Condylura cristata, equipped with its unique star, has perhaps the best sense of touch of any mammal. Each of the 22 appendages that make up the star is completely covered with tiny papillae known as Eimer's organs. Each Eimer's organ contains 3 types of tactile receptors, 2 of which are found in the skin of other mammals. The third type is unique to the star-nosed mole and is thought to allow the mole to identify objects by their microscopic texture. The star possesses over 25,000 Eimer's organs in a space less than 1 square cm, making it incredibly sensitive. A vast portion of the mole's brain is devoted to processing this tactile information. The shortest pair of tentacles at the bottom of the star have the greatest density of Eimer's organs and are apparently used to identify prey items. Although it has not been demonstrated conclusively, it is thought that the star may also be used to detect faint electrical signals from the star-nosed mole's aquatic prey. Laboratory tests have shown that C. cristata seems to be drawn to batteries placed underwater as well as to the areas of strongest electrical activity on prey items. If true, C. cristata and the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) are the only mammals known to possess this ability.
Although externally visible, the eyes of C. cristata may only be useful for sensing light and dark. Its hearing seems to be excellent, as the external ear openings are much larger than those of other North American species. Its sense of smell is probably also fairly well-developed. Young star-nosed moles make some high-pitched vocalizations and adults are known to make wheezing sounds. There is little information available on how individuals communicate with each other.
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
Condylura cristata is a relatively common species, and since it is rather inconspicuous and inhabits wet areas, humans do not generally impact this species directly. Large numbers are sometimes caught in muskrat traps, but this does not seem to negatively effect their population size. However, since C. cristata is dependent on wetlands for survival, the ongoing destruction of wetlands to make way for an expanding human population may affect the status of this species in the future.
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
State of Michigan List: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern
Since C. cristata inhabits poorly-drained wet areas, it is not often found in areas that humans frequent. However, it may occasionally extend its tunnels into lawns adjacent to wetlands, damaging the sod. Trapping is generally an effective way to remove star-nosed moles.
Condylura cristata benefits humans by preying on the larvae of pest insects. They also aerate the soil of plants that may be beneficial to humans.
Positive Impacts: controls pest population
Condylura cristata is preyed upon by a number of different animals. Since this species spends time underwater as well as more time above ground than other moles, it is more vulnerable to predation. From the air, C. cristata is hunted by owls both large and small as well as by hawks during the day. On the ground, both domestic dogs and cats will capture star-nosed moles. A number of mustelids prey on C. cristata, including skunks, weasels, and the fisher. Another mustelid, the mink, is semiaquatic and may hunt Condylura cristata underwater. Other known aquatic predators include the bullfrog and largemouth bass.
Known Predators:
Condylura cristata is one of the most distinctive mammal species. Its nose is hairless and is ringed by a unique 'star' of 22 pink, fleshy tentacles. The star is bilaterally symmetrical with 11 appendages per side that vary in length from between 1 and 4 mm. Condylura cristata ranges from 175 to 205 mm in total length and weighs between 35 and 75 g. Like other moles it has a stout, roughly cylindrical body with heavily-built forelimbs, broad feet and large claws. Its hair is short, dense and coarser than that of other moles. The pelage is dark brown to black on the back and lighter brown underneath. The tail is 65 to 85 mm long, constricted at the base, annulated, scaly and covered with coarse hair. During winter the tail swells 3 to 4 times its normal diameter. Females have 8 mammae, and the testes of males can be 8.8% of the total body weight during the mating season. Sexes are otherwise similar in appearance.
Star-nosed moles are the sole living member of the genus Condylura. There are two described subspecies: C. cristata cristata in the north and C. cristata parva in the south. The latter subspecies is distinguished primarily by its smaller size. Two fossil species, C. kowalskii and C. izabellae, are known from the middle Pliocene of Poland.
Range mass: 35 to 75 g.
Range length: 175 to 205 mm.
Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry
Average basal metabolic rate: 0.615 W.
Not much is known about the lifespan of Condylura cristata in the wild. Since a female's reproductive effort is limited to only 1 litter per year, is is speculated that C. cristata may have a relatively long lifespan for a mammal of its size, perhaps 3 to 4 years. Some star-nosed moles have lived 2 years in captivity.
Range lifespan
Status: captivity: 2 (high) years.
Typical lifespan
Status: wild: 3 to 4 years.
Average lifespan
Status: wild: 3 to 4 years.
Average lifespan
Status: captivity: 2.5 years.
Star-nosed moles are found in a variety of habitats with moist soil. Unlike other North American moles, Condylura cristata prefers areas of poor drainage, including both coniferous and deciduous forests, clearings, wet meadows, marshes and peatlands. Condylura cristata also inhabits the banks of streams, lakes and ponds, into which it ventures for food. Although it prefers wet areas, this species has been found in dry meadows as far as 400 m from water. Condylura cristata can be found along the coast and is known from elevations up to 1676 m in the Great Smoky Mountains.
Range elevation: 0 to 1676 m.
Habitat Regions: temperate ; terrestrial ; freshwater
Terrestrial Biomes: taiga ; forest
Aquatic Biomes: lakes and ponds; rivers and streams
Wetlands: marsh ; swamp ; bog
Other Habitat Features: riparian
Condylura cristata is an important part of many wetland ecosystems. It provides food for a number of carnivores and is a voracious predator of aquatic invertebrates. By tunneling through moist ground, C. cristata provides aeration to the roots of plants which might otherwise be trapped in anoxic soil.
Ecosystem Impact: soil aeration
Condylura cristata feeds primarily on invertebrates. Like other fossorial moles, C. cristata patrols its burrows searching for earthworms that enter through the walls. When it has access to a body of water, however, C. cristata prefers to hunt aquatic prey. About half of its diet consists of worms (Annelida), and 80% of these are aquatic species such as leeches. Aquatic insects make up another 30% of its diet, including the larvae of caddisflies (Trichoptera), midges (Chironomidae), dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata), crane flies (Tipulidae), horse flies (Tabanidae), predacious diving beetles (Dytiscidae) and stoneflies (Plecoptera). Condylura cristata will also take occasional terrestrial insects, aquatic crustaceans, mollusks and small fish.
Animal Foods: fish; insects; mollusks; terrestrial worms; aquatic or marine worms; aquatic crustaceans
Primary Diet: carnivore (Vermivore)
Condylura cristata is native to eastern North America. This species ranges further north than other New World talpids, reaching about 55°N latitude in Québec and Newfoundland. The range extends from the Atlantic Ocean west to Manitoba and North Dakota and south to Ohio and Virginia. Condylura cristata is also found along the Atlantic coast south to Georgia as well as throughout the Appalachian mountains.
Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )
Condylura cristata appears to be monogamous for one breeding season. Males and females are thought to pair up as early as autumn and remain together through the mating season in March and April. Little is known about how the star-nosed mole finds or attracts a mate.
Mating System: monogamous
Condylura cristata mates in the spring from about mid-March through April. Gestation lasts approximately 45 days, and young are born in late April through mid-June. Females produce one litter of offspring per year of between 2 and 7 young, though 5 is a typical litter size. If a female's first reproductive effort was unsuccessful, she may mate again, producing a litter as late as July. At birth the young are hairless, are approximately 49 mm long and weigh about 1.5 g. The eyes and ears are closed and the tentacles of the star are folded back along the rostrum. Eyes, ears and star become functional after about 2 weeks. Young are independent at 30 days and reach maturity at 10 months.
Breeding interval: Star nosed moles breed once yearly, though females may mate again if their first litter is unsuccessful.
Breeding season: Star nosed moles breed from mid-March through April.
Range number of offspring: 2 to 7.
Average number of offspring: 5.
Average gestation period: 45 days.
Average weaning age: 30 days.
Average time to independence: 30 days.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 10 months.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 10 months.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous
Average number of offspring: 4.4.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)
Sex: male: 304 days.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
Sex: female: 304 days.
Little is known about parental investment in Condylura cristata, but there is likely no post-weaning care.
Parental Investment: altricial
Ar c'hoz min-sterenn (Condylura cristata) a zo ur bronneg turier. Ar spesad nemetañ eo er genad Condylura. Bevañ a ra e biz Stadoù-Unanet Amerika hag e reter Kanada.
El talp de musell estrellat (Condylura cristata) és un petit talp que es distribuïx per Nord-amèrica, especialment a la costa nord-est dels Estats Units. És l'únic representant de la tribu Condylurini i del gènere Condylura.
Es tracta d'un animal l'hàbitat del qual són les terres baixes humides, que s'alimenta de petits invertebrats, insectes aquàtics, cucs i mol·luscs. És un bon nedador, i pot dispersar-se pels cursos d'aigua àdhuc en contra del corrent. Com altres talps, pot excavar túnels subterranis; és comú que una de les entrades d'aquests sigui subaquàtic. Se'l considera l'animal més ràpid que existeix sota terra: en sòls tous pot arribar a fer 50 metres en menys d'una hora. El seu patró d'activitat és diürn, amb una letargia hivernal, època en la qual pot perforar la neu i cursos d'aigua semi-congelats per a escapar de les inclemències del temps. No es coneix massa sobre l'etologia de l'espècie, però se sospita que es tracta d'un animal colonial.
Quant a la morfologia, els adults amiden de 15 a 20 cm de longitud, pesen 55 g, i posseïxen 44 dents. El caràcter distintiu del grup és la presència de 22 tentacles rosats, mòbils i flexibles al final del musell. Aquestes prolongacions posseïxen una gran sensibilitat tàctil: tant en la foscor com fora d'ella són essencials en la captura de cucs, insectes i crustacis.
El període de reproducció és a l'hivern, arribant a vegades a la primavera primerenca: la femella pareix una ventrada de 4 o 5 cries al final de la primavera o inici de l'estiu.
Els seus depredadors són les aus rapinyaires nocturnes, com el Bubo virginianus, i diürnes, com el Buteo jamaicensis, a més de les mofetes i els mustèlids.
Els tentacles nasals, de naturalesa sensitiva, estan recoberts de receptors coneguts com a òrgans d'Eimer.[1] El 1871, foren descrits per primera vegada pel zoòleg alemany Theodor Eimer basant-se en el talp europeu. La possessió d'aquesta estructura sensitiva és comuna en els talps, encara que el de musell estrellat és el que els posseïx en major nombre. A causa del fet que l'animal és cec, se sospita que empra el nas per a detectar l'activitat elèctrica dels animals de presa,[2] si bé no existeix una evidència empírica consistent per aquesta asseveració. Sembla que la dentadura i la modificació nasal de l'espècie és una adaptació per a capturar preses extraordinàriament petites. Un article a Nature, una revista científica de prestigi, indica que aquest animal és un dels que més veloçment ingereixen les seves preses, amb un retard de tan sols 120 mil·lisegons entre cada presa viva deglutida.[3] El seu encèfal decideix en tan sols 8 ms si la presa és comestible o no ho és: aquest temps frega la velocitat màxima de transmissió neuronal de l'impuls nerviós.
La roseta de tentacles nasals és, per tant, un òrgan sensorial que supleix els altres sentits en l'hàbitat subterrani i aquàtic de l'animal: a manera dels dits de la mà, la seva precisió i sensibilitat són màximes.
El talp de musell estrellat (Condylura cristata) és un petit talp que es distribuïx per Nord-amèrica, especialment a la costa nord-est dels Estats Units. És l'únic representant de la tribu Condylurini i del gènere Condylura.
Es tracta d'un animal l'hàbitat del qual són les terres baixes humides, que s'alimenta de petits invertebrats, insectes aquàtics, cucs i mol·luscs. És un bon nedador, i pot dispersar-se pels cursos d'aigua àdhuc en contra del corrent. Com altres talps, pot excavar túnels subterranis; és comú que una de les entrades d'aquests sigui subaquàtic. Se'l considera l'animal més ràpid que existeix sota terra: en sòls tous pot arribar a fer 50 metres en menys d'una hora. El seu patró d'activitat és diürn, amb una letargia hivernal, època en la qual pot perforar la neu i cursos d'aigua semi-congelats per a escapar de les inclemències del temps. No es coneix massa sobre l'etologia de l'espècie, però se sospita que es tracta d'un animal colonial.
Quant a la morfologia, els adults amiden de 15 a 20 cm de longitud, pesen 55 g, i posseïxen 44 dents. El caràcter distintiu del grup és la presència de 22 tentacles rosats, mòbils i flexibles al final del musell. Aquestes prolongacions posseïxen una gran sensibilitat tàctil: tant en la foscor com fora d'ella són essencials en la captura de cucs, insectes i crustacis.
