Barn owls are the only known predator of lesser moused-tailed bats.
Known Predators:
Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic
Lesser mouse-tailed bats get their common name from their slender, long, free tail. The total body length ranges from 119 to 141 mm and the tail makes up approximately 57 to 70 mm of that. The hindfoot, ear, and forearm length measure 12 to 15 mm, 18 to 21 mm, and 52.4 to 60 mm respectively.
The skull of lesser mouse-tailed bats are short with 28 teeth and a dental formula of 1/2, 1/1, 1/2, 3/3. The skull is widest at the squamosal region of the zygomatic arch. Other distinguishing features of the skull include the loose tympanic bone and an inflated lacrimal region.
Lesser mouse-tailed bats are small, with tails generally longer than their forearms. Their backs are greyish brown to dark brown in color with pale undersides. The snouts have a small triangular noseleaf and their tragi are well developed. They have large rhomboidal pinna that are connected across the forehead and there are 10 transverse ridges that cross the ear. The uropatagium of lesser mouse-tailed bats are small and only enclose less than one quarter of the tail.
Range mass: 10 to 12 g.
Range length: 119 to 141 mm.
Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry
Little is known of the lifespan and longevity of lesser mouse-tailed bats.
Lesser mouse-tailed bats inhabit deserts and semi-deserts where roosts and food are available. Within these climates they are generally found in grasslands and oases (Benda, Aulagnier, and Palmeirim, 2010), but can occasionally be found in gardens and orchards (Benda et al., 2004). Their roosts consist of dry caves, houses, pyramids, underground tunnels, and wells. In summer months, they roost in small crevices, fissures, or between boulders (Benda, Aulagnier, and Palmeirim, 2010).
Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial
Terrestrial Biomes: desert or dune ; savanna or grassland
Other Habitat Features: agricultural ; caves
Lesser mouse-tailed bats (Rhinopoma hardwickii) range from as far east as Thailand westward through Burma, India, Pakistan, and Iran. They can also be found in the African Sahara mostly north of 15°N, but have been known to occupy as far south as Kenya.
Biogeographic Regions: palearctic (Native ); oriental (Native ); ethiopian (Native )
Lesser mouse-tailed bars are insectivorous bats with beetles making up about 50% of their diet. They also feed on moths and neuropterans, but their overall diet is much less diverse than other bats (Whitaker Jr. and Yom-Tov, 2002). Lesser mouse-tailed bats swoop and glide at 5 to 10 meters off the ground when in search of food (Davis, 2007).
Animal Foods: insects
Primary Diet: carnivore (Insectivore )
Little is known of the ecosystem roles that lesser mouse-tailed bats play.
There are no known positive effects of lesser mouse-tailed bats on humans. However, since they are insectivores, they may help control the population of insect pests.
There are no known negative impacts of lesser mouse-tailed bats on humans.
Lesser mouse-tailed bats are considered to be "acoustically primitive" because they use signals with four or more harmonics and with little frequency variation (Whitaker Jr. and Yom-Tov, 2002). They emit long constant frequency (CF) calls at 30 to 34 kHz with a peak energy at 32 kHz (Davis, 2007). They emit these CF sounds when flying in open spaces for approximately 48 ms. When they fly in groups, lesser mouse-tailed bats emit CFs in three bands. However, when they fly solo the bat emits CFs in only one band. Frequency modulated (FM) sounds are produced only as they leave their roost or shortly before landing (Whitaker Jr. and Yom-Tov, 2002).
Communication Channels: acoustic
Perception Channels: tactile ; echolocation ; chemical
Populations of Rhinopoma hardwickii are common and widespread with no major threats of decline. In 1996 it was categorized as vulnerable, but was changed to least concern in 2004, and has sustained the same categorization ever since.
Little is known of the mating systems of lesser mouse-tailed bats.
Although little is known about lesser mouse-tailed bat reproductive biology, they have a defined annual reproductive cycle. Insemination occurs between February and April, although ovulation does not occur until mid-March. Gestation lasts about 95 to 100 days and young are born between the second week of June and the end of July. Lactation lasts up to 20 days, during which time lactating females are segregated from the group.
Male lesser mouse-tailed bats take much longer than females to reach sexual maturity. Females become sexually mature between 8.5 to 9 months of age, whereas males do not become sexually mature until 16 to 17 months.
Breeding interval: Lesser mouse-tailed bats breed annually.
Breeding season: Lesser mouse-tailed bats breed from late February to mid April.
Average number of offspring: 1.
Range gestation period: 95 to 100 days.
