Two predator species are known for chacma baboons in Botswana: leopards, and lions. Predation rate has been estimated at 9 percent of the population per year. Of these animals, 18 percent are thought to be infants, 18 percent juveniles, and 13 percent adult males. A full 50 percent of predation deaths are of adult females.
Risk of predation may have an influence on how animals organize themselves within a moving group of chacma baboons. Animals who are less able to defend themselves from predators, or who have greater fear of predators, may locate themselves toward the rear of a groups approaching potentially dangerous areas, such as water holes. Also, these vulnerable individuals may by virtue of greater fear, may end up at the front of the group as it retreats from a predator.
Baboons have been known to attack leopards. Males, with their elongated canines, can inflict great damage on potential predators. It may be that the high percentage of females, infants, and juveniles taken by predators is related to a preference by predators for these less dangerous prey items.
Known Predators:
These monkeys are sexually dimorphic in size and pelage characters. Head and body length is reportedly between 508 and 1.143 mm, with the tail adding an additional 456 to 711 mm to the total length. Males weigh from 26 to 31 kg and females around 15 kg. Animals found in the Kalahari desert are reported to be somewhat smaller than average. The average brain weight in adults of this species is 214.4 g.
Males have large canine teeth, whereas the teeth of the females are much smaller. These animals have 32 teeth. The first lower premolar is modified and serves as a hone for the upper canine tooth. The skull of these baboons is large, and the face has a characteristic downward flex. The upper face is narrow and deeply constricted. The skin of the face is a dark, purple-black. The tail is bent.
Pelage of typical chacma baboons is dark brown to black dorsally, with the underparts and sides of the muzzle lighter. The fur on the hands and feet is black. The overall hair color is produced by individual hairs which are black with a single yellow-brown band. Light hairs typically have a black tip. Although males are not maned, as they are in anubis , hamadryas, and guinea baboons, they do have longish tufts of hair at the nape. The facial skin and the skin surrounding the ischial callosities is purplish-black. The natal pelage is black, and is replaced by adult-like fur around 6 months of age.
It should be noted that there is geographic variation in pelage coloration. Gray-footed baboons, an identifiable subgroup within the species, are found in the northeastern part of the species range. These baboons are slightly smaller than typical chacmas. They are distinguished from typical chacmas by the coloration of the fur, which is gray-buff. The fur on their hands and feet is the same grayish color as their arms, rather than the black seen in typical chacmas. Hairs show a different banding pattern than typical chacma baboons, with black tips and black rings. The post-orbital constriction is reduced in this variety of baboon. As in typical chacma baboons, the natal pelage is black, and this fur is replaced by the adult color around 6 months of age.
Transvaal baboons, another subgroup within P. ursinus, are known from a limited number of specimens collected near the region where gray-footed and typical chacma baboon ranges meet. It is not known whether this variety represents a stable baboon phenotype (and therefore a distinct population), or simply a few animals produced from hybridization of typical-chacma and gray-footed chacma baboons. Transvaal baboons are somewhat intermediate between the typical chacma and the gray-footed variety, supporting the hypothesis that they may represent hybrids of the other forms of chacma baboons. In fur color and hair-banding pattern they resemble gray-footed baboons. However, they possess black feet, like typical chacmas. In size and cranial shape, these baboons resemble typical chacmas. Nothing is known about the natal pelage of these baboons.
Range mass: 15 to 31 kg.
Range length: 508 to 1,143 mm.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: male larger; ornamentation
A chacma baboon (P. ursinus) is reported to have lived 45 years in captivity. It is unlikely that many individuals live this long in the wild.
Range lifespan
Status: captivity: 45 (high) years.
Average lifespan
Status: captivity: 27.6 years.
Average lifespan
Sex: female
Status: captivity: 31.2 years.
Average lifespan
Status: captivity: 45.0 years.
Chacma baboons are found in wooded highlands, grassland steppe, and savanna habitats.
Habitat Regions: temperate ; tropical
Terrestrial Biomes: savanna or grassland ; chaparral ; scrub forest
The distribution of chacma baboons is primarily water limited. They are found throughout much of southern Africa. These baboons are found in the countries of Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, and Zambia.
This species is part of a complex of closely related African baboon species. We have an account of the whole genus under Papio.
Biogeographic Regions: ethiopian (Native )
Chacma baboons are known to eat fruits, including Kigelia pinnata fruit and figs from both Ficus sycomorus and Ficus burki. They also eat leaves, including the crowns of Cypress trees, tree gums, insects, eggs, seeds, including the green seeds of Acacia nigrens, flowers, water lilies (Nymphaea caerulea), grass, rhizomes, corms, roots, tubers, and small vertebrates.
One feeding adaptation thought to be shared by all baboons is the ability to subsist on a relatively low quality diet. Baboons can subsist on grasses for extended periods of time. This allows them to exploit dry terrestrial habitats, like deserts, semideserts, steppes, and grasslands.
Animal Foods: birds; mammals; reptiles; eggs; carrion ; insects; terrestrial non-insect arthropods
Plant Foods: leaves; roots and tubers; wood, bark, or stems; seeds, grains, and nuts; fruit
Primary Diet: omnivore
Because chacma baboons are prey items, they form an important link in local food webs, making nutrients they obtain from plants and small animals available to larger animals. They dig for tubers, roots, rhizomes and corms, so it is likely that these animals help to aerate the soil where they forage. Also, it is likely that they play some role in dispersing seeds they eat.
