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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 10.1 years (captivity) Observations: One specimen was still alive after 10.1 years in captivity (Richard Weigl 2005).
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AnAge articles

Behavior ( Anglèis )

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Cynopterus brachyotis communicates using tactile, visual, and acoustic stimuli. They use their acute sense of smell to find food and rely on their keen vision to navigate.

Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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Severson, K. 2002. "Cynopterus brachyotis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cynopterus_brachyotis.html
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Kari Severson, Humboldt State University
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Brian Arbogast, Humboldt State University
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Allison Poor, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Associations ( Anglèis )

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Ability to fly has kept C. brachyotis relatively free from terrestrial carnivores. However, in some cultures, humans consider them a delicacy.

Known Predators:

  • humans (Homo sapiens)
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Severson, K. 2002. "Cynopterus brachyotis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cynopterus_brachyotis.html
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Kari Severson, Humboldt State University
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Brian Arbogast, Humboldt State University
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Allison Poor, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Morphology ( Anglèis )

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Cynopterus brachyotis has a fox-like face, large dark eyes, short brown hair, and dark, spotted wings.

The length of the head and body in this genus is 70 to 127 mm. The tail adds an additional 6 to 15 mm to the overall length. The forearms of these bats are from 55 to 92 mm long, giving them a wingspan ranging from 305 to 457 mm. Adults weigh about 30 to 100 grams.

Cynopterus brachyotis is distinguishable from C. sphynx in that the ears of C. brachyotis are, on average, smaller than those of C. sphynx.

Range mass: 30 to 100 g.

Range length: 70 to 127 mm.

Range wingspan: 305 to 457 mm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Average basal metabolic rate: 0.262 W.

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Severson, K. 2002. "Cynopterus brachyotis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cynopterus_brachyotis.html
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Kari Severson, Humboldt State University
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Brian Arbogast, Humboldt State University
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Allison Poor, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Life Expectancy ( Anglèis )

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Cynopterus brachyotis lives about 20 to 30 years.

Range lifespan
Status: wild:
20 to 30 years.

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
10.1 years.

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Severson, K. 2002. "Cynopterus brachyotis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cynopterus_brachyotis.html
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Kari Severson, Humboldt State University
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Allison Poor, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Habitat ( Anglèis )

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Cynopterus brachyotis is phytophilic (plant-loving). It can be found in tropical rainforests sleeping under modified palm leaves, as well as orchid leaves.

Habitat Regions: tropical

Terrestrial Biomes: rainforest

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Severson, K. 2002. "Cynopterus brachyotis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cynopterus_brachyotis.html
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Kari Severson, Humboldt State University
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Allison Poor, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Distribution ( Anglèis )

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Cynopterus brachyotis is distributed in Sri Lanka, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, southern Burma, Thailand, southern China, Indochina, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Kangean Islands, Borneo, Bali, Sulawesi, and the Philippines.

Biogeographic Regions: oriental (Native ); oceanic islands (Native )

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Trophic Strategy ( Anglèis )

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Cynopterus brachyotis is frugivorous. These bats feed on fruit, mostly mangoes, but also any fruit that is aromatic and available. They are thought to consume mainly the juices of the fruits and to expel the pulp.

Plant Foods: fruit

Primary Diet: herbivore (Frugivore )

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Kari Severson, Humboldt State University
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Associations ( Anglèis )

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Many fruits (bananas, avocadoes, dates, mangoes, peaches, tequila) rely on C. brachyotis for seed dispersal. These bats may also play a role in plant pollination.

Ecosystem Impact: disperses seeds; pollinates

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Severson, K. 2002. "Cynopterus brachyotis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cynopterus_brachyotis.html
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Kari Severson, Humboldt State University
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Allison Poor, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Benefits ( Anglèis )

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Outside of the limited use of these bats as food, there is no direct economic benefit of this species for humans. However, because they are so important in dispersing seeds and pollinating plants, humans who rely on the plants these bats affect are indebted to the bats as well.

Positive Impacts: food

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Severson, K. 2002. "Cynopterus brachyotis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cynopterus_brachyotis.html
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Kari Severson, Humboldt State University
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Benefits ( Anglèis )

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Because of their frugivorous inclination, these bats can cause some crop damage.

Negative Impacts: crop pest

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Severson, K. 2002. "Cynopterus brachyotis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cynopterus_brachyotis.html
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Kari Severson, Humboldt State University
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Brian Arbogast, Humboldt State University
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Allison Poor, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Life Cycle ( Anglèis )

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Gestation time unknown.

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Severson, K. 2002. "Cynopterus brachyotis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cynopterus_brachyotis.html
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Kari Severson, Humboldt State University
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Brian Arbogast, Humboldt State University
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Allison Poor, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Conservation Status ( Anglèis )

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Cynopterus brachyotis is not especially threatened.

US Migratory Bird Act: no special status

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Severson, K. 2002. "Cynopterus brachyotis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cynopterus_brachyotis.html
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Kari Severson, Humboldt State University
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Brian Arbogast, Humboldt State University
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Allison Poor, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Reproduction ( Anglèis )

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The mating system of these animals has not been described. However, based on the association of one male with multiple females, it is most likely polygynous.

Mating System: polygynous

In the Malay Peninsula, breeding is apparently aseasonal, and C. brachyotis may be found pregnant throughout the year. In Thailand breeding is also aseasonal; pregnancies peak from March to June, as well as in January and September. Gestation is thought to last about 120 days, after which the female gives birth to a single young.

Although data are not available for this species, C. sphinx is reported to weigh 11 grams at birth. Neonates are carried by the mother, and are weaned at 40 to 45 days of age. Female C. sphinx reach sexual maturity at 5 to 6 months of age, with males maturing much later, at 15 to 20 months of age. It is likely that C. brachyotis is similar in these parameters.

Reproduction in C. brachyotis is timed so that lactation corresponds with the peak of the rainy season--which is the fruiting season.

Breeding interval: It is not known how often these animals breed.

Breeding season: These bats breed aseasonally.

Range number of offspring: 1 (low) .

Average number of offspring: 1.

Average gestation period: 120 days.

Average weaning age: 45 days.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 5 to 6 months.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 15 to 20 months.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; year-round breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization ; viviparous ; delayed implantation

Average number of offspring: 1.

Young can cling to the mother from birth, but must be carried for over a month. Both the male and female care for the young. Males have mammary glands that are equal in size to the females’ (greater than 8% of total body mass), so males are thought to play an active role in lactation and feeding young.

Parental Investment: altricial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female)

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Severson, K. 2002. "Cynopterus brachyotis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cynopterus_brachyotis.html
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Kari Severson, Humboldt State University
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Brian Arbogast, Humboldt State University
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Allison Poor, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Biology ( Anglèis )

fornì da Arkive
Under favourable conditions, female lesser short-nosed fruit bats give birth to one pup twice each year, once between mid January and mid April, and again between mid June and early October. Pregnancy lasts between five and six months and the birth of the pups does not necessarily occur in time with flowering or fruiting (6). Females carry their pup in flight for the first few months of life, until it has learnt to fly with confidence (2). The young become sexually mature at seven months, and females will give birth to their first pup at just over 12 months old (6). Lesser short-nosed fruit bats become active shortly after sunset and fly directly to fruiting trees up to 2 km away (7) to feed on small fruits, including mangoes (6) and figs, as well as on nectar (8). They fly around the trees several times before settling on the fruit (7), where they use claws on the first and second digits of the hands, as well as their strong feet, to cling on to bunches of fruit whilst feeding. As fruit bats do not echolocate, they must find their food using their large eyes and strong sense of smell. During the day, they return to their roosts under shaded trees, tree-ferns and near the entrances of caves (8). This species is a particularly important seed-disperser; it is a seasonal specialist, and over an annual fruiting cycle can consume the fruits of 54 species, the leaves of 14 species and the flower parts of four species (9).
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Conservation ( Anglèis )