El període de reproducció és a l'hivern, arribant a vegades a la primavera primerenca: la femella pareix una ventrada de 4 o 5 cries al final de la primavera o inici de l'estiu.
Els seus depredadors són les aus rapinyaires nocturnes, com el Bubo virginianus, i diürnes, com el Buteo jamaicensis, a més de les mofetes i els mustèlids.
Krtek hvězdonosý (Condylura cristata) je hmyzožravec z čeledi krtkovitých. Žije v podzemí v blízkosti sladké vody a vydává se také přímo do vody. Je o něco delší ale lehčí než krtek obecný. Vyskytuje se na východě Spojených států amerických a Kanady. Je klasifikován jako málo dotčený druh.
Je to vynikající plavec. Má dlouhý řídce osrstěný ocas, který v zimě ztloustne, poněvadž se v něm ukládají energetické zásoby v podobě tuků.
Krtek hvězdonosý si vyhrabává tunely v hloubce 5-60 cm pod povrchem země, které mají průměr 4 centimetry. Jeho chodby často ústí pod vodní hladinu. Nejvýznamnějšími predátory jsou pro něj dravci, sovy, lasice, skunk pruhovaný, kočky a větší dravé ryby. Je méně samotářský než krtek obecný (Talpa europea) a toleruje setkání s cizím jedincem ve svém tunelu. Kořist pro něj představují pijavky, plži, malé ryby, vodní a půdní hmyz a larvy a jiní půdní či vodní živočichové.
Krtek hvězdonosý patří mezi nejrychlejší živočichy, co se týká příjmu potravy. Za pouhých 8 milisekund je schopen identifikovat jestli to, na co narazil, je k jídlu, či ne. Když zjistí, jestli je to k jídlu, tak kořist za pouhých 227 milisekund pozře. Byl také pozorován jedinec, který potravu pozřel během neuvěřitelných 120 milisekund. Nos tohoto druhu má v průměru 1 centimetr a vyrůstá z něho 22 výběžků sloužících k hmatu, které celkově pokrývá přibližně 25 000 speciálních dotykových receptorů, které jsou známy jako Eimerovy orgány.
Krtek hvězdonosý (Condylura cristata) je hmyzožravec z čeledi krtkovitých. Žije v podzemí v blízkosti sladké vody a vydává se také přímo do vody. Je o něco delší ale lehčí než krtek obecný. Vyskytuje se na východě Spojených států amerických a Kanady. Je klasifikován jako málo dotčený druh.
Der Sternmull oder Sternnasenmaulwurf (Condylura cristata) ist eine in Nordamerika lebende Säugetierart aus der Familie der Maulwürfe (Talpidae). Von allen anderen Maulwürfen unterscheidet er sich durch die 22 fingerförmigen Hautanhänge auf der Schnauze.
Der Körperbau der Sternmulle stimmt mit dem der anderen Neuweltmaulwürfe überein und ist an eine unterirdische Lebensweise angepasst. Der Rumpf ist walzenförmig, der zugespitzte Kopf sitzt auf einem kurzen, kaum sichtbaren Hals. Die Vordergliedmaßen sind zu Grabwerkzeugen umgebildet. Die mit der Handfläche nach außen gedrehten Hände sind schaufelförmig und enden in fünf Zehen. Die Hinterbeine tragen ebenfalls fünf Zehen, sind aber weniger spezialisiert als die Vordergliedmaßen. Das Fell ist rauer als das der übrigen Maulwurfsarten, es ist wasserabweisend und meist schwarzbraun oder schwarz gefärbt. Die Tiere erreichen eine Kopfrumpflänge von 10 bis 13 Zentimetern. Der Schwanz ist länger als der der meisten anderen Maulwürfe und wird 6 bis 8 Zentimeter lang. Er ist mit rauen Haaren bedeckt und fungiert im Winter als Fettspeicher, wobei sich sein Durchmesser deutlich erhöht. Erwachsene Tiere wiegen zwischen 40 und 85 Gramm.
Der Schädel ist wie bei den übrigen Maulwürfen flach und langgestreckt, die Augen sind klein, aber sichtbar, Ohrmuscheln sind nicht vorhanden. Um die beiden Nasenlöcher an der Spitze der Schnauze haben Sternmulle jeweils 11 kreisförmig angeordnete, fingerartige Fortsätze. Diese dienen als Tastorgane, mit denen innerhalb von Sekundenbruchteilen potenzielle Beutetiere aufgespürt und auf Fressbarkeit untersucht werden können. Die Bewegungen dabei sind so schnell, dass das menschliche Auge ihnen nicht folgen kann. Die neuesten Messungen mit Hochgeschwindigkeitskameras belegen, dass ein Sternmull bis zu dreizehn potentielle Beutetiere pro Sekunde berühren und untersuchen kann. Somit ist er vierzehnmal schneller als seine Verwandten ohne die Fortsätze.[1] Möglicherweise dienen die hochsensiblen Fortsätze auch als Elektrorezeptoren, mit denen sie die elektrischen Impulse wahrnehmen können, die bei der Muskelbewegung ihrer Beutetiere entstehen.
Die Schneidezähne sind im Vergleich zu denen anderer Maulwürfe klein und pinzettenförmig und ermöglichen ein blitzschnelles Zubeißen. Insgesamt haben die Tiere 44 Zähne und somit die ursprüngliche Zahnzahl der Höheren Säugetiere bewahrt.
Sternmulle sind im östlichen Nordamerika beheimatet. Ihr Verbreitungsgebiet erstreckt sich von Manitoba und Labrador in Kanada – womit sie weiter nördlich vorkommen als alle anderen nordamerikanischen Maulwürfe – über North Dakota bis Ohio und Virginia und an der Atlantikküste bis Georgia. Die Tiere im Süden des Verbreitungsgebietes sind deutlich kleiner und werden als Unterart Condylura cristata parva geführt, die größeren Tiere des Nordens als C. c. cristata.
Sie bewohnen verschiedene Lebensräume, sind dabei jedoch auf relativ feuchte Böden angewiesen. Sie kommen unter anderem in Sumpfgebieten, feuchten Wiesen und auch in Wäldern vor.
Wie viele andere Maulwürfe auch errichten Sternmulle ein unterirdisches Gangsystem. Dabei graben sie vorwiegend mit den Vordergliedmaßen und schieben das Aushubmaterial in Form von Maulwurfshügeln auf die Erdoberfläche. Eine mit Pflanzen gekleidete Kammer dient ihnen als Ruheplatz. Einige Gänge führen direkt zum Wasser, im Gegensatz zu den meisten anderen Maulwürfen sind Sternmulle semiaquatisch, sie führen zum Teil eine wasserbewohnende Lebensweise. Sie können gut schwimmen und tauchen und suchen einen Teil ihrer Nahrung auf dem Grund von Gewässern. Darüber hinaus halten sich diese Tiere öfter an der Erdoberfläche auf als andere Maulwürfe und suchen auch dort nach Nahrung. Manchmal legen sie auch Trampelpfade im dichten Unterholz an.
Sternmulle sind sowohl tag- als auch nachtaktiv. Sie halten keinen Winterschlaf, sondern begeben sich auch im Winter auf Nahrungssuche. Dabei durchwühlen sie auch den Schnee oder tauchen unterhalb der Eisdecke von Gewässern.
Diese Tiere sind sozialer als die meisten anderen Maulwürfe. Sie leben in kleinen, losen Gruppen zusammen. Oft findet man ein Männchen und ein Weibchen auch außerhalb der Paarungszeit zusammen lebend und schließt daher auf ein zumindest teilweises monogames Verhalten.
Sternmulle suchen ihre Beute sowohl im Wasser, durchstreifen aber auch ihre unterirdischen Gänge und gehen oberirdisch auf Nahrungssuche. Ihre Nahrung besteht hauptsächlich aus Ringelwürmern und Insekten sowie deren Larven. Daneben nehmen sie auch Krebstiere und kleine Fische zu sich.
Die Paarung erfolgt einmal im Jahr. Meist bringt das Weibchen zwischen April und Juni nach einer rund 45-tägigen Tragzeit zwei bis sieben (durchschnittlich fünf) Jungtiere zur Welt. Diese sind zunächst haarlos, wachsen aber schnell. Nach drei bis vier Wochen werden sie entwöhnt, die Geschlechtsreife tritt mit rund 10 Monaten ein. Die Lebenserwartung wird auf drei bis vier Jahre geschätzt.
Zu den natürlichen Feinden der Sternmulle zählen unter anderem Eulen, Greifvögel, Marder, Skunks und Nerze.
Die menschliche Siedlungstätigkeit hat den Lebensraum der Sternmulle vor allem im Süden ihres Verbreitungsgebietes eingeschränkt und zerstückelt. Insgesamt zählen sie aber nicht zu den bedrohten Arten.
Der Sternmull oder Sternnasenmaulwurf (Condylura cristata) ist eine in Nordamerika lebende Säugetierart aus der Familie der Maulwürfe (Talpidae). Von allen anderen Maulwürfen unterscheidet er sich durch die 22 fingerförmigen Hautanhänge auf der Schnauze.
Од хамарт сохор номин (Condylura cristata) нь Хойд Америкийн жижиг сохор номин бөгөөд Канадын зүүн хэсэг, АНУ-н зүүн хойд хэсэгт таарна.
Энэ сохор номин нь чийглэг, нам дор газар амьдарч, жижиг сээр нуруугүй амьтад, өт хорхой, нялцгай биетэнээр хооллодог. Тэд сайн сэлдэг бөгөөд гол горхи, цөөрмийн ёроолд хоол тэжээл хайдаг. Бусад сохор номингийн адил хонгил нүх ухан идэш хоол хайх ба эдгээр нь голдуу усан дор байна. Өдөр, шөнө ялгаагүй идэвхтэй ба өвөл ичдэггүй. Сүрэглэн амьдардаг байж болзошгүй.
Од хамарт сохор номин нь хар бордуу өнгийн ус нэвтрүүлдэггүй арьс үстэй, том савар, урт бүдүүн сүүлтэй. Нас бие гүйцсэн нь 15-20 см урт, 55 гр жинтэй, 44 шүдтэй байна. Тэдний гол онцлог нь хоншоорын үзүүрт байрлах од мэт салаалсан 22 махлаг, ягаандуу тэмтрүүл болно. Үүгээрээ өт, хорхой шавьж гэх мэт идэш тэжээл мөн эсэхийг ялгадаг аж.
Эм нь хавар оройхон, зун эрт голдуу 4-5 зулзага гаргана. Дөнгөж төрсөн зулзага үсгүй, 5 см урт, 1.5 гр жинтэй. 10 сар хүрээд нас бие гүйцнэ. Од хамарт сохор номингийн гол дайсан нь эвэрт шар шувуу, улаан сүүлт харцага, өмхий хүрэн, суусар, мөн томхон загас юм.
Од хамарт сохор номин (Condylura cristata) нь Хойд Америкийн жижиг сохор номин бөгөөд Канадын зүүн хэсэг, АНУ-н зүүн хойд хэсэгт таарна.
The star-nosed mole (Condylura cristata) is a small semiaquatic mole found in moist, low elevation areas in the northern parts of North America.[3] It is the only extant member of the tribe Condylurini and genus Condylura, and it has more than 25,000 minute sensory receptors in touch organs, known as Eimer's organs, with which this hamster-sized mole feels its way around. With the help of its Eimer's organs, it may be perfectly poised to detect seismic wave vibrations.[4]
The nose is about 1 cm in diameter with its Eimer's organs distributed on 22 appendages.[5] Eimer's organs were first described in the European mole in 1871 by German zoologist Theodor Eimer. Other mole species also possess Eimer's organs, though they are not as specialized or numerous as in the star-nosed mole. Because the star-nosed mole is functionally blind, the snout was long suspected to be used to detect electrical activity in prey animals,[6] though little, if any, empirical support has been found for this hypothesis. The nasal star and dentition of this species appear to be primarily adapted to exploit extremely small prey. A report in the journal Nature gives this animal the title of fastest-eating mammal, taking as little as 120 milliseconds (average: 227 ms) to identify and consume individual food items.[7] Its brain decides in approximately 8 ms if prey is edible or not. This speed is at the limit of the speed of neurons.