Ecosystem Impact: disperses seeds; soil aeration
Chacma baboons are very interersting animals, and provide a great deal of entertainment to people who visit them in zoos. Some of these animals have been used in medical research.
Positive Impacts: research and education
All baboons can be terrible crop pests, as they are not particularly shy of humans. They are large animals which can be aggressive when confronted.
Negative Impacts: injures humans (bites or stings); crop pest
Chacma baboons are not listed as threatened or endangered.
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern
As in all highly social species, communication is varied and complex. Chacma baboons utilize visual signals and gestures, vocalizations, and tactile communication.
Visual signals include social presenting, in which a female or juvenile displays its hind quarters to a male. It can also be done by a female who has approached another female with her black infant. This submissive signal differs from sexual presenting (which females do to elicit copulation), and is often accompanied by lip smacking. Staring is a threat behavior, the effect of which is enhanced by the differently colored fur in the region of the eye which is revealed when the baboon stares. Eyebrow raising is a similar aggressive gesture. Canine tooth display through a tension yawn is another threatening gesture. It is performed by lower-raking males toward higher-ranking males who are consorting with estrus females or who possess meat. Male baboons who are close to one another can use tooth grinding to threaten one another. Baboons who are being threatened use rapid glances in the opposite direction to break tension. Adult males who are guarding mates sometimes sit with their erect penis is plain view. This penile display communicates the male’s presence to other males.
Teeth chattering and lipsmacking, although not technically vocalizations, are auditory cues of reassurance, often performed by a dominant animal when another is presenting to him. A female may also lipsmack when approaching a mother and her black infant.
Vocalizations made by chacma baboons include a two-phase bark, or "wahoo" call, which adult males direct toward feline predators or toward other males. It is thought to communicate the presence of the male and his arousal. This call may be preceded by grunting, a soft threat call. Screeching is common during aggressive encounters, and can be made by any age or sex class. It appears to inhibit aggression. Subadult and adult baboons produce a yakking call when retreating from a threatening animal. This call is often accompanied by a grimace of fear. A shrill bark is produced by all except adult males to indicate alarm, especially due to sudden disturbances. Finally, rhythmic grunting may be produced by all chacma baboons except infants when they wish to signal reassurance to another animal.
Juveniles and infants produce some vocalizations unique to their age class. These include chattering, which is a nasal, grunt-like call emited during play. They also produce an ick-ooer sound which communicates a low level of distress.
Adult females of this species produce a vocalization during copulation called a muffled growl. The mouth is closed, and the cheeks expand and contract during this call.
Tactile communication is common in cercopithecines. Social grooming is used to reinforce social bonds, as well as to remove parasites and debris from the fur. Social mounting is a reassurance behavior. Anubis baboons also perform a friendly nose-to-nose greeting.
Chemical communication has not been reported for this species. However, female anubis baboons are known to produce aliphatic acids when they are sexually receptive. These acids are thought to enhance a female’s sexual attractiveness. It is possible that female chacma baboons also produce these acids.
Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
Reproductive behavior in P. ursinus is closely tied to social organization. When these animals live in multi-male, multi-female troops, there is the potential for any male to mate with any female. Because of this, males in multi-male troops compete fiercely for access to sexually receptive females. In general, a male’s ability to consort with a female and exclude other males from access to her is related to the male’s ability to compete with other males. There is therefore a correlation between male dominance rank within the troop and mating success. Larger, younger, and stronger males have a distinct advantage in this type of competition.
However, as in many social animals, there are other factors which affect a male’s mating success. For example, in P. anubis males may form alliances with other males, which can subvert the normal dominance hierarchy. Two males, neither of whom can dominate a third male alone, may join forces and together, as a coalition, these males may succeed in securing access to a sexually receptive female. Such coalitions may occur in chacma baboons, although research has yet to address this behavior in P. ursinus.
In anubis baboons, males also follow a strategy of developing "friendships" with females, which enhances their opportunities to mate. In these friendships, males groom, share food, and have strong affiliative ties with particular females and their offspring. It is common for males to defend their female friends during agonistic encounters with other females, and with other males. These associations are not confined to the period during which females are sexually receptive, but span the entire gamut of the female’s reproductive life—including pregnancy, lactation, and time spent cycling. Females tend to exhibit a preference for mating with their male friends, and therefore make consortships with their male friends more likely. In addition, because females prefer their friends as mates, they are more likely to cooperate with them in the maintenance of a consortship than they are to cooperate with other, less favored, males. These types of long-term friendships may also exist in chacma baboons, although further research is needed to clarify this point.
Females clearly exert some mate choice. In addition to having sexually proceptive behavior, in which the female makes some decision about which males she will mate with by presenting her hindquarters to those males, they may refuse to mate with some males. When new males immigrate into a troop, females may help or hinder their chances of success by developing affiliative relationships with the immigrating males. In this way, females may choose which males will be in their potential mating pool.