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Deforestation of primary forest for oil palm plantations, including within protected areas, is an issue of major concern and one that relies on both governmental action and consumer concern. Some large retailers have agreed, in collaboration with the WWF, to source products containing palm oil from plantations that are not on deforested land (8). Many scientific and charitable groups contribute to bat monitoring and local education programmes that can help to reduce persecution and raise awareness of the natural assets of the land (7).
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Description ( Anglèis )

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With an appearance typical of a fruit bat, the lesser short-nosed fruit bat is a beautiful example. Its dog-like face with large, appealing eyes and white edging on the ears give this bat a magical quality. When roosting, the bat wraps its black wings tightly around its body like a cloak, leaving only the head visible. The white finger bones stand out against the black wing membranes, adding to the striking effect. The fur is short and greyish brown to yellowish brown on the back and paler on the underside. Adult males have a dark orange-red collar and females a more yellow-orange collar. Juveniles lack this collar and tend to be uniformly grey (2).
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Habitat ( Anglèis )

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The lesser short-nosed fruit bat occurs in many different habitats, from pristine primary rainforests, to oil palm plantations, gardens and mangroves (5).
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Range ( Anglèis )

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This species of fruit bat is found across Southerna dn Southeast Asia, from Sri Lanka to Indonesia and the Philippines. It has many subspecies that vary in size and colouration: Cynopterus brachyotis altitudinis (Cameron Highlands of Peninsular Malaysia) (3); Cynopterus brachyotis brachyotis (Borneo, Lombok, Peninsular Malaysia, the Philippines, Sulawesi) (4); Cynopterus brachyotis brachysoma (Andaman Islands) (4); Cynopterus brachyotis ceylonensis (Sri Lanka) (4); Cynopterus brachyotis concolor (Enganno Island) (3); Cynopterus brachyotis hoffeti (Vietnam) (3); Cynopterus brachyotis insularum (Kangean Island) (3); Cynopterus brachyotis javanicus (Java) (3); Cynopterus brachyotis minutus (Nias Islands) (4).
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Status ( Anglèis )

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Classified as Lower Risk – least concern (LR/lc) on the IUCN Red List 2004 (1).
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Threats ( Anglèis )

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The current decline in many populations of the lesser short-nosed fruit bat is due to deforestation of primary and secondary forests for timber and palm oil plantations. Loss of habitat is a threat to the vast majority of Southeast Asian bat species, as even protected areas of forest are felled to create land for crops, plantations, and villages. Fruit bats are also commonly persecuted by fruit farmers for the damage they do to their yield, although the importance of fruit bats in pollinating crops is often underestimated (1) (2).
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Ratpenat frugívor de nas curt petit ( Catalan; Valensian )

fornì da wikipedia CA

El ratpenat frugívor de nas curt petit (Cynopterus brachyotis) és una espècie de ratpenat de la família dels pteropòdids. Viu a Cambodja, la Xina, l'Índia, Indonèsia, Laos, Malàisia, Myanmar, Singapur, Sri Lanka, Tailàndia, Timor Oriental i el Vietnam. El seu hàbitat natural són els boscos, els jardins i els horts. Es creu que no hi ha cap amenaça significativa per a la supervivència d'aquesta espècie en general, però les poblacions del sud d'Àsia estan amenaçades per la desforestació.[1]

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Ratpenat frugívor de nas curt petit Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
  1. Csorba, G.; Bumrungsri, S.; Francis, C.; Bates, P.; Gumal, M.; Kingston, T.; Molur, S.; Srinivasulu, C.. Cynopterus brachyotis. UICN 2008. Llista Vermella d'espècies amenaçades de la UICN, edició 2008, consultada el 4 gener 2009.


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Ratpenat frugívor de nas curt petit: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valensian )

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El ratpenat frugívor de nas curt petit (Cynopterus brachyotis) és una espècie de ratpenat de la família dels pteropòdids. Viu a Cambodja, la Xina, l'Índia, Indonèsia, Laos, Malàisia, Myanmar, Singapur, Sri Lanka, Tailàndia, Timor Oriental i el Vietnam. El seu hàbitat natural són els boscos, els jardins i els horts. Es creu que no hi ha cap amenaça significativa per a la supervivència d'aquesta espècie en general, però les poblacions del sud d'Àsia estan amenaçades per la desforestació.

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Gemeiner Kurznasenflughund ( Alman )

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Der Gemeine Kurznasenflughund (Cynopterus brachyotis) ist eine Art der Flughunde aus der Gattung Cynopterus. Er ist über ein großes Gebiet in Südasien und Südostasien vom äußersten Süden der Volksrepublik China über das südostasiatische Festland bis auf die Inseln des Malaiischen Archipels sowie im Süden Indiens und auf Sri Lanka verbreitet.

Merkmale

Der Gemeine Kurznasenflughund erreicht eine Kopf-Rumpf-Länge von etwa 7,0 bis 8,4 Zentimetern, der Schwanz wird etwa 9 bis 12 Millimeter lang. Die Ohrlänge beträgt 13 bis 18 Millimeter, die Hinterfußlänge 13 bis 15 Millimeter. Der Unterarm hat eine Länge von 54 bis 72 Millimetern.[1] Das Fell ist hellgrau bis dunkel- oder glänzend braun. Ausgewachsene Tiere können orangefarbene oder gelbe Bereiche an der Kehle und den Schultern haben. Das untere Drittel der Ohren ist deutlich behaart, die Ränder der Ohren sind blass bis weißlich. Die Finger sind weißlich und stehen im Kontrast zu den dunkelbraunen Flughäuten.[1]

Die Art entspricht in ihrem Aussehen dem Indischen Kurznasenflughund (Cynopterus sphinx) und wird häufig mit dieser verwechselt, sie ist jedoch etwa kleiner mit kürzeren Ohren und einem etwas blasseren Fell.[1]

Verbreitung

 src=
Verbreitungsgebiet des Gemeinen Kurznasenflughunds nach IUCN

Der Gemeine Kurznasenflughund ist über ein großes Gebiet in Südasien und Südostasien vom äußersten Süden der Volksrepublik China über das südostasiatische Festland bis auf die Inseln Malaysias, Indonesiens und der Philippinen sowie im Süden Indiens und auf Sri Lanka verbreitet.[2] In China kommt die Art nur in der Provinz Guangdong im Süden des Landes vor, eventuell dringt sie bis in den Süden von Tibet und Yunnan vor.[1] In Indien kommt die Art in den Regionen Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh und Westbengalen vor. Das südöstliche Verbreitungsgebiet reicht vom Osten von Bangladesch nach Südostasien, wo die Art im südlichen Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Kambodscha (nur bestätigt um Phnom Penh) und der malaiischen Halbinsel vorkommt. Von hier aus reicht die Verbreitung zudem auf die Inseln Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi und Timor sowie die Talaudinseln und Ternate. Darüber hinaus wird eine Verbreitung auf Palawan angenommen, die jedoch wissenschaftlich nicht bestätigt ist. Auch auf den zu Indien gehörenden Andamanen und den Nikobaren kommt der Flughund vor.[2]

