: South African Institute of Medical Research. 35 pp.
  • Cloudsley-Thompson JL. 1988. The saw-scaled viper Echis carinatus. British Herpetological Society Bulletin 24:32-33.
  • Gray JE. 1849. Catalogue of the Specimens of Snakes in the Collection of the British Museum. London: Trustees of the British Museum. (Edward Newman, printer). xv + 125 pp. [29].
  • Latifi M. 1991. The Snakes of Iran. Second Edition. Oxford, Ohio: Published by the Department of the Environment and the Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 156 pp. ISBN 0-916984-22-2.
  • Merrem B. 1820. Versuch eines Systems der Amphibien. Tentamen Systematis Amphibiorum. Marburg: J.C. Krieger. xv + 191 pp. + 1 plate. [149].
  • Minton SA Jr. 1967. "Snakebite". In: Beeson PB, McDermott W, editors. 1967. Cecil and Loeb Textbook of Medicine. Philadelphia: Saunders. 420 pp.
  • Minton SA Jr. 1974. Venom Diseases. Springfield, Illinois: CC Thomas. 386 pp.
  • U.S. Navy. 1991. Poisonous Snakes of the World. United States Government. New York: Dover Publications Inc. 203 pp. ISBN 0-486-26629-X.

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ଧୂଳିଆ ବୋଡ଼ା ସାପ: Brief Summary ( oriya )

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ଧୂଳିଆ ବୋଡ଼ା (ଇଂରାଜୀରେ Echis ବା saw-scaled vipers ବା carpet vipers) ଭାଇପରିନାଏ ପରିବାରର ଏକ ବିଷାକ୍ତ ସାପ । ଭାରତ, ପାକିସ୍ତାନ, ଶ୍ରୀଲଙ୍କା, ମଧ୍ୟ-ପୂର୍ବ ଏସିଆଆଫ୍ରିକାର ଶୁଷ୍କ ଅଞ୍ଚଳରେ ଏହି ସାପ ଦେଖାଯାନ୍ତି । ଶତ୍ରୁକୁ ଡରାଇବା ପାଇଁ ଏହି ସାପ ନିଜ ଦେହର କାତିକୁ ପରସ୍ପର ସହିତ ଘଷି ଏକ ଶବ୍ଦ ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରେ ଯାହା ଏହାର ସ୍ୱାତନ୍ତ୍ର୍ୟ । ଏହି ସାପର ଇଂରାଜୀ ନାମ ଏକିସ୍ (Echis) ଗ୍ରୀକ୍ ଭାଷାରେ ବୋଡ଼ା ସାପ ପାଇଁ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ଶବ୍ଦ ἔχιςର ଲାଟିନ୍ ରୂପରୁ ଗୃହୀତ । ସାଧାରଣତଃ ଏହି ସାପକୁ ଇଂରାଜୀ ଭାଷାରେ "ସ-ସ୍କେଲ୍‍ଡ୍ ଭାଇପର୍ (saw-scaled vipers)" ବୋଲି କୁହାଯାଏ । ସମଗ୍ର ବିଶ୍ୱରେ ହେଉଥିବା ସାପ କାମୁଡ଼ା ଓ ମୃତ୍ୟୁ ଘଟଣାମାନଙ୍କରେ ଧୂଳିଆ ବୋଡ଼ା ଏକ ବଡ଼ ଅଂଶୀଦାର । ଧୂଳିଆ ବୋଡ଼ା ପରିବାରର ୧୨ଟି ପ୍ରଜାତି ଅଦ୍ୟାବଧି ଚିହ୍ନଟ ହୋଇଛି ।

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సాధారణ పేర్లు: ఇసుక పింజరి, ఇసుక పొడ.[2]

ఎఖిస్ ఆఫ్రికా, మధ్య ప్రాచ్యం, పాకిస్థాన్, ఇండియా, శ్రీలంక లలోని పొడి ప్రాంతాలలో కనిపించే విషపూరితమైన పొడ పాముల ప్రజాతి.చిన్న వైన పాములైనప్పటికీ, తొందరగా ఆవేశం తెచ్చుకొనే, కాటేయడానికి సిద్ధంగా ఉండే స్వభావాలకి తోడు అతి ప్రమాదకరమైన విషం కలిగి ఉండటంచేత ఇవి అతి ప్రమాదకరమైనవి. ప్రమాదాన్ని సుచించడానికి ఇవి వాటి వంటిపైన ఉండే గరుకు పొలుసులని రుద్ది రంపముతో కోస్తున్న, (అట్టపై ఇసుఅతో రుద్దుతున్నటువంటి) శబ్దము చేస్తాయి.

[3] ఎఖిస్ అనేది పొడపాము అనే అర్ధం వచ్చే గ్రీకు పదం[4][5] ప్రస్తుతానికి వీటిలో ఎనిమిది ప్రజాతులను గుర్తించారు.[6]

వివరణ

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Closeup: scales with serrated keels.

సాధారణంగా చిన్నవిగా ఉండే వీటిలో పెద్దవి మహా అంటే 90 సెం.మీ. మించి పొడవు పెరగవు. (35 in.) (E. pyramidum).[2]

తల పొట్టిగా, వెడల్పుగా బాణం ఆకారంలో మెడనుండి విడిగా ఉంటుంది.మూతి చిన్నగా, గుండ్రంగా ఉంటుంది.కళ్ళు బాగా పెద్దవిగా ఉండి, చక్కగా ముందువైపుకి ఉంటాయి.తలపైభాగం చిన్న, చిన్న, క్రమమైన ఆకారంలేని పొలుసులతో కప్పబడి ఉంటుంది.ఆ పొలుసులు, మృదువుగాకాని, గరుకుగాకాని ఉంటాయి.[3]

శరీరం ఒక మోస్తరు సన్నంగా, గుండ్రంగా ఉంటుంది.వీపు మీది పొలుసులు వంపుగా ఉంటాయి. కానీ పొట్టకిరుపక్కలా ఉండే పొలుసులకు మధ్యన ఎత్తుగా ఉండి పక్కలకు ప్రత్యేకంగా 45దు డిగ్రీల వాలు కలిగి ఉంటాయి. రంపపు పళ్ళలా ఉంటాయి. అందుకే వాటికి ఆ పేరు వచ్చింది. తోక పొట్టిగా ఉంటుంది. The dorsal scales are mostly keeled. However, the scales on the lower flanks stick out at a distinct 45-degree angle and have a central ridge, or keel, that is serrated (hence the common name). The tail is short and the subcaudals single.[3]

విస్తరణ

Found in Pakistan, India and Sri Lanka, parts of the Middle East and Africa north of the equator.[1]

ప్రవర్తన

All members of this genus have a distinctive threat display, which involves forming a series of parallel C-shaped coils and rubbing them together to produce a sizzling sound, rather like water on a hot plate.[2][3] The proper term for this is stridulation.[7] As they become more agitated, this stridulating behavior becomes faster and louder. It is postulated that this display evolved as a means of limiting water loss, such as might occur when hissing.[3] However, some authors describe this display as being accompanied by loud hissing.[7]

These snakes are very aggressive and will strike vigorously from the position described above. When doing so, they may overbalance and end up moving towards their aggressor as a result; most unusual behavior for a snake.[2]