These moles are also able to smell underwater, accomplished by exhaling air bubbles onto objects or scent trails and then inhaling the bubbles to carry scents back through the nose.[8]
The star-nosed mole lives in wet lowland areas and eats small invertebrates such as aquatic insects (such as the larvae of caddisflies, midges, dragonflies, damselflies, crane flies, horseflies, predaceous diving beetles, and stoneflies), terrestrial insects,[9] worms (such as earthworms, leeches, and other annelids),[10] mollusks, and aquatic crustaceans,[11] as well as small amphibians and small fish.[12] Condylura cristata has also been found in dry meadows farther away from water. They have also been found in the Great Smoky Mountains as high as 1,676 meters. However, the star-nose mole does prefer wet, poorly drained areas and marshes.[13] It is a good swimmer and can forage along the bottoms of streams and ponds. Like other moles, this animal digs shallow surface tunnels for foraging; often, these tunnels exit underwater. It is active day and night and remains active in winter when it has been observed tunneling through the snow and swimming in ice-covered streams. C. cristata is particularly adept at thermoregulation, maintaining a high body temperature in a wide range of external conditions relative to other Talpid moles. This explains its ability to thrive in cold aquatic environments. [14] Little is known about the social behavior of the species, but it is suspected to be colonial.
This mole mates in late winter or early spring, and the female has one litter of typically four or five young in late spring or early summer. However, females are known to have a second litter if their first is unsuccessful. At birth, each offspring is about 5 cm (2 in) long, hairless, and weighs about 1.5 g. Their eyes, ears, and star are all sealed, only opening and becoming useful about 14 days after birth. They become independent after about 30 days and are fully mature after 10 months. Predators include the red-tailed hawk, great horned owl, barn owl, screech owl, foxes, weasels, minks, various skunks and mustelids, and large fish such as the northern pike, as well as domestic cats.[15]
Vanderbilt University neuroscientist Kenneth Catania, who has studied star-nosed moles for 20 years, recently turned his research to the study of star-moles as a route to understanding general principles about how human brains process and represent sensory information. He called star-moles "a gold mine for discoveries about brains and behavior in general—and an unending source of surprises".
Comparing the mole's snout to vision, his research showed that whenever the mole touched potential food, it made a sudden movement to position the smallest rays, the twin rays number 11, over the object for repeated rapid touches. He reports: "The similarities with vision were striking. The star movements resembled saccadic eye movements—quick movements of the eyes from one focus point to another—in their speed and time-course. The two 11th rays are over-represented in the primary somatosensory cortex relative to their size, just as the small visual fovea in primates—a small region in the center of the eye that yields the sharpest vision—is over-represented in primary visual cortex." He notes that some bats also have an auditory fovea for processing important echolocation frequencies, suggesting that "evolution has repeatedly come to the same solution for constructing a high-acuity sensory system: subdivide the sensory surface into a large, lower-resolution periphery for scanning a wide range of stimuli, and a small, high-resolution area that can be focused on objects of importance".[16]
The star-shaped nose is a unique organ only found on the star-nosed mole. Living as it does, in complete darkness, the star-nosed mole relies heavily on the mechanical information of its remarkable specialized nose to find and identify their invertebrate prey without using sight (since moles have small eyes and a tiny optic nerve). This organ is often recognized by its high sensitivity and reaction speed. In only 8 milliseconds it can decide whether something is edible—in fact, this is one of the fastest responses to a stimulus in the animal kingdom[17] and is the reason why the star-nosed mole was lately recognized in the Guinness Book of World Records as the world’s fastest forager.
The star-nose is a highly specialized sensory-motor organ shaped by 22 fleshy finger-like appendages, or tendrils, that ring their nostrils and are in constant motion as the mole explores its environment. The star itself is a centimeter across and thus has a diameter slightly smaller than a typical human fingertip.[18] Nevertheless, it is much larger than the nose of other mole species, covering 0.92 cm2 (0.14 in2) per touch compared to 0.11 cm2 (0.02 in2) covered by the noses of other mole species. This structure is divided into a high resolution central fovea region (the central 11th pair of rays) and less sensitive peripheral areas.[19] In this way, the star works as a "tactile eye" where the peripheral rays (1–10 on each side) study the surroundings with erratic saccade-like movements and direct the 11th ray to objects of interest, just like the primate’s foveating eye.[20]
Regardless of the anatomical position of the star as a distal (protruding or extending) portion of the nose, this is neither an olfactory structure nor an extra hand. The appendages do not contain muscles or bones and are not used to manipulate objects or capture prey. They are controlled by tendons by a complex series of muscles that are attached to the skull in order to perform a role that seems to be purely mechanical.[21] For this purpose, the star also contains a remarkably specialized epidermis covered entirely by 25,000 small raised domes or papillae of approximately 30–50 μm (0.0012–0.0020 in) in diameter.[18] These domes, known as Eimer’s organs, are the only type of receptor organs found in the star of the star-nosed mole, which proves that the star-like structure has clearly a mechanical functioning.
Eimer’s organ is a sensory structure also found in nearly all of the approximately 30 species of mole,[22] however none contains as many as in Condylura.[21] This large amount of specialized receptors makes the star ultrasensitive – about 6 times more sensitive than the human hand, which contains about 17,000 receptors.
Each Eimer’s organ is supplied by a number of primary afferents, thus the star is densely innervated.[21] It is associated with a Merkel cell-neurite complex at the base of the cell column, a lamellated corpuscle in the dermis just below the column and a series of free nerve endings that originate from myelinated fibers in the dermis, run through the central column and end in a ring of terminal swellings just below the outer keratinized skin surface.[18] All 25,000 Eimer’s organs distributed along the surface of the star have this basic structure in all 22 appendages. Nevertheless, the fovea region (11th pair of rays), which is shorter in area, has a lower density of these organs – 900 Eimer's organs on its surface while some of the lateral rays have over 1500. This may sound contradictory with the fact that this region has higher resolution and an important role in foraging behavior. However, instead of having more sensory organs this fovea region uses a different approach in which a skin surface may be more sensitive to mechanoreceptic input; it has more innervation density. Rays 1 through 9 each has about 4 fibers per Eimer's organ, while rays 10 and 11 have significantly higher innervation densities of 5.6 and 7.1 fibers per organ, respectively,[21] revealing how the sensory periphery is differentially specialized across the star.
The myelinated fibers innervating the 11 rays were photographed and counted from an enlarged photomontage by Catania and colleagues. The total number of myelinated fibers for half of the star ranged from 53,050 to 93–94; hence the total fibers for the entire star vary from roughly 106,000 to 117,000. This means that tactile information from the environment is transmitted to the somatosensory neocortex rapidly.[18] This would be insufficient without an adequate processing system, but in the star-nosed mole, the processing also occurs at a very high speed almost approaching the upper limit at which nervous systems are capable of functioning. The threshold at which the mole can decide whether or not something is edible is of 25 milliseconds: 12 milliseconds to the neurons in the mole’s somatosensory cortex to respond to touch and other 5 milliseconds for motor commands to be conducted back to the star.[23] In comparison, this whole process takes 600 milliseconds in humans.
The importance of the star-like nose in the mole’s lifestyle is evidenced in the somatosensory representation of the nose. Electrophysiological experiments using electrodes placed on the cortex during stimulation of the body demonstrated that roughly 52% of the cortex is devoted to the nose. This means that more than half of the brain is dedicated to processing sensory information acquired by this organ, even when the nose itself is only roughly 10% of the mole’s actual size. Thus, it may be concluded that the nose substitutes for the eyes, with the information from it being processed so as to produce a tactile map of the environment under the mole’s nose. As other mammals, the somatosensory cortex of the star-nosed mole is somatotopically organized such that sensory information from adjacent parts of the nose is processed in adjacent regions of the somatosensory cortex. Therefore, the rays are also represented in the brain. The inferior most sensitive pair of rays (11th) had a larger representation on the somatosensory cortex, even when these are the shortest pair of appendages in the nose of the star-nosed mole.
Other important fact of the representation of the star in the cerebral cortex is that each hemisphere had clearly visible set of 11 stripes representing the contralateral star. In some favorable cases, a smaller third set of stripes was also apparent; opposite to other body structures that have a unique representation, with each half of the body represented in the opposite cerebral hemisphere.[18] Thus, opposite to other species, the somatosensory representation of the tactile fovea is not correlated with anatomical parameters but rather is highly correlated with patterns of behavior.[18][23] Recordings from active neurons in the somatosensory cortex show that most cells (97%) responded to light tactile stimulation with a mean latency of 11.6 milliseconds. Besides a fairly large proportion of these neurons (41%) were inhibited by stimulation of proximate Eimer’s organs outside their excitatory receptive field. Consequently, the ability of the star to rapidly determine location and identity of objects is enhanced by small receptive fields and its associated collateral inhibition system that constrains cortical neurons with short latency responses.[18]
In 1996, Vanderbilt PhD candidate Paul Marasco determined that the threshold by which the star-like structure senses the mechanical stimuli depends on which type of the Eimer’s organ was excited. He characterized three main classes of Eimer’s receptors, including one of slow adaptation (Tonic receptor) and two of rapid adaptation (Phasic receptor). The tonic receptor has a response similar to that of a Merkel cell-neurite complex. It has free terminals and is therefore able to detect pressure and texture with a high sensitivity and at a Random Sustained Discharge. The rapid adapting responses include a Pacinian-like response based on an (on-off) response caused by pressure and mechanical vibrations with maximum sensitivity to stimuli at a frequency of 250 Hz. The differences between both rapid responses rely on the fact that one of them only has a response during the compression phase.[18][24]
Among the receptors described, Marasco identified that there were receptors relatively unresponsive to compressive stimuli but were acutely responsive to any kind of stimulus that brushed or slid across the surface of the nose (Stimuli applied with large displacements and high velocity). In contrast, there were other receptors that responded robustly to small magnitude compression of any kind but were not responsive to sweeping stimuli. The receptors that were sensitive to sweeping were maximally activated across a broad range of frequencies from 5–150 Hz at large displacements ranging from 85–485 μm. Conversely, the receptors that respond to compressive stimuli showed a narrow peak of maximal activity at 250–300 Hz with displacements from 10–28 μm.
Based on the circular organization of the nerve endings and its innervation pattern in Eimer’s organs, Marasco proposed by mapping experiments that nearly all receptors in the star-nosed mole have a preference for a particular direction of applied stimuli.[24] Thus, while one receptor elicits a strong response if compressed in one direction, it may stay "silent" when compressed in another one.
Examination of the threshold of velocity at which the receptors responded identified that the minimum velocity of cell response was 46 mm/s, corresponding to the approximate speed of the nose during foraging behavior.[24]
Taking into account that Eimer’s organ senses mechanical deformation, its mechanism of transduction can be explained in a few steps:
Although these summarized steps of mechanical transduction give a hint of how the star-nosed mole converts mechanical information into potential actions, the entire mechanism of transduction behind this intricate mechanoreceptor is still unknown and further studies are required.
Despite the poorly developed eyes, star-nosed moles have an intricate system to detect prey and understand their environment.[25] During exploration, the mole's star-like appendage produces brief touches which compress Eimer’s organ against objects or substrate.[18] When foraging, moles search in random patterns of touches lasting 20–30 milliseconds. Catania and colleagues demonstrated that the tactile organ of the star-nosed mole is preferentially innervated by putative light touch fibers. When the outer appendages of the star come into slight contact with a potential food source, the nose is quickly shifted so that one or more touches are made with the fovea (the two lower appendages; 11th pair) to explore objects of interest in more detail – especially potential prey.[7] This foraging behavior is exceptionally fast, such that the mole may touch between 10 and 15 separate areas of the ground every second. It can locate and consume 8 separate prey items in less than 2 seconds and begin searching again for more prey in as little as 120 ms, although the average time is 227 ms.
The sequence described constitutes handling time. In studies made by high-speed video, the mole always foveated to the 11th appendage to explore a food item.[20] The use of the 11th appendage of the tactile fovea is surprisingly similar to the manner in which human eyes explore details of a visual scene.[18]
This star-like nose also enables the mole to smell underwater, something which was previously thought impossible in mammals, which requires the inspiration of air during olfaction to convey odorants to the olfactory epithelium.[26] Although the star-like structure is not a chemoreceptor itself, it helps the star-nosed mole blow between 8 and 12 small air bubbles per second, each 0.06 to 0.1 mm in size, onto objects or scent trails. These bubbles are then drawn back into the nostrils, so that odorant molecules in the air bubbles are wafted over the olfactory receptors.[8] The speed of the bubbles is compared to other mole's speed of sniffing. Scientists found that the bubbles are being blown towards targets such as food. Before the star-nosed mole, scientists did not believe that mammals could smell underwater, let alone smell by blowing bubbles.[27]
In 1993, Edwin Gould and colleagues proposed that the star-like proboscis had electroreceptors and that the mole was therefore able to sense the electrical field of its prey[28] prior to mechanical inspection by its appendages. Through behavioral experiments, they demonstrated that moles preferred an artificial worm with the simulated electrical field of a live earthworm to an identical arrangement without the electrical field. They suggested, therefore, that the nerve endings in the star’s tentacles are indeed electroreceptors and that the moles move them around constantly to sample the strength of the electromagnetic field at different locations as they search for prey.[25][28] However, the hypothesis remains unexplained physiologically and has not yet been accepted by the scientific community. Instead, the hypothesis proposed by Catania, in which the function of the appendage is purely tactile, seems to be more feasible and is the one currently accepted.