Lebensweise

 src=
Gemeiner Kurznasenflughund auf den Philippinen

Der Gemeine Kurznasenflughund kommt sowohl in Waldgebieten wie auch im Bereich landwirtschaftlicher Flächen und in der Nähe von menschlichen Ansiedlungen und Ortschaften vor. Er lebt in Paaren oder in kleinen Kolonien im Blätterdach von Bäumen oder in nicht ganz dunklen Höhlenbereichen. Wie andere Flughunde ernährt er sich vor allem von Früchten, Nektar und Pollen sowie anderen Pflanzenteilen, wobei Nahrungspflanzen aus mehr als zehn verschiedenen Pflanzenfamilien dokumentiert sind. Bei Untersuchungen von Tieren in Malaysia wurden insgesamt Früchte von 54 Pflanzenarten, Blätter von 14 Arten und Blüten von vier Arten festgestellt. Dabei stellten Feigen (Ficus spp.) über das gesamte Jahr die Hauptnahrungsquelle der Tiere dar.[3] Aufgrund der Vielfalt der Pflanzen, deren Früchte er frisst, wird der Gemeine Kurznasenflughund entsprechend als wichtiger Verbreiter von Pflanzensamen und damit als Ausbreitungsfaktor dieser Pflanzen betrachtet.[3] Markierte Tiere haben einen Radius von 0,3 bis 1,3 Kilometer, die Bestandsdichte beträgt etwa 0,2 bis 0,3 Tiere pro Hektar.[1]

Die Weibchen sind wahrscheinlich polyöstrisch, haben also mehrfach im Jahr einen Sexualzyklus, und gebären zwei Mal im Jahr je ein Jungtier. Die Tragzeit beträgt dabei 3,5 bis 4 Monate, die Laktation sechs bis acht Wochen bis zur Entwöhnung. Die Lebensdauer in der Wildnis ist mit fünf Jahren dokumentiert, kann jedoch wahrscheinlich auch länger sein.[1]

Systematik

 src=
Porträt des Gemeinen Kurznasenflughunds
 src=
Drei Tiere im Zoo in Singapur

Der Gemeine Kurznasenflughund wird als eigenständige Art innerhalb der Gattung Cynopterus eingeordnet, die aus sieben Arten besteht. Die wissenschaftliche Erstbeschreibung stammt von dem Naturforscher Salomon Müller aus dem Jahr 1838, der ihn anhand von Individuen aus dem Gebiet am Dewai auf der Insel Borneo beschrieb.[4]

Innerhalb der Art werden gemeinsam mit der Nominatform acht Unterarten unterschieden:[4]

  • Cynopterus brachyotis brachyotis
  • Cynopterus brachyotis altitudinis
  • Cynopterus brachyotis brachysoma
  • Cynopterus brachyotis ceylonensis
  • Cynopterus brachyotis concolor
  • Cynopterus brachyotis hoffeti
  • Cynopterus brachyotis insularum
  • Cynopterus brachyotis javanicus

Gefährdung und Schutz

Konkrete Bestandszahlen für die Art sind nicht bekannt. Für den Nordosten Indiens wird der Bestand als stabil beschrieben, jedoch ist die Art hier seltener als der Indische Kurznasenflughund, im Süden des Landes sind die Tiere selten. In Südostasien kommt die Art in den meisten Regionen regelmäßig vor und wird vor allem aus bewohnten und gestörten Lebensräumen dokumentiert, in Thailand und auf der malaiischen Halbinsel ist sie regional selten.[2]

Die Art wird aufgrund des großen Verbreitungsgebietes und der angenommenen großen Bestandszahl von der International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) als nicht gefährdet (least concern) gelistet. Die Art ist anpassungsfähig an verschiedene Lebensräume und Lebensraumveränderungen. Bestandsgefährdende Risiken sind für die Art nicht vorhanden, lokal ist sie allerdings durch Entwaldungen und Umwandlungen von Waldland in landwirtschaftlich genutzte Flächen betroffen und bedroht.[2]

In der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten in China wird die Art als gefährdet gelistet.[1]

Belege

  1. a b c d e f g Don E. Wilson: Lesser Short-Nosed Fruit Bat. In: Andrew T. Smith, Yan Xie: A Guide to the Mammals of China. Princeton University Press, 2008; S. 329. ISBN 978-0-691-09984-2.
  2. a b c d Cynopterus brachyotis in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2016.1. Eingestellt von: G. Csorba, S. Bumrungsri, C. Francis, P. Bates, M. Gumal, T. Kingston, S. Molur, C. Srinivasulu, 2008. Abgerufen am 21. August 2016.
  3. a b K.H. Tan, A. Zubaid, T. H. Kunz: Food habits of Cynopterus brachyotis (Muller) (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Tropical Ecology 14, 1998; S. 299–307. (Volltext)
  4. a b Cynopterus brachyotis. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Hrsg.): Mammal Species of the World. A taxonomic and geographic Reference. 2 Bände. 3. Auflage. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore MD 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.

Literatur

Weblinks

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Gemeiner Kurznasenflughund: Brief Summary ( Alman )

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Der Gemeine Kurznasenflughund (Cynopterus brachyotis) ist eine Art der Flughunde aus der Gattung Cynopterus. Er ist über ein großes Gebiet in Südasien und Südostasien vom äußersten Süden der Volksrepublik China über das südostasiatische Festland bis auf die Inseln des Malaiischen Archipels sowie im Süden Indiens und auf Sri Lanka verbreitet.

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Lesser short-nosed fruit bat ( Anglèis )

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The lesser short-nosed fruit bat (Cynopterus brachyotis) is a species of megabat within the family Pteropodidae.[2] It is a small bat that lives in South Asia and Southeast Asia. It weighs between 21 and 32 grams (0.74 and 1.13 oz), and measures 70 to 127 millimetres (2.8 to 5.0 in).[3] It occurs in many types of habitat, but most frequently in disturbed forest, including lower montane forest and tropical lowland rain forest, plus gardens, mangroves, and vegetation on beaches.[4]

Description

Hanging

Lesser short-nosed fruit bats are generally brown to yellowish brown with a brighter collar. Adult males have dark orange collars whereas adult females have yellowish collars. An indistinct collar is observed in some immature bats. The edges of the ears and the wing bones are usually white. Individuals have two pairs of lower incisors, a fox-like face and large dark eyes.[5] The head and body length is 7–8 cm (2.8–3.1 in), the forearm length is 6–7 cm (2.4–2.8 in), tail length is 0.8–1.0 cm (0.31–0.39 in), and ear length is 1.4–1.6 cm (0.55–0.63 in).

There are nine subspecies of lesser short-nosed fruit bat.[6] Corbet and Hill listed 19 alternate names of C. brachyotis, which include: Pachysoma brachyotis, P. duvaucelii, P. brevicaudatum, P. luzoniense, C. grandidieri, C. marginatus var. scherzeri, C. marginatus var. ceylonensis, C. marginatus var. philippensis, C. marginatus var. cuminggii, C. marginatus var. andamanensis, C. brachyoma, C. montanoi, C. minutus, C. minor, C. babi, C. archipelagus and C. nusatenggara. Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi considered luzoniensis and minutus as separate species while Hill and Thonglongya[7] transferred angulatus to C. sphinx.

