dcsimg
Plancia ëd Ambystoma jeffersonianum (Green 1827)
Life » » Metazoa » » Vertebrata » » Anfibi » Caudata » Ambystomatidae »

Ambystoma jeffersonianum (Green 1827)

Description ( Anglèis )

fornì da AmphibiaWeb articles
Ambystoma jeffersonianum is a long, slender salamander, ranging from 12.1 to 21 cm in length. Long digits and a wide snout help characterize this species. Bluish flecks often are scattered along the limbs and lower sides of the body, complementing the typical dark-brown or dark gray the species usually exhibits. The ventral stomach is lighter in color, usually gray.This species account was based off the information in the National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians (1996) .
licensa
cc-by-3.0
autor
Kevin Gin UC Berkeley URAP

Distribution and Habitat ( Anglèis )

fornì da AmphibiaWeb articles
This species is primarily located on the East Coast of the United States, ranging from west New England and southern New York to Virginia and Indiana. Typical habitats consist of swamps and ponds of the deciduous forest regions where A. jeffersonianum may often be found under debris.
licensa
cc-by-3.0
autor
Kevin Gin UC Berkeley URAP

Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors ( Anglèis )

fornì da AmphibiaWeb articles
During breeding season, which lasts from March to April, adults characteristically migrate to ponds. Cylindrical masses of 10-15 eggs a piece are laid by the female, underwater, and attached to slender twigs. The hatching period will occur 30-45 days later where the larvae are typically 13 mm long. Transformation occurs from the months of July to September where 51 to 71 mm of growth are observed.
licensa
cc-by-3.0
autor
Kevin Gin UC Berkeley URAP

Distribution ( Anglèis )

fornì da Animal Diversity Web

The Jefferson salamander is distributed in patches from southern New England, south and southwest through Indiana, Kentucky, West Virginia, and Virginia (Petranka 1998).

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )

licensa
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
sitassion bibliogràfica
Kipp, S. 2000. "Ambystoma jeffersonianum" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ambystoma_jeffersonianum.html
autor
Sarah Kipp, Michigan State University
editor
James Harding, Michigan State University

Morphology ( Anglèis )

fornì da Animal Diversity Web

The Jefferson salamander can vary from a dark brown, brownish gray or slate gray dorsum and may have light blue speckles scattered along the sides, tail, and occasionally extending onto the back. The speckling is most apparent in younger individuals and may disappear in older adults. The vent region is a grayish color and the ventrum is a pale, sometimes silvery, color. Ambystomid salamanders are generally characterized by prominent costal grooves, short, rounded heads, and stout bodies with robust limbs. The Jefferson salamander, however, has relatively long, slender limbs and toes comparatively. The tail is laterally compressed and extends almost as long as the body. The average adult length ranges from 10.7 to 21 cm, with females being in the upper part of the range, and 12 to 14 costal grooves are present. Breeding males have swollen vents and appear more slender than the egg carrying females. The tail is also longer and more laterally compressed in males. Outside of the breeding season both sexes are darker and less conspicuously marked. Larvae are a yellowish green color with dark blotches on the back. They possess a relatively uncolored caudal fin, and display external gills upon hatching. Older larvae have a mottled greenish gray dorsum and may be marked along the sides with small yellowish spots while the ventrum is pale and generally unmarked (Harding 1997, Petranka 1998).

Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; bilateral symmetry

licensa
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
sitassion bibliogràfica
Kipp, S. 2000. "Ambystoma jeffersonianum" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ambystoma_jeffersonianum.html
autor
Sarah Kipp, Michigan State University
editor
James Harding, Michigan State University

Habitat ( Anglèis )

fornì da Animal Diversity Web

The Jefferson salamander is restricted to sites containing suitable breeding ponds and shows a strong affinity for upland forests. It prefers relatively undisturbed deciduous woodlands, especially moist, well-drained upland forests (Petranka 1998).

Terrestrial Biomes: forest

licensa
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
sitassion bibliogràfica
Kipp, S. 2000. "Ambystoma jeffersonianum" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ambystoma_jeffersonianum.html
autor
Sarah Kipp, Michigan State University
editor
James Harding, Michigan State University

Trophic Strategy ( Anglèis )

fornì da Animal Diversity Web

The Jefferson salamander generally feeds on insects and other invertebrate species. The larvae are found to consume small zooplankton after hatching and move on to organisms such as nematodes, aquatic insect larvae, insects, and snails. Larvae may become cannibalistic and feed on small larvae of their own kind and others. Because the adult salamanders spend most of the time, outside of the breeding season, hidden in the ground or under leaf litter their exact feeding habits are not known. It is presumed that they feed on earthworms and other invertebrates found in the soil (Pentranka 1998).

licensa
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
sitassion bibliogràfica
Kipp, S. 2000. "Ambystoma jeffersonianum" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ambystoma_jeffersonianum.html
autor
Sarah Kipp, Michigan State University
editor
James Harding, Michigan State University