The development of the star-like appendages suggests precursors with proto-appendages on an ancestor's snout, which became elevated over successive generations.[29] Although this theory lacks fossil evidence or supporting comparative data, nearly all extant moles have sheets of the Eimer’s organ making up the epidermis of their snout around the nares. Also, recent studies of Catania and colleagues identified one North American species (Scapanus townsendii) with a set of proto-appendages extending caudally on the snout which exhibit a striking resemblance to the embryonic stages of the star-nosed mole,[29] although Scapanus townsendii has only eight subdivisions on its face, rather than the 22 appendages found on the star-nosed mole. Such change is of common occurrence in evolution and is explained by the advantage of efficiently adding modules to the body plan without need to reinvent the regulatory elements which produce each module. Thus, although the star is unique in its shape and size, it seems feasible that the structure is based on a more ancestral bauplan as it comprises similarities found in a wide range of other moles and also in the molecular structure of other mammals.[29]
The picture which emerges suggests that the star-nosed mole is an extreme in mammalian evolution, having perhaps the most sensitive mechano-sensory system to be found among mammals.[18] There are two evolutionary theories concerning the star-like nose. One proposes the development of the structure of the star as a consequence of the selective pressure of the star-nosed mole's wetland habitat. Wetlands have a dense population of small insects, so exploiting this resource requires a higher resolution sensory surface than that of other moles. Thus, a shift to the wetland environment may have provided a selective advantage for a more elaborate sensory structure. Furthermore, in wild caught moles of many species, the Eimer’s organs show obvious signs of wear and abrasion.[22] It appears that constant and repeated contact with the soil damages the sensory organs, which have a thin keratinized epidermis. Star-nosed moles are the only species which live in the moist, muddy soil of wetlands where the less abrasive environment has allowed the delicate star-shaped structure to evolve.[18]
The second theory, that of prey profitability, explains the foraging speed of the star-nosed mole. Prey profitability (i.e. energy gained divided by prey handling time) is an essential variable for estimating the optimal diet. When handling time approaches zero, profitability increases dramatically.[29] Due to the small invertebrate prey available in the wetlands, the star-nosed mole has developed handling times as short as 120 ms. The dazzling speed with which it forages therefore counterbalances the low nutritional value of each individual piece of food and maximizes the time available for finding more. Further, the proximity of the star-shaped nose to the mouth greatly reduces the handling time required before food can be ingested and is a major factor in how the star-nosed mole can find and eat food so quickly.[18][29]
The study of highly specialized systems often allows better insight into more generalized ones. The mole's striking, star-like structure may reflect a general trend in its "less remarkable" relatives, including humans. Little is known today about the molecular mechanisms of tactile transduction in mammals. As the Drosophila fly is to genetics, or the squid giant axon is to neurobiology,[18] the star-nosed mole may be the model organism for tactile transduction. The proper understanding of its saccade-like system and associated transduction may lead in the future to the development of new types of neural prostheses. Furthermore, the outstanding speed and precision at which the mole performs may provide insights into the structural design of intelligent machines as an artificial response to the remarkable sensory ability of the star-nosed mole.
According to optimal foraging theory, organisms forage in such a way as to maximize their net energy intake per unit time. In other words, they behave in such a way as to find, capture and consume food containing the most calories while expending the least amount of time possible in doing so. With extremely short handling times for eating very small prey, star-nosed moles can profitably consume foods that are not worth the time or effort of slower animals, and having a food category to themselves is a big advantage. Furthermore, just behind the 11th ray of the star, the star-nosed mole has modified front teeth that form the equivalent of a pair of tweezers. High-speed video shows these specialized teeth are used to pluck tiny prey from the ground. As Catania reports, "It is also clear from the behavior that the teeth and the star act as an integrated unit – the 11th rays, located directly in front on the teeth, spread apart as the teeth move forward to grasp small food. Thus, tweezer-like teeth and the exquisitely sensitive star likely evolved together as a means to better find and handle small prey quickly...it appears that the ability to rapidly detect and consume small prey was the major selective advantage that drove the evolution of the star."[16]
The star-nosed mole (Condylura cristata) is a small semiaquatic mole found in moist, low elevation areas in the northern parts of North America. It is the only extant member of the tribe Condylurini and genus Condylura, and it has more than 25,000 minute sensory receptors in touch organs, known as Eimer's organs, with which this hamster-sized mole feels its way around. With the help of its Eimer's organs, it may be perfectly poised to detect seismic wave vibrations.
The nose is about 1 cm in diameter with its Eimer's organs distributed on 22 appendages. Eimer's organs were first described in the European mole in 1871 by German zoologist Theodor Eimer. Other mole species also possess Eimer's organs, though they are not as specialized or numerous as in the star-nosed mole. Because the star-nosed mole is functionally blind, the snout was long suspected to be used to detect electrical activity in prey animals, though little, if any, empirical support has been found for this hypothesis. The nasal star and dentition of this species appear to be primarily adapted to exploit extremely small prey. A report in the journal Nature gives this animal the title of fastest-eating mammal, taking as little as 120 milliseconds (average: 227 ms) to identify and consume individual food items. Its brain decides in approximately 8 ms if prey is edible or not. This speed is at the limit of the speed of neurons.
These moles are also able to smell underwater, accomplished by exhaling air bubbles onto objects or scent trails and then inhaling the bubbles to carry scents back through the nose.
La stelnaza talpo (Condylura cristata) estas sola specio de genro Condylura (stelnazaj talpoj), el la subfamilio amerikaj talpoj (Scalopinae). Ĝi vivas en la nordorientaj ŝtatoj de Usono kaj sudorientaj apudbordaj partoj de Kanado.
Ĝia nomo venas de la stranga, specifa, antaŭen-etendiĝanta nazo, kiun ornamas ambaŭflanke 11 (tiel entute 22) - kelkcentimetraj - rozkoloraj palpiloj: tiuj estas la plej sentemaj palpiloj el inter la mamuloj (ekzistas ankaŭ unu pli sentema palpilo ambaŭflanke, kiu estas pli malgranda ol la aliaj). La palp-sentaj unuoj estas la etaj svelaĵoj, nomataj Eimer-organoj. Sur unu palpilo kondukas minimume 4 nervaj fibroj de la Eimer-organoj al la cerbo: la menciita tre-sentema palpilo havas 7 tiajn fibrojn. La palpiloj estas moveblaj grupe aŭ unuope.
Ĝi - kiel aliaj talpoj - fosas per la grandaj postaj kruroj kaj kaptas-manĝas vermojn. La stelnaza talpo plie povas naĝi kaj ŝatas eĉ la akvajn nutraĵojn. Ĝi fosas siajn subterajn vojetojn ce riverbordoj. Ĝi estas pli kuraĝa ol aliaj talpoj kaj aperas ofte surtere. Ĝi ŝatas la akvajn, humidajn lokojn.
La stelnaza talpo atingas la seksan maturecon en aĝo de 10 monatoj. La pariĝo okazas fine de la vintro, fruprintempe, la intalpo naskas unufoje po jaro 2-7 idojn, post 45-taga gravedeco en malfru-printempo aŭ frusomero. La idoj pezas 1-1,5 gramojn kaj ili jam havas videblajn palpilojn. Ili memstariĝas post 3-4 semajnoj.
La stelnaza talpo (Condylura cristata) estas sola specio de genro Condylura (stelnazaj talpoj), el la subfamilio amerikaj talpoj (Scalopinae). Ĝi vivas en la nordorientaj ŝtatoj de Usono kaj sudorientaj apudbordaj partoj de Kanado.
El topo de nariz estrellada (Condylura cristata) es una especie de mamífero soricomorfo de la familia Talpidae que se distribuye por Norteamérica, especialmente en la costa nordeste de Estados Unidos. Es el único representante de la tribu Condylurini y del género Condylura.
En cuanto a la morfología, los adultos miden de 15 a 20 cm de longitud, pesan unos 56g, y poseen 44 dientes. El carácter distintivo del grupo es la presencia de 22 tentáculos rosados, móviles y flexibles al final del hocico. Dichas prolongaciones poseen una gran sensibilidad táctil; esencial en la captura de gusanos, insectos y crustáceos.
Su pelo es corto y abundante, de color gris oscuro con garras afiladas que le permiten cavar la tierra y desplazarse por los túneles. El cuerpo es fuerte y grueso, de forma cilíndrica, y posee extremidades delanteras robustas: constan de pies anchos y grandes garras.
Su cola, larga y escamosa, posee algunos pelos gruesos y se va estrechando conforme termina.
Los tentáculos nasales, de naturaleza sensitiva, están erizados de receptores conocidos como órganos de Eimer. En 1871, fueron descritos por primera vez por el zoólogo alemán Theodor Eimer basándose en el topo europeo. La posesión de dicha estructura sensitiva es común en los topos, aunque el de nariz estrellada es el que los posee en mayor número, debido a que C. cristata es ciego, se sospecha que emplea la nariz para detectar la actividad eléctrica de los animales de presa,[2][3] si bien no existe una evidencia empírica consistente para dicha aseveración. Parece que la dentición y la modificación nasal de la especie es una adaptación para capturar a presas extraordinariamente pequeñas. Un artículo en Nature, una revista científica de prestigio, indica que este animal es uno de los que más velozmente ingieren a sus presas, con un retardo de tan sólo 120 milisegundos entre cada presa viva deglutida.[4] Su encéfalo decide en tan sólo 8 ms si la presa es comestible o no lo es: dicho tiempo roza la velocidad máxima de transmisión neuronal del impulso nervioso.[5]
La roseta de tentáculos nasales es, por lo tanto, un órgano sensorial que suple los otros sentidos en el hábitat subterráneo y acuático del animal: a modo de los dedos de la mano, su precisión y sensibilidad son máximas.
El hábitat del topo de nariz estrellada son las tierras bajas húmedas; se alimenta de pequeños invertebrados, insectos acuáticos, gusanos y moluscos. Es un buen nadador, y puede dispersarse por los cursos de agua, incluso en contra de la corriente. Como otros topos, puede excavar túneles subterráneos; es común que una de las entradas de éstos sea subacuática. Su patrón de actividad es diurno, con un letargo invernal, época en la que puede perforar la nieve y cursos de agua semicongelados para escapar de las inclemencias del tiempo. No se conoce demasiado sobre la etología de la especie, pero se sospecha que se trata de un animal colonial.
El periodo de reproducción es invernal, alcanzando a veces la primavera temprana: la hembra pare una camada de 4 o 5 crías al final de la primavera o inicio del verano.
Sus depredadores son las rapaces nocturnas, como Bubo virginianus, y diurnas, como Buteo jamaicensis, además de mofetas y mustélidos.
Cuando abre camino entre tierras blandas, sube y baja su cabeza continuamente. Bajo tierra el sentido de la vista de este topo no le sirve para nada. El topo caza inclinando su cabeza hacia el suelo rápidamente pudiendo tocar entre 10 y 12 puntos diferentes en un solo segundo. Con cada contacto, 100.000 nervios envían información a su cerebro todos contenidos en una nariz más pequeña que la punta de un dedo. Además, es uno de los pocos animales del mundo que puede oler bajo el agua, soplando burbujas y aspirándolas de nuevo por su nariz.[6]
Elige a su pareja a finales del otoño hasta mediados del invierno. En primavera o inicios del verano, después de unos 45 días de gestación, dan a luz una camada de 4 a 6 crías. Las crías nacen sin pelo, con aproximadamente 49 mm de longitud y pesando alrededor de 1,5 g. Sus ojos y oídos permanecen cerrados y los tentáculos de la estrella se doblan hacia atrás. Estos tres órganos comienzan a utilizarse después de 15 días.