The lifespan of the lesser short-nosed fruit bat is approximately 20 to 30 years.[8]

Similar species

Close-up of face

The greater short-nosed fruit bat is similar to the lesser short-nosed fruit bat but has generally longer forearms, longer ears and a much longer skull. P. lucasi has only one pair of lower incisors, a lack of white edges to the ears and a usually greyer color. C. horsfieldi is larger, with heavily cusped molars. M. ecaudatus usually has a more upturned nose, lacks a bright collar and tail, and has only one pair of lower incisors.[4]

Diet

Lesser short-nosed fruit bats are frugivorous. They prefer aromatic fruit, especially mangoes.[8] The bats feed mainly on small fruits by sucking out the juices and soft pulp. They also eat nectar and pollen.[4]

Reproduction

The mating system of lesser short-nosed fruit bats is polygynous.[5] In the Philippines, most populations give birth twice a year and pregnant females have been found in almost all months. The period of gestation is approximately 3.5 to 4 months. The mother nurses the young with milk for about six to eight weeks. It takes about a year for the male to become sexually mature, and most females become pregnant at approximately six to eight months of age. Medway observed that breeding was non-seasonal in Peninsular Malaysia and that a single young was produced and carried by the female during the early stage of its life. Breeding is also non-seasonal in Thailand.[9] Most pregnancies occur from March to June with peaks in January and September.[10] Lactation corresponds with the peak of the rainy season as well as the fruiting season. Both sexes take care of the young. Males play an active role in lactation and feeding the young. They have mammary glands that are the same size as those of the female and exceed 8% of their overall body mass.[8]

Behavior

Lesser short-nosed fruit bats prefer to roost in small groups in trees, under leaves, and in caves. Young males may roost alone. It is common for one male to roost with up to four females. Females may gather in groups of up to 20.[11] To feed, the bats bite off the center part of palm fruit clusters, leaving a hollow for hanging, which is also the method they use to construct a shelter. Males may spend more than two months chewing the veins of leaves and palm fronds until they fall to form a shelter.[5] Individuals use tactile, visual, and acoustic stimuli to communicate. They forage with their acute sense of smell and navigate with their keen vision.[8]

Distribution and habitat

Lesser short-nosed fruit bats resting on a clothesline after being released. The white spots on the tops of their heads are hair that was bleached for a "mark-recapture" estimate of the local population size.

The lesser short-nosed fruit bat[12] type specimens were collected from the Dewei River in Borneo on September 12, 1836, and at Naga Cave near Jammut on the Teweh River, Borneo.

They are widely distributed in Sri Lanka, southwest and northeast India, Bangladesh, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, southern China, southern Burma, Indochina, Thailand, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Bali, Sulawesi, the Philippines and also on the Lesser Sunda Islands. They are found from sea level up to 1600 m in Borneo.[9][13][14][15][16] The nominate subspecies,[4] C. b. brachyotis, is distributed in Borneo, Lombok, Peninsular Malaysia, the Philippines and Sulawesi. It is found widespread from sea level to 1,600 meters in altitude. C. b. altitudinis is confined to the highlands of Peninsular Malaysia, from the Cameron Highlands to Gunung Bunga Buah. C. b. brachysoma is found on the Andaman Islands; C. b. cylonensis in Sri Lanka; C. b. concolor in Enggano; C. b. hoffetti in Vietnam; C. b. insularum on the Kangean Islands; C. b. javanicus on Java; and C. b. minutus on Nias.[6]

Ecological and economic importance

Lesser short-nosed fruit bats are free of terrestrial predation because of their ability to fly. Some human cultures consume them as a delicacy.[5] They play important roles in plant pollination. Plants such as bananas, avocados, dates, mangoes and peaches depend on them for seed dispersal. The bats are considered to be crop pests since they consume and damage fruit.[17]

Conservation status

Lesser short-nosed fruit bats are designated a least-concern species by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) because the population is widely distributed, stable and still abundant. Possible threats may be habitat loss due to development, dams, and deforestation. The animals are being hunted for medical purposes, as reported in ICZN 2006.[18]

References

  1. ^ Csorba, G.; Bumrungsri, S.; Bates, P.; Gumal, M.; Kingston, T.; Molur, S.; Srinivasulu, C. (2019). "Cynopterus brachyotis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T6103A22113381. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T6103A22113381.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ Simmons, N.B. (2005). "Order Chiroptera". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 316. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  3. ^ "Cynopterus brachyotis lesser short-nosed fruit bat".
  4. ^ a b c d Payne, J., C. M. Francis, and K. Phillips. (1985). A Field Guide to The Mammals Of Borneo. Malaysia: The Sabah Society. p.173.
  5. ^ a b c d Nowak, R. (1997). Cynopterus Archived 2013-10-27 at the Wayback Machine. (On-line). Walker's Mammals of the World Online. Accessed January 09, 2009.
  6. ^ a b Mickleburg, S. P., A. M. Hutson, and P. A. Racey. 1992. Old world fruit bats: an action plan for their conservation. IUCN/FFPS/ZSL/WWF/JWPT/NWF/Sultanate of Oman.
  7. ^ Hill JE, Thonglongya K. 1972. Bats from Thailand and Cambodia. Bulletin British Museum of Natural History (Zoology) 22:171–196.
  8. ^ a b c d Crichton, E. and P. Krutzsch. (2000). Reproductive Biology of Bats. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
  9. ^ a b Lekagul B. and J. A. McNeely. 1977. Mammals of Thailand. Sahankarnbhat, Bangkok.
  10. ^ Nowak, R.(1999). Walker’s Mammals of the World (6th Ed.).Vol. 1. Baltimore and London: The Johns University Press. pp.286–287.
  11. ^ Richarz, K. and A. Limbrunner. (1993). The World of Bats. Neptune City, NJ: TFH Publications, Inc.
  12. ^ animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu
  13. ^ Medway, L. 1978. The Wild Mammals of Malaya (Peninsular Malaysia) and Singapore. Oxford University Press, Kuala Lumpur.
  14. ^ Bergmans, W. and F. G. Rozendaal. 1988. Notes on collections of fruit bats from Sulawesi and some off-lying islands (Mammalia, Megachiroptera). Zoologische Verhandelingen 248:1–74.
  15. ^ Corbet, G. B. and J. E. Hill. 1992. The Mammals of the Indomalayan Region: A Systematic Review. Oxford University Press.
  16. ^ Peterson, A. T. and L. R. Heaney. 1993. Genetic differentiation in Philippines bats of the genera Cynopterus and Haplonycteris. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 49:203–218.
  17. ^ Schultes, D. 2003. The Malaysian Fruit Bat. (On-line). Animals at the Fort Worth Zoo. Accessed January 09, 2009.
  18. ^ Duan'erQuanfu. Cynopterus brachyotis, Lesser Short-nosed Fruit Bat. Accessed January 09, 2009.

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Lesser short-nosed fruit bat: Brief Summary ( Anglèis )

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The lesser short-nosed fruit bat (Cynopterus brachyotis) is a species of megabat within the family Pteropodidae. It is a small bat that lives in South Asia and Southeast Asia. It weighs between 21 and 32 grams (0.74 and 1.13 oz), and measures 70 to 127 millimetres (2.8 to 5.0 in). It occurs in many types of habitat, but most frequently in disturbed forest, including lower montane forest and tropical lowland rain forest, plus gardens, mangroves, and vegetation on beaches.

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Cynopterus brachyotis ( Spagneul; Castilian )

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Cynopterus brachyotis es una especie de murciélago megaquiróptero de la familia Pteropodidae. Vive en Camboya, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malasia, Birmania, Singapur, Sri Lanka, Tailandia, Timor Oriental y Vietnam. Su hábitat natural son los bosques, los jardines y los huertos. Se cree que no hay ninguna amenaza significativa para la supervivencia de esta especie en general, pero las poblaciones del sur de Asia están amenazadas por la deforestación.

Referencias

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Cynopterus brachyotis: Brief Summary ( Spagneul; Castilian )

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Cynopterus brachyotis es una especie de murciélago megaquiróptero de la familia Pteropodidae. Vive en Camboya, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malasia, Birmania, Singapur, Sri Lanka, Tailandia, Timor Oriental y Vietnam. Su hábitat natural son los bosques, los jardines y los huertos. Se cree que no hay ninguna amenaza significativa para la supervivencia de esta especie en general, pero las poblaciones del sur de Asia están amenazadas por la deforestación.

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Cynopterus brachyotis ( Basch )

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Cynopterus brachyotis Cynopterus generoko animalia da. Chiropteraren barruko Pteropodidae familian sailkatuta dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)Mammals - full taxonomy and Red List status Ugaztun guztien egoera 2008an
  2. Müller (1838) 5 Tijdschr. Nat. Gesch. Physiol. 146. or..