Benefits ( Anglèis )

fornì da Animal Diversity Web

Ecologically, salamanders appear to play important roles in the organization of many terrestrial and aquatic communities. They are increasingly being used as indicators of environmental heath. Salamanders have also proven to be valuable tools in examining various problems in disciplines such as evolution, ecology, animal behavior, physiology, and genetics. Probably most important to the human population is the medical research on salamanders. This includes research to understand the basis for limb and tissue regeneration in vertebrates (salamanders have extraordinary regeneration ability), the study of genetic disorder inheritance, and research exploring the possible therapeutic value of toxic skin secretions in treating human diseases such as cancer (Petranka 1998).

licensa
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
sitassion bibliogràfica
Kipp, S. 2000. "Ambystoma jeffersonianum" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ambystoma_jeffersonianum.html
autor
Sarah Kipp, Michigan State University
editor
James Harding, Michigan State University

Life Cycle ( Anglèis )

fornì da Animal Diversity Web

Development - Life Cycle: metamorphosis

licensa
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
sitassion bibliogràfica
Kipp, S. 2000. "Ambystoma jeffersonianum" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ambystoma_jeffersonianum.html
autor
Sarah Kipp, Michigan State University
editor
James Harding, Michigan State University

Sensa tìtol ( Anglèis )

fornì da Animal Diversity Web

The Jefferson salamander is involved in a hybrid complex with three other species of mole salamanders (A. laterale, A. texanum, and A. tigrinum) throughout eastern North America. Usually the hybrids result in triploid females. These females are thought to reproduce gynogenetically, they use sperm from a sympatric, diploid male to initiate the development of the eggs without incorporating the male genome. Some females, however, do reproduce through hybridogenesis, where the maturing egg eliminates an entire genome. The embryonic mortality rates of salamanders in hybrid complexes is much higher than that of diploid salamander species. Studies have found that temperature is of great importance in the hybrid Ambystoma. At reduced temperatures triploid females are expected to reproduce by gynogenesis, while at higher temperatures hybridogenesis increases. This variation in breeding patterns has significant bearings on the genetic composition of hybrid populations (Bogart 1988).

licensa
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
sitassion bibliogràfica
Kipp, S. 2000. "Ambystoma jeffersonianum" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ambystoma_jeffersonianum.html
autor
Sarah Kipp, Michigan State University
editor
James Harding, Michigan State University

Conservation Status ( Anglèis )

fornì da Animal Diversity Web

The Jefferson salamander is not currently listed as threatened or endangered. To continue this species' survival relatively undisturbed, woodland habitats near suitable breeding ponds need to be preserved. The increase habitat fragmentation due to roads, leads to the deaths of many salamanders during their spring migration. The Jefferson salamander is also particularly vulnerable to habitat acidification. When pH levels fall too low they become lethal to the larvae and eggs (Harding 1997).

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

licensa
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
sitassion bibliogràfica
Kipp, S. 2000. "Ambystoma jeffersonianum" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ambystoma_jeffersonianum.html
autor
Sarah Kipp, Michigan State University
editor
James Harding, Michigan State University

Reproduction ( Anglèis )

fornì da Animal Diversity Web

The Jefferson salamander is one of the earliest seasonal breeders, migrating to breeding ponds in late winter or early spring, often before the ground and ponds are completely thawed. The first group of males typically precedes the arrival of the first females. Current data suggest that while males breed annually, females may skip one or more years before breeding again. Salamanders are unique among amphibians in practicing internal fertilization. During courtship, the male deposits a spermatophore, a packet of sperm that the female picks up with the lips of her cloaca. The spermatophore is then stored in her spermatheca until she is ready to lay her eggs. While there is no direct cloacal contact, fertilization is internal. Females may begin to lay eggs one to two days after mating. The eggs are 2-2.5 mm in diameter and are encircled by a vitelline membrane and three jelly envelopes. They are generally deposited in small gelatinous clusters and are attached to underwater sticks or vegetation. If the pond should freeze, the eggs are then protected below the surface of the water. The egg masses generally vary in numbers of 20 to 30 eggs per mass but may have anywhere between 1 and 60 eggs per mass. Females will produce a total of 100 to 280 eggs in one breeding season. The length of the incubation varies. In a controlled setting with temperatures around 21oC eggs will hatch in about two weeks, but under more typical, natural conditions, may take up to 14 weeks depending on the time the eggs were laid. The average embryonic survival to hatching is observed to be positively correlated with egg mass size. Hatching success can be very high, however, larvae survival rate is generally very low due to predation. The newly hatched larvae range in length from 1.0 to 1.4 cm. In two to three months the surviving larvae metamorphosied into terrestrial salamanders. If the breeding pond threatens to prematurely dry up, metamorphosis will occur sooner with smaller larvae. The newly metamorphosized individuals range from 4.8 to 7.5 cm and are able to breed in two to three years. The average life span of the Jefferson salamander is six years or longer (Flank 1999, Harding 1997, Petranka 1998).