Las hembras cuidan de sus crías y las amamantan durante todo el verano, hasta que estas logran cuidarse por sí mismas. A los 30 días de edad, los jóvenes topos estrellados ya son bastante independientes, y a los 10 meses ya se consideran casi adultos.
Acerca de su longevidad, no se sabe demasiado. Ya que la hembra solo da a luz una camada al año. Quizás vivan unos 3 o 4 años. Los depredadores que amenazan al topo de nariz estrellada son principalmente las aves rapaces. Actualmente esta especie no se encuentra en peligro de extinción, y no es presa de caza del ser humano.
Se reconocen dos subespecies de Condylura cristata.[7]
El topo de nariz estrellada (Condylura cristata) es una especie de mamífero soricomorfo de la familia Talpidae que se distribuye por Norteamérica, especialmente en la costa nordeste de Estados Unidos. Es el único representante de la tribu Condylurini y del género Condylura.
Condylura cristata Condylura generoko animalia da. Lehen Insectivora edo Soricomorpha deitzen zen taldearen barruan daude. Gaur egun Lipotyphla deitzen den taldearen barruko Scalopinae azpifamilia eta Talpidae familian sailkatuta dago.
Condylura cristata Condylura generoko animalia da. Lehen Insectivora edo Soricomorpha deitzen zen taldearen barruan daude. Gaur egun Lipotyphla deitzen den taldearen barruko Scalopinae azpifamilia eta Talpidae familian sailkatuta dago.
Tähtikuonokontiainen[2] eli tähtikuonomaamyyrä (Condylura cristata) on pohjoisamerikkalainen pieni kontiaisten eli maamyyrien heimoon kuuluva nisäkäs. Lajia esiintyy Itä-Kanadassa ja Yhdysvaltojen koillisosissa.
Tähtikuonokontiainen elää kosteilla alankoseuduilla syöden pieniä selkärangattomia, vesihyönteisiä, matoja ja nilviäisiä. Se on hyvä uimari ja voi etsiäkin ruokansa jokien ja lampien pohjasta. Kuten muutkin kontiaiset, tämäkin kaivaa matalia tunneleita ruuankeruuta varten. Usein nämä tunnelit johtavat veden alle. Se on aktiivinen sekä päivällä että yöllä. Tähtikuonokontiainen pysyttelee aktiivisena talvella, jolloin sen on havaittu kaivavan tunneleita lumen läpi ja uivan jään peittämissä joissa. Lajin sosiaalisesta käyttäytymisestä ei tiedetä paljoakaan, mutta sen arvellaan elävän yhdyskunnissa.
Tähtikuonokontiaisella on paksu, lähes musta, ruskea vettähylkivä turkki ja pitkä, paksu häntä, joka ilmeisesti toimii rasvavarastona kevään lisääntymiskautta varten. Aikuiset ovat 15–20 cm pitkiä, painavat 55 grammaa ja niillä on 44 hammasta. Lajin huomattavin piirre on sen kuonon päässä 22 kehässä olevaa liikkuvaa, vaaleanpunaista tuntosarvea. Näitä se käyttää ruuan tunnistamiseen koskettamalla.
Tähtikuonokontiainen lisääntyy myöhään talvella tai aikaisin keväällä ja naaras synnyttää myöhään keväällä tai aikaisin syksyllä poikueen, johon kuuluu yleensä 4–5 poikasta.
Lajin luontaisiin vihollisiin kuuluu amerikanhiirihaukka, amerikanhuuhkaja, useita haisunäätälajeja, näätäeläimiä ja jopa isoja kaloja.
Tähtikuonokontiainen eli tähtikuonomaamyyrä (Condylura cristata) on pohjoisamerikkalainen pieni kontiaisten eli maamyyrien heimoon kuuluva nisäkäs. Lajia esiintyy Itä-Kanadassa ja Yhdysvaltojen koillisosissa.
Tähtikuonokontiainen elää kosteilla alankoseuduilla syöden pieniä selkärangattomia, vesihyönteisiä, matoja ja nilviäisiä. Se on hyvä uimari ja voi etsiäkin ruokansa jokien ja lampien pohjasta. Kuten muutkin kontiaiset, tämäkin kaivaa matalia tunneleita ruuankeruuta varten. Usein nämä tunnelit johtavat veden alle. Se on aktiivinen sekä päivällä että yöllä. Tähtikuonokontiainen pysyttelee aktiivisena talvella, jolloin sen on havaittu kaivavan tunneleita lumen läpi ja uivan jään peittämissä joissa. Lajin sosiaalisesta käyttäytymisestä ei tiedetä paljoakaan, mutta sen arvellaan elävän yhdyskunnissa.
Tähtikuonokontiaisella on paksu, lähes musta, ruskea vettähylkivä turkki ja pitkä, paksu häntä, joka ilmeisesti toimii rasvavarastona kevään lisääntymiskautta varten. Aikuiset ovat 15–20 cm pitkiä, painavat 55 grammaa ja niillä on 44 hammasta. Lajin huomattavin piirre on sen kuonon päässä 22 kehässä olevaa liikkuvaa, vaaleanpunaista tuntosarvea. Näitä se käyttää ruuan tunnistamiseen koskettamalla.
Tähtikuonokontiainen lisääntyy myöhään talvella tai aikaisin keväällä ja naaras synnyttää myöhään keväällä tai aikaisin syksyllä poikueen, johon kuuluu yleensä 4–5 poikasta.
Lajin luontaisiin vihollisiin kuuluu amerikanhiirihaukka, amerikanhuuhkaja, useita haisunäätälajeja, näätäeläimiä ja jopa isoja kaloja.
Le Condylure étoilé (Condylura cristata) est une petite espèce de taupes nord-américaines, la seule du genre Condylura.
Ce mammifère fouisseur vit dans l'Est du Canada et dans l'extrême Nord-Est des États-Unis, jusqu'au nord de la baie James. Sa longueur atteint environ 20 centimètres, la queue totalisant un tiers. Il doit son épithète d'« étoilé » à la forme très caractéristique de son museau.
Le Condylure étoilé est entièrement gris[7]. Il a une longueur totale de 16,2 à 23,8 cm dont une queue de 6 à 9,2 cm de long[7]. Ses pattes mesurent entre 15 et 32 mm[7]. Son museau qui mesure 1 cm de largeur a la forme d'un disque dénudé muni de 22 tentacules symétriques ; ceux-ci ne sont pas des organes olfactifs, mais plutôt des organes tactiles qui peuvent bouger dans tous les sens et qui servent à explorer l'environnement ou à chercher de la nourriture puisque la vue du Condylure à nez étoilé est très faible[7]. De plus, le museau est doté de plus de 100 000 fibres nerveuses et 30 000 organes d'Eimer. Certains tentacules sont plus longs que d'autres, ce sont les premiers à entrer en contact avec la proie, alors que d'autres ne servent qu'à la diriger vers la bouche. D'autres encore peuvent être des électro-senseurs qui captent des champs magnétiques des proies potentielles.
Les individus adultes ont un poids se situant entre 31,5 et 77 g tandis que les nouveau-nés pèsent 1,5 g[7]. Les mâles et les femelles ont sensiblement la même taille[7].
La longévité du Condylure étoilé peut atteindre trois ans en milieu naturel[7].
L'animal est actif toute l'année, le jour aussi bien que la nuit[7]. Cependant, 43 % de son temps est consacré au repos[7].
Il se nourrit de petits invertébrés aquatiques, de crustacés, de mollusques et de vers[7]. Il lui arrive aussi de se nourrir de petits poissons[7]. Il chasse dans ses galeries et perçoit ses proies grâce à ses 22 appendices qui ont des milliers de nerfs sensitifs et qui permettent à la taupe de tâter rapidement le sol pour trouver des vers de terre.
Le Condylure étoilé vit en petite colonie[7].
Il a peu d'ennemis naturels à cause de son odeur nauséabonde et de ses habitudes agressives, mais il peut néanmoins être la proie du grand-duc d'Amérique, du hibou moyen-duc, de l'effraie des clochers, de la buse à queue rousse, de la buse à épaulettes ou aussi de quelques gros poissons, comme le brochet ou l'achigan[7]. Il arrive aussi qu'il soit la proie de la belette, de la mouffette rayée, du renard roux ou du vison d'Amérique[7]. Les chats et les chiens domestiques font aussi partie de la liste de ses prédateurs[7].
Son nid de forme sphérique est construit avec des brins de joncs et d'herbes ainsi que des feuilles séchées et est situé dans une chambre de 13 cm de diamètre au-dessus du niveau de l'eau, ses galeries débouchant souvent sous l'eau[7].
Lorsqu'il creuse ses galeries, les tentacules se replient sur les narines afin de protéger ces dernières de la poussière. Cependant, à la différence des autres taupes, ce n'est pas un grand fouisseur ; il est plus adapté à la vie de surface et peut même courir sur de courtes distances[7]. En hiver, il circule sur la neige[7].
Étant bon nageur et bon plongeur, il part souvent à la recherche de nourriture au fond des ruisseaux ou des étangs, fouillant le sédiment. Il peut même plonger sous la glace l'hiver. Dans l'eau, il utilise ses pattes antérieures comme rames et sa queue comme gouvernail, ses pattes postérieures ne faisant que le propulser de manière indépendante[7]. L'animal replie aussi ses tentacules sur ses narines une fois dans l'eau, afin d'empêcher que de l'eau ne rentre dans ses narines. Ainsi, il peut demeurer sous l'eau pendant plusieurs secondes[7].
Le Condylure étoilé n'a qu'une seule portée annuelle de deux à sept petits, généralement cinq, qui naissent entre avril et juillet après une période de gestation d'environ 45 jours[7]. Les nouveau-nés sont dénudés et roses[7]. Les petits quittent le nid à l'âge de trois semaines et atteignent leur maturité sexuelle après une dizaine de mois[7].
La queue de l'animal s'épaissit et augmente de trois à quatre fois son volume dès la fin de l'hiver jusqu'au début du printemps afin de servir de réserve alimentaire pendant la saison reproductive[7]. Il s'agit d'une réserve de graisse sous-cutanée. À la période de rut, des glandes sudoripares situées sur les flancs du corps modifient leur activité de manière à altérer le pelage et lui donner une odeur nauséabonde[7].
La période du rut dure de janvier à juin pour le mâle. Au début de cette période, les testicules enflent de manière marginale. Dès mai, les organes reproductifs régressent avant de reprendre leur taille initiale vers septembre-octobre.
L'aire de répartition du Condylure étoilé se situe en Amérique du nord, à partir de l'est du Manitoba jusqu'aux Maritimes à l'exception de l'Île-du-Prince-Édouard en passant par l'Ontario et le Québec au Canada ainsi que dans les états septentrionaux de la côte atlantique des États-Unis jusqu'en Caroline du Sud[7].
Le Condylure à nez étoilé affectionne les terrains humides et marécageux où le sol est meuble[7]. On le trouve aussi dans les forêts, les champs et sur les rives des lacs ou des cours d'eau[7].
L'espèce Condylura cristata a été décrite par le naturaliste suédois Carl von Linné en 1758, sous le nom initial de Sorex cristatus[8]. La localité type est la Pennsylvanie aux États-Unis.
Cette espèce est traditionnellement classée dans l'ordre des Insectivora, un regroupement qui est progressivement abandonné au XXIe siècle[9]. Il appartient actuellement à l'ordre des Soricomorpha.
Selon Mammal Species of the World (version 3, 2005) (2 janvier 2015)[9] et Catalogue of Life (2 janvier 2015)[10] :
Étant donné que le Condylure à nez étoilé habite les terrains humides qui ne sont pas propices à l'agriculture, ses galeries ne sont pas considérées comme nuisibles[7].
Le Condylura cristata est classé au statut de préoccupation mineure selon l'Union internationale pour la conservation de la natureUICN.
Le Condylure étoilé (Condylura cristata) est une petite espèce de taupes nord-américaines, la seule du genre Condylura.
Ce mammifère fouisseur vit dans l'Est du Canada et dans l'extrême Nord-Est des États-Unis, jusqu'au nord de la baie James. Sa longueur atteint environ 20 centimètres, la queue totalisant un tiers. Il doit son épithète d'« étoilé » à la forme très caractéristique de son museau.
Stjörnunefsmoldvarpan (Condylura cristata) er lítil moldvarpa með heimkynni í austur-Kanada og norð-austur-Bandaríkjunum.