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Cynopterus brachyotis: Brief Summary ( Basch )

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Cynopterus brachyotis Cynopterus generoko animalia da. Chiropteraren barruko Pteropodidae familian sailkatuta dago.

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Cynopterus brachyotis ( Fransèis )

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Cynopterus brachyotis est une espèce de chauve-souris, du genre Cynopterus. On la trouve en Chine, en Indochine et en Indonésie, en Inde et au Sri Lanka.

 src=
Répartition du Cynopterus brachyotis

Alimentation

Cette chauve-souris est frugivore, son fruit préféré est la mangue. Elle se nourrit aussi de nectar et de pollen.

Notes et références

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Cynopterus brachyotis: Brief Summary ( Fransèis )

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Cynopterus brachyotis est une espèce de chauve-souris, du genre Cynopterus. On la trouve en Chine, en Indochine et en Indonésie, en Inde et au Sri Lanka.

 src= Répartition du Cynopterus brachyotis
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Codot krawar ( Indonesian )

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Codot krawar (Cynopterus brachyotis) adalah sejenis kelelawar anggota suku codot (Pteropodidae). Kelelawar pemakan buah ini hidup tersebar luas mulai dari Nepal, India, Sri Lanka, Asia Tenggara, Filipina, dan Indonesia (Sumatra, Kalimantan, Jawa, Bali, dan Maluku)[1]. Codot ini merupakan codot yang paling umum ditemukan di sebagian besar habitat di Kalimantan: di hutan-hutan pegunungan bawah, hutan dipterokarpa, kebun-kebun, hutan mangrove, serta vegetasi tepi pantai.[2] Dalam bahasa Inggris kelelawar ini dikena sebagai Lesser Short-nosed Fruit Bat.

Pengenalan

Kelelawar berukuran sedang; dengan panjang lengan bawah antara 55–65 mm, ekor 8–10 mm, dan telinga 14–16 mm. Berat tubuhnya antara 21–32 gram.[2]

Umumnya berukuran coklat sampai coklat kekuningan dengan kerah berwarna jingga tua lebih terang pada jantan dewasa, dan kekuningan pada hewan betina. Anakan berwarna lebih abu-abu dengan kerah tidak jelas. Tulang-tulang pada telinga dan sayap biasanya bertepi putih. Gigi seri bawah dua pasang.[2]

Biologi

 src=
Codot krawar bergantungan di tali jemuran, sesaat setelah dilepaskan dalam suatu kajian populasi.

Codot krawar merupakan kelelawar frugivora, yakni pemakan buah. Codot ini menyukai buah-buahan aromatis, khususnya mangga[3]. Makanan utama codot krawar adalah buah-buahan kecil, menghisap sari buah dan daging buah-buahan yang lunak, namun juga memakan nektar dan serbuk sari[2].

Sering didapati terbang berkeliaran di kebun dan pekarangan di waktu gelap. Di siang hari codot ini bertengger dalam kelompok kecil di pepohonan, di bawah dedaunan, atau di gua-gua di bagian yang tidak terlalu gelap[2].

Codot krawar bersifat poligini, yakni seekor jantan mengawini beberapa betina[4]. Di Filipina, kebanyakan populasi codot krawar melahirkan anak dua kali setahun, dan betina hamil terdeteksi di hampir semua bulan sepanjang tahun. Masa mengandung diperkirakan antara 3½–4 bulan, diikuti dengan masa menyusui selama enam hingga delapan minggu. Codot jantan menjadi dewasa dalam satu tahun, sedangkan kebanyakan betina mulai mengandung pada usia enam hingga delapan bulan.

Di Semenanjung Malaya, codot ini kawin di sepanjang tahun, dan induk betina menggendong anaknya yang berjumlah seekor di saat-saat bayinya[5]. Demikian pula, tak ada musim kawin yang khusus bagi codot krawar di Thailand[6]

Lama hidup codot krawar kurang lebih antara 20 hingga 30 tahun.[3]

Referensi

  1. ^ Suyanto, A.. 2001. Kelelawar di Indonesia. Puslitbang Biologi – LIPI. Hal.40
  2. ^ a b c d e Payne, J., C.M. Francis, K. Phillipps, S.N. Kartikasari. 2000. Panduan Lapangan Mamalia di Kalimantan, Sabah, Sarawak & Brunei Darussalam. The Sabah Society, Wildlife Conservation Society dan World Wildlife Fund Malaysia. Hal. 181-182
  3. ^ a b Crichton, E., P. Krutzsch. (2000). Reproductive Biology of Bats. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
  4. ^ Nowak, R. 1997. "Cynopterus" (On-line). Walker's Mammals of the World Online. Diakses Januari 09, 2009.
  5. ^ Medway, L. 1978. The wild mammals of Malaya (Peninsular Malaysia) and Singapore. Oxford University Press, Kuala Lumpur.
  6. ^ Lekagul, B, & J.A. McNeely. 1977. Mammals of Thailand. Sahankarnbhat, Bangkok.
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Codot krawar: Brief Summary ( Indonesian )

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Codot krawar (Cynopterus brachyotis) adalah sejenis kelelawar anggota suku codot (Pteropodidae). Kelelawar pemakan buah ini hidup tersebar luas mulai dari Nepal, India, Sri Lanka, Asia Tenggara, Filipina, dan Indonesia (Sumatra, Kalimantan, Jawa, Bali, dan Maluku). Codot ini merupakan codot yang paling umum ditemukan di sebagian besar habitat di Kalimantan: di hutan-hutan pegunungan bawah, hutan dipterokarpa, kebun-kebun, hutan mangrove, serta vegetasi tepi pantai. Dalam bahasa Inggris kelelawar ini dikena sebagai Lesser Short-nosed Fruit Bat.

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Cynopterus brachyotis ( Italian )

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Il pipistrello dal muso corto minore (Cynopterus brachyotis Müller, 1838) è un pipistrello appartenente alla famiglia degli Pteropodidi, diffuso nell'Ecozona orientale.[1][2]

Descrizione

Dimensioni

Pipistrello di piccole dimensioni con la lunghezza della testa e del corpo tra 70 e 84 mm, la lunghezza dell'avambraccio tra 54 e 72 mm, la lunghezza della coda tra 9 e 12 mm, la lunghezza del piede tra 13 e 15 mm, la lunghezza delle orecchie tra 13 e 18 mm e un peso fino a 42 g.[3]

Aspetto

La pelliccia è corta. Il colore generale del corpo varia dal bruno-giallastro al marrone, la testa è più scura ed è presente un collare bruno-arancione nei maschi, più giallastro nelle femmine. Il muso è relativamente corto, largo, con le narici leggermente tubulari e divergenti e i margini interni delle labbra ricoperti di papille. Gli occhi sono grandi. Le orecchie sono grandi, ben separate tra loro, arrotondate, con un lobo alla base ben distinto e i bordi marcati di bianco. Le falangi e i metacarpi sono biancastri, in netto contrasto con le membrane alari marroni scure, le quali sono attaccate posteriormente alla base del primo dito del piede. La coda è corta, mentre l'uropatagio è ridotto ad una sottile membrana lungo la parte interna degli arti inferiori. Il calcar è corto.

Biologia

Comportamento

Si rifugia singolarmente od in piccoli gruppi tra le fronde delle palme, negli edifici e nelle zone di penombra delle grotte. I maschi più anziani vivono solitariamente. È in grado di arrotolare le grandi foglie delle piante per creare dei ripari.

Alimentazione

Si nutre principalmente di frutti, ma è stato osservato cibarsi anche di polline e nettare. La sua dieta include frutti del mango, Melastoma malabathricum, specie native di Ficus e di Musa, Guava, Piper aduncum, Chrysophyllum cainito, varie specie di Palaquium, Pouteria sapota e fiori del Durian, noci di cocco, e Sonneratia.[4]

Riproduzione

 src=
Neonato aggrappato a un dito umano

Danno alla luce un piccolo alla volta due volte l'anno dopo una gestazione di 105-120 giorni. Vengono svezzati dopo 6-8 settimane. L'aspettativa di vita è di oltre 5 anni.