ఆహారం

Little is known about the eating habits of some Echis species. For others the diet is reported to be extremely varied, and may include items such as locusts, beetles, worms, slugs, spiders, scorpions, centipedes, solifugids, frogs, toads, reptiles (including other snakes), small mammals and birds.[2][3]

సంతానోత్పత్తి

Most Echis species, such as those found in Africa, are oviparous, while others, such as those in India, are viviparous.[2][3]

విషం

Bites from Echis species result in more human fatalities than from any other venomous snakes. The genus is recognized as medically significant in many tropical rural areas. They may be small, but they are very aggressive, quick to strike and possess an extremely virulent hemotoxic venom. They are widespread and live in areas that lack modern medical facilities. There seems to be no significant correlation between the length of the specimen and the symptomology signs that occur in humans. Most victims are bitten after dark when these snakes are active.[3]

Most of these species have venom that contains factors that can cause a consumption coagulopathy and defibrination which may persist for days to weeks. This may result in bleeding anywhere in the body, including the possibility of an intracranial hemorrhage. The latter classically occurs a few days following the bite.[8]

Venom toxicity varies among the different species, geographic locations, individual specimens, sexes, over the seasons, different milkings, and of course the method of injection (SC, IM, IP, IV). Consequently, the LD50 values for Echis venom differ significantly. In mice the intravenous LD50 ranges from 2.3 mg/kg (U.S. Navy, 1991) to 24.1 mg/kg (Christensen, 1955) to 0.44-0.48 mg/kg (Cloudsley-Thompson, 1988). In humans, the lethal dose is estimated to be 3–5 mg (Minton, 1967). Latifi (1991) notes that venom from females was more than twice as toxic on average than venom from males.[3]

The amount of venom produced also varies. Reported yields include 20–35 mg of dried venom from specimens 41–56 cm in length (Minton 1974, U.S. Navy, 1991), 6–48 mg (16 mg average) from Iranian specimens (Latifi, 1991) and 13–35 mg of dried venom from animals from various other localities (Boquet, 1967). Yield varies seasonally, as well as between the sexes: the most venom is produced during the summer months and males produce more than females.[3]

జాతులు

Species[1] Taxon author[1] Subsp.*[6] Common name Geographic range[1] E. carinatusT (Schneider, 1801) 4 Saw-scaled viper Southeastern Arabian Peninsula (Oman, Masirah and eastern UAE), southwestern Iran, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan (including Urak near Quetta and Astola Island off the Makran Coast), India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. E. coloratus Günther, 1878 0 Palestine saw-scaled viper Southeastern Egypt east of the Nile and as far south as the 24th parallel, Sinai, Israel, Jordan, and the Arabian Peninsula in Saudi Arabia, Yemen and Oman. E. hughesi Cherlin, 1990 0 Hughes' saw-scaled viper Somalia: northern Migiurtinia, near Meledin. E. jogeri Cherlin, 1990 0 Joger's saw-scaled viper Western and central Mali. E. leucogaster Roman, 1972 0 White-bellied carpet viper West and north-west Africa: extreme southern Morocco, Western Sahara, Algeria (Ahaggar), the southern region of Mauritania, Senegal, northern Guinea, central Mali, Burkina Faso, western Niger and northern Nigeria. E. megalocephalus Cherlin, 1990 0 Cherlin's saw-scaled viper Red Sea island between Yemen and Eritrea (Dahlak Archipelago). E. ocellatus Stemmler, 1970 0 African saw-scaled viper Northwest Africa: Mauritania, Senegal, Mali, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin, southern Niger, Nigeria, northern Cameroon and southern Chad. E. pyramidum (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1827) 2 Egyptian saw-scaled viper In northeastern Africa: northern Egypt and central Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia and northern Kenya. In the southwestern Arabian Peninsula: scattered populations in western Saudi Arabia (south of the 18th parallel), Yemen, South Yemen (Hadhramaut) and Oman (Dhofar). Disjunct populations apparently also occur in the northern regions of Libya, Tunisia and Algeria.

*) Not including the nominate subspecies.
T) Type species.

శాస్త్రీయ విశ్లేషణ

Some sources also mention several other species:[3][9][10]

  • E. omanensis, Babocsay 2004. A new species found in the United Arab Emirates and east Oman.
  • E. khosatzkii, Cherlin 1990. Found in Oman and Yemen. Considered a synonym of E. pyramidum.
  • E. multisquamatus, Cherlin 1981. Described here as E. carinatus multisquamatus.

ఇతర సమాచారం

ఇంకా చూడవలసినవి

ప్రామాణికాలు

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Spawls S, Branch B. 1995. The Dangerous Snakes of Africa. Ralph Curtis Books. Dubai: Oriental Press. 192 pp. ISBN 0-88359-029-8.
  3. 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003. True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.
  4. E Archived 2010-05-15 at the Wayback Machine. at California Plant Names: Latin and Greek Meanings and Derivations. A Dictionary of Botanical Etymology. Accessed 26 January 2007.
  5. Campbell JA, Lamar WW. 2004. The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca and London. 870 pp. 1500 plates. ISBN 0-8014-4141-2.
  6. 6.0 6.1 "Echis". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Cite web requires |website= (help)
  7. 7.0 7.1 Mehrtens JM. 1987. Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. ISBN 0-8069-6460-X.
  8. Campbell CH. 1995. Snake bite and snake venoms: their effects on the nervous system. In: de Wolff FA, editor. Handbook of clinical neurology, vol 21 (65). Intoxications of the nervous system, part II. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publications.
  9. మూస:NRDB genus
  10. Echis omanensis, Oman saw-scaled viper Archived 2007-05-27 at the Wayback Machine. at Wolfgang Wüster's homepage Archived 2006-09-25 at the Wayback Machine.. Accessed 7 June 2007.
  11. What Fiery Flying Serpent Symbolized Christ? Archived 2007-06-10 at the Wayback Machine. at Meridian. Accessed 22 June 2007.

ఇతరత్రా చదువగలవి

  • Boquet P. 1967. Pharmacology and toxicology of snake venoms of Europe and the Mediterranean regions. In: Bucherl W, editor. 1967. Venomous Animals and their Venoms. Vol. I. Paris: Masson. pp 340–58.
  • Boulenger GA. 1890. The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Batrachia. Taylor & Francis, London, xviii, 541 pp.
  • Cherlin, V.A. 1990 Taxonomic revision of the snake genus Echis (Viperidae). II. An analysis of taxonomy and description of new forms [in Russian]. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute, Leningrad, USSR Academy of Schience 207: 193-223[202].
  • Christensen PA. 1955. South African Snake Venoms and Antivenins. Johannesburg: South African Institute of Medical Research. 35 pp.
  • Cloudsley-Thompson JL. 1988. The saw-scaled viper Echis carinatus. British Herpetological Society Bulletin 24:32-3.
  • Gray JE. 1849. Catalogue of the specimens of snakes in the collection of the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London. xv, 125 pp.[29].
  • Latifi M. 1991. The snakes of Iran. Published by the Department of the Environment and the Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, 2nd edition. 156 pp.
  • Merrem B. 1820. Versuch eines systems der amphibien. Tentamen systematis amphibiorum. J.C. Krieger, Marburg. xv, 191 pp.[149], 1 pl.
  • Minton SA Jr. 1967. Snakebite. In: Beeson PB, McDermott W, editors. Cecil and Loeb Textbook of Medicine. Philadelphia: Saunders. 420 pp.
  • Minton SA Jr. 1974. Venom Diseases. Springfield (IL) : CC Thomas Publ. 386 pp.
  • U.S. Navy. 1991. Poisonous Snakes of the World. US Govt. New York: Dover Publications Inc. 203 pp. ISBN 0-486-26629-X.