Mating System: polygynous ; polygynandrous (promiscuous)
Reproduction in P. ursinus is related to the social structure of this species. The social structure is somewhat variable, with the majority of animals living in multi-male, multi-female troops reminiscent of anubis baboons. In some cases, however, the social structure resembles that of hamadryas baboons, with single males controlling a group of females. Mating in multi-male, multi-female troops is polygynandrous, with both males and females mating with multiple partners. Mating in One Male Units (OMUs) is necessarily polygynous.
Most matings in multi-male, multi-female troops occur during consortships. Consortships arise when a male, through aggression toward potential rivals, is able to maintain exclusive sexual access to a female. Females may consort with multiple males during the periovulatory period, although they consort with only one male at a time. Because it is apparently easier for a male to maintain exclusive access to a female if the female is cooperative, there is a significant amount of female mate choice, with females preferring some partners over others.
In OMUs, males do not alter their general behavior toward females, with the exception of mating with them mostly when the females are close to ovulation. Males in OMUs do not consort with females. If another adult male enters the group, however, this behavior changes drastically, with typical competition between males and consortships developing.
Females characteristically have an estrous cycle of 31 to 35 days in length. There is a noticeable menstrual flow for approximately three days per cycle if the female does not conceive. During the period around ovulation, the perineal skin of the female swells, alerting the males to her potentially fertile condition, and enhancing her attractiveness to them. Females are sexually receptive and mate throughout their cycle, but copulations peak at midcycle when the female is likely to ovulate. Mating is initiated by the female, who presents her hindquarters to the male. Like hamadryas baboons, chacma males are serial mounters. A male will mount a female several times, with 1 to 20 thrusts per mount, before ejaculating. When the female is cycling, mating frequency can be as high as 7 to 12.2 copulations per hour. Mating does not occur during pregnancy.
Gestation is probably similar to that of other Papio species, which ranges from 175 to 180 days. Females give birth to a single offspring. The newborn of P. anubis weighs 1068 g on average, and the young of chacma baboons are probably similar in size. The neonate has a black coat, making it easy to distinguish from older infants. An infant is completely dependent upon its mother for the first few months, until it begins to eat solid food and is able to walk on its own. Females have an interbirth interval ranging from 18 to 24 months. As in other baboons, it is likely that this interval varies according to a number of factors. In anubis baboons, females who are older or have a higher rank tend to have shorter interbirth intervals. Interbirth interval is also shorter if an infant dies before weaning.
Data on the nursing period in this species are scanty. However, it is likely that timing and patterns resemble other members of the genus. Weaning typically occurs in P. anubis around 420 days of age. Lactation is a huge cost for adult females, and has been implicated in dramatic weight reductions in anubis females. Lower ranking and younger females probably take longer to recover adequate body weight to reproduce than do older, dominant females, due to their reduced access to prime feeding sites. This would explain their longer interbirth intervals.
The onset of puberty and attainment of adult size are variable and are associated with nutrition levels. For example, in P. anubis populations where baboons are known to raid human crops, and to thereby secure greater access to nutrients than naturally foraging animals, puberty can occur much earlier. The effect of nutrition on growth in P. anubis is so strong that as little as 15 to 16 weeks of dietary variation in newborns can have lasting effects on overall rates of female growth, absolute adult weight, and age at menarche. It is reasonable to assume that chacma baboons are similarly affected.
In P. ursinus females reach sexual maturity at approximately 3 years of age. Male sexual maturity occurs around 5 years of age. Within about a year, these animals will reach full size, or experience their first birth. There are no data available regarding the maturation of testicles or sperm production in this species. However, because chacma baboons have a variable mating system, and mating system differences have been implicated as the evolutionary cause of differences in the schedule of sexual maturation between anubis and hamadryas baboons, such data would be very interesting.
Breeding interval: These animals can breed every 1.5 to 2 years.
Breeding season: Mating can occur throughout the year.
Range number of offspring: 1 (low) .
Average number of offspring: 1.
Average time to independence: 12 months.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 3 years.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 5 years.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; year-round breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization ; viviparous
Most parental care is performed by the female. Females nurse, groom, and play with their offspring. Females express different patterns of infant care, often associated with rank and age. In yellow baboons, higher-ranking females tend to be more "permissive" in their parenting than lower ranking females, who tend to me more nervous and "restrictive," preventing their offspring from moving away from them.
There does not seem to be cooperative care of offspring among females in P. ursinus, but it is not uncommon for females other than the mother to groom an infant, sometimes providing allomaternal care to the infant. As in other baboons, subadult and juvenile females who have not yet reproduced themselves are most likely to exhibit allomaternal behavior. As is the case for all baboons, infants are very attractive to other members of the social group, and are the focus of a great deal of investigation and attention, especially while they are still displaying their black natal coat. In extreme cases, female anubis baboons may kidnap the offspring of other females. Lower-ranking females are more often subject to this extreme form of harassment than are higher-ranking females. Other factors known to affect the incidence of allomaternal behavior in other species include the infant’s age, and relatedness of the allomother to the mother and infant.