Distribuzione e habitat

Questa specie è diffusa dall'India attraverso tutta l'Indocina, Sumatra, Giava e Borneo.

Vive in diversi tipi di Habitat, dai frutteti, giardini alle foreste secondarie fino a 1.500 metri di altitudine. Preferisce i piccoli isolotti lungo le coste.[1]

Tassonomia

Sono state riconosciute 8 sottospecie[2]:

Recenti studi genetici hanno evidenziato la presenza di due o più specie criptiche, provvisoriamente rinominate specie della Sonda e specie della foresta.[5]

Stato di conservazione

La IUCN Red List,considerato il vasto Areale, la popolazione numerosa e tollerante ai cambiamenti ambientali, classifica C.brachyotis come specie a rischio minimo (LC).[1]

Note

  1. ^ a b c d (EN) Csorba, G., Bumrungsri, S., Francis, C., Bates, P., Gumal, M., Kingston, T., Molur, S. & Srinivasulu, C. 2008, Cynopterus brachyotis, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ a b (EN) D.E. Wilson e D.M. Reeder, Cynopterus brachyotis, in Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3ª ed., Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
  3. ^ Smith & Xie, 2008.
  4. ^ Micklenburgh & Al., 1992.
  5. ^ Francis, 2008.

Bibliografia

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Cynopterus brachyotis: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Il pipistrello dal muso corto minore (Cynopterus brachyotis Müller, 1838) è un pipistrello appartenente alla famiglia degli Pteropodidi, diffuso nell'Ecozona orientale.

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Cynopterus brachyotis ( olandèis; flamand )

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Cynopterus brachyotis is een kleine vliegende hond uit het geslacht Cynopterus die voorkomt van India en Sri Lanka tot Celebes en de Sangihe- en Talaud-eilanden, Sanana en Mangole. Mogelijk komt de soort ook voor op Palawan en andere eilanden in de zuidwestelijke Filipijnen. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Müller in 1838.

Nadere bescherijving

De taxonomie van deze soort is erg onduidelijk; de soorten Cynopterus luzoniensis en Cynopterus minutus worden vaak tot C. brachyotis gerekend en de grenzen met de kortneusvleerhond (C. sphinx) en C. titthaecheileus zijn vaak onduidelijk. Volgens genetisch onderzoek bestaan er op Borneo twee soorten binnen C. brachyotis (de "Sunda Form" en de "Forest Form"), waarvan er één aan C. luzoniensis verwant is. Allerlei eilandpopulaties worden als aparte ondersoorten erkend.

C. brachyotis is te herkennen aan zijn ronde, witte oren en zijn korte staart en gezicht. Vrouwtjes zijn een stuk groter dan mannetjes. Bij dieren uit Sanana bedraagt de kop-romplengte 82,5 tot 99,5 mm, de staartlengte 8,9 tot 12,5 mm, de voorarmlengte 60,4 tot 68,3 mm, de tibialengte 24,7 tot 27,6 mm, de oorlengte 13,6 tot 15,8 mm en het gewicht 30 tot 48 g. In het algemeen bedraagt de kop-romplengte 7-8 cm, de staartlengte 0,8-1,0 cm en de voorarmlengte 6-7 cm.[2]

Literatuur

  • Flannery, T.F. 1995. Mammals of the South-West Pacific & Moluccan Islands. Chatswood: Reed Books, 464 pp. ISBN 0-7301-0417-6
  • Heaney, L.R., Tabaranza, B.R., Jr., Rickart, E.A., Balete, D.S. & Ingle, N.R. 2006. The mammals of Mt. Kitanglad Nature Park, Mindanao, Philippines. Fieldiana Zoology 112:1-63.
  • Simmons, N.B. 2005. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 312-529 in Wilson, D.E. & Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference. 3rd ed. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols., 2142 pp. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. (en) Cynopterus brachyotis op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. Shepherd, Chris R.; Loretta Ann, Shepherd (2012). A Naturalist's Guide to the Mammals of Southeast Asia. Wiltshire, UK: John Beaufoy Publishing. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-906780-71-5
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Cynopterus brachyotis: Brief Summary ( olandèis; flamand )

fornì da wikipedia NL

Cynopterus brachyotis is een kleine vliegende hond uit het geslacht Cynopterus die voorkomt van India en Sri Lanka tot Celebes en de Sangihe- en Talaud-eilanden, Sanana en Mangole. Mogelijk komt de soort ook voor op Palawan en andere eilanden in de zuidwestelijke Filipijnen. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Müller in 1838.

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Cynopterus brachyotis ( portughèis )

fornì da wikipedia PT

Cynopterus brachyotis é uma espécie de morcego da família Pteropodidae. Pode ser encontrada na Índia, Sri Lanka, Mianmar, Tailândia, Camboja, Laos, Vietnã, China, Malásia, Singapura, Indonésia e Timor-leste. O tempo de vida dessa espécie é de aproximadamente 20 a 30 anos.[1]

Dieta

O Cynopterus brachyotis frugívoros. Com preferência para as frutas aromáticas, especialmente mangas.[1] Os morcegos se alimentam principalmente de pequenos frutos por sugando os sucos e polpa macia. Eles também comem néctar e pólen.[2]

Referências

  1. a b Crichton, E. and P. Krutzsch. (2000). Reproductive Biology of Bats. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
  2. Payne, J., C. M. Francis, and K. Phillips. (1985). A Field Guide to The Mammals Of Borneo. Malaysia: The Sabah Society. p.173.

Leitura de apoio

  • SIMMONS, N. B. Order Chiroptera. In: WILSON, D. E.; REEDER, D. M. (Eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. 3. ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. v. 1, p. 312-529.
  • CSORBA, G.; BUMRUNGSRI, S.; FRANCIS, C.; BATES, P.; GUMAL, M.; KINGSTON, T.; MOLUR, S.; SRINIVASULU, C. 2008. Cynopterus brachyotis. In: IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Acessado em 31 de dezembro de 2008.
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Cynopterus brachyotis: Brief Summary ( portughèis )

fornì da wikipedia PT

Cynopterus brachyotis é uma espécie de morcego da família Pteropodidae. Pode ser encontrada na Índia, Sri Lanka, Mianmar, Tailândia, Camboja, Laos, Vietnã, China, Malásia, Singapura, Indonésia e Timor-leste. O tempo de vida dessa espécie é de aproximadamente 20 a 30 anos.

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Cynopterus brachyotis ( svedèis )

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Cynopterus brachyotis[2][3] är en däggdjursart som först beskrevs av Müller 1838. Den ingår i släktet Cynopterus och familjen flyghundar.[4][5] IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig.[1]

Beskrivning

En medelstor fladdermus med ett rävliknande ansikte, kort nos med rörformade näsborrar och stora, mörka ögon[6][7]. Pälsen är kort och brun, vingarna är mörka och fläckiga.[7] Kring nacken har djuren en "krage" som är mörkt orangefärgad hos hanen, gulaktig hos honan.[6] Kroppslängden är 7 till 13 cm, vingbredden 30 till 46 cm, och vikten 30 till 100 g.[7]

Underarter

Catalogue of Life[4] samt Wilson & Reeder (2005) skiljer mellan 8 underarter: [8]

  • Cynopterus brachyotis brachyotis (Müller, 1838)
  • Cynopterus brachyotis altitudinis Hill, 1961
  • Cynopterus brachyotis brachysoma Dobson, 1871
  • Cynopterus brachyotis ceylonensis Gray, 1871
  • Cynopterus brachyotis concolor Sody, 1940
  • Cynopterus brachyotis hoffeti Bourret, 1944
  • Cynopterus brachyotis insularum K. Andersen, 1910
  • Cynopterus brachyotis javanicus K. Andersen, 1910

Utbredning

Denna flyghund förekommer i södra och sydöstra Asien. Utbredningsområdet sträcker sig över södra Indien och Sri Lanka samt från Bangladesh, nordöstra Indien och södra Kina till Borneo[1] och Filippinerna[6].