Key Reproductive Features: gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate)

licensa
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
sitassion bibliogràfica
Kipp, S. 2000. "Ambystoma jeffersonianum" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ambystoma_jeffersonianum.html
autor
Sarah Kipp, Michigan State University
editor
James Harding, Michigan State University

Jefferson salamander ( Anglèis )

fornì da wikipedia EN

The Jefferson salamander (Ambystoma jeffersonianum) is a mole salamander native to the northeastern United States, southern and central Ontario, and southwestern Quebec. It was named after Jefferson College in Pennsylvania.[2][3]

It is typically dark gray, brown, or black on its dorsal surface, but a lighter shade on its anterior. Some individuals may also have silver or blue specks on their sides; the area around the vent is usually gray. These salamanders are slender, with a wide nose and distinctive long toes, and range in size from 11 to 18 cm (4.3 to 7.1 in).

Like other mole salamanders, the Jefferson salamander burrows; they have well-developed lungs suited for this purpose. Nocturnal by nature, they can be spotted by day during the mating season. Breeding occurs in early spring, after the snow in the area has melted.

Reproduction

Eggs are laid in small agglomerations attached to submerged twigs or other natural support at the pond's edge. Clutches can contain between 5 and 60 eggs, averaging about 30. The age at which they first breed, and the frequency with which they breed, are unknown; females are estimated to first breed at 22 months, and males at 34 months. Eggs develop rapidly, and may hatch within 15 days. Larvae stay in the pond from two to four months, during which time they grow to between 3 and 8 times their hatching size.

A unique reproductive tactic for the Bluespotted-Jefferson Salamander Complex exists in nature. The Jefferson salamander is now known not to breed in the lab with the blue-spotted salamander, which was previously thought to produce "hybrids", the silvery salamander and Tremblay's salamander, between this supposed mating of Jefferson salamander and Blue-spotted salamander. The silvery salamander and Tremblay's salamander are now known through genetic testing to be polyploid females (only 2% of males survive and they are sterile). These most often possess two of each chromosome from the Jefferson salamander and one of each chromosome from the blue-spotted salamander, resulting in an LJJ genotype (also called a Tremblay's salamander.) This genotype results when these polyploid females mate with a pure Jefferson salamander male, incorporating (often in warmer water conditions) the chromosome from the pure male Jefferson salamander into her egg, usually having an LJ diploid chromosome set or LJJ triploid chromosome set, to produce LJJ or LJJJ offspring, respectively. Often in cooler conditions, the LJ or LJJ female may mate with the Jefferson salamander male and only "borrow" his spermatozoan to trigger genetic cloning of herself, not adding his chromosome (J) to her egg. The same polyploid reproductive strategy occurs for other mole salamander species. The presence of these polyploids makes it difficult to visually identify which species an individual may be, skewing population measures for both species.

Habitat

The secretive adults tend to hide under stones or logs, or in leaf litter and other underbrush in deciduous forests during damp conditions. They are usually not found in conifer forests, likely due to the dryness and prickliness of some pine and spruce needles, which may injure amphibians with their thin skins. They are found burrowed underground for most of the year during dry or freezing conditions. They must get below the frost line (about 18 inches) in order to survive winter conditions in northern latitudes. They often burrow in rich sandy soils found in upland deciduous forests or sometimes in older-growth damp hemlock forests.

Because breeding sites are usually close to the over-wintering burrows, migration to their breeding area is quick, and usually occurs during or immediately after a heavy rainfall. The breeding sites they choose are fishless ponds and vernal pools, filled with spring snow meltwater in northern latitudes. Some breeding ponds may be hundreds of yards (meters) away from their forest home in fragmented landscapes.

Jefferson salamanders are one of the first amphibians to emerge in springtime at the northern edge of their range in southern Ontario where they are seen "snowshoeing" across the still frozen understory of the forest to reach partially melted breeding ponds. Males migrate first with females following shortly thereafter. These salamanders have small pores on their heads which exude a whitish liquid when they are handled, suggesting that they may leave a scent trail during migration,[4] Ambystoma jeffersonianum is often found in the same habitat as the spotted salamander.

Food

The larvae are carnivorous, typically consuming aquatic invertebrates. An insufficient food supply may result in cannibalistic behaviour. Adults are also carnivorous, eating a variety of small invertebrates.

Status

The Jefferson salamander is a species of least concern globally, but its habitat is threatened in parts of its range.[1] In Ontario, it has been classified as an endangered species since 11 June 2011,[5] and throughout Canada it is a threatened species.[6] The government of Ontario has designated the species as a specially protected amphibian, which provides protection to the species and its habitats.[6]

It is also considered a state-threatened species in Illinois.[7]

References

  1. ^ a b IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2015). "Ambystoma jeffersonianum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T59059A56458965. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T59059A56458965.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Jefferson Salamander". Species and Habitats. Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Wildlife. Retrieved 22 August 2016. The Jefferson salamander was named in honor of Jefferson College (indirectly after Thomas Jefferson, who was a famous statesman, president, and an accomplished naturalist).
  3. ^ "Jefferson's Salamander". Ohio History Central. Ohio Historical Society. Retrieved 22 August 2016. It was named for Jefferson College in Pennsylvania
  4. ^ Jaeger, Robert G.; Fortune, Deborah; Hill, Gary; Palen, Amy; Risher, George (1993). "Salamander homing behavior and territorial pheromones: alternative hypotheses". Journal of Herpetology. 27 (2): 236–239. doi:10.2307/1564945. JSTOR 1564945.
  5. ^ "Jefferson salamander". Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry. 10 February 2014. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
  6. ^ a b "Jefferson Salamander (Ambystoma jeffersonianum)". Species. Ontario Nature. Archived from the original on 7 May 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
  7. ^ "CHECKLIST OF ILLINOIS ENDANGERED AND THREATENED ANIMALS AND PLANTS" (PDF). Illinois Endangered Species Protection Board. Illinois Endangered Species Protection Board. Retrieved 4 January 2019.

licensa
cc-by-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visité la sorgiss
sit compagn
wikipedia EN

Jefferson salamander: Brief Summary ( Anglèis )

fornì da wikipedia EN

The Jefferson salamander (Ambystoma jeffersonianum) is a mole salamander native to the northeastern United States, southern and central Ontario, and southwestern Quebec. It was named after Jefferson College in Pennsylvania.