బయటి లంకెలు

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వికీపీడియా రచయితలు మరియు సంపాదకులు

Echis ( Anglèis )

fornì da wikipedia EN

Echis (common names: saw-scaled vipers, carpet vipers[2]) is a genus of vipers found in the dry regions of Africa, the Middle East, India, Sri Lanka and Pakistan. They have a characteristic threat display, rubbing sections of their body together to produce a "sizzling" warning sound.[3] The name Echis is the Latin transliteration of the Greek word for "viper" (ἔχις). Like all vipers, they are venomous. Their common name is "saw-scaled vipers" and they include some of the species responsible for causing the most snakebite cases and deaths in the world.[4][5] Twelve species are currently recognized.[6]

Description

Closeup: scales with serrated keels

Saw-scaled vipers are relatively small snakes, the largest species (E. leucogaster, E. pyramidum) usually below 90 cm (35 in) long, and the smallest (E. hughesi, E. jogeri) being around 30 cm (12 in).

The head is relatively small and is short, wide, pear-shaped and distinct from the neck. The snout is short and rounded, while the eyes are relatively large and the body is moderately slender and cylindrical. The dorsal scales are mostly keeled. However, the scales on the lower flanks stick out at a distinct 45° angle and have a central ridge, or keel, that is serrated (hence the common name). The tail is short and the subcaudals are single.[3]

A saw-scaled viper of the genus Echis may be responsible for biblical claims of a fiery flying serpent.[7]

Geographic range

Species of this genus are found in Pakistan, India (in rocky regions of Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, and Punjab) and Sri Lanka, parts of the Middle East, and Africa north of the equator.[1]

Behaviour

All members of this genus have a distinctive threat display, which involves forming a series of parallel, C-shaped coils and rubbing their scales together to produce a sizzling sound, rather like water on a hot plate.[2][3] The proper term for this is stridulation.[8] As they become more agitated, this stridulating behavior becomes faster and louder. This display is thought to have evolved as a means of limiting water loss, such as might occur when hissing.[3] However, some authors describe this display as being accompanied by loud hissing.[8]

These snakes can be fierce and will strike from the position described above. When doing so, they may overbalance and end up moving towards their aggressor (an unusual behavior for snakes).[2]

Saw-scaled vipers are highly aggressive compared to many of their cousins and they commonly strike to bite.

Diet

Little is known about the diets of some Echis species. For others, their diets are reported to be extremely varied, and may include items such as locusts, beetles, worms, slugs, spiders, scorpions, centipedes, solifugids, frogs, toads, reptiles (including other snakes), small mammals, and birds.[2][3]

Reproduction

Most Echis species, such as those found in Africa, are oviparous, while others, such as those in India, are viviparous.[2][3]

Venom

The snake venom of Echis species consists mostly of four types of toxins: neurotoxins, cardiotoxins, hemotoxins, and cytotoxins. The genus is recognized as medically significant in many tropical rural areas. They are widespread and live in areas lacking modern medical facilities. Most victims are bitten after dark when these snakes are active.[3]

Most of these species have venom that contains factors that can cause a consumption coagulopathy and defibrination, which may persist for days to weeks. This may result in bleeding anywhere in the body, including the possibility of an intracranial hemorrhage. The latter classically occurs a few days following the bite.[9]

Venom toxicity varies among the different species, geographic locations, individual specimens, sexes, over the seasons, different milkings, and, of course, the method of injection (subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intravenous). Consequently, the LD50 values for Echis venoms differ significantly. In mice, the intravenous LD50 ranges from 2.3 mg/kg (U.S. Navy, 1991) to 24.1 mg/kg (Christensen, 1955) to 0.44–0.48 mg/kg (Cloudsley-Thompson, 1988). In humans, the lethal dose is estimated to be up to 5 mg in some subspecies (Daniels, J. C. 2002).[10] Venom from females was more than twice as toxic on average as venom from males.[3]

The amount of venom produced also varies. Reported yields include 20–35 mg of dried venom from specimens 41–56 cm in length,[11] 6–48 mg (16 mg average) from Iranian specimens[12] and 13–35 mg of dried venom from animals from various other localities.[13] Yield varies seasonally, as well as between the sexes: the most venom is produced during the summer months and males produce more than females.[3]

Species

Image Species[1] Taxon author[1] Subsp.*[6] Common name Geographic range[1] E. borkini Cherlin, 1990 0 Southwestern Arabian Peninsula (western Yemen, southern Saudi Arabia) Echis carinatus sal (edit).jpg E. carinatusT (Schneider, 1801) 4 Saw-scaled viper Southeastern Arabian Peninsula (Oman, Masirah and eastern UAE), southwestern Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan (including Urak near Quetta and Astola Island off the Makran Coast), India, Sri Lanka אפעה מגוון-2.jpg E. coloratus Günther, 1878 0 Painted saw-scaled viper Southeastern Egypt east of the Nile and as far south as the 24th parallel, Sinai, Israel, Jordan, and the Arabian Peninsula in Saudi Arabia, Yemen and Oman E. hughesi Cherlin, 1990 0 Hughes' saw-scaled viper Somalia: northern Migiurtinia, near Meledin E. jogeri Cherlin, 1990 0 Joger's saw-scaled viper Western and central Mali, Senegal E. khosatzkii Cherlin, 1990 0 Khosatzki’s saw-scaled viper Eastern Yemen and Oman E. leucogaster Roman, 1972 0 White-bellied carpet viper West and northwest Africa: extreme southern Morocco, Western Sahara, Algeria (Ahaggar), the southern region of Mauritania, Senegal, northern Guinea, central Mali, Burkina Faso, western Niger and northern Nigeria E. megalocephalus Cherlin, 1990 0 Cherlin's saw-scaled viper Red Sea island between Yemen and Eritrea (Dahlak Archipelago) E. ocellatus Stemmler, 1970 0 African saw-scaled viper Northwest Africa: Mauritania, Senegal, Mali, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin, southern Niger, Nigeria E. omanensis Babocsay, 2004 0 Oman saw-scaled viper United Arab Emirates, Eastern Oman Echis pyramidum.jpg E. pyramidum (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1827) 2 Egyptian saw-scaled viper Northeastern Africa: northern Egypt and central Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia and northern Kenya; disjunct populations in the northern regions of Libya, Tunisia and Algeria E. romani Trape, 2018 0 Roman's carpet viper Southwestern Chad, southern Niger, Nigeria, northern Cameroon, northwestern Central African Republic

*) Not including the nominate subspecies
T) Type species

Taxonomy

The taxonomy of the group was long confused, with a plethora of species of uncertain status. Several recent studies have clarified the diversity within the genus. This included the descriptions of E. omanensis[14] and E. romani.[15]