Ekologi

Arten är nattaktiv[6] och förekommer i habitat som fruktträdgårdar, trädgårdar och skogar, gärna bevuxna med palmer.[7] Den föredrar mer höglänta områden,[1] men kan förekomma från havsytans nivå till 1 650 m[6].

Födan består av söta frukter, som arten troligen bara förtär saften av, och spottar ut fruktköttet. Främsta födan är mango, men den kan ta många olika, aromatiska frukter. Arten har få fiender förutom människan; i vissa kulturer äts arten.[7]

Unga hanar lever ensamma, medan äldre hanar och honor lever i haremsliknande grupper om en hane och vanligen omkring 4 honor, även om antalet honor kan nå upp till 20. Det förekommer att hanarna tillverkar tältliknande bon av palmlöv, i vilka fladdermössen sover under dagen.[7]

Honor föder en unge efter 105 till 120 dagars dräktighet.[1] Den nyfödda ungen bärs av modern, som ger den di tills de är 40 till 45 dagar gamla. Även hanen hjälper till med ungarnas vård. Honorna blir könsmogna vid 5 till 6 månaders ålder, hanarna vid 15 till 20 månader. Arten blir 20 till 30 år gammal.[7]

Källor

  1. ^ [a b c d e] Csorba, G., Bumrungsri, S., Francis, C., Bates, P., Gumal, M., Kingston, T., Molur, S. & Srinivasulu, C. 2008 Cynopterus brachyotis Från: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2 <www.iucnredlist.org>. Läst 9 juli 2016.
  2. ^ Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. (1992) , Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 2nd ed., 3rd printing
  3. ^ Wilson, Don E., and F. Russell Cole (2000) , Common Names of Mammals of the World
  4. ^ [a b] Roskov Y., Abucay L., Orrell T., Nicolson D., Flann C., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., DeWalt R.E., Decock W., De Wever A. (red.) (2016). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2016 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Naturalis, Leiden, Nederländerna. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2016/search/all/key/cynopterus+brachyotis/match/1. Läst 9 juli 2016.
  5. ^ ITIS: The Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Orrell T. (custodian), 2011-04-26
  6. ^ [a b c d e] Shigeki Yasuma, Ludi Apin och Fred Tuh Yit Yu (2003) (på engelska). Mammals of Crocker Range. Bornean Biodiversity and Ecosystems Conservation Programme in Sabah, Malaysia. sid. 31. ISBN 983-41084-0-0. http://www.bbec.sabah.gov.my/overall/bbec8/Mammals.pdf
  7. ^ [a b c d e f g] Kari Severson (2002). Cynopterus brachyotis lesser short-nosed fruit bat” (på engelska). Animal Diversity Web (University of Michigan). http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Cynopterus_brachyotis/. Läst 9 juli 2016.
  8. ^ (2005) , website Cynopterus brachyotis, Mammal Species of the World

Externa länkar

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Cynopterus brachyotis: Brief Summary ( svedèis )

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Cynopterus brachyotis är en däggdjursart som först beskrevs av Müller 1838. Den ingår i släktet Cynopterus och familjen flyghundar. IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig.

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Cynopterus brachyotis ( ucrain )

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Опис

Довжина голови і тіла: 72–90 мм. Довжина хвоста: 10–16 мм. Довжина передпліччя: 55–66 мм. Вага 28–40 грамів. Має великі очі й білу окантовку на вухах. Коли знаходиться на сідалі, кажан щільно охоплює чорними крилами тіло, залишивши тільки голову видимою. Білі кістки пальців виділяються на тлі чорних крил. Шерсть коротка і від сірувато-коричневого до жовтувато-коричневого кольору на спині і блідіша знизу. Дорослі самці мають темно-помаранчево-червоний комір, а самиці — жовто-помаранчевіший комір. Неповнолітні відчувають нестачу в цьому комірі й, як правило, рівномірно сірі.

Середовище проживання

Мешкає в більшості місць проживання (але найчастіше в порушених лісових), у тому числі нижні гірські ліси, тропічні низовинні тропічні ліси, сади, мангрові ліси і рослинність на пляжах.

Стиль життя

Влаштовується на спочинок невеликими групами на деревах, під опалим листям та в печерах. C. brachyotis стають активними незабаром після заходу сонця і летять безпосередньо до плодових дерев до 2 км, щоб харчуватися дрібними плодами, в тому числі манго, інжиром, а також нектаром. Вони літають навколо дерев кілька разів, перш ніж вибрати плід, де вони використовують кігті на першому і другому пальцях на руках, а також їх сильні ноги, щоб чіплятися за грона плодів під час годування. Не мають ехолокації й щоб знайти їжу, використовують свої великі очі й сильне відчуття запаху. Цей вид є особливо важливим для поширення насіння; він протягом річного циклу плодоношення може споживати плоди 54 видів, листя 14 видів і квітки чотирьох видів.

При сприятливих умовах, самиці народжують одне дитинча два рази в рік, один раз в період з середини січня до середини квітня, і знову в період з середини червня до початку жовтня. Період вагітності триває 105–120 днів. Самиці несуть їх дитинча в польоті протягом перших кількох місяців життя, поки воно не навчився літати з упевненістю. Молодь стає статевозрілою в сім місяців, а самиці будуть народжувати своє перше дитинча трохи у більше ніж 12 місяців.

Загрози та охорона

Падіння чисельності в багатьох популяціях відбувається через вирубку первинних і вторинних лісів для деревини та плантацій олійної пальми. Навіть в охоронних районах ліси вирубуються для створення землі для сільськогосподарських культур, плантацій і сіл. Тварини також зазвичай переслідуються фруктовими фермерами за шкоду, яку вони роблять, хоча важливість криланів у запиленні культур часто недооцінюється.

Джерела

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Dơi chó tai ngắn ( vietnamèis )

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Cynopterus brachyotis (tên tiếng Anh: Dơi chó tai ngắn) là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Dơi quạ, bộ Dơi. Loài này được Müller mô tả năm 1838.[2] Loài dơi này sinh sống ở Nam Á và Đông Nam Á. Chúng ăn trái cây.

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ Csorba, G., Bumrungsri, S., Francis, C., Bates, P., Gumal, M., Kingston, T., Molur, S. & Srinivasulu, C. (2008). Cynopterus brachyotis. Sách Đỏ IUCN các loài bị đe dọa. Phiên bản 2013.1. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế. Truy cập ngày 15 tháng 10 năm 2013.
  2. ^ a ă Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Cynopterus brachyotis”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

Tham khảo

Liên kết ngoài

 src= Phương tiện liên quan tới Cynopterus brachyotis tại Wikimedia Commons


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết họ Dơi quạ này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Dơi chó tai ngắn: Brief Summary ( vietnamèis )

fornì da wikipedia VI

Cynopterus brachyotis (tên tiếng Anh: Dơi chó tai ngắn) là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Dơi quạ, bộ Dơi. Loài này được Müller mô tả năm 1838. Loài dơi này sinh sống ở Nam Á và Đông Nam Á. Chúng ăn trái cây.