It is typically dark gray, brown, or black on its dorsal surface, but a lighter shade on its anterior. Some individuals may also have silver or blue specks on their sides; the area around the vent is usually gray. These salamanders are slender, with a wide nose and distinctive long toes, and range in size from 11 to 18 cm (4.3 to 7.1 in).

Like other mole salamanders, the Jefferson salamander burrows; they have well-developed lungs suited for this purpose. Nocturnal by nature, they can be spotted by day during the mating season. Breeding occurs in early spring, after the snow in the area has melted.

licensa
cc-by-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visité la sorgiss
sit compagn
wikipedia EN

Ambystoma jeffersonianum ( Basch )

fornì da wikipedia EU

Ambystoma jeffersonianum Ambystoma generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Ambystomatidae familian sailkatuta dago, Caudata ordenan.

Erreferentziak

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
licensa
cc-by-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
Wikipediako egileak eta editoreak
original
visité la sorgiss
sit compagn
wikipedia EU

Ambystoma jeffersonianum: Brief Summary ( Basch )

fornì da wikipedia EU

Ambystoma jeffersonianum Ambystoma generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Ambystomatidae familian sailkatuta dago, Caudata ordenan.

licensa
cc-by-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
Wikipediako egileak eta editoreak
original
visité la sorgiss
sit compagn
wikipedia EU

Salamandre de Jefferson ( Fransèis )

fornì da wikipedia FR

Ambystoma jeffersonianum

Ambystoma jeffersonianum, la Salamandre de Jefferson, est une espèce d'urodèles de la famille des Ambystomatidae[1]. La salamandre de Jefferson ( Ambystoma jeffersonianum ) est une ambystome originaire du Nord-Est des États-Unis et du sud et du centre de Ontario. La salamandre de Jefferson a été nommée d'après le Collège Washington & Jefferson en Pennsylvanie en l'honneur de Thomas Jefferson, 3e président des États-Unis[2],[3].

Répartition

Cette espèce se rencontre[1] ;

Habitat

 src=
Aire de répartititon géographique de la salamandre de Jefferson

Les adultes ont tendance à se cacher sous les pierres ou les troncs d'arbre, ou dans les feuillages des sous-bois des forêts de feuillus. Ils sont habituellement introuvables dans les forêts de conifères probablement en raison du manque d'humidité de ce type de milieu. La plupart du temps, été comme hiver, on les retrouve enfouis sous terre. Ils doivent creuser leur terrier en dessous de la ligne de gel (environ 18 pouces) afin de survivre à des conditions hivernales dans les latitudes nordiques. On les rencontre souvent dans les sols sablonneux riches trouvés dans les forêts de feuillus des hautes terres ou parfois des forêts humides de pruche.

Parce que les sites de reproduction sont généralement à proximité des terriers d'hivernage, la migration vers leur aire de reproduction est rapide, et se produit habituellement pendant ou immédiatement après une forte pluie. Les sites de reproduction qu'ils choisissent sont des étangs sans poissons ainsi que les mare, marais, lacs et cours d'eau peu profonds qui ne subsistent qu'une partie de l'année lors de la fonte des neiges au printemps dans les latitudes nordiques. Certains de ces sites de reproduction peuvent être parfois distant des centaines de (mètres) loin de leur terrier.

La salamandre de Jefferson est l'un des premiers amphibiens à émerger au printemps à la limite nord de leur aire de répartition, dans le sud de l'Ontario alors que le sol est encore partiellement gelé. Les mâles migrent d'abord. Suivent ensuite les femelles peu de temps après. Ces salamandres ont de petits pores sur leurs têtes qui exsudent un liquide blanchâtre quand ils sont manipulés, ce qui suggère qu'ils peuvent laisser une trace odorante pendant la migration[4]. Ambystoma jeffersonianum est souvent observée dans le même habitat que la salamandre maculée.

Description

Ambystoma jeffersonianum mesure de 120 à 210 mm[5]. Son dos est généralement gris foncé, brun ou noir. Certains individus présentent des taches argentées ou bleues sur leurs flancs. Elle est généralement de couleur gris foncé, brun, ou noir sur sa face dorsale, mais un briquet . ombre sur son antérieure Certains individus peuvent aussi avoir des taches bleues ou argentées sur leurs flancs; la zone autour de l'évent est généralement grise. Ces salamandres sont minces, avec un nez large et de longs orteils distinctifs, et varient en taille de 11 à 18 cm. Comme d'autres salamandres fouisseuses, la salamandre de Jefferson dispose de poumons adaptés à cet effet. Caractérisée par un mode de vie nocturne, elles peuvent être repérées le jour pendant la saison de la reproduction qui a lieu au début du printemps, après la fonte des neiges.