Range weaning age: 20 (high) days.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 8.5 (low) months.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 9 months.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 16 to 17 months.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous ; delayed fertilization
Little is known about the parental investment of lesser mouse-tailed bats.
Parental Investment: altricial ; pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female)
El ratpenat de cua de rata petit (Rhinopoma hardwickei) és una espècie de ratpenat de la família dels rinopomàtids que es troba a Algèria, Afganistan, Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, Txad, Djibouti, Egipte, Eritrea, Etiòpia, Índia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordània, Kenya, Kuwait, Líbia, Mali, Mauritània, Marroc, Birmània, Nepal, el Níger, Nigèria, Oman, Pakistan, Aràbia Saudita, Somàlia, Sudan, Tailàndia, Tunísia, Sàhara Occidental i Iemen.[1][2]
Viu a coves i a deserts càlids.
El ratpenat de cua de rata petit (Rhinopoma hardwickei) és una espècie de ratpenat de la família dels rinopomàtids que es troba a Algèria, Afganistan, Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, Txad, Djibouti, Egipte, Eritrea, Etiòpia, Índia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordània, Kenya, Kuwait, Líbia, Mali, Mauritània, Marroc, Birmània, Nepal, el Níger, Nigèria, Oman, Pakistan, Aràbia Saudita, Somàlia, Sudan, Tailàndia, Tunísia, Sàhara Occidental i Iemen.
The lesser mouse-tailed bat (Rhinopoma hardwickii) is a species of microbat in the family Rhinopomatidae. Also referred to as Hardwicke's lesser mouse-tailed bat and long-tailed bat, it is named after Major General Thomas Hardwicke (1755–1835), an English soldier and naturalist who served many years in India. It is found in North Africa, some parts of central and eastern Africa, West Asia and east to the Indian subcontinent.[1]
The lesser mouse-tailed bat is a small bat with a long thin tail resembling that of a mouse, hence its name. It is covered with soft fur on the body, greyish to dark brown in colour, but not on its face, rear abdomen and rump. The lower parts are paler in colour.[2]
The snout of the lesser mouse-tailed bat has a small triangular shaped nose leaf. The large rhomboid-shaped ears have transverse ridges across the pinna and are connected across the forehead with well developed tragi. The uropatagium (flap of skin between the hindlimbs) is small and envelops less than a fourth part of the tail.[2]
The head and body length of the bat ranges from 62 to 71 millimetres (2.4 to 2.8 in) while the tail is 57 to 70 millimetres (2.2 to 2.8 in) long. Other lengths are as follows:[2]
The lesser mouse-tailed bat has a short skull, with a loose tympanic bone and inflated lacrimal region and which is broadest at the squamosal region of the zygomatic arch. It has 28 teeth. The dentition is as follows: 1/2, 1/1, 1/2, 3/3.[2]
The lesser mouse-tailed bat has the following subspecies:[3]
R. macinnesi, found in East Africa, was earlier considered as a subspecies of R. hardwickii by some authorities.[3]
The lesser mouse-tailed bat is found in the following countries :[1]
The lesser mouse-tailed bat is typically found in arid or semi-arid desert habitat, wherever roosts and adequate food may be found. This includes dry scrub, rocky areas, caves, deserted monuments, abandoned buildings, wells and other underground features. They have been recorded in oases and wadi gorges having Tamarix or Nerium oleander vegetation. In the hot summer months, these bats can be found resting in cracks, nooks and even amongst large rocks.[1]
These bats have been recorded in Algeria and Morocco to occur up to altitudes of 1,100 metres (3,600 ft) above sea level.[1]
Lesser mouse-tailed bats are insectivorous, feeding primarily on beetles, neuropterans and moths, many of which are considered pests by humans.[4] Their diet is less diverse than other bats with beetles comprising up to 50%.[2]
They accumulate fat in a fold of skin in the lower abdomen, which allows them to survive the winter when insect availability is low.[4][5]
Lesser mouse-tailed bats are well adapted to live in hot, dry climates. They have slits or valves just above their nostrils which they can open or close at will, helping to keep the dust out. The bats have physiological control over their kidneys to reduce water loss. During the hot months, these bats move into covered shelters to escape the heat.[4]
Though the bats are active throughout the year, they survive the winter months, when insect availability is low, by remaining in a torpor.[4] Lesser mouse-tailed bats hunt for insects at heights ranging from 5 to 10 meters off the ground,[2] often being mistaken for birds due to their pattern of swooping and gliding.[4]