A mitochondrial DNA phylogeny for the genus[16] demonstrated the distinctiveness of E. borkini, E. jogeri and E. khosatzkii, but showed E. multisquamatus to be a synonym of E. carinatus.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  2. ^ a b c d e Spawls S, Branch B. 1995. The Dangerous Snakes of Africa. Dubai: Ralph Curtis Books. Oriental Press. 192 pp. ISBN 0-88359-029-8.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003. True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.
  4. ^ Campbell JA, Lamar WW. 2004. The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates. 870 pp. 1500 plates. ISBN 0-8014-4141-2.
  5. ^ Oldfield, Paige (22 December 2021). "One of the world's deadliest snakes found on industrial estate in Salford". Manchester Evening News. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  6. ^ a b "Echis". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 31 July 2006.
  7. ^ Millett, Ronald P.; Pratt, John P. (5 November 2008). "What Fiery Flying Serpent Symbolized Christ?". Meridian Magazine. Church of the Latter-Day Saints. Archived from the original on 10 June 2007.
  8. ^ a b Mehrtens JM. 1987. Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. ISBN 0-8069-6460-X.
  9. ^ Campbell CH. 1995. "Snake bite and snake venoms: their effects on the nervous system". In: de Wolff FA, editor. Handbook of clinical neurology, vol 21 (65). Intoxications of the nervous system, part II. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publications.
  10. ^ Daniel, J. C. (2002). The book of Indian reptiles and amphibians. Mumbai: Oxford University Press. p. 153. ISBN 0-19-566099-4.
  11. ^ Minton 1974. U.S. Navy. 1991.
  12. ^ Latifi 1991.
  13. ^ Boquet 1967.
  14. ^ Babocsay, Gergely (2004). "A new species of saw‐scaled viper of the Echis coloratus complex (Ophidia: Viperidae) from Oman, Eastern Arabia". Systematics and Biodiversity. 1 (4): 503–514. doi:10.1017/S1477200003001294. S2CID 86159757.
  15. ^ Trape, Jean-François (2018). "Partition d'Echis ocellatus Stemmler, 1970 (Squamata, Viperidae), avec la description d'une espèce nouvelle". Bulletin de la Société Herpétologique de France. 167: 13–34.
  16. ^ Pook, Catharine E.; Joger, Ulrich; Stümpel, Nikolaus; Wüster, Wolfgang (1 December 2009). "When continents collide: Phylogeny, historical biogeography and systematics of the medically important viper genus Echis (Squamata: Serpentes: Viperidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 53 (3): 792–807. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.08.002. PMID 19666129.
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Echis: Brief Summary ( Anglèis )

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Echis (common names: saw-scaled vipers, carpet vipers) is a genus of vipers found in the dry regions of Africa, the Middle East, India, Sri Lanka and Pakistan. They have a characteristic threat display, rubbing sections of their body together to produce a "sizzling" warning sound. The name Echis is the Latin transliteration of the Greek word for "viper" (ἔχις). Like all vipers, they are venomous. Their common name is "saw-scaled vipers" and they include some of the species responsible for causing the most snakebite cases and deaths in the world. Twelve species are currently recognized.

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Echis ( Spagneul; Castilian )

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Echis es un género de ofidio de la familia Viperidae.

Especies

Referencias

  1. McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
 title=
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Echis: Brief Summary ( Spagneul; Castilian )

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Echis es un género de ofidio de la familia Viperidae.

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Eefa ( Éston )

fornì da wikipedia ET

Eefa (Echis) on maoperekond.

Klassifikatsioon

Eefade perekonda klassifitseeritakse roomajate andmebaasis järgmised maoliigid[1]:

Levila

Nad elavad valdavalt Aafrikas ja Anatoolias.

Kokkupuuted inimestega

Eefa perekonna madusid liigitatakse inimese suhtes mürkmadudeks, kuna nende hammustus võib inimestel kas raskema või keskmise astme mürgistusseisundeid esile kutsuda[2]. Mürgistuseisund võib tekkida kui süljes leiduvad toksiinid 'ründavad' kapillaare ja keha vallandab immuunkaitse, kuid ei jõua õigeaegselt lahustunud kapillaaridest tulenevaid mehhanisme repareerida.[3]

Viited

  1. Peter Uetz & Jakob Hallermann, Echis Roomajate andmebaas veebiversioon (vaadatud 14.12.2013) (inglise keeles)
  2. Echis, veebiversioon (vaadatud 10.11.2013) (inglise keeles)
  3. RAE ELLEN BICHELL, From Genes To Fangs: Snake Venom Recipes Remain Mysterious, veebiversioon (vaadatud 03.08.2014) (inglise keeles)

Välislingid

Selles artiklis on kasutatud prantsuskeelset artiklit fr:Echis seisuga 14.12.2013.

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Eefa: Brief Summary ( Éston )

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Eefa (Echis) on maoperekond.

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Echis ( Basch )

fornì da wikipedia EU

Echis Viperidae barruan sailkatutako narrasti genero bat da. Afrikan eta Anatolian bizi dira.

Espezieak

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Echis: Brief Summary ( Basch )

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Echis Viperidae barruan sailkatutako narrasti genero bat da. Afrikan eta Anatolian bizi dira.

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Echis ( Fransèis )

fornì da wikipedia FR

Echis est un genre de serpents de la famille des Viperidae[1]. Les espèces regroupées sous ce genre sont communément appelées Échide ou Vipère des pyramides.

Répartition

Les onze espèces de ce genre se rencontrent au Moyen-Orient, dans le Nord et l'Est de l'Afrique, en Asie centrale et en Asie du Sud[1].

Description

Ce sont des serpents de taille moyenne qui dépassent rarement les 60 cm, mais peuvent frôler, dans de rares cas, le mètre de long. Ressemblant beaucoup aux vipères européennes, elles s'en distinguent principalement par la taille de leur tête et aussi la taille de leurs yeux, dont la grosseur laisse facilement voir la pupille verticale caractéristique des Viperidae.

Venin

Les échides sont réputées pour faire partie des serpents les plus dangereux du monde, non pas à cause de leur venin (lequel est souvent mortel notamment à cause de sa rapidité, mais est, en matière de toxicité, sans comparaison avec celui du Taïpan du désert ou des Mambas par exemple) mais à cause de la fréquence de leurs attaques (surtout chez l'espèce Echis carinatus). En effet, ces serpents vivent, à la différence d'autres espèces, proches des hommes, ce qui augmente les risques de morsure, d'autant que leur caractère est réputé pour être plutôt agressif. L'autre danger vient que ces vipères, de taille et de couleur souvent proches, n'ont pas toutes le même venin, ce qui peut rendre l'usage de sérum anti-venin inutile si on ignore quelle espèce précisément a mordu la victime.

Liste des espèces

Selon Reptarium Reptile Database (25 janvier 2014)[2] :

Publication originale

  • Merrem, 1820 : Versuch eines Systems der Amphibien I (Tentamen Systematis Amphibiorum). J. C. Krieger, Marburg, p. 1-191 (texte intégral).

Notes et références

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Echis: Brief Summary ( Fransèis )

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Echis est un genre de serpents de la famille des Viperidae. Les espèces regroupées sous ce genre sont communément appelées Échide ou Vipère des pyramides.