Males have complex relationships with infants and juveniles, which in some cases may be a form of parental care. In other savanna baboon species, males are known to carry, protect, share food (especially meat), groom, and play with, the offspring of their female friends. Because they are more likely to mate with their female friends than they are with other females, these infants and juveniles are more likely to be their own offspring than are other immature animals within the troop. This behavior, therefore, can be interpreted as paternal. Although not specifically reported for chacma baboons, it is likely that this behavior does occur in this species.
However, it should be noted that the relationship between adult males baboons and immature animals may be more complex than this. There may be some form of reciprocity involved. Adult males will often carry infants during tense interactions with other adult males. This carrying can be initiated either by the adult male or by the infant. Such contact with an infant during agonistic encounters may have the effect of inhibiting aggression by other males. The favors bestowed upon an infant used as a buffer may therefore be a form a "payback" from the adult male. However, since the tendency to use an infant as an agonistic buffer is related to familiarity with the infant, and in baboons and macaques familiarity with an infant is associated with the probability of paternity, it is impossible to separate the nepotism from the reciprocity of such interactions.
Parental Investment: altricial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female); post-independence association with parents; extended period of juvenile learning; inherits maternal/paternal territory; maternal position in the dominance hierarchy affects status of young
Chacma Baboons (Papio Ursinus) are often regarded as pests, especially in the Cape region, but these crazy creatures are actually very intelligent and share a lot of behavioural traits with us humans, which is maybe why people find them so pesky.
The Chacma Baboon, like all other baboons, is from the Old World monkey family, and also one of the largest baboon species, with a body length of up to 115 cm, and weighing from 15 to 35 kg. But unlike their brothers from up north, male Chacmas don’t have manes. Chacmas do however have a shaggy patch of hair on the nape of their necks. Chacmas are gray to dark brown, with darker extremities and tail, and running speeds of up to 45kph can be achieved. Imagine that!!
Baboons are sexually dimorphic, males being significantly larger than females (reaching sexual maturity at around six or seven years of age), and males develop canine teeth as long as 5 cm, larger than those of lions.
Chacmas can be found in most of southern Africa, from South Africa north to Angola, Zambia and Mozambique, and are divided into three subspecies within that range (the Cape Chacma, the Gray-footed Chacma in northern S.A. and Zambia, and the Ruacana Chacma in Namibia and southern Angola), with colour and size variations in the different areas.
Although they spend most of their time on the ground searching and foraging for food, these silly baboons spend their evenings in high trees (sometimes sleeping on very narrow branches!) or rocky outcrops, escaping the possible dangers of leopards and other predators.
Chacma Baboons mainly prefer nice fresh fruits, nuts, tubers and invertebrates, but they are omnivorous, which means that they eat anything and everything, even human-derived food! That is why it is super important NOT to feed these gentle beings and NOT to have any food around them, otherwise they might not be viewed as gentle any more.Many people claim to have been ‘attacked’ by baboons before, but these misunderstood animals were probably just trying to retrieve the most important thing they see in front of them, food!
Baboons are very social animals and communicate through various means, including body attitude, facial expressions, touch and sounds like lip-smacking, grunting, kecking and wahooing. Troops are characterised by a dominance hierarchy, females inheriting it from their mothers, while male ranking is tenuous and have to be fought for. Females thus form the core of the troop as males move between troops in their quest for the position as alpha male.
Females give birth to one infant after a gestation period of six months, generally reproducing once every two years, and couples often stay together to raise the young. Males as well as other females from the troop have even been witnessed to foster infants if the mother was killed.
Even though Chacmas are not considered as threatened, there is an on-going war between humans and the wildlife, as human expansion increases and foraging grounds and the natural environment of baboons decreases. Because they live near human habitats, baboons are shot, electrocuted, poisoned, run over and captured for the pet industry or lab research. Human intervention has thus been found to influence troop structures, and there has been a considerable loss in numbers in certain areas.
According to Tenikwa Wildlife RehabilitationCentre, Chacma baboons have been on the Cape Peninsula for over 1 million years. However, unless trends change, the remaining 250 Chacma baboons of the Cape South Peninsula face extinction within 10 years.
They go on to say that in 2005, 50% of baboon deaths were caused by humans and by 2008, this had increased to 70%. Most of these deaths were from vehicles or guns.
For more fantastic info and common misconceptions about these whimsical baboons, visit this very rad informativesiteput together by Larissa Swedell and Julian Saunders.
For more information on MammalMAP, visit the MammalMAPvirtual museumorblog.
Die bobbejaan of Kaapse bobbejaan (Papio ursinus) is, buiten die mens, die grootse primaat wat in Suider-Afrika voorkom.
Mannetjie:
Wyfie:
Betreklik skraal gebou, maar mannetjies is stewig oor die skouers; het veral die hondagtige snoet, kenmerkend aan die genus; en het klein maanhare van lang swarterige hare op die nek en skouers. Bobbejane loop handeviervoet, en die skof is dan hoër as die kruis. Pelskleur is donkergrys tot grysbruin. Kenmerkend lyk dit of die bobbejaanstert gebreek is: die eerste derde word orent gehou en die res hang slap af. Die mannetjies se agterstewe het 'n enkele vaal, haarlose velkussing, teenoor die wyfies wat twee aparte kleiner velkussings het op elke boud. Tydens wyfies se vrugbare tydperk swel dié kussings bloedrooi en groot. Dit bly rooi verkleur tydens dragtigheid.