Líkami stjörnunefsmoldvörpunnar er eins og sápa í laginu, ílangur og sívalur. Hún er með stutt og mjótt nef sem er nakið og er eins og pípa í laginu. Hún er með ellefu litla griparma sem líkist litlum ormum á nefinu og þessir armar skynja mjög vel það sem þeir snerta. Stjörnunefið er ekki einungis til þess að skynja snertingu heldur einnig til þess að veiða. Lyktarskyn þeirra er svo sterkt að þeir geta einnig fundið lykt af fæðu í vatni. Moldvarpan er með langa rófu á afturendanum sem er álíka löng og allur búkurinn. Rófan er einnig forðageymsla fitu á veturna.
Feldurinn er dökkbrúnn, einangrandi, fitugur og vatnsfráhrindandi. Moldvarpan hefur löng veiðihár sem skynja loftþrýsting og nálæga hluti. Augu þeirra eru smá og oft hulin húð en þau skynja samt birtu. Moldvarpan hefur engin ytri eyru en heyra ágætlega. Hún er útbúin stórum klóm á öllum tám sem hjálpar henni til þess að grafa göng í jarðvegi. Framfætur hennar eru mjög sterkir og nota þau lófa sína til þess að mynda skóflu til graftar.
Stjörnunefsmoldvörpur eru vel þróaðar í að lifa neðanjarðar. Framfæturnir eru mjög öflugir en einnig stuttir, þær hafa þessar stuttu lappir til þess að geta grafið löng göng. Bringubeinið í þeim hefur þróast í að vera mjög sterkbyggt, þeir eru með kjöl þar sem öflugustu vöðvarnir þeirra eru. Enn eitt glöggt dæmið um þessa sérstæðu aðlögun að neðanjarðarlífi er að við hliðina á tánni sem svarar til þumalfingurs hefur vaxið aukastuðningsbein. Það að auki er sköflungur og sperrileggur að hluta samvaxnir neðan til.
Stjörnunefsmoldvarpan étur mest lítil skriðdýr, en einnig skordýr og litla fiska. Hún er mest í neðanjarðar göngum sínum og finnur þar orma og önnur lítil skordýr. Stundum fer hún upp á yfirborðið þar sem hún finnur bjöllur og lirfur. Moldvarpan getur synt og notar til þess skóflulaga fæturna.
Stjörnunefsmoldvarpan getur eignast 2-7 afkvæmi. Þau fæða yfirleitt á milli apríl og júlí. Meðgöngutíminn er um 45 dagar. Þegar þau fæðast eru þau dökk bleik á litinn, hrukkótt og hárlaus. Þau eru í kringum 50mm á lengd og aðeins 1,5 gr. á þyngd. Það tekur aðeins í kringum 21 dag fyrir börnin að verða fullorðin og fara frá bælinu.
Stjörnunefsmoldvarpan er ekki stór og eru nokkur rándýr sem nærast á henni. Það er að mestu leyti uglur og spendýr (skunkar, minkar og refir) sem éta hana.
Stjörnunefsmoldvarpan (Condylura cristata) er lítil moldvarpa með heimkynni í austur-Kanada og norð-austur-Bandaríkjunum.
La talpa dal muso stellato (Condylura cristata, Linnaeus, 1758) è un piccolo talpide nordamericano diffuso nel Canada orientale e negli Stati Uniti nord-orientali. È l'unico appartenente della tribù Condylurini e del genere Condylura. Si conoscono due sottospecie della Condylura cristata: la Condylura cristata cristata[2] e la Condylura cristata nigra.[3]
La talpa dal muso stellato è presente tra il nord-est degli Stati Uniti e il sud-est del Canada, dal Labrador e il Manitoba, attraverso il Nord Dakota fino all'Ohio e alla Virginia e a sud lungo la costa atlantica, a sud-est della Georgia e il confine settentrionale della Florida. Essa vive più a nord di tutte le altre specie autoctone di talpa.[4] La sua presenza nel territorio in cui è diffusa è stimata in una densità di popolazione di 4–7 esemplari per ettaro, che scende in inverno a 2–3 esemplari.[4]
Abitano in habitat diversi, ma dipendono da terreni relativamente umidi; infatti, vivono, tra l'altro, nelle paludi, nei prati umidi e nei boschi.
La specie è sia diurna che notturna e non va mai in letargo, ma continua a cercare il cibo anche in inverno. Costruisce la tana in mezzo alla neve e si immerge nell'acqua, in inverno, al di sotto dello strato superficiale ghiacciato.
Questi animali sono più sociali rispetto alla maggior parte delle altre talpe. Vivono in piccoli gruppi sciolti e capita spesso che un maschio e una femmina si trovino a vivere insieme fuori dalla stagione riproduttiva, mostrando di conseguenza almeno in parte un comportamento monogamo.
Il suo habitat è costituito da aree pianeggianti umide, dove si nutre di piccoli invertebrati, insetti acquatici, vermi e molluschi. È una buona nuotatrice e può cercare il cibo anche lungo il fondo di ruscelli e stagni. Al pari delle altre talpe, scava brevi tunnel in superficie per foraggiarsi; spesso tali cunicoli terminano direttamente sott'acqua. È attiva sia di giorno sia di notte, e resta tale anche in inverno, quando è stata vista scavare attraverso la neve e nuotare in torrenti coperti di ghiaccio. Si conosce poco il comportamento sociale della specie, ma si suppone che sia coloniale.
La talpa dal muso stellato è ricoperta da una spessa pelliccia nerastra idro-repellente, ha zampe grandi e squamate, e una coda lunga e spessa, che sembra fungere da riserva di grasso per la stagione primaverile, quando si accoppia. Gli adulti hanno una lunghezza di 15–20 cm, pesano circa 55 grammi e hanno 44 denti. La caratteristica più distintiva di questa specie, da cui deriva il nome comune, è una rosa di 22 tentacoli rosa, mobili e carnosi, all'estremità del muso, usati come organo tattile per identificare il cibo, costituito da vermi, insetti e crostacei.
La femmina si accoppia una sola volta all'anno, nel tardo inverno o all'inizio della primavera. La gestazione si completa in tarda primavera o all'inizio dell'estate, con una cucciolata che conta tipicamente 4 o 5 piccoli. I cuccioli, dapprima glabri, conoscono un rapido accrescimento e dopo tre o quattro settimane si ha già lo svezzamento. La maturità sessuale è raggiunta intorno ai 10 mesi. L'aspettativa di vita è stimata in 3–4 anni.
I tentacoli del naso, estremamente sensibili, sono ricoperti da circa centomila minuscoli recettori tattili, conosciuti come organi di Eimer, descritti per la prima volta nella talpa europea dallo zoologo tedesco Theodor Eimer nel 1871. Anche altre specie di talpa posseggono gli organi di Eimer, sebbene essi non siano così specializzati o numerosi come quelli della talpa dal muso stellato. Siccome essa è funzionalmente cieca, è stato a lungo sospettato che il muso sia usato per rilevare l'attività elettrica nelle prede,[5][6] anche se questa tesi trova scarso fondamento. Sembra che il naso stellato e la dentatura di questa specie si siano adattati principalmente al consumo di prede estremamente piccole. Un articolo sulla rivista Nature dà a questo animale l'appellativo di "mangiatore più veloce tra i mammiferi", in quanto è in grado di impiegare appena 120 millisecondi per identificare e mangiare il cibo. Il suo cervello riesce a decidere la commestibilità di una preda nel tempo ultra-breve di 8 ms, una rapidità che si pone al limite della velocità dei neuroni.
La specie possiede anche l'abilità di annusare sott'acqua: ciò è ottenuto espirando bolle d'aria sugli oggetti o su una traccia odorosa e re-inspirando poi le bolle attraverso il naso.[7]
La struttura della stella dei tentacoli è così strana che non è stata riscontrata altrove nel mondo animale. Anziché svilupparsi alla stessa maniera in cui le dita crescono all'esterno della mano, essa inizia a crescere come un rigonfiamento intorno al naso e alcuni giorni dopo la nascita i tentacoli erompono in superficie e si spostano in avanti allo stesso modo di una banana sbucciata.
Tra i suoi predatori ricordiamo il falco dalla coda rossa, il grande gufo cornuto ed altri rapaci, varie moffette e mustelidi e perfino grandi pesci.
Gli insediamenti e le attività dell'uomo hanno ridotto notevolmente l'habitat della talpa, soprattutto al sud del loro areale che risulta piuttosto frammentato; nel complesso, però, non è una specie in pericolo di estinzione.
La talpa dal muso stellato (Condylura cristata, Linnaeus, 1758) è un piccolo talpide nordamericano diffuso nel Canada orientale e negli Stati Uniti nord-orientali. È l'unico appartenente della tribù Condylurini e del genere Condylura. Si conoscono due sottospecie della Condylura cristata: la Condylura cristata cristata e la Condylura cristata nigra.
Žvaigždžiasnukiai kurmiai (lot. Condylura) – kurminių (Talpidae) šeimos vabzdžiaėdžių žinduolių gentis, kurioje vienintelė rūšis – žvaigždžiasnukis kurmis (lot. Condylura cristata, angl. Star-nosed Mole, vok. Sternmull). Paplitęs Šiaurės Amerikoje. Vikiteka
De stermol of sterneusmol (Condylura cristata) is een kleine Noord-Amerikaanse mol die voorkomt in het oosten van Canada en het noordoosten van de Verenigde Staten. Het is de enige soort in het geslacht Condylura. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd als Sorex cristatus in 1758 gepubliceerd door Carl Linnaeus.[2]
De stermol is bedekt met een dikke, zwartbruine, waterafstotende vacht. Het dier heeft een lange dikke staart, en grote graafhandige poten. Deze staart dient als voedselreserve voor het broedseizoen in de lente. Een volwassen stermol is 15 tot 20 cm lang, weegt ongeveer 55 gram en heeft 44 tanden. De stermol dankt zijn naam aan zijn ster van 22 vlezige tentakels aan het einde van zijn snuit.
De tentakels van de ster zijn bedekt met ongeveer honderdduizend kleine tastorganen (organen van Eimer), en worden gebruikt bij het bliksemsnel identificeren van voedsel op de tast. Andere soorten mollen hebben deze organen van Eimer ook, maar niet in die mate of zo gespecialiseerd als bij de stermol.
Omdat de stermol functioneel blind is, dacht men lang dat deze tastorganen ook gebruikt worden om elektrische activiteit in prooidieren op te vangen, maar voor deze bewering bestaat weinig of geen empirisch bewijs. Ze dienen evenmin als reukorgaan. Men dacht altijd dat zoogdieren niet onder water konden ruiken maar dit diertje maakt het mogelijk om luchtbellen te produceren en die vervolgens onder water op te ruiken en zo de geur te bepalen. De stervormige structuur op de neus is in de eerste plaats een uiterst gevoelig tastorgaan, uitstekend aangepast om uiterst kleine prooien waar te nemen. De somasensorische cortex van deze mol is dan ook groter dan normaal. Een artikel in het tijdschrift Nature noemt de stermol als snelst etend zoogdier; het kost de stermol 230 milliseconde om een prooi te identificeren en op te eten. De hersenen beslissen in de enorm korte tijd van 8 ms of een prooi eetbaar is of niet. Deze snelheid raakt de limiet van de snelheid van neuronen.
Men weet slechts weinig over het sociaal gedrag van deze soort, maar men vermoedt dat hij leeft in kolonies. De stermol leeft in natte gebieden en eet aquatische insecten, wormen, weekdieren en kleine vissen. Hij is een goede zwemmer en kan foerageren tot op de bodem van meren. Net zoals de andere mollen graaft de stermol tunnels om in te jagen, die vaak onder water uitmonden. De stermol is dag en nacht actief en blijft actief tijdens de winter.
Deze diertjes paren in de late winter of de vroege herfst. De vrouwelijke stermol heeft dan een nest van 4 of 5 jongen in het vroege voorjaar of de late herfst.
Deze mol wordt als prooi gegeten door verschillende roofdieren, zoals de roodstaartbuizerd (Buteo jamaicensis), de Amerikaanse oehoe (Bubo virginianus), stinkdieren en wezels en zelfs door grote vissen.
De stermol of sterneusmol (Condylura cristata) is een kleine Noord-Amerikaanse mol die voorkomt in het oosten van Canada en het noordoosten van de Verenigde Staten. Het is de enige soort in het geslacht Condylura. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd als Sorex cristatus in 1758 gepubliceerd door Carl Linnaeus.
Gwiazdonos amerykański[3] (Condylura cristata) – gatunek owadożernego ssaka z rodziny kretowatych (Talpidae).