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Beludak sisik gergaji ( Indonesian )

fornì da wikipedia ID

Beludak sisik gergaji adalah kelompok beludak yang tersebar dari Asia Selatan lalu ke barat hingga Sahara. Dinamai demikian karena sisik mereka yang sangat kasar dan menimbulkan bunyi gesekan yang nyaring jika ular ini menggesekkan tubuhnya ke benda lain atau bagian badannya yang lain, ular ini melakukan itu untuk menakut-nakuti musuhnya.[2] Nama ilmiahnya, Echis, adalah nama ilmiah khusus untuk ular-ular ini dan ular-ular lain yang serupa.[3] Nama umumnya dalam bahasa Inggris adalah Saw-scaled viper atau Carpet viper (beludak karpet atau beludak permadani).[4] Ular-ular ini juga merupakan beberapa dari sekian jenis ular yang paling banyak menimbulkan kasus gigitan mematikan di Asia Selatan selain ular sendok, krait, dan Daboia sp..[5]

Spesies

 src=
Susunan sisik

Sumber-sumber

Catatan kaki

  1. ^ McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  2. ^ Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003. True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.
  3. ^ Mehrtens JM. 1987. Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. ISBN 0-8069-6460-X.
  4. ^ Spawls S, Branch B. 1995. The Dangerous Snakes of Africa. Dubai: Ralph Curtis Books. Oriental Press. 192 pp. ISBN 0-88359-029-8.
  5. ^ Campbell JA, Lamar WW. 2004. The Venomous Reptiles of the Eastern Hemisphere. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates. 870 pp. 1500 plates. ISBN 0-8014-4141-2.

Bahan bacaan

  • Boquet P. 1967. "Pharmacology and toxicology of snake venoms of Europe and the Mediterranean regions". In: Bucherl W, editor. 1967. Venomous Animals and their Venoms. Vol. I. Paris: Masson. pp 340–58.
  • Boulenger GA. 1890. The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Batrachia. London: Secretary of State for India in Council. (Taylor & Francis, printers). xviii + 541 pp.
  • Boulenger GA. 1896. Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume III., Containing the ... Viperidæ. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiv + 727 pp. + Plates I.- XXV. (Genus Echis, p. 504).
  • Cherlin, VA. 1990. Taxonomic revision of the snake genus Echis (Viperidae). II. An analysis of taxonomy and description of new forms. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute, Leningrad, USSR Academy of Schience 207: 193-223. [202]. (in Russian).
  • Christensen PA. 1955. South African Snake Venoms and Antivenins. Johannesburg: South African Institute of Medical Research. 35 pp.
  • Cloudsley-Thompson JL. 1988. The saw-scaled viper Echis carinatus. British Herpetological Society Bulletin 24:32-33.
  • Gray JE. 1849. Catalogue of the Specimens of Snakes in the Collection of the British Museum. London: Trustees of the British Museum. (Edward Newman, printer). xv + 125 pp. [29].
  • Latifi M. 1991. The Snakes of Iran. Second Edition. Oxford, Ohio: Published by the Department of the Environment and the Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 156 pp. ISBN 0-916984-22-2.
  • Merrem B. 1820. Versuch eines Systems der Amphibien. Tentamen Systematis Amphibiorum. Marburg: J.C. Krieger. xv + 191 pp. + 1 plate. [149].
  • Minton SA Jr. 1967. "Snakebite". In: Beeson PB, McDermott W, editors. 1967. Cecil and Loeb Textbook of Medicine. Philadelphia: Saunders. 420 pp.
  • Minton SA Jr. 1974. Venom Diseases. Springfield, Illinois: CC Thomas. 386 pp.
  • U.S. Navy. 1991. Poisonous Snakes of the World. United States Government. New York: Dover Publications Inc. 203 pp. ISBN 0-486-26629-X.

Informasi lainnya

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Beludak sisik gergaji: Brief Summary ( Indonesian )

fornì da wikipedia ID

Beludak sisik gergaji adalah kelompok beludak yang tersebar dari Asia Selatan lalu ke barat hingga Sahara. Dinamai demikian karena sisik mereka yang sangat kasar dan menimbulkan bunyi gesekan yang nyaring jika ular ini menggesekkan tubuhnya ke benda lain atau bagian badannya yang lain, ular ini melakukan itu untuk menakut-nakuti musuhnya. Nama ilmiahnya, Echis, adalah nama ilmiah khusus untuk ular-ular ini dan ular-ular lain yang serupa. Nama umumnya dalam bahasa Inggris adalah Saw-scaled viper atau Carpet viper (beludak karpet atau beludak permadani). Ular-ular ini juga merupakan beberapa dari sekian jenis ular yang paling banyak menimbulkan kasus gigitan mematikan di Asia Selatan selain ular sendok, krait, dan Daboia sp..

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Echis ( Italian )

fornì da wikipedia IT

Gli echidi o vipere rostrate (genere Echis Merrem, 1820) costituiscono un gruppo di otto specie di piccoli serpenti velenosi (famiglia Viperidae) che abitano le regioni aride e le savane asciutte a nord dell'Equatore di Africa, Arabia e Asia sud-occidentale, fino a India e Sri Lanka. Sono caratterizzati da un corpo tozzo con testa a forma di pera ben distinta dal collo, pupille verticalmente ellittiche, squame ruvide e fortemente carenate, e breve coda sottile. Su entrambi i lati del corpo sono presenti alcune file di squame seghettate poste obliquamente. Gli adulti variano in lunghezza tra i 30 e i 90 cm. La colorazione degli Echis comprende varie sfumature di marrone, grigio o arancio con chiazze dorsali e macchie laterali più scure.

Comportamento

Gli echidi si muovono procedendo di lato con il movimento noto in inglese come sidewinding («serpeggiare di lato»). Sono notturni, ed escono dalle loro tane al tramonto per andare in cerca di prede, costituite da mammiferi, uccelli, serpenti, lucertole, anfibi e invertebrati quali scorpioni e centopiedi. Le specie ovipare, le cui femmine possono deporre fino a un massimo di 23 uova, risiedono in Africa settentrionale, mentre quelle vivipare, quali E. carinatus, abitano il Medio Oriente e l'Asia meridionale.

Pericolosità

Gli echidi sono piccoli, ma la loro irritabilità, la natura aggressiva e il veleno letale ne fanno delle specie molto pericolose. Quando si sentono minacciati, gli echidi si muovono lentamente con il corpo avvolto in una serie di spire a forma di S. Le squame oblique vengono fatte strofinare tra loro per produrre una sorta di sibilo, che costituisce una sorta di allarme utilizzato per segnalare la presenza di potenziali predatori. Questi serpenti sono, tuttavia, rapidi nel colpire, e il tasso di mortalità nelle persone che sono state morse è elevato. Nelle regioni dove sono presenti, si ritiene che gli echidi siano responsabili di un numero di vittime maggiore di quello causato da tutte le altre specie di serpenti messe assieme.