Étymologie

Cette espèce est nommée en l'honneur de Thomas Jefferson[6].

Taxinomie

Salamandra granulata[7] et Ambystoma fuscum[8] ont été placées en synonymie avec Ambystoma jeffersonianum par Cope en 1868[9] et Plethodon persimilis[10] par Noble en 1926[11].

Amblystoma platineum[9] et Ambystoma tremblayi[12] sont des hybrides Ambystoma laterale x Ambystoma jeffersonianum[13].

Reproduction

Les œufs sont pondus dans des petites agglomérations attachées à des brindilles submergées ou autre support naturel au bord d'un étang. Les pontes peuvent contenir de 5 à 60 œufs, pour une moyenne d'environ 30 œufs. L'âge auquel les individus commencent à se reproduire, et la fréquence avec laquelle ils se reproduisent, sont inconnus; On estime que les femelles se reproduisent à 22 mois, et les mâles, à 34 mois. Les œufs se développent rapidement, et peuvent éclorent dans les 15 jours. Les larves restent dans l'étang de deux à quatre mois, période au cours de laquelle ils atteignent entre 3 et 8 fois la taille qu'ils ont à leur éclosion. La salamandre de Jefferson est maintenant connue pour ne pas se reproduire en laboratoire avec la salamandre à points bleus. La salamandre argentée et la salamandre de Tremblay sont maintenant connues par des tests génétiques pour être des femelles polyploïdes (seulement 2 % des mâles survivent et sont stériles). Ces individus possèdent le plus souvent deux exemplaires de chaque chromosome de la salamandre de Jefferson et un exemplaire de chaque chromosome de la salamandre à points bleus.

Alimentation

Les larves sont carnivores, consommant généralement des invertébrés aquatiques . Un approvisionnement alimentaire insuffisant peut entraîner un comportement de cannibalisme. Les adultes sont également carnivores, se nourrissant d'une variété de petits invertébrés.

Statut

La salamandre de Jefferson est une espèce moins préoccupante à l'échelle mondiale, mais son habitat est menacé dans certaines parties de sa gamme. En Ontario, elle a été classée comme une espèce menacée depuis le 11 juin 2011[14], et partout au Canada, elle est désignée comme une espèce menacée[15]. Le gouvernement de l'Ontario a désigné l'espèce comme un amphibien spécialement protégé de sorte à assurer la protection de cette espèce et de son habitat sur le territoire de cette province[15].

Publication originale

  • Green, 1827 : An account of some new species of salamanders. Contributions of the Maclurian Lyceum to the Arts and Sciences, vol. 1, p. 3-8 (texte intégral).

Notes et références

  1. a et b Amphibian Species of the World, consulté lors d'une mise à jour du lien externe
  2. « Jefferson Salamander », ODNR Division of Wildlife - A to Z Species Guide, Ohio Department of Natural Resources : « "The Jefferson salamander was named in honor of Jefferson College (indirectly after Thomas Jefferson, who was a famous statesman, president, and an accomplished naturalist)." »
  3. « Jefferson's Salamander », Ohio History Central, Ohio Historical Society, 2009 : « "It was named for Jefferson College in Pennsylvania," »
  4. Jaeger Robert G., Deborah Fortune, Gary Hill, Amy Palen et George Risher, « Salamander homing behavior and territorial pheromones: alternative hypotheses », Journal of Herpetology, Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptile, vol. 27, no 2,‎ juin 1993, p. 236–239 (lire en ligne)
  5. AmphibiaWeb. University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, consulté lors d'une mise à jour du lien externe
  6. (en) Ellin Beltz, « Scientific and Common Names of the Reptiles and Amphibians of North America - Explained »
  7. Holbrook, 1842 : North American Herpetology; or Description of the Reptiles Inhabiting the United States, Second Edition, vol. 5 (texte intégral)
  8. Hallowell, 1858 : On the caudibranchiate urodele batrachians. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, sér. 2, vol. 3, p. 337–366.
  9. a et b Cope, 1868 "1867" : A review of the species of the Amblystomidae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 19, p. 166-211 (texte intégral).
  10. Gray, 1859 : Descriptions of new species of salamanders from China and Siam. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, vol. 1859, p. 229-230 (texte intégral).
  11. Noble, 1926 : An analysis of the remarkable cases of distribution among the Amphibia, with description of new genera. American Museum Novitates, no 212, p. 1-24 (texte intégral).
  12. Comeau, 1943 : Une ambystome nouvelle. Annales de l'Association Canadienne-Française pour l'Avancement des Sciences, vol. 9, p. 124–125.
  13. Lowcock, Licht & Bogart, 1987 : Nomenclature in hybrid complexes of Ambystoma (Urodela: Ambystomatidae): no case for the erection of hybrid “species”. Systematic Zoology, vol. 36, p. 328–336.
  14. « Jefferson salamander », Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, 10 février 2014 (consulté le 25 avril 2015)
  15. a et b « Jefferson Salamander (Ambystoma jeffersonianum) », Species, Ontario Nature (consulté le 25 avril 2015)
  • (en) Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en anglais intitulé .
licensa
cc-by-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
visité la sorgiss
sit compagn
wikipedia FR