The bats roost in colonies both small, ranging in size from 4 to 10 individuals, to large, numbering in the thousands. Females tend to group, especially lactating mothers.[2] They hang using both the thumbs and the feet and generally use a shelter for a single day only before moving on.[4]
Male lesser mouse-tailed bats mature at sixteen to seventeen months of age. Female bats become sexually mature at nine months of age and are monestrous i.e. they have one oestrus cycle per year. The mating season is generally in the months of February to April. Gestation lasts from 95 to 100 days and only one offspring is produced in a brood, usually in June–July. The young bats take flight at the age of five to six weeks.[2][4][5]
Lesser mouse-tailed bats are considered to be a primitive bat in terms of echolocation, primarily due to the reason that these bats produce signals with four or more harmonics with limited frequency variation.[2]
The bats make a variety of sounds, primarily constant frequency (CF) sounds of 48 milliseconds duration, with pronounced second harmonics. The choice of frequency depends upon whether the bat is flying alone, in which case the calls have a frequency of 32.5 kHz, or in a group, when the bats choose one of three frequencies, 30, 32.5 and 35 kHz, so as to avoid jamming each other.[4][6]
While landing or flying around in groups around the roost-site, lesser mouse-tailed bats emit frequency modulated (FM) sounds of 3 ms duration. After landing they produce a multi-harmonic pure tone of 100 ms duration, in which the main frequency predominates.[6]
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) The lesser mouse-tailed bat (Rhinopoma hardwickii) is a species of microbat in the family Rhinopomatidae. Also referred to as Hardwicke's lesser mouse-tailed bat and long-tailed bat, it is named after Major General Thomas Hardwicke (1755–1835), an English soldier and naturalist who served many years in India. It is found in North Africa, some parts of central and eastern Africa, West Asia and east to the Indian subcontinent.
Rhinopoma hardwickii Rhinopoma generoko animalia da. Chiropteraren barruko Rhinopomatidae familian sailkatuta dago.
Rhinopoma hardwickii Rhinopoma generoko animalia da. Chiropteraren barruko Rhinopomatidae familian sailkatuta dago.
Il pipistrello coda di topo di Hardwicke (Rhinopoma hardwickii Gray, 1831) è un pipistrello della famiglia diffuso nell'Africa centrale e settentrionale, nel vicino oriente e nell'Asia meridionale.[1][2]
Pipistrello di medie dimensioni, con la lunghezza della testa e del corpo tra 53 e 65 mm, la lunghezza dell'avambraccio tra 50 e 62 mm, la lunghezza della coda tra 54 e 78 mm, la lunghezza del piede tra 10 e 13,5 mm, la lunghezza delle orecchie tra 16 e 20 mm e un peso fino a 12 g.[3]
La pelliccia è corta e fine, la groppa e il basso ventre sono privi di peli. Le parti dorsali sono grigio-brunastre con la base dei peli più chiara, mentre le parti ventrali sono più chiare e grigiastre, talvolta completamente bianche posteriormente. Il muso è rivolto all'insù, con una cresta cutanea relativamente grande, il cui margine superiore è triangolare e talvolta fornito di una papilla centrale. Gli occhi sono grandi. Le orecchie sono triangolari, unite sulla fronte da una membrana cutanea. Il trago è lungo, falciforme e con l'estremità biforcuta. Le membrane alari sono marroni e attaccate posteriormente sulla tibia, ben sopra le caviglie. La coda è molto lunga, sottile e si estende ben oltre l'uropatagio il quale è ridotto ad una sottile membrana. È privo di calcar. Il cariotipo è 2n=36 FNa=68.
Emette ultrasuoni sotto forma di impulsi di breve durata a frequenza quasi costante a 36-40 kHz, multi-armonici con massima energia sulla seconda armonica.
Si rifugia singolarmente o in gruppi di diverse centinaia di individui disposti in piccoli gruppi distanti tra loro all'interno di grotte asciutte, rovine, gallerie sotterranee, moschee e vecchi edifici. I sessi vivono separati solo in estate. Sceglie ricoveri con temperature di 21-34 °C ed umidità relativa al disotto del 35%. Sembra tollerare la luce del giorno. Si arrampica e fugge con estrema agilità, disponendo la lunga coda ad angolo retto con il corpo. il volo è rapido e caratterizzato da continue fluttuazioni alternate a salite e discese. L'attività predatoria inizia subito dopo il tramonto. È attivo tutto l'anno, grazie all'accumulo di grasso corporeo addominale.
Si nutre di piccoli coleotteri, ditteri e in misura minore di omotteri ed eterotteri catturati a circa 10-15 metri dal suolo sopra spazi aperti.