Hulle kom wyd verspreid in Suider-Afrika voor.
Bobbejane kan 'n wye verskeidenheid van leefplek verdra, maar het kranse of hoë bome nodig vir wanneer hulle saans gaan slaap, of waarnatoe hulle kan vlug as hulle bedreig voel. Die beskikbaarheid van drinkwater is ook noodsaaklik. Hulle woon in berge, heuwels en rivierboswêreld.
Lees ook die artikel bobbejaan.
Die Kaapse bobbejaan leef in nou-verweefde sosiale groepe saam. Die trop kan van vier na tot 'n honderd groot weens, maar is meestal ongeveer veertig. Dit hang af van hoe geskik hul woonplek is—kleiner troppe kom in die Drakensberge voor en groter troppe in die Okavango. Die mannetjies is die dominante figure. Die volwasse mannetjies het egter 'n streng rangorde onder mekaar, en die mees senior mannetjies het paringsvoorreg met bronstige wyfies. Die leierbobbejaan bepaal ook wanneer en waarheen die trop trek. Die wyfies het egter wel ook 'n hiërargie; dogters erf hul moeder se rang en wyfies kan in rangorde styg deur middel van vriendskappe met ander vroulike familielede of met manlike 'vriende'.
Die gemiddelde lewensverwagting is 20 tot 30 jaar. Alhoewel luiperds hul grootste vyand is, word nie baie bobbejane gevang nie; weens hul ontoeganklike slaapplekke en die brandwagte wat hulle in plek het.
Hulle is aan die gang gedurende die dag en slaaps snags.
Kaapse bobbejane is raserig wanneer hulle stry kry; met veel gegil en geskree, maar is gewoonlik stil en sal vriendskaplike 'gesels' deur middel van sagte steungeluide. Die volwasse mannetjie se 'boggom' is 'n baie kenmerkende tweelettergrepige, luide blafgeluid; geuit as 'n wekroep of uitdaging aan ander troppe.
Hulle is omnivore. Hulle grawe graag vir knolle en wortels, maar eet geredelik wilde sade, vrugte, blare en blomme, asook insekte en ander ongewerweldes. Hulle is lief om landerye te stroop en sal klein bokkies, hase en voëls eet as hulle die kans kry.
Die gemiddelde lengte van die wyfies se vrugbaarheidsiklus is ongeveer 36 dae. Gewoonlik word 'n enkele bobbejaantjie na ses maande se dragtigheid gebore, en vind geboortes dwarsdeur die jaar plaas. Tweelinggeboortes is raar. Die pasgeborenes se pels is swart, met 'n pienk gesiggie. Vir die eerste paar weke klou die kleintjies aan die pels van die moeder se bors, later ry hulle op haar rug. Spening vind plaas teen ongeveer ses tot agt maande. Die wyfies word ongeveer elke twee jaar dragtig, maar verder uitmekaar in relatiewe swak woonomstandighede soos in die Drakensberge.
Klippe en rotse wat gesaai en omgekeerd lê, is dikwels 'n teken dat 'n bobbejaantrop daar verby is. Hulle mis is onreëlmatig, en vaagweg rond in vorm. Dit lê dikwels bo-op rotse, en het 'n sterk reuk as dit nog vars is.
,_parque_nacional_de_Chobe,_Botsuana,_2018-07-28,_DD_65.jpg)
Die bobbejaan of Kaapse bobbejaan (Papio ursinus) is, buiten die mens, die grootse primaat wat in Suider-Afrika voorkom.
Ar chakma (Papio ursinus) a zo ur babouz eus su Afrika.
Etre 60 ha 80 cm eo hirder e gorf hag etre 15 ha 30 kg e bouez.
En em vagañ a ra diwar gwrizioù, greun, amprevaned ha gazelenned. Gouzout a ra ober gant bizhier evel ostilhoù.
El papió Negre (Papio ursinus) o papió chacma[1] és una espècie de papió, un primat catarí de la família dels Micos del Vell Món de l'Àfrica occidental. L'abast del seu hàbitat el trobem des de Sud-àfrica a Angola, Zàmbia i Moçambic.
El papió Negre (Papio ursinus) o papió chacma és una espècie de papió, un primat catarí de la família dels Micos del Vell Món de l'Àfrica occidental. L'abast del seu hàbitat el trobem des de Sud-àfrica a Angola, Zàmbia i Moçambic.
Pavián čakma (Papio ursinus) (angl. Chacma Baboon) je úzkonosý primát z čeledi kočkodanovití. Má tři poddruhy. Žije v Angole, Botswaně, Zambii, Mosambiku, Zimbabwe, Namibii, Lesothu, Svazijsku a Jihoafrické republice. Obývá savany a lesostepi. Dávají přednost členité krajině se skalními oblastmi.