Specie

Attualmente vengono riconosciute otto specie del genere Echis[1]:

Note

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Echis: Brief Summary ( Italian )

fornì da wikipedia IT

Gli echidi o vipere rostrate (genere Echis Merrem, 1820) costituiscono un gruppo di otto specie di piccoli serpenti velenosi (famiglia Viperidae) che abitano le regioni aride e le savane asciutte a nord dell'Equatore di Africa, Arabia e Asia sud-occidentale, fino a India e Sri Lanka. Sono caratterizzati da un corpo tozzo con testa a forma di pera ben distinta dal collo, pupille verticalmente ellittiche, squame ruvide e fortemente carenate, e breve coda sottile. Su entrambi i lati del corpo sono presenti alcune file di squame seghettate poste obliquamente. Gli adulti variano in lunghezza tra i 30 e i 90 cm. La colorazione degli Echis comprende varie sfumature di marrone, grigio o arancio con chiazze dorsali e macchie laterali più scure.

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Efaner ( norvegèis )

fornì da wikipedia NO

Efaner, eller sandrasleormer, er en slekt av hoggormer som lever i tørre strøk i Afrika og Asia.

De er nattaktive og ganske små med en maksimal lengde på 90 cm. Hodet er pæreformet og nakken er tynn. Karakteristisk for slekten er at de prøver å skremme fiender ved å bøye kroppen i C-form. Der buktningene på kroppen møtes blir de kjølformede skjellene gnidd mot hverandre så det oppstår en fresende lyd.

Efaner har et svært giftig bitt og er vanlige i store deler av utbredelsesområdet. De forårsaker derfor mange dødsfall blant mennesker. Sammensetningen av giften varierer mellom artene, og motgift som virker mot bitt fra én art kan ha liten virkning mot bitt fra andre arter. Behandlingen kompliseres ved at efanenes systematikk er komplisert og forvirrende.

Inntil 1980-årene antok man at det bare var to arter: Echis coloratus i Arabia, Jordan, Israel og østre Egypt; og E. carinatus i resten av utbredelsesområdet. Det er nå beskrevet mange nye arter, og molekylærgenetiske metoder viser at efanene kan fordeles på fire klader. E. carinatus i nåværende betydning er begrenset til Asia fra østre Arabia og videre østover.

Litteratur

Eksterne lenker

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Efaner: Brief Summary ( norvegèis )

fornì da wikipedia NO

Efaner, eller sandrasleormer, er en slekt av hoggormer som lever i tørre strøk i Afrika og Asia.

De er nattaktive og ganske små med en maksimal lengde på 90 cm. Hodet er pæreformet og nakken er tynn. Karakteristisk for slekten er at de prøver å skremme fiender ved å bøye kroppen i C-form. Der buktningene på kroppen møtes blir de kjølformede skjellene gnidd mot hverandre så det oppstår en fresende lyd.

Efaner har et svært giftig bitt og er vanlige i store deler av utbredelsesområdet. De forårsaker derfor mange dødsfall blant mennesker. Sammensetningen av giften varierer mellom artene, og motgift som virker mot bitt fra én art kan ha liten virkning mot bitt fra andre arter. Behandlingen kompliseres ved at efanenes systematikk er komplisert og forvirrende.

Inntil 1980-årene antok man at det bare var to arter: Echis coloratus i Arabia, Jordan, Israel og østre Egypt; og E. carinatus i resten av utbredelsesområdet. Det er nå beskrevet mange nye arter, og molekylærgenetiske metoder viser at efanene kan fordeles på fire klader. E. carinatus i nåværende betydning er begrenset til Asia fra østre Arabia og videre østover.

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Echis ( polonèis )

fornì da wikipedia POL
Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Echis – rodzaj jadowitych węży z rodziny żmijowatych (Viperidae), obejmujący gatunki występujące w Afryce i Azji.

Gatunki

Do rodzaju należą następujące gatunki[2]:

Przypisy

  1. Echis, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Genus: Echis (ang.). The Reptile Database. [dostęp 22 października 2018].
  3. J.-F. Trape. Partition d’Echis ocellatus Stemmler, 1970 (Squamata, Viperidae), avec la description d’une espèce nouvelle. „Bulletin de la Société herpétologique de France”. 167, s. 13–34, 2018 (ang.).
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Echis: Brief Summary ( polonèis )

fornì da wikipedia POL

Echis – rodzaj jadowitych węży z rodziny żmijowatych (Viperidae), obejmujący gatunki występujące w Afryce i Azji.

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Echis ( portughèis )

fornì da wikipedia PT

Echis é um género de serpentes venenosas da família dos Viperídeos, também conhecida mundialmente como Saw-scaled viper (sem correspondente para o português). O seu habitat são as regiões secas de África, Médio Oriente, Paquistão, Índia e Sri Lanka. Dispõem de uma característica ameaçadora ao esfregar o corpo para produzir um som semelhante a um guizo.[1] O nome Echis provém da palavra grega para "víbora". O género Echis inclui algumas das espécies responsáveis por casos de ataques a humanos e a maior parte das mortes de pessoas por serpentes. [2] Atualmente, oito espécies são identificadas.[3]

Esta víbora é considerada por muitos como a serpente venenosa mais perigosa do planeta. Ele mora perto dos seres humanos e, devido ao seu tamanho pequeno, passa facilmente desapercebida. Ao contrário de muitas outras serpentes, raramente dá picadas secas. Tem reputação de ser agressiva e de atacar com facilidade. Quando esta víbora morde, geralmente inocula grande quantidade de veneno [4], levando a óbito uma estimativa de mais de 10 mil pessoas por ano. [5]

Espécies do género Echis

Ver também

Referências

  1. Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003. True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.
  2. Campbell JA, Lamar WW. 2004. The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates. 870 pp. 1500 plates. ISBN 0-8014-4141-2.
  3. «Echis» (em inglês). ITIS (www.itis.gov). Consultado em 31 de julho de 2006
  4. Steinhoff, Sascha. «LD50 and venom yields | snakedatabase.org». snakedatabase.org. Consultado em 18 de julho de 2018
  5. Steinhoff, Sascha. «Echis carinatus | snakedatabase.org». snakedatabase.org (em inglês). Consultado em 18 de julho de 2018
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Echis: Brief Summary ( portughèis )

fornì da wikipedia PT

Echis é um género de serpentes venenosas da família dos Viperídeos, também conhecida mundialmente como Saw-scaled viper (sem correspondente para o português). O seu habitat são as regiões secas de África, Médio Oriente, Paquistão, Índia e Sri Lanka. Dispõem de uma característica ameaçadora ao esfregar o corpo para produzir um som semelhante a um guizo. O nome Echis provém da palavra grega para "víbora". O género Echis inclui algumas das espécies responsáveis por casos de ataques a humanos e a maior parte das mortes de pessoas por serpentes. Atualmente, oito espécies são identificadas.

Esta víbora é considerada por muitos como a serpente venenosa mais perigosa do planeta. Ele mora perto dos seres humanos e, devido ao seu tamanho pequeno, passa facilmente desapercebida. Ao contrário de muitas outras serpentes, raramente dá picadas secas. Tem reputação de ser agressiva e de atacar com facilidade. Quando esta víbora morde, geralmente inocula grande quantidade de veneno , levando a óbito uma estimativa de mais de 10 mil pessoas por ano.