Danno alla luce un piccolo alla volta tra maggio e giugno dopo una gestazione di 95-100 giorni. Gli accoppiamenti avvengono da metà febbraio ai primi di marzo. I nascituri vengono svezzati dopo 2 mesi.
Questa specie è diffusa dall'Africa settentrionale e centrale attraverso la Penisola arabica e il Vicino oriente fino al Subcontinente indiano. La presenza in Indocina e in Indonesia è basata su individui catturati molti anni fa, privi di precise indicazioni sulla esatta località di provenienza.
Vive in ambienti con vegetazione semi-arida e desertica, in boscaglie di Acacia, nelle oasi, nelle gole scavate da uadi con prevalenza di tamerici e oleandri fino a 1.100 metri di altitudine.
Sono state riconosciute 4 sottospecie:
La IUCN Red List, considerato che si tratta di una specie ampiamente diffusa, molto comune e priva di minacce rilevanti, classifica R.hardwickii come specie a rischio minimo (LC).[1]
Il pipistrello coda di topo di Hardwicke (Rhinopoma hardwickii Gray, 1831) è un pipistrello della famiglia diffuso nell'Africa centrale e settentrionale, nel vicino oriente e nell'Asia meridionale.
De kleine klapneusvleermuis (Rhinopoma hardwickii) is een zoogdier uit de familie van de klapneusvleermuizen (Rhinopomatidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Gray in 1831.
Deze insectivore vleermuis is de enige soort met een dunne staart, die ver buiten de vlieghuid uitsteekt, soms net zo lang als het lichaam. Deze soort wordt ook wel vrijstaartvleermuizen genoemd. De lichaamslengte bedraagt 5,5 tot 7 cm, de staartlengte 4,5 tot 7,5 cm en het gewicht 10 tot 15 gram.
Deze soort jaagt in halfwoestijnen, struwelen en tropische bossen. Bij een ruim voedselaanbod kan het dier wel dubbel zo zwaar worden. Hij slaat dan vet op voor de droge tijd die hij slapend doorbrengt.
Deze in groepsverband levende soort komt algemeen voor in West- en Zuid-Azië en Noord- en Oost-Afrika, met name van Marokko tot Burma, zuidelijk naar Mauritanië, Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger en Kenia.
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
De kleine klapneusvleermuis (Rhinopoma hardwickii) is een zoogdier uit de familie van de klapneusvleermuizen (Rhinopomatidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Gray in 1831.
Rhinopoma hardwickii é uma espécie de morcego da família Rhinopomatidae. Pode ser encontrado do Irã até a Índia, Nepal e Bangladesh.
Rhinopoma hardwickii é uma espécie de morcego da família Rhinopomatidae. Pode ser encontrado do Irã até a Índia, Nepal e Bangladesh.
Rhinopoma hardwickii[2][3] är en fladdermusart som beskrevs av Gray 1831. Rhinopoma hardwickii ingår i släktet Rhinopoma och familjen klaffnäsor.[4][5] Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.[4] Wilson & Reeder (2005) skiljer mellan fyra underarter.[2]
Arten blir 119 till 141 mm lång, inklusive en 57 till 70 mm lång svans. Vikten är 10 till 12 g. Rhinopoma hardwickii har 52 till 60 mm långa underarmar, 18 till 21 mm långa öron och 12 till 15 mm långa bakfötter. Svansen är huvudsakligen fri, alltså inte omsluten av den del av flygmembranen som ligger mellan bakbenen. Arten har gråbrun till mörkbrun päls på ovansidan och ljusare päls på undersidan. På näsan förekommer en smal trekantig hudflik (blad). Tandformeln är I 1/2 C 1/1 P 1/2 M 3/3, alltså 28 tänder.[6]
Denna fladdermus har ett större utbredningsområde i norra Afrika samt i västra och södra Asien. Den förekommer i Afrika från Medelhavet i norr till centrala Mali, norra Nigeria, centrala Tchad, södra Sudan, norra Kenya och norra Somalia. Utbredningsområdet fortsätter över Arabiska halvön, Irak, Iran, Pakistan och Indien till västra Bangladesh. En avskild population finns i östra Afghanistan. Individer som hittades i centrala Burma tillhör kanske Rhinopoma hardwickii. Arten lever i låglandet och i låga bergstrakter upp till 1100 meter över havet. Habitatet utgörs huvudsakligen av halvöknar och öknar. Fladdermusen vistas där i oaser, trädgårdar eller på andra platser med lite fuktighet. Typiska växter i dessa oaser är tamarisker (Tamarix) och oleander (Nerium oleander).[1]
Individerna vilar i grottor, i bergssprickor, i tunnlar, i ruiner och i byggnader som används sällan av människor. De bildar vanligen små flockar med 4 till 10 medlemmar. Ibland förekommer kolonier med upp till 500 individer. Enligt en studie från 1987 bildar honor egna flockar före ungarnas födelse men uppgiften behöver ytterligare bekräftelse. Rhinopoma hardwickii är hela året aktiv och lagrar fett i kroppen före den kalla årstiden.[6]
Arten jagar främst skalbaggar (cirka 50 procent av hela födan) med hjälp av ekolokalisering. Beroende på utbredning ingår andra insekter i födan som nattfjärilar och nätvingar. Fladdermusen flyger oftast 5 till 10 meter över marken. Den faller själv offer för tornugglan.[6]
I Asien sker parningen mellan februari och april och sedan vilar det befruktade ägget till mars. Efter 95 till 100 dagar dräktighet föds i juni eller juli en enda unge. Ungen diar sin mor cirka 20 dagar. Honor blir efter 8,5 till 9 månader könsmogna och hanar efter 16 till 17 månader.[6]
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Rhinopoma hardwickii.