Délka těla u dospělého jedince dosahuje 60 – 120 cm a délka ocasu 46 – 70 cm. Hmotnost u samců je 30 – 50 kg a samic kolem 20 kg. Populace z pouště Kalahari je menšího vzrůstu a hmotnosti než ostatní. Nos tohoto druhu je dlouhý s dobře vyznačeným čelním hrbolem. V týle a na krku tvoří prodloužená srst jakousi hřívu nebo chochol. Ocas je „zlomený“ jako u většiny paviánů. Sedací hrboly mají malé. Jsou pokrytí šedě olivovou až hnědě olivovou srstí. Kůže na obličeji a v oblasti genitálií je černo červená.. Samci mají větší špičáky a nadočnicové oblouky. Dospělý jedinec má 32 zubů.
Svou potravou se řadí mezi všežravce. Jedí oddenky, traviny, kořínky, hlízy, vejce, hmyz a menší obratlovce. S oblibou konzumují plody kigélie, fíkovníků a akácii.
Vytvářejí početné skupiny mnoha samců a samic i s 80 jedinci, ojediněle však i skupinu tvořenou pouze jedním samcem se samicemi a potomstvem. Po vyčerpání potravních zdrojů dochází k přesunu. Přes noc hledají útočiště na stromech, skaliskách nebo jiných vyvýšeninách. Mladší samci drží v noci stráž před predátory. Po zemi se pohybují po čtyřech končetinách. V tlupě má každý jedinec své přesné postavení. Na vrcholu hierarchie je statný samec, jemuž je podřízeno několik dospělých samců, kteří stádo chrání a v případě potřeby mohou nahradit vedoucího samce. Na dalším stupni stojí samice s mláďaty, nejníže pak jsou „výrostci“. Samice které jsou v říji mají zvláštní postavení a doprovázejí dospělé samce. Všichni samci v průběhu puberty opouštějí rodnou tlupu a hledají své uplatnění v okolních skupinách. Dochází pak k nespočetným bojům o samice, kdy vítěz má právo na páření. Potyčky mohou vést i k usmrcení zvířete. Rodinný vztah ve skupině je matrilineární, samice zůstávají v rodné tlupě. Paviáni čakmy mají též širokou paletu komunikačních kanálů. Hlavní komunikace mezi jedinci je vizuální, např. upřený pohled, vyceňování zubů, vystavování pohlavních orgánů a štěkavým křik k odhánění dravců. K projevům hmatové komunikace patří vzájemná péče o srst, dotýkání se nosy nebo nošení mláďat. Významnou roli představuje i fyzický kontakt při zápasech o samice, ale i kousání samic při udržování sociálních vztahů. Akustická komunikace se skládá z různého vřískání, štěkání a pištění. Chemická komunikace se projevuje především v průběhu říje.
Samice se během říje, která trvá 30 až 35 dnů, páří s jedním nebo více samci. Po 175 až 180 dnech se rodí většinou jedno mládě s růžovou pokožkou a černou srstí, váží asi 1 kg, je zcela závislé na matce do doby, než začne přecházet na běžnou stravu a než se začne pohybovat samo. Odstavena od mateřského mléka bývají mláďata po 14 měsících od narození. Délka intervalů mezi porody je průměrně 18 až 24 měsíců. O mláďata pečují hlavně matky, což spočívá nejen v opatřování potravy, ale i v ošetřování, péči o srst, přenášení, hrách a zábavě. Otcové chrání své potomstvo, zásobují je stravou, úlovky, hrají si s dětmi a pomáhají s jejich transportem při přesunu tlupy. Samice, která přijde o mládě, je rychle připravena k dalšímu páření. U tohoto druhu je vysoká úmrtnost mláďat, způsobená specifickým chováním, jako zabíjení mláďat při stresových situacích nebo mláďat jiného samce za účelem získání jeho samic.
Mezi potenciální predátory patří lvi, levharti a lidé. Pavián čakma se ve volné přírodě dožívá průměrně okolo 30 a v zajetí okolo 45 let. Ohrožení paviána čakmy není vysoké, ale v jistých oblastech, jako je například Kapsko, ubývá přirozených míst výskytu. Dochází pak k synantropnímu způsobu života, kdy často přebírají lidský odpad. Paviáni vybírající odpadky hájí své zdroje potravy, což může vyústit v napadení člověka. Tento fakt bývá řešen vybíjením paviánů v blízkosti lidských aglomerací.
Druh pavián čakma se dělí na tři poddruhy:
Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu pavián čakma ve Wikimedia Commons
Pavián čakma (Papio ursinus) (angl. Chacma Baboon) je úzkonosý primát z čeledi kočkodanovití. Má tři poddruhy. Žije v Angole, Botswaně, Zambii, Mosambiku, Zimbabwe, Namibii, Lesothu, Svazijsku a Jihoafrické republice. Obývá savany a lesostepi. Dávají přednost členité krajině se skalními oblastmi.
Chacmabavianen (Papio ursinus) er en bavianart i slægten savannebavianer. Den bliver 60-82 cm lang, dertil en hale på 53-84 cm og vejer mellem 15 og 30 kg. Man har beviser for, at denne art anvender pinde som værktøj. Dyret er udbredt i hele det sydlige Afrika.
Der Bärenpavian oder Tschakma (Papio ursinus) ist eine Primatenart aus der Gattung der Paviane innerhalb der Familie der Meerkatzenverwandten (Cercopithecidae). Er lebt im südlichen Afrika.