Takson po raz pierwszy opisany przez K. Linneusza w 1758 roku pod nazwą Sorex cristatus w jego dziele Systema Naturae[4]. Jako miejsce typowe autor wskazał Pensylwanię[4]. Jedyny przedstawiciel plemienia gwiazdonosów[3] (Condylurini) utworzonego przez T. Gilla w 1875 roku[5] oraz rodzaju gwiazdonos[3] (Condylura) utworzonego przez J. Illigera w 1811 roku[6].
Sorex cristatus Linnaeus, 1758
Wyróżniono dwa podgatunki gwiazdonosa amerykańskiego[7]:
Gwiazdonos amerykański występuje w Ameryce Północnej (Kanada i północno-wschodnie Stany Zjednoczone)[2].
Jego ryjek składa się z dwóch mięsistych, czerwonych lub różowych, ruchliwych wyrostków, które świetnie sprawdzają się podczas szukania żywności. Gwieździsty twór, przypominający otwartą dłoń składa się z 22 wypustek służących mu jako narząd dotyku. Podczas wyszukiwania żywności gwiazdonos amerykański porusza wszystkimi wypustkami oprócz dwóch znajdujących się na samej górze. Prawdopodobnie te dwie wypustki wykorzystywane są jako narząd dotyku, a pozostałych 20 służy zwierzęciu do chwytania ofiary. 10 i 11 wyrostek są krótsze i służą do naprowadzania i popychania pokarmu do otworu gębowego. Badania prowadzone przy użyciu mikroskopu skaningowego wykazały, że nabłonek na powierzchni przydatków pokryty jest brodawkami układającymi się na kształt plastrów miodu, nazwanymi narządami Eimera (jest ich około 25000). Na 10 i 11 wyrostku jest ich najmniej. Niezwykłą cechą nosa Condylura cristata jest to, że zarówno za ruchy jego lewą jak i prawą częścią odpowiadają obie półkule mózgowe, a nie opozycyjne jak w przypadku wszystkich ssaków[8]. Gwiazdonos przypomina kreta, ma również ciemnobrunatną sierść i podobną budowę jest jednak jedynym przedstawicielem podrodziny gwiazdonosów (Condylurinae). Dorosłe osobniki mają 12–13 centymetrów długości, ogon (5–8,5 cm) i ważą 35–80 g.
Gwiazdonos amerykański jest światowym rekordzistą, najszybszym łowcą na naszym globie. Znalezienie larwy owada lub nicienia, stwierdzenie, czy nadaje się on do spożycia i połknięcie ofiary zajmuje mu 1/5 sekundy.
Wzór zębowy:[9]
Wzór zębowy I C P M 44 = 3 1 4 3 3 1 4 3
Prowadzi podziemny tryb życia, ale do tego stylu życia przywiązany jest mniej niż inne krety. Podobnie jak jego „kuzyni” (krety) kopie nory, jednak większość pożywienia zdobywa na powierzchni oraz w wodzie. Jest świetnym pływakiem. Żywi się larwami owadów wodnych, dżdżownicami, skorupiakami i mięczakami. W wodzie poluje na bezkręgowce, a nawet drobne ryby. W zimie potrafi znaleźć pożywienie pod lodem. Gwiazdonosy budują układy podziemnych korytarzy, z czego część posiada nawet wyjście do wody. W korytarzach tych nie ma specjalnych komór przeznaczonych na magazynowanie pożywienia, czy defekację[10]. Od końca maja do czerwca gwiazdonos powiększa swoją rodzinę. W jednym miocie może być od dwóch do siedmiu młodych osobników. Gwiazdonosy są również jednymi z najlepszych kopaczy spośród wszystkich kretów. Sugeruje się, że wynika to z ich powolnego, jak na ssaki, metabolizmu i bardzo dużej pojemności magazynów tlenu w organizmie, w postaci znacznych ilości mioglobiny w mięśniach szkieletowych. Jej zawartość w mięśniach szkieletowych jest o 91% większa u dorosłych osobników niż u młodych tego gatunku[11].
Gwiazdonos amerykański (Condylura cristata) – gatunek owadożernego ssaka z rodziny kretowatych (Talpidae).
A toupeira-nariz-de-estrela (Condylura cristata) é uma toupeira pequena encontrada em áreas baixas e úmidas nas partes do norte da América.[1] É o único membro da tribo Condylurini e do gênero Condylura.
A toupeira-nariz-de-estrela é facilmente identificável pelos vinte e dois apêndices carnudos cor de rosa do seu focinho, que é usado como um órgão táctil com receptores sensoriais, conhecidos como órgãos de Eimer, com os quais essa toupeira com tamanho de hamster sente seu caminho por aí. Com a ajuda de seus órgãos de Eimer, pode estar perfeitamente preparado para detectar vibrações de ondas sísmicas.
A toupeira de nariz estelar é coberta de pelos espessos, castanho-avermelhado e repelente de água, tem pés em grande escala e uma cauda longa e grossa, que parece funcionar como uma reserva de armazenamento de gordura para a estação de reprodução da primavera. Os adultos têm 15 a 20 cm (5,9 a 7,9 pol.) De comprimento, pesam cerca de 55 gramas (2 oz) e têm 44 dentes. A característica mais distintiva da toupeira é um círculo de 22 tentáculos móveis, cor-de-rosa e carnudos (chamados raios) no final do focinho, do qual deriva seu nome. Estes são usados para identificar alimentos por toque, como vermes, insetos e crustáceos.
A estrutura estrelada extremamente sensível é coberta por pequenos receptores de toque conhecidos como órgãos de Eimer. O nariz tem cerca de 1 cm de diâmetro, com cerca de 25 000 órgãos de Eimer distribuídos em 22 apêndices.[2] Os órgãos de Eimer foram descritos pela primeira vez na toupeira europeia em 1871 pelo zoólogo alemão Theodor Eimer. Outras espécies de toupeiras também possuem os órgãos de Eimer, embora não sejam tão especializadas ou numerosas como na toupeira-nariz-de-estrela. Como a toupeira-nariz-de-estrela é funcionalmente cega, foi suspeitado por muito tempo que o focinho era para ser usado para detectar atividade elétrica em presas[3] embora pouco, se houver, suporte empírico tenha sido encontrado para essa hipótese. A estrela nasal e a dentição desta espécie parecem ser principalmente adaptadas para explorar presas extremamente pequenas. Um relatório na revista Nature dá a este animal o título de mamífero mais rápido comendo, levando um pouco menos de 120 milissegundos (média: 227 ms) para identificar e consumir alimentos individuais. Seu cérebro decide em aproximadamente 8 ms se uma presa é comestível ou não. Essa velocidade está no limite da velocidade dos neurônios.
Essas toupeiras também são capazes de cheirar debaixo d'água, conseguindo exalar bolhas de ar em objetos ou trilhas de aromas e depois inalando as bolhas para levar os aromas de volta pelo nariz.
A toupeira-nariz-de-estrela vive em áreas úmidas das terras baixas e come pequenos invertebrados, insetos aquáticos, vermes, moluscos, pequenos anfíbios e peixes pequenos.[4] Condylura cristata também foi encontrado em planícies secas distantes da água. Eles também foram encontrados nas Great Smokey Montain tão altos quanto 1676 metros. No entanto, a toupeira-nariz-de-estrela prefere as áreas úmidas e mal drenadas e os pântanos.[5] É um bom nadador e pode forragear ao longo dos fundos de córregos e lagoas. Como outras toupeiras, este animal escava túneis superficiais superficiais para forragear; Muitas vezes, esses túneis saem debaixo d'água. É ativo dia e noite e permanece ativo no inverno, quando foi observado atravessando a neve e nadando em córregos cobertos de gelo. Pouco se sabe sobre o comportamento social das espécies, mas é suspeito de ser colonial.
A toupeira-nariz-de-estrela entram em fertilidade no final do inverno ou no início da primavera, e a fêmea tem tipicamente uma ninhada de quatro ou cinco filhotes no final da primavera ou no início do verão. No entanto, as fêmeas são conhecidas por ter uma segunda ninhada se a primeira delas tiver êxito. Ao nascer, cada descendente tem cerca de 5 cm de comprimento, sem pelos e pesa cerca de 1,5 g. Seus olhos, ouvidos e estrelas estão todos selados, apenas abrindo e tornando-se úteis cerca de 14 dias após o nascimento. Eles se tornam independentes após cerca de 30 dias e estão completamente maduros após 10 meses. Os predadores incluem o falcão-de-cauda-vermelha, Corujão-Orelhudo, Coruja-das-torres, raposas, doninhas, Vison, vários Mephitidae e mustelídeos, e peixes grandes, como o Esox Lucius, bem como gatos domésticos. ele é chamado de condylura cristas por causa de seu nariz estrelado.
A toupeira-nariz-de-estrela (Condylura cristata) é uma toupeira pequena encontrada em áreas baixas e úmidas nas partes do norte da América. É o único membro da tribo Condylurini e do gênero Condylura.
A toupeira-nariz-de-estrela é facilmente identificável pelos vinte e dois apêndices carnudos cor de rosa do seu focinho, que é usado como um órgão táctil com receptores sensoriais, conhecidos como órgãos de Eimer, com os quais essa toupeira com tamanho de hamster sente seu caminho por aí. Com a ajuda de seus órgãos de Eimer, pode estar perfeitamente preparado para detectar vibrações de ondas sísmicas.
Stjärnmullvad (Condylura cristata) är den enda nu levande arten i släktet Condylura i familjen mullvadsdjur (Talpidae). Den beskrevs först av den svenske botanikern och zoologen Carl von Linné, 1758. Stjärnmullvaden har sin utbredning i sydöstra Kanada och nordöstra USA.[2][3]
Det finns två underarter beskrivna, C. cristata cristata och C. cristata nigra.[4]
Mullvaden har ett mycket karaktäristiskt utseende. Nosen är lång och slutar i en ring av tentakler vid näsborrarna. Tentaklerna formar en liten stjärna, därav artnamnet. Sammanlagt rör det sig om 22 mjuka tentakler, med väl utvecklade sinnesceller, som gör att stjärnmullvaden kan registrera vattenrörelser på ett effektivt sätt.[5] Tentaklerna innehåller mer än 25000 receptorer av typen Eimers organ, vilka reagerar på seismiska vågor.[6]
Stjärnmullvaden liknar till kroppskonstitutionen den vanliga mullvadens. Det vuxna djuret väger mellan 40 och 85 gram, med en medelvikt av 48,15 gram[7] och når en kroppslängd av 18–19 centimeter och därtill en svanslängd av 6–8 centimeter.[8]
Stjärnmullvaden trivs i våt jord vid myrmarker och längs flodstränder. Den äter skalbaggar och småfisk, som den dyker efter. Stjärnmullvaden är en mycket duktig simmare[9], men inget utpräglat vattendjur. Stjärnmullvaden gräver tunnlar, men lämnar inga mullvadshögar, eftersom ingångshålen ligger i vattenbrynet. Den kan vara aktiv även på vintern under isarna. Dess revir uppskattas till ungefär 0,4 hektar.[5]
Arten är både dag- och nattaktiv.[8] Eftersom den mestadels lever i tunnlar, gör den ingen direkt skillnad på natt och dag,[5][3] men verkar oftare nattaktiv än dagaktiv.[10]
Stjärnmullvaden förekommer i de kanadensiska provinserna Nova Scotia och Labrador och österut till sydöstra Manitoba, i ett bälte över de stora sjöarna och söderut till Georgia och nordvästra South Carolina.[4]
Det första fossila fyndet av stjärnmullvad dokumenterades 1968. Det gällde ett fynd i Bedford,Pennsylvania och daterades till 11000 f. Kr. Senare fynd av arten har daterats så långt bak som till 700000 f. Kr.[10] Ännu äldre fossil av släktet Condylura har hittats i Polen och daterats till 4 miljoner år f. Kr. Två arter har beskrivits utifrån fossilen, C. kowalski och C. izabellae. Hypotesen är att släktet dog ut i den gamla världen på grund av konkurrens från arter av myskmöss.[10]
Honan får tre till sju ungar med ett genomsnitt av 4,4 ungar per kull, efter att ha varit dräktig i ungefär 45 dygn.[7] Ungarna föds på våren eller under tidig sommar.[11][3]
Stjärnmullvad (Condylura cristata) är den enda nu levande arten i släktet Condylura i familjen mullvadsdjur (Talpidae). Den beskrevs först av den svenske botanikern och zoologen Carl von Linné, 1758. Stjärnmullvaden har sin utbredning i sydöstra Kanada och nordöstra USA.