Rhinopoma hardwickii är en fladdermusart som beskrevs av Gray 1831. Rhinopoma hardwickii ingår i släktet Rhinopoma och familjen klaffnäsor. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life. Wilson & Reeder (2005) skiljer mellan fyra underarter.
Rhinopoma hardwickii — вид рукокрилих родини Підковикові (Rhinolophidae).
Країни проживання: Афганістан, Алжир, Бангладеш, Буркіна-Фасо, Камерун, Чад, Джибуті, Єгипет, Еритрея, Ефіопія, Індія, Іран, Ірак, Ізраїль, Йорданія, Кенія, Кувейт, Лівія, Малі, Мавританія, Марокко, Непал, Нігер, Нігерія, Оман, Пакистан, Саудівська Аравія, Сомалі, Судан, Сирія, Таїланд, Туніс, Західна Сахара, Ємен. Записаний до 1100 м над рівнем моря. Мешкає в посушливих і напівпустельних зонах. Сідала лаштує в сухих печерах, руїнах, підземних тунелях (у тому числі катакомбах), мечетях і старовинних будівлях. Влітку іноді сідала знаходяться в тріщинах, невеликих тріщинах і серед валунів. Цей вид починає набирати жир восени для зимових місяців.
Втручання людини в місця спочинку і використання пестицидів проти сарани є основними загрозами. Імовірно, присутній в охоронних районах по всьому ареалу.
Rhinopoma hardwickii — вид рукокрилих родини Підковикові (Rhinolophidae).
Rhinopoma hardwickii là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Rhinopomatidae, bộ Dơi. Loài này được Gray mô tả năm 1831.[2]
Rhinopoma hardwickii là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Rhinopomatidae, bộ Dơi. Loài này được Gray mô tả năm 1831.
Rhinopoma hardwickei
Gray, 1831
Мышехвост Хардвика[2] (лат. Rhinopoma hardwickei) — летучая мышь, обитающая от Марокко до Египта и Кении, и от Израиля до Афганистана. Водится также на острове Сокотра. Населяет пустынные и полупустынные ландшафты. Обитает в сухих пещерах, развалинах, подземных тоннелях (в том числе катакомбах), мечетях и старых зданиях. Видовое название дано в честь английского генерал-майора Томаса Хардвика (1755—1835)[3].
Мышехвост Хардвика (лат. Rhinopoma hardwickei) — летучая мышь, обитающая от Марокко до Египта и Кении, и от Израиля до Афганистана. Водится также на острове Сокотра. Населяет пустынные и полупустынные ландшафты. Обитает в сухих пещерах, развалинах, подземных тоннелях (в том числе катакомбах), мечетях и старых зданиях. Видовое название дано в честь английского генерал-майора Томаса Хардвика (1755—1835).
하드윅생쥐꼬리박쥐(Rhinopoma hardwickii)는 생쥐꼬리박쥐과에 속하는 박쥐의 일종이다. 작은생쥐꼬리박쥐 또는 하드윅작은생쥐꼬리박쥐, 긴꼬리박쥐로도 불린다. 학명과 통용명은 인도에서 오랫동안 활동했던 영국의 군인 겸 박물학자, 토마스 하드윅 육군 소장(Thomas Hardwicke, 1755~1835)의 이름에서 유래했다.[2] 북아프리카와 아프리카 중부 및 동부 일부 지역 그리고 서아프리카, 인도아대륙 동부까지 지역에서 발견된다.[1]
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