Mit einer Kopfrumpflänge von bis zu 115 Zentimetern, wozu noch ein bis zu 71 Zentimeter langer Schwanz kommt, und einem Gewicht von 15 bis 31 Kilogramm bilden sie die größte und schwerste Pavianart. Ihr Fell ist an der Oberseite dunkelbraun oder grau gefärbt, die Unterseite ist heller, die Hände und Füße sind meist schwarz. Die langgezogene, unbehaarte Schnauze ist dunkelviolett oder schwarz gefärbt, ebenso die Sitzschwielen. Die Fellfärbung und die Größe sind nach Region variabel, so gibt es eine Population mit grauen Pfoten; besonders kleine Exemplare kommen zum Beispiel in der Kalahari vor.
Die Männchen sind deutlich größer und schwerer als die Weibchen und haben auch längere Eckzähne, im Gegensatz zu den übrigen Pavianarten fehlt ihnen aber die Mähne an den Schultern und am vorderen Rücken.
Bärenpaviane leben im südlichen Afrika, genauer in Angola, Botswana, Mosambik, Namibia, Südafrika und Sambia. Sie bewohnen sowohl Steppen und Savannen als auch offene Waldgebiete, sind jedoch auf das Vorhandensein von Wasser angewiesen.
Wie alle Paviane leben sie in Gruppen, meistens in gemischten Gruppen, in manchen Regionen (zum Beispiel im gebirgigen Südafrika) dominieren jedoch die Einmännchengruppen (siehe Gruppenverhalten der Paviane). Die Bärenpaviane zeigen ein komplexes Gruppenverhalten und kommunizieren mittels Körperhaltungen, Gesichtsausdrücken, Lauten und durch Körperkontakte. Bärenpaviane sind Allesfresser; sie haben eine Vorliebe für Früchte, nehmen jedoch auch Blätter, Insekten, Samen und kleinere Wirbeltiere zu sich.
Die Fortpflanzung kann das ganze Jahr über erfolgen, die Weibchen weisen während der fruchtbaren Phase eine ausgeprägte Regelschwellung auf. Innerhalb der gemischten Gruppen kann sich prinzipiell jedes Männchen mit jedem Weibchen paaren. Das führt zu teilweise erbitterten Auseinandersetzungen unter den Männchen um das Paarungsvorrecht.
Nach einer rund 180-tägigen Tragzeit bringt das Weibchen meist ein einzelnes Jungtier zur Welt, das zunächst schwarz gefärbt ist. Mit rund einem Jahr werden die Jungen entwöhnt, mit drei bis fünf Jahren tritt die Geschlechtsreife ein. Das Höchstalter eines Tieres in menschlicher Obhut betrug 45 Jahre, in freier Wildbahn ist die Lebenserwartung deutlich geringer.
Bärenpaviane sind weit verbreitet und zählen nicht zu den bedrohten Tierarten. Manchmal gelten sie als Plage, da sie Plantagen verwüsten.
In Uitenhage war in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts ein Bärenpavian namens Jack Assistent eines körperbehinderten Streckenwärters.
Der Bärenpavian oder Tschakma (Papio ursinus) ist eine Primatenart aus der Gattung der Paviane innerhalb der Familie der Meerkatzenverwandten (Cercopithecidae). Er lebt im südlichen Afrika.
The chacma baboon (Papio ursinus), also known as the Cape baboon, is, like all other baboons, from the Old World monkey family. It is one of the largest of all monkeys. Located primarily in southern Africa, the chacma baboon has a wide variety of social behaviours, including a dominance hierarchy, collective foraging, adoption of young by females, and friendship pairings. These behaviors form parts of a complex evolutionary ecology. In general, the species is not threatened, but human population pressure has increased contact between humans and baboons. Hunting, trapping, and accidents kill or remove many baboons from the wild, thereby reducing baboon numbers and disrupting their social structure.