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Echis ( romen; moldav )

fornì da wikipedia RO

Echis[1] este un gen de șerpi din familia Viperidae.[1]


Cladograma conform Catalogue of Life[1]:

Echis

Echis carinatus



Echis coloratus



Echis hughesi



Echis jogeri



Echis leucogaster



Echis megalocephalus



Echis ocellatus



Echis omanensis



Echis pyramidum



Referințe

  1. ^ a b c Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (2011). „Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. Accesat în 24 september 2012. Verificați datele pentru: |access-date= (ajutor)Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor (link)


Legături externe

Commons
Wikimedia Commons conține materiale multimedia legate de Echis
Wikispecies
Wikispecies conține informații legate de Echis
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Echis ( vietnamèis )

fornì da wikipedia VI

Echis là một chi rắn độc trong họ Rắn lục, chúng sống chủ yếu ở khu vực khô của châu Phi, Trung Đông, Ấn Độ và Srilanka. Nạn ngân của chúng chiếm tỷ lớn trong các ca tử vong do rắn cắn trên toàn thế giới. Đặc trưng của loài rắn này là khi gặp nguy hiểm chúng sẽ cọ xát các phần cơ thể với nhau tạo ra âm thanh lạo xạo. Nọc độc của chúng có thành phần chủ yếu là chất haemotoxin. Nạn nhân khi trúng phải chất độc này sẽ nhanh chóng tử vong do haemotoxin là chất phá hủy hồng cầu, làm đông máu dẫn đến suy đa tạng gây tử vong.

Các loài

Loài Tác giả PL. Tên thông tường Phân bố E. carinatusT (Schneider, 1801) 4 Saw-scaled viper Đông nam bán đảo Ả Rập (Oman, Masirah và phía đông Các Tiểu vương quốc Ả Rập Thống nhất), tây nam Iran, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan (bao gồm Urak near QuettaAstola Island off the Makran Coast), Ấn Độ, Sri LankaBangladesh E. coloratus Günther, 1878 0 Palestine saw-scaled viper Đông nam Ai Cập phía đông sông Nile and as far south as the 24th parallel, Sinai, Israel, Jordan, và bán đảo Ả Rập ở Ả Rập Xê Út, Yemen và Oman E. hughesi Cherlin, 1990 0 Hughes' saw-scaled viper Somalia: bắc Migiurtinia, gần với Meledin E. jogeri Cherlin, 1990 0 Joger's saw-scaled viper Phía tây và trung Mali E. leucogaster Roman, 1972 0 White-bellied carpet viper West and northwest Châu Phi: extreme southern Maroc, Western Sahara, Algérie (Ahaggar), the southern region of Mauritanie, Senegal, northern Guinea, central Mali, Burkina Faso, western Niger and northern Nigeria E. megalocephalus Cherlin, 1990 0 Cherlin's saw-scaled viper Red Sea island between Yemen and Eritrea (Dahlak Archipelago) E. ocellatus Stemmler, 1970 0 African saw-scaled viper Northwest Africa: Mauritania, Senegal, Mali, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Bénin, southern Niger, Nigeria, northern Cameroon and southern Tchad E. pyramidum (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1827) 2 Egyptian saw-scaled viper Northeastern Africa: northern Egypt and central Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia and northern Kenya; the southwestern Arabian Peninsula: scattered populations in western Saudi Arabia (south of the 18th parallel), Yemen, South Yemen (Hadhramaut) and Oman (Dhofar); disjunct populations in the northern regions of Libya, Tunisia and Algeria

Chú thích

  1. ^ McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).

Tham khảo

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Echis: Brief Summary ( vietnamèis )

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Echis là một chi rắn độc trong họ Rắn lục, chúng sống chủ yếu ở khu vực khô của châu Phi, Trung Đông, Ấn Độ và Srilanka. Nạn ngân của chúng chiếm tỷ lớn trong các ca tử vong do rắn cắn trên toàn thế giới. Đặc trưng của loài rắn này là khi gặp nguy hiểm chúng sẽ cọ xát các phần cơ thể với nhau tạo ra âm thanh lạo xạo. Nọc độc của chúng có thành phần chủ yếu là chất haemotoxin. Nạn nhân khi trúng phải chất độc này sẽ nhanh chóng tử vong do haemotoxin là chất phá hủy hồng cầu, làm đông máu dẫn đến suy đa tạng gây tử vong.

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鋸鱗蝰屬 ( cinèis )

fornì da wikipedia 中文维基百科

鋸鱗蝰屬學名Echis)是蛇亞目蝰蛇科蝰亞科下的一個有毒蛇屬,主要分布於非洲中東巴基斯坦印度斯里蘭卡。鋸鱗蝰雖然體型較其它毒蛇細小,但牠們是一種性急而且容易發動咬擊的蛇類,加上能分泌強烈的出血毒素,因此被視為是一種危險的蛇類。另外,鋸鱗蝰還有一個特色,就是當牠們遇上危機的時候,會磨擦身上的粗糙鱗片,發出唧唧聲音以向敵人示警。[2]其學名「Echis」來源於希臘語,意指「蝰蛇(viper)」。[3][4]目前共有8個種已被確認。[5]

特徵

 src=
鋸鱗蝰的鋸齒狀鱗片示意圖

與一般蝰蛇相比,鋸鱗蝰的體型較細小,身長最多僅有90公分左右(指埃及鋸鱗蝰Echis pyramidum)。[6]頭部短小寬闊,呈梨狀,與頸部有明顯分野。鼻端短圓,雙眼相對較大,而且較集中於正面前方。額冠鋪滿細碎的不規則鱗片,鱗片或平滑或尖銳。[2]

鋸鱗蝰身體較修長,呈管狀。背鱗為龍骨結構,尖銳突出。特別的是,鋸鱗蝰身體兩側近腹部區域的鱗片,明顯地向外翹起約45,翹起的鱗片沿著固定中軸,從身體前方向後方呈脊狀發展,以橫切角度看其鱗段狀態就像鋸齒一般。另外,鋸鱗蝰尾巴較短,其尾下鱗為單片結構。[2]

地理分布

鋸鱗蝰主要分布於巴基斯坦印度斯里蘭卡,亦分布於中東非洲赤道以北地區)。[1]

生態行為

所有鋸鱗蝰在遇到危機時,都有一種統一的特殊行為:牠們會將身體盤繞成許多呈「C」狀的複疊小圈,然後將身體的節段互相磨擦,鱗片的磨擊便會引發出像水在壺中被加熱時所產生的唧唧聲。[2][6]這種行為在英語中被稱為「Stridulation英语stridulation」。[7]當鋸鱗蝰處於戒備狀態時,若受到進一步的騷擾,其磨擦速度會加快,唧唧聲亦會更加響亮。據研究推測,鋸鱗蝰選擇這種警示方式,是為了避免採用一般蝰蛇或眼鏡蛇「以口舌發出嘶嘶聲」的方法,以減少身體水份的耗費。[2]但亦有學者認為鋸鱗蝰在運用身體磨擦法時,口中亦同時在發出響亮的嘶嘶聲。[7]

鋸鱗蝰性情激越,處於警戒狀態時會發動咬擊;如果牠們真的在身體疊成數層小圈的時候進行噬擊,牠們很可能會因而失去平衡並令頭部要害跌向敵人的方向,對於蛇類而言這種舉動是相當罕見的表現。[6]