Yıldız burunlu köstebek (Condylura cristata), köstebekgiller familyasına ait bir memeli hayvan türüdür.
Diğer köstebek türlerinden ilk bakışta kolayca ayırt edilen belirgin bir farkı vardır. Burnunun ucunda simetrik ve halka şeklinde düzenlenmiş pembe renkli ve son derece hassas 22 duyargamsı uzantı yer alır. Yıldızı hatırlatan bu anatomik yapıdan dolayı yıldız burunlu köstebek adını almıştır. Yıldız duyargalarda bulunan ve Eimer organı olarak adlandırılan çok hassas dokunma hissine sebep olan sinir kümelerinden 25.000'den fazla bulunur. Diğer köstebek türlerinde ise bu rakam yalnızca 2.000'dir. Bir avuca sığacak kadar, vücuduyla aynı uzunlukta (7–8 cm) kalın ve pullu bir kuyruğu vardır. Çiftleşme mevsiminde kuyruğu şişerek eski kalınlığının iki katına ulaşır. Kürkü mat kuzgunî siyahtır. Görme duyusu çok zayıftır.
Sosyaldir, ufak koloniler hâlinde yaşar. Yavrulama zamanı sonbahar sonları veya ilkbahar başlarıdır. İlk yavrular Şubat ortaları ile Mayıs ayı arasında dünyaya gelir. Bir ailede dört ilâ altı yavru vardır. Bazen yaz sonlarında köstebek ikinci defa yavrular. Yavru köstebekler doğuşta az çok gelişmiş durumdadırlar, iki ay sonra da kendi kendilerine yeterli duruma gelirler.
Bataklıklar ve nemli tarlalar ana yaşam alanlarıdır. İyi yüzücüdür.
Kuzey Amerika'da, Kanada ile ABD'de yayılım gösterir.
Yıldız burunlu köstebek (Condylura cristata), köstebekgiller familyasına ait bir memeli hayvan türüdür.
Країни поширення: Канада, США. Живе рідко далеко від водойм. Віддає перевагу вологим ґрунтам в заплавах річок, боліт, луків та ін. поруч з водою.
Тварини досягають довжини тіла 10-13 сантиметрів. Хвіст довший, ніж у більшості кротових, від 6 до 8 дюймів завдовжки. Вага дорослих тварин від 40 до 85 грам. Хвіст вкритий шерстю і служить для накопичення жиру в зимовий період. Хутро грубіше, ніж у інших видів родини, темно-коричневе або чорне. Передні кінцівки з долонями назовні і закінчуються 5 пальцями. Задні кінцівки також мають п'ять пальців, але вони менш спеціалізовані. Череп, плоский і подовжений, очі невеликі.
Хороший плавець і пірнальник, і може бути активним у воді під льодом взимку. Більше залежить від води в зимовий час, коли земля замерзла. Харчується переважно водними безхребетними. Дощові хробаки в достатку в раціоні в деяких районах. Активний протягом усього року, вдень і вночі, але може бути більш активним у нічний час. Живуть у невеликих, вільних групах.
Вагітність триває близько 45 днів. Пологи відбувається навесні або на початку літа. Самиця народжує від трьох до семи дитинчат, в середньому 5—6, один раз на рік. Молодь стає статевозрілою в 10 місяців. Може триматися парою протягом сезону розмноження. Середня тривалість життя оцінюється в три-чотири роки.
Chuột chũi mũi sao (tên khoa học Condylura cristata) là một loài chuột chũi nhỏ được tìm thấy trong các khu vực thấp ẩm của miền đông Canada và đông bắc Hoa Kỳ, với ghi chép dọc theo bờ biển Đại Tây Dương như xa về cực đông nam Georgia.[4] Nó là thành viên duy nhất trong tông Condylurini và chi Condylura.
Chuột chũi mũi sao (tên khoa học Condylura cristata) là một loài chuột chũi nhỏ được tìm thấy trong các khu vực thấp ẩm của miền đông Canada và đông bắc Hoa Kỳ, với ghi chép dọc theo bờ biển Đại Tây Dương như xa về cực đông nam Georgia. Nó là thành viên duy nhất trong tông Condylurini và chi Condylura.
Звездоно́с[1], или звездоры́л[2][1] (лат. Condylura cristata) — вид млекопитающих семейства кротовых (Talpidae), обитающий в Северной Америке. Отличается от других представителей семейства прежде всего двадцатью двумя кожными наростами на мордочке, напоминающими звезду.
Телосложение звездоносов сравнимо с другими кротами Нового Света и приспособлено к жизни под землёй. Туловище цилиндрообразное, голова заострённая на короткой, едва видной шее. Пятипалые передние конечности приспособлены к рытью земли, повёрнуты ладонями наружу и имеют лопатообразный вид. Задние лапы также пятипалые, однако менее специализированы, чем передние. Шерсть жёстче, чем у других видов кротовых, не промокает и окрашена в тёмно-коричневый либо чёрный цвет. Размер этих животных составляет от 10 до 13 см. Хвост длиннее, чем у большинства других кротов, его длина составляет 6—8 см. Он покрыт жёсткими волосами и в зимнее время выполняет функцию хранения жира, при этом его диаметр значительно увеличивается. Взрослые особи весят от 40 до 85 г.
Череп как у всех кротовых плоский и вытянутый, глаза маленькие, но видные. Ушные раковины отсутствуют. Вокруг обеих ноздрей на кончике рыльца у звездоносов по одиннадцать кожных наростов, служащих в качестве органов осязания, с помощью которых в течение доли секунды обнаруживается и анализируется на съедобность потенциальная добыча. Их движения настолько быстры, что человеческий глаз не в состоянии за ними уследить. Новейшие исследования с помощью ускоренной киносъёмки показывают, что звездонос может ими трогать и проверять до тринадцати разных мелких объектов в секунду, будучи в этом значительно быстрее, чем его родственники без наростов. Возможно, что эти наросты служат как электрорецепторы, позволяющие улавливать электрические импульсы, которые возникают от мышечного движения добычи. Резцы по сравнению с другими кротовыми небольшие и тонкие, они обеспечивают очень быстрые укусы. Всего у звездоносов 44 зуба, то есть исконное количество зубов плацентарных млекопитающих.
Звездоносы обитают на востоке Северной Америки. Их ареал простирается от Манитобы и Лабрадора в Канаде (благодаря чему они наиболее северные кроты Нового Света) до Северной Дакоты и Огайо а также до Джорджии на океанском побережье. Представители этого вида на юге значительно мельче по размеру и выделяются в подвид Condylura cristata parva, в то время как номинативным подвидом на севере является C. c. cristata. Звездоносы населяют различные среды обитания, однако зависят от наличия относительно влажной почвы. Они встречаются главным образом в болотистых местностях, на влажных лугах и в лесах.
Как и другие кротовые, звездоносы сооружают системы подземных ходов. Они копают землю в основном передними конечностями и выталкивают земляной материал на поверхность в форме характерных кротовых холмиков. Одна из камер, выстланная растениями, служит как место для отдыха. Некоторые ходы ведут прямо к воде, так как в отличие от большинства других кротовых звездоносы ведут полуводный образ жизни. Они хорошо плавают и ныряют, охотясь на дне водоёмов. Кроме того, они чаще других кротовых встречаются на поверхности земли, где также ищут пищу. Иногда они прокладывают характерные тропинки в густом подлеске.
Звездоносы активны в дневное и ночное время. Они не впадают в зимнюю спячку и ходят на поиски пропитания и зимой, копаясь в снегу или ныряя под ледовое покрытие водоёмов.
Эти животные более социальные, чем другие кротовые. Они живут в небольших неустойчивых группах. Часто можно встретить самца и самку и вне брачного периода вместе, что говорит о частично моногамном образе жизни.
Звездоносы ищут добычу в воде, под землёй и на поверхности. Их пища состоит главным образом из дождевых червей, насекомых и их личинок. Иногда они поедают ракообразных и небольших рыб.
Спаривание имеет место раз в год. После 45-дневной беременности самка рождает на свет в период от апреля по июнь от двух до семи детёнышей. Они поначалу безволосые, однако быстро растут и развиваются. Отвыкание от молочного питания происходит спустя 3—4 недели, половая зрелость наступает в возрасте 10 месяцев. Продолжительность жизни оценивается в три-четыре года.
К естественным врагам звездоносов относятся совы и иные хищные птицы, куньи и скунсовые. Людские поселения значительно сократили и расчленили естественный ареал звездоносов, прежде всего на юге. В целом, однако, звездоносы не относятся к редким и угрожаемым видам.
Звездоно́с, или звездоры́л (лат. Condylura cristata) — вид млекопитающих семейства кротовых (Talpidae), обитающий в Северной Америке. Отличается от других представителей семейства прежде всего двадцатью двумя кожными наростами на мордочке, напоминающими звезду.
星鼻鼴(学名:Condylura cristata)是一種生長於北美洲東部,在加拿大東部及美國東北部都有發現的小鼴。哺乳綱、鼩鼱目 、鼴科的一屬,而與星鼻鼴屬(星鼻鼴)同科的動物尚有東方鼴屬(巨鼴)、缺齒鼴屬(缺齒鼴)等之數種哺乳動物。星鼻鼴是星鼻鼴族及星鼻鼴屬的唯一成員。
星鼻鼴的特點是牠在鼻尖長有22隻觸手,環繞着鼻尖,就像星星的光芒一樣,因而為名。透過這些觸手,星鼻鼴得以在完全黑暗的環境內找到獵物。根據科學家的研究,星鼻鼴透過觸手找到獵物的能力比其他鼴鼠單靠視覺捕食的能力大數倍[3]。
星鼻鼴在潮濕的低地生活,以小型的無脊椎動物、水生昆蟲、蚯蚓及軟體動物為食糧。星鼻鼴是游泳能手,能夠在河或池塘的底部搜索糧秣,甚至能將在水中吐出的空氣吸回。與其他品種的鼴鼠一樣,星鼻鼴同樣會在離地不遠的地底挖掘隧道來覓食,而這些隧道的出口通常都在水底。星鼻鼴不管日夜都一樣活躍,就算是冬天,照舊保持活力。有生物學家留意到星鼻鼴即使是在雪裡亦能夠挖掘隧道,而且在冰封的河流亦一樣可以游泳。有關星鼻鼴的社會習性不詳,但估計應該是群居的。
星鼻鼴通常都在隆冬或早春時交配,到了晚春到初夏時,雌性的星鼻鼴通常會產下一窩3到7隻的小鼠。[來源請求]
星鼻鼴(学名:Condylura cristata)是一種生長於北美洲東部,在加拿大東部及美國東北部都有發現的小鼴。哺乳綱、鼩鼱目 、鼴科的一屬,而與星鼻鼴屬(星鼻鼴)同科的動物尚有東方鼴屬(巨鼴)、缺齒鼴屬(缺齒鼴)等之數種哺乳動物。星鼻鼴是星鼻鼴族及星鼻鼴屬的唯一成員。
星鼻鼴的特點是牠在鼻尖長有22隻觸手,環繞着鼻尖,就像星星的光芒一樣,因而為名。透過這些觸手,星鼻鼴得以在完全黑暗的環境內找到獵物。根據科學家的研究,星鼻鼴透過觸手找到獵物的能力比其他鼴鼠單靠視覺捕食的能力大數倍。
星鼻鼴在潮濕的低地生活,以小型的無脊椎動物、水生昆蟲、蚯蚓及軟體動物為食糧。星鼻鼴是游泳能手,能夠在河或池塘的底部搜索糧秣,甚至能將在水中吐出的空氣吸回。與其他品種的鼴鼠一樣,星鼻鼴同樣會在離地不遠的地底挖掘隧道來覓食,而這些隧道的出口通常都在水底。星鼻鼴不管日夜都一樣活躍,就算是冬天,照舊保持活力。有生物學家留意到星鼻鼴即使是在雪裡亦能夠挖掘隧道,而且在冰封的河流亦一樣可以游泳。有關星鼻鼴的社會習性不詳,但估計應該是群居的。
星鼻鼴通常都在隆冬或早春時交配,到了晚春到初夏時,雌性的星鼻鼴通常會產下一窩3到7隻的小鼠。[來源請求]
별코두더지(Condylura cristata)는 캐나다 동부와 미국 북동부의 습윤 저지대 지역에서 발견되는 두더지의 일종이다.[2] 조지아주 남동부 끝단부터 대서양 해안을 따라 발견된다.[3] 별코두더지족(Condylurini), 별코두더지속(Condylura)에 속하는 유일종이다.