Salamandre de Jefferson: Brief Summary ( Fransèis )

fornì da wikipedia FR

Ambystoma jeffersonianum

Ambystoma jeffersonianum, la Salamandre de Jefferson, est une espèce d'urodèles de la famille des Ambystomatidae. La salamandre de Jefferson ( Ambystoma jeffersonianum ) est une ambystome originaire du Nord-Est des États-Unis et du sud et du centre de Ontario. La salamandre de Jefferson a été nommée d'après le Collège Washington & Jefferson en Pennsylvanie en l'honneur de Thomas Jefferson, 3e président des États-Unis,.

licensa
cc-by-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
visité la sorgiss
sit compagn
wikipedia FR

Jeffersons salamander ( olandèis; flamand )

fornì da wikipedia NL

Herpetologie

Jeffersons salamander[2] (Ambystoma jeffersonianum) is een salamander uit de familie molsalamanders of Ambystomatidae. De soort werd voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door Jacob Green. Oorspronkelijk werd de wetenschappelijke naam Salamandra jeffersoniana gebruikt.[3] De soortaanduiding jeffersonianum is een eerbetoon aan Thomas Jefferson, de derde president van de Verenigde Staten.

Uiterlijke kenmerken

De kleur van deze salamander is meestal zwart met kleine helderblauwe vlekjes hoewel er ook bruine exemplaren voorkomen met grijsachtige vlekjes. De snuit van deze soort is breder in vergelijking met andere molsalamanders. De tenen en vingers zijn relatief lang. Deze soort wordt ongeveer 12 tot 21 centimeter lang en is daarmee vrij fors.[4] Waarschijnlijk kan de salamander in het wild een leeftijd bereiken van meer dan twintig jaar.

Verspreiding en habitat

De salamander komt voor in een groot aantal staten van de Verenigde Staten; van Ontario tot Illinois en van Virginia tot onder New York. Jeffersons salamander leeft in vochtige biotopen zoals de bladerlaag in bossen, vochtige graslanden en moerassen, en jaagt op kleine insecten, wormen en slakken. Deze soort wordt maar zelden gezien want de salamander leidt een verborgen bestaan en komt alleen in de paartijd tevoorschijn om elkaar op te zoeken.

Voortplanting

De eitjes worden afgezet in een geleiachtige massa bij het water en de larven komen na ongeveer een maand uit en jagen in het water op allerlei kleine dieren, waaronder larven van andere soorten amfibieën. De larven van deze soort zijn te herkennen aan de gepigmenteerde staartvin, terwijl de rest van het lijf vrijwel doorzichtig is. De Jeffersons salamander kruist in het wild soms met de blauwgevlekte salamander (Ambystoma laterale) waarbij onder andere aanleiding gegeven wordt tot hybride vormen die triploid zijn en uitsluitend vrouwelijk: de zilversalamander (voorheen Ambystoma platineum) en Tremblay's salamander (A. tremblayi).

Referenties
  1. (en) Jeffersons salamander op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. Grzimek, Bernhard, Het leven der dieren deel V: Vissen (II) en amfibieën, Kindler Verlag AG, 1971, Pagina 368. ISBN 90 274 8625 5.
  3. Darrel R. Frost - Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference - Version 6.0 - American Museum of Natural History, Ambystoma jeffersonianum.
  4. University of California - AmphibiaWeb, Ambystoma jeffersonianum.
Bronnen
  • (en) - Darrel R. Frost - Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference - Version 6.0 - American Museum of Natural History - Ambystoma jeffersonianum - Website Geconsulteerd 27 februari 2017
  • (en) - University of California - AmphibiaWeb - Ambystoma jeffersonianum - Website
licensa
cc-by-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
original
visité la sorgiss
sit compagn
wikipedia NL

Jeffersons salamander: Brief Summary ( olandèis; flamand )

fornì da wikipedia NL

Jeffersons salamander (Ambystoma jeffersonianum) is een salamander uit de familie molsalamanders of Ambystomatidae. De soort werd voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door Jacob Green. Oorspronkelijk werd de wetenschappelijke naam Salamandra jeffersoniana gebruikt. De soortaanduiding jeffersonianum is een eerbetoon aan Thomas Jefferson, de derde president van de Verenigde Staten.

licensa
cc-by-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
original
visité la sorgiss
sit compagn
wikipedia NL

Ambystoma jeffersonianum ( portughèis )

fornì da wikipedia PT

Ambystoma jeffersonianum é uma espécie de anfíbio caudado pertencente à família Ambystomatidae. Pode ser encontrada nos Estados Unidos da América e no México.[2]

Referências

  1. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2015). «Ambystoma jeffersonianum». Lista Vermelha de Espécies Ameaçadas. 2015: e.T59059A56458965. doi:. Consultado em 19 de novembro de 2021
  2. «Ambystoma jeffersonianum» (em inglês). ITIS (www.itis.gov)
 title=
licensa
cc-by-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
Autores e editores de Wikipedia
original
visité la sorgiss
sit compagn
wikipedia PT