進食及繁殖習慣

鋸鱗蝰屬下的部份蛇類,以胃納不大而為人所知;可是另一部份的鋸鱗蝰則以捕食對象範圍甚廣而聞名。這些鋸鱗蝰有機會捕食蝗蟲甲蟲蚯蚓蜘蛛蠍子蜈蚣蛞蝓青蛙蟾蜍、各種爬蟲類動物(包括其它品種的蛇類)、小型哺乳動物與及鳥類等生物。[2][6]

繁殖方面,大部份在非洲出沒的鋸鱗蝰均為卵生蛇類;而分布於印度的鋸鱗蝰則為胎生蛇類。[6][2]

毒性

由鋸鱗蝰咬擊所導致的死亡事件,大概較其它蛇類為多。在熱帶的鄉郊地區,鋸鱗蝰的毒素更具有一定的醫學意義。鋸鱗蝰體型雖小,但相當具侵略性,牠們容易進行咬擊,並分泌出強烈的出血毒素。其毒素對人體所產生的各種徵狀,與鋸鱗蝰本身的身體長度似乎沒有明顯的直接關聯。由於鋸鱗蝰主要於夜間出沒,因此大部份受害者都是於晚間被咬傷的。[2]鋸鱗蝰毒素能令受害者身體的凝血機能活化,產生凝血異常,甚至引發彌散性血管內凝血,為時更可長達數天以至數週之久。這可能會令受害者身體任何部位均有機會出血或滲血,嚴重者更有機會在被咬後數天內引致頭顱內出血。[8]

鋸鱗蝰的毒性會因應物種、地區分布、物種性別、季候甚至個別蛇類的分別而有所變化,當然更要考慮到毒素是以甚麼方式注入生物體內(皮下注射、肌肉注射、腹腔注射或靜脈注射)。正因如此,鋸鱗蝰毒素的LD50亦沒有清晰的標準數據。在以老鼠為對象的鋸鱗蝰毒素半數致死量測試中,靜脈注射LD50值範圍約由2.3 mg/kg(美國水軍於1991年的報告)至24.1 mg/kg(學者基斯頓森於1988年的報告)至0.44-0.48 mg/kg(學者湯遜古蘭斯利於1988年的報告)。對人類而言,約莫3至5毫克的鋸鱗蝰毒量已足以致命(學者明頓於1967年的報告)。學者拉丁費(Latifi, 1991)更指出雌性鋸鱗蝰毒素的毒性,比雄性鋸鱗蝰高出兩倍以上。[2]

鋸鱗蝰的毒素分泌量也是變化不定的。曾有研究結果列出一些體長約為41至56公分的鋸鱗蝰能分泌出20至35毫克(平均16毫克)的毒素;分布在伊朗的鋸鱗蝰則能分泌6至48毫克;而其它地區的鋸鱗蝰則分泌13至35毫克的毒素。鋸鱗蝰產毒量亦因應季節性及蛇類性別而有所變化,夏天時鋸鱗蝰的產毒量最多,而且雄性鋸鱗蝰的產毒量亦多於雌性鋸鱗蝰。[2]

物種

種名[1] 學名及命名者[1] 亞種數[5] 地理分布[1] 鋸鱗蝰 Echis carinatus,(Schneider, 1801) 4 阿拉伯半島東南部(包括阿曼馬士拉島與及阿拉伯聯合酋長國)、伊朗西南部、阿富汗烏茲別克斯坦塔吉克斯坦土庫曼斯坦巴基斯坦印度斯里蘭卡孟加拉國彩鋸鱗蝰 Echis coloratus,(Günther, 1878) 0 埃及東南部、西奈半島以色列約旦沙地阿拉伯也門及阿曼。 E. hughesi Echis hughesi,(Cherlin, 1990) 0 索馬利亞E. jogeri Echis jogeri,(Cherlin, 1990) 0 馬里西部及中部。 羅氏鋸鱗蝰 Echis leucogaster,(Roman, 1972) 0 非洲西部及西北部,包括摩洛哥南部、阿爾及利亞西撒哈拉毛里塔尼亞塞內加爾畿內亞尼日爾尼日利亞布基納法索E. megalocephalus Echis megalocephalus,(Cherlin, 1990) 0 也門與厄立特里亞之間的紅海島嶼。 非洲鋸鱗蝰 Echis ocellatus,(Stemmler, 1970) 0 非洲西北部,包括毛里塔尼亞、塞內加爾、畿內亞、象牙海岸、布基納法索、加納貝寧多哥、尼日爾南部、尼日利亞、喀麥隆北部及乍得南部。 埃及鋸鱗蝰 Echis pyramidum,(Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1827) 2 非洲東北部:包括埃及、蘇丹埃塞俄比亞厄立特里亞索馬利亞肯雅北部;亦分佈於阿拉伯半島,包括也門沙地阿拉伯阿曼。亦有一部份棲息於利比亞突尼西亞及阿爾及利亞。

分類

部份文獻顯示鋸鱗蝰屬還有數個尚待確認的物種,包括:[9][2][10]

  • E. omanensis(Babocsay, 2004):於阿拉伯聯合酋長國阿曼東部發現的新品種。
  • E. khosatzkii(Cherlin, 1990):於阿曼及也門發現的新品種,是埃及鋸鱗蝰(E. pyramidum)的同義異名。
  • E. multisquamatus(Cherlin, 1981):被視為鋸鱗蝰的亞種(E. carinatus multisquamatus)。

備註

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  2. ^ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003. True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.
  3. ^ E at California Plant Names: Latin and Greek Meanings and Derivations. A Dictionary of Botanical Etymology
  4. ^ Campbell JA, Lamar WW. 2004. The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca and London. 870 pp. 1500 plates. ISBN 0-8014-4141-2.
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Echis. Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 2006 [31 July, 2006] (英语). 请检查|access-date=中的日期值 (帮助)
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Spawls S, Branch B. 1995. The Dangerous Snakes of Africa. Ralph Curtis Books. Dubai: Oriental Press. 192 pp. ISBN 0-88359-029-8.
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 Mehrtens JM. 1987. Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. ISBN 0-8069-6460-X.
  8. ^ Campbell CH. 1995. Snake bite and snake venoms: their effects on the nervous system. In: de Wolff FA, editor. Handbook of clinical neurology, vol 21 (65). Intoxications of the nervous system, part II. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publications.
  9. ^ TIGR爬蟲類資料庫:鋸鱗蝰屬
  10. ^ Echis omanensis, Oman saw-scaled viper 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2007-05-27. at Wolfgang Wüster's homepage 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2006-09-25.

外部連結

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鋸鱗蝰屬: Brief Summary ( cinèis )

fornì da wikipedia 中文维基百科

鋸鱗蝰屬(學名:Echis)是蛇亞目蝰蛇科蝰亞科下的一個有毒蛇屬,主要分布於非洲中東巴基斯坦印度斯里蘭卡。鋸鱗蝰雖然體型較其它毒蛇細小,但牠們是一種性急而且容易發動咬擊的蛇類,加上能分泌強烈的出血毒素,因此被視為是一種危險的蛇類。另外,鋸鱗蝰還有一個特色,就是當牠們遇上危機的時候,會磨擦身上的粗糙鱗片,發出唧唧聲音以向敵人示警。其學名「Echis」來源於希臘語,意指「蝰蛇(viper)」。目前共有8個種已被確認。

licensa
cc-by-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
维基百科作者和编辑