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Малайский коротконосый крылан ( russ; russi )

fornì da wikipedia русскую Википедию
Латинское название Cynopterus brachyotis
(Salomon Müller, 1838)

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Систематика
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ITIS 631552 NCBI 58060 Охранный статус
Status iucn3.1 LC ru.svg
Вызывающие наименьшие опасения
IUCN 3.1 Least Concern: 6103

Мала́йский коротконо́сый крыла́н[1] (Cynopterus brachyotis) — растительноядный вид крыланов, распространённый в южной, юго-восточной Азии и на острове Калимантан (или Борнео). Весят около 21—32 граммов. Их продолжительность жизни составляет примерно 20—30 лет. Крыланы используют тактику «четырёх касаний» при приземлении на горизонтальные поверхности вниз головой. На основе съёмок на скоростную камеру было установлено, что крыланы, подлетая с расправленными крыльями к потолку вольеры, после соприкосновения с ним, вытягивали конечности и хватались за решетку потолка вольеры как большими пальцами передних конечностей, так и задними конечностями. И только обретя прочную опору, повисали вниз головой[2].

Малайский коротконосый крылан плодояден. Предпочитают ароматные фрукты, особенно манго. Летучие мыши питаются в основном мелкими плодами, высасывают соки и мякоть. Едят также нектар и пыльцу.

Примечания

  1. Полная иллюстрированная энциклопедия. «Млекопитающие» Кн. 2 = The New Encyclopedia of Mammals / под ред. Д. Макдональда. — М.: Омега, 2007. — С. 458. — 3000 экз.ISBN 978-5-465-01346-8.
  2. Раскрыты секреты приземления летучих мышей (неопр.) (недоступная ссылка). Проверено 27 августа 2009. Архивировано 11 июля 2009 года.
 src=
Новорожденный малайский коротконосый крылан


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Малайский коротконосый крылан: Brief Summary ( russ; russi )

fornì da wikipedia русскую Википедию

Мала́йский коротконо́сый крыла́н (Cynopterus brachyotis) — растительноядный вид крыланов, распространённый в южной, юго-восточной Азии и на острове Калимантан (или Борнео). Весят около 21—32 граммов. Их продолжительность жизни составляет примерно 20—30 лет. Крыланы используют тактику «четырёх касаний» при приземлении на горизонтальные поверхности вниз головой. На основе съёмок на скоростную камеру было установлено, что крыланы, подлетая с расправленными крыльями к потолку вольеры, после соприкосновения с ним, вытягивали конечности и хватались за решетку потолка вольеры как большими пальцами передних конечностей, так и задними конечностями. И только обретя прочную опору, повисали вниз головой.

Малайский коротконосый крылан плодояден. Предпочитают ароматные фрукты, особенно манго. Летучие мыши питаются в основном мелкими плодами, высасывают соки и мякоть. Едят также нектар и пыльцу.

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短耳犬蝠 ( cinèis )

fornì da wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Cynopterus brachyotis
(Müller, 1838) 短耳犬蝠分布图
短耳犬蝠分布图

短耳犬蝠學名Cynopterus brachyotis)是狐蝠科犬蝠属的一个物种。[2]这是一种小型蝙蝠,生活在南亚和东南亚,以及印度尼西亚(婆罗洲)。它的重量为21克到32克,有许多类型的栖息地,最常见的是森林,包括海拔较低的山地森林和热带低地雨林,以及花园、红树林、海滩上的植被。[3]

描述

短耳犬蝠通常棕色至淡黄棕色,颈部颜色更浅一些。成年雄性颈部为暗橙色,而成年雌性为黄色。未成年则颈部颜色不明显。耳朵和翅膀骨的边缘通常是白色的。有两对下门牙,狐狸般的脸和大的黑眼睛。[4]前臂长度为55-65毫米,尾长为8-10毫米,耳朵长度为14-16毫米。[3]

短耳犬蝠的生命周期为20到30年。[5]

类似物种

犬蝠与短耳犬蝠相似,犬蝠的前臂更长,耳朵更长,头骨长很多。短吻果蝠Penthetor lucasi)只有一对下门齿,没有耳朵的白边,颜色通常较灰暗。无尾果蝠Megaerops ecaudatus)通常有一个上翘的鼻子,没有较亮的的颈部和尾部,只有一对下门齿。[3]

饮食

短耳犬蝠食水果。它们喜欢有果香,特别是芒果[5] 主要吃小水果,吸出果汁和柔软的果肉。它们也吃花蜜和花粉。[3]

繁殖

短耳犬蝠的交配系统为一夫多妻[4]在菲律宾,雌性每年怀孕两次,几乎每个月都有怀孕的雌性。怀孕期约3.5至4个月。雌性哺乳幼崽约六至八个星期。雄性性成熟大约需要一年,大多数雌性约六至八个月就可以怀孕。梅德韦观察到,在马来西亚半岛繁殖没有季节性。繁殖在泰国也非季节性。[6]雌雄双方都照顾幼崽,雄性在哺乳和喂养方面发挥了积极的作用。它们有与雌性大小相同的乳腺,超过它们的整体体重的8% 。[5]

行为

短耳犬蝠喜欢小规模成群栖息在树上,树叶下,或者在山洞里。年轻雄性可能独自生活。一只雄性和最多四只雌性栖息在一起很常见。雌性可能会20只成组生活。[7]

参考资料

  1. ^ Csorba, G., Bumrungsri, S., Francis, C., Bates, P., Gumal, M., Kingston, T., Molur, S. & Srinivasulu, C. (2008). "Cynopterus brachyotis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 2013-10-15.
  2. ^ Simmons, N. B. (2005). "Order Chiroptera". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 316. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Payne, J., C. M. Francis, and K. Phillips. (1985). A Field Guide to The Mammals Of Borneo. Malaysia: The Sabah Society. p.173.
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Nowak, R. (1997). Cynopterus. (On-line). Walker's Mammals of the World Online. Accessed January 09, 2009.
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Crichton, E. and P. Krutzsch. (2000). Reproductive Biology of Bats. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
  6. ^ Lekagul B. and J. A. McNeely. 1977. Mammals of Thailand. Sahankarnbhat, Bangkok.
  7. ^ Richarz, K. and A. Limbrunner. (1993). The World of Bats. Neptune City, NJ: TFH Publications, Inc.
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短耳犬蝠: Brief Summary ( cinèis )

fornì da wikipedia 中文维基百科

短耳犬蝠(學名:Cynopterus brachyotis)是狐蝠科犬蝠属的一个物种。这是一种小型蝙蝠,生活在南亚和东南亚,以及印度尼西亚(婆罗洲)。它的重量为21克到32克,有许多类型的栖息地,最常见的是森林,包括海拔较低的山地森林和热带低地雨林,以及花园、红树林、海滩上的植被。

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작은짧은코과일박쥐 ( Corean )

fornì da wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

작은짧은코과일박쥐(Cynopterus brachyotis)는 큰박쥐과에 속하는 박쥐의 일종이다.[2] 남아시아와 동남아시아 그리고 인도네시아(보르네오섬)에서 서식하는 작은 박쥐이다. 몸무게는 21~32g이다. 다양한 서식지에서 발견되지만, 저지대 산지 숲과 열대 저지대 우림 그리고 시골, 홍수림, 해안가 식생 지대를 포함한 교란 숲에서 가장 많이 관찰된다.[3]

각주

  1. Csorba, G., Bumrungsri, S., Francis, C., Bates, P., Gumal, M., Kingston, T., Molur, S. & Srinivasulu, C. (2008). Cynopterus brachyotis. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 2013.1판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 2013년 10월 15일에 확인함.
  2. Simmons, N.B. (2005). 〈Order Chiroptera〉 [박쥐목]. Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. 《Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference》 (영어) 3판. 존스 홉킨스 대학교 출판사. 316쪽. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  3. Payne, J., C. M. Francis, and K. Phillips. (1985). A Field Guide to The Mammals Of Borneo. Malaysia: The Sabah Society. p.173.
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