Ambystoma jeffersonianum: Brief Summary ( portughèis )

fornì da wikipedia PT

Ambystoma jeffersonianum é uma espécie de anfíbio caudado pertencente à família Ambystomatidae. Pode ser encontrada nos Estados Unidos da América e no México.

licensa
cc-by-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
Autores e editores de Wikipedia
original
visité la sorgiss
sit compagn
wikipedia PT

Jeffersons mullvadssalamander ( svedèis )

fornì da wikipedia SV

Jeffersons mullvadssalamander (Ambystoma jeffersonianum) är ett stjärtgroddjur i familjen mullvadssalamandrar som finns i östra USA och Kanada.

Utseende

Jeffersons mullvadssalamander är grå, brungrå eller mörkbrun på ovansidan, och har ibland, speciellt hos yngre individer, ljusblå prickar längs svans och sidor (och mera sällan ryggen). Buken är ljus, ibland silverfärgad. Salamandern är slank och har en längd mellan 10,5 och 21 cm, honan i regel längre än hanen. Under parningstiden är hanens kloak svullen. Larverna är gulgrå med börka fläckar på ryggen. När de blir äldre mörknar den gulgrå färgen, och sidorna kan få gula fläckar. Buken är enfärgat ljus.[3]

Utbredning

Arten finns i nordöstra USA och sydöstligaste Kanada från Nova Scotia och södra Québec till Kentucky och norra Virginia.[2]

Vanor

Jeffersons mullvadssalamander lever i orörd lövskog, speciellt fuktig, men väldränerad sådan. Närhet till vattensamlingar för lek och larvutveckling är ett krav.[3] Den gömmer sig gärna under murkna trädgrenar, i lövförna, övergivna smågnagarbon och liknande. Vinterdvalan tillbringas i nerfallna, murkna trädstammar eller under jorden.[2] Arten är inte speciellt långlivad; 82 till 90% av djuren dör innan de uppnår 3 års ålder.[4]

Föda

Salamandern livnär sig på olika ryggradslösa djur, som skalbaggar, mångfotingar, maskar och sniglar.[5] Larverna tar diverse ryggradslösa, vattenlevande djur, och kan också äta andra groddjurslarver. De vuxna salamandrarna utgör själva föda åt bland annat tvättbjörnar, skunkar och ormar.[5]

Fortplantning

Arten leker tidigt; i södra delen av dess utbredningsområde (södra Indiana, Kentucky) så tidigt som december till januari. Längre norrut kan de vänta till mars. De vandrar från övervintringsställena till våtmarker med temporära eller, mera sällan permanenta, fiskfria vattensamlingar.[4] På sedvanligt sätt bland salamandrar avsätter hanen en spermatofor som honan tar upp med sin kloak.[3] Honan lägger mellan 180 och 210 ägg i form av mindre geleklumpar som fastnar på stammar av vattenväxter och liknande föremål. De kläcks efter mindre än en månad, och larverna förvandlas efter 2 till 3 månader.[5]

Status

Jeffersons mullvadssalamander betraktas som livskraftig ("LC") och populationen är stabil. Dock betraktas förlust av lekvatten till följd av bebyggnad som ett hot, habitatförlust till följd av skogsavverkning som ett annat.[2]

Referenser

  1. ^ ”Statens jordbruksverks allmänna råd (1999:2)...” (PDF). Statens jordbruksverks författningssamling. 20 oktober 1999. http://www.sjv.se/download/18.7502f61001ea08a0c7fff121743/allmannarad_1999-002.PDF. Läst 2 augusti 2009.
  2. ^ [a b c d] Ambystoma jeffersonianumIUCN:s rödlista (engelska). Auktor: Geoffrey Hammerson (2004), besökt 2009-08-03.
  3. ^ [a b c] Sarah Kipp, Michigan State University (2000). ”Ambystoma jeffersonianum” (på engelska). Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan. http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ambystoma_jeffersonianum.html. Läst 3 augusti 2009.
  4. ^ [a b] Robert Brodman (2009). ”Ambystoma jeffersonianum” (på engelska). AmphibiaWeb, University of California. http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi-bin/amphib_query?query_src=&table=amphib&special=one_record&where-genus=Ambystoma&where-species=jeffersonianum. Läst 3 augusti 2009.
  5. ^ [a b c] Sarah Kipp, Michigan State University (11 november 2008). Ambystoma jeffersonianum - Jefferson's Salamander” (på engelska). Illinois Natural History Survey. http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/animals_plants/herps/species/am_jeffers.html. Läst 3 augusti 2009.
licensa
cc-by-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
Wikipedia författare och redaktörer
original
visité la sorgiss
sit compagn
wikipedia SV

Jeffersons mullvadssalamander: Brief Summary ( svedèis )

fornì da wikipedia SV

Jeffersons mullvadssalamander (Ambystoma jeffersonianum) är ett stjärtgroddjur i familjen mullvadssalamandrar som finns i östra USA och Kanada.

licensa
cc-by-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
Wikipedia författare och redaktörer
original
visité la sorgiss
sit compagn
wikipedia SV

杰斐遜鈍口螈 ( cinèis )

fornì da wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Ambystoma jeffersonianum
Green, 1827

杰斐遜鈍口螈学名Ambystoma jeffersonianum)是美國東北部、安大略省中部及南部和魁北克西南部特有的一種鈍口螈科。其名字是為紀念賓夕法尼亞州華盛頓與杰斐遜學院(Washington and Jefferson College)。[2][3]

杰斐遜鈍口螈的背部一般呈深灰色、褐色或黑色,腹部顏色較淺。一些的兩側會有銀色或藍色的斑點。牠們幼長,鼻子闊,腳趾很長,約有11-18厘米長。

杰斐遜鈍口螈是會築巢的,所以有發育良好的肺部。牠們是夜間活動的,但在交配季節時,在日間也可以見到牠們。牠們會於剛溶雪後的初春開始交配。

棲息地

杰斐遜鈍口螈傾向躲在石頭或樹底、葉堆及其他落葉樹下的叢林。可能是因太乾旱及尖刺會傷害牠們,所以很少會在針葉林內出沒。牠們會在地底下築巢,在乾旱或結冰的日子會留在巢中。在較北的地區,牠們必須鑽到最少18吋的地底下才能避開結冰線來生存。牠們也會在肥沃的沙質土壤中築巢。

杰斐遜鈍口螈在雨季開始後,就會很快遷到繁殖地區。繁殖區域一般都接近過冬的地方,會是沒有池塘春池。一些池塘可能距離牠們居住的森林達幾百米遠。

杰斐遜鈍口螈在安大略省春天最早出來活動的兩棲類之一,可以見到牠們走過仍未溶解的冰上。雄螈是最先出來,雌螈緊接其後。牠們的頭上有一些孔隙,內含一些白色液體,估計牠們是會在走過的路上留下氣味。[4]

繁殖

杰斐遜鈍口螈會在水中的樹枝或池塘邊上產。每次約有5-60顆卵,平均30顆。牠們何時開始繁殖及繁殖的頻率也都不明,一般估計雌螈約於22個月大就開始繁殖,雄螈則要34個月大。卵的生長速度很快,15天就會孵化。幼蟲會留在池塘中2-4個月,期間會生長達3-8倍大。

杰斐遜鈍口螈天生有一種獨特的繁殖策略。以往相信牠們與藍點蠑螈是會混種銀色鈍口螈特氏鈍口螈,但在實驗室中卻發現牠們之間是不會繁殖的。基因測試發現銀色鈍口螈及特氏鈍口螈是多倍體的雌螈(只有2%的雄螈能夠存活,且是不育的)。銀色鈍口螈及特氏鈍口螈一般會有兩組來自杰斐遜鈍口螈及一組來自藍點蠑螈的染色體,組成「LJJ」基因型。在溫暖季節時,當多倍體雌螈與純種的雄性杰斐遜鈍口螈交配時,杰斐遜鈍口螈的染色體就會進入卵中,這個「LJ」二倍體或「LJJ」三倍體的卵加上這個染色體就會分別得出「LJJ」或「LJJJ」的後代。到了寒冷季節時,「LJ」或「LJJ」雌螈與雄性杰斐遜鈍口螈交配後,只可借其精子引發自我複製

食物

杰斐遜鈍口螈的幼蟲肉食性的,一般會吃水生的無脊椎動物。若沒有足夠的食物供應,牠們會變成同類相食。成年都是肉食性的,吃多種細小的無脊椎動物。

參考

  1. ^ (英文) Geoffrey Hammerson (2004). Ambystoma jeffersonianum. 2009 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2009. 撷取於2009-09-11.
  2. ^ Jefferson Salamander. ODNR Division of Wildlife - A to Z Species Guide. Ohio Department of Natural Resources.
  3. ^ Jefferson's Salamander. Ohio History Central. Ohio Historical Society. 2009.
  4. ^ Robert G. Jaeger, Deborah Fortune, Gary Hill, Amy Palen and George Risher. Salamander Homing Behavior and Territorial Pheromones: Alternative Hypotheses. Journal of Herpetology. Jun 1993, 27 (2): 236–9.

外部連結

 title=
licensa
cc-by-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
维基百科作者和编辑

杰斐遜鈍口螈: Brief Summary ( cinèis )

fornì da wikipedia 中文维基百科

杰斐遜鈍口螈(学名:Ambystoma jeffersonianum)是美國東北部、安大略省中部及南部和魁北克西南部特有的一種鈍口螈科。其名字是為紀念賓夕法尼亞州華盛頓與杰斐遜學院(Washington and Jefferson College)。

杰斐遜鈍口螈的背部一般呈深灰色、褐色或黑色,腹部顏色較淺。一些的兩側會有銀色或藍色的斑點。牠們幼長,鼻子闊,腳趾很長,約有11-18厘米長。

杰斐遜鈍口螈是會築巢的,所以有發育良好的肺部。牠們是夜間活動的,但在交配季節時,在日間也可以見到牠們。牠們會於剛溶雪後的初春開始交配。

licensa
cc-by-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
维基百科作者和编辑