Due to hybridization between different baboon (Papio) populations across Africa, authors have occasionally grouped the entire radiation as a single species, the hamadryas baboon, Papio hamadryas. Arbitrary boundaries were then used to separate the populations into subspecies.[3] Other authors once considered the chacma baboon a subspecies of the yellow baboon, Papio cynocephalus, although it is now recognised as a separate species, Papio ursinus. The chacma baboon has two or three subspecies, depending on which classification is followed. Grubb et al. (2003) lists two subspecies,[4] while Groves (2005) in Mammal Species of the World listed three.[1] This article follows Groves (2005) and describes three distinct subspecies. In the Grubb et al. (2003) paper, P. u. raucana was believed to be synonymous with P. u. ursinus.[4]
P. u. ursinus
Cape of Good Hope, South Africa
_male.jpg)
Male P. u. griseipes
Chobe National Park, Botswana
_male_head.jpg)
Male P. u. griseipes
Chobe National Park
_female_head.jpg)
Female P. u. griseipes
Chobe
_juvenile.jpg)
Juvenile P. u. griseipes
Chobe
The chacma baboon is perhaps the longest species of monkey, with an adult body length of 50 to 115 cm (20 to 45 in) and tail length of 45 to 84 cm (18 to 33 in).[5][6] It is also one of the heaviest; the male weighs from 21 to 45 kg (46 to 99 lb) with an average of 31.8 kg (70 lb). Baboons are sexually dimorphic, and females are considerably smaller than males. The adult female chacma weighs from 12 to 25 kg (26 to 55 lb), with an average of 15.4 kg (34 lb). Adult males can in some instances be about twice as long and three times as heavy as adult females.[7][8][9][10] It is similar in size to the olive baboon, averaging slightly higher in mean body mass, and of similar weight to the more compact mandrill, the males of which weigh on average about 1 kg (2.2 lb) more than a chacma baboon, the females weigh 3 kg (6.6 lb) less than the female chacma. While the mandrill is usually crowned the largest of all modern monkeys, going on total length and average (but not maximum) body weight between the sexes, the chacma baboon appears to be the largest extant monkey.[9][11] The chacma baboon is generally dark brown to gray in color, with a patch of rough hair on the nape of its neck. Unlike the males of northern baboon species (the Guinea, hamadryas, and olive baboons), chacma males do not have a mane. Perhaps the most distinctive feature of this baboon is its long, downward-sloping face.[12][13] The canine teeth of male chacma baboons have a mean length of 3.86 ± 0.30 cm (1.52 ± 0.12 in) at the time they emigrate from their natal troop. This is the time of greatest tooth length as the teeth tend to wear or be broken thereafter.[14]
The three subspecies are differentiated by size and color. The Cape chacma is a large, heavy, dark-brown, and has black feet. The gray-footed chacma is slightly smaller than the Cape chacma, lighter in color and build, and has gray feet. The Ruacana chacma generally appears to be a smaller, less darkly colored version of the Cape chacma.
The chacma baboon inhabits a wide array of habitats including woodland, savanna, steppes, and sub desert, from the grassy alpine slopes of the Drakensberg to the Kalahari desert.[2] During the night, the chacma baboon sleeps atop steep hills, high cliffs or rocks or in large trees, away from nocturnal predators. In daytime, water availability may limit its range in arid areas.[2] It is found throughout southern Africa, ranging from South Africa north to Angola, Zambia, and Mozambique. The subspecies are divided across this range. The Cape chacma is found in southern South Africa; the gray-footed chacma, is present from northern South Africa, through the Okavango Delta in Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique (south of the Zambezi), to southwest Zambia; and the Ruacana chacma is found in northern Namibia and southern Angola.[2]
The chacma baboon is an omnivorous highly opportunistic feeder, and will eat practically anything; typical foods include fruits, seeds, grass, blossoms, bulbs, bark, insects, spiders, worms, grubs, rodents, birds, small antelope and fungi (the desert truffle Kalaharituber pfeilii). Chacma baboon diet is thought to contain about 2 percent animal-sourced food, most of which consists of invertebrates; proportions vary between populations.[15] Baboons are considered vermin by most African farmers due to their foraging of cultivated crops and livestock.[16] At the Cape of Good Hope in particular, chacma baboons are also known for taking shellfish and other small marine invertebrates.[17] It is generally a scavenger when it comes to game meat, and rarely engages in hunting larger animals. One incident of a chacma baboon killing a human infant has been reported, but the event is so rare, the locals believed it was due to witchcraft.[18] Normally, wild chacma baboons will flee at the approach of humans, though this is changing due to the easy availability of food and garbage from human dwellings in villages and towns near the baboons' habitat.[19]
Despite their formidable nature and large size, chacma baboons are vulnerable to a variety of predators.[20] Undoubtedly the main predator of adult chacma baboons overall is the leopard.[21][22] In the Waterberg Biosphere, chacma baboon comprised 20.2% of leopard kills and 18.7% of the leopard's prey biomass.[23] Although previously little documented, the African wild dog, a predator of similar or even slightly inferior size to male baboons themselves, in Mana Pools National Park (Zimbabwe) took to chacma baboons as their main prey, comprising 44% of 118 kills.[24] Less routine predation on chacma baboons has been reportedly committed by lions, spotted hyena, Nile crocodiles and African rock pythons (in rough descending likelihood of threat).[21][25][26][27] The predators of infant and juvenile chacma baboons are probably even more diverse but poorly-documented.[20][21] It is documented that Verreaux's eagles and martial eagles have taken young chacma baboons and probable or possible predation has been committed by other eagles: crowned eagles and tawny eagles.[21][25][28][29] When approaching potentially dangerous sites such as watering holes, more vulnerable members of the chacma baboon group may travel near the rear of the group but may conversely end up by the front of group out of fear if a predator approaches.[30] The adult male chacma baboon has a fearsome defense and may assault their predators with their large, sharp canine teeth, which can at least seriously injure predators as formidable as leopards, and (despite being far from exempt from predation) the adult males tend to be the least vulnerable members of the baboon troops. As in other monkeys, the larger, more formidable male baboons may successfully defend more vulnerable members of the troop via attacking predators if they come into sight.[20][24][31]
The chacma baboon usually lives in social groups, called troops, which are composed of multiple adult males, adult females, and their offspring. Occasionally, however, very small groups form that consist of only a single adult male and several adult females.[32] Chacma troops are characterized by a dominance hierarchy. Female ranking within the troop is inherited through the mother and remains relatively fixed, while the male ranking is often in flux, especially when the dominant male is replaced. Chacmas are unusual among baboons in that neither males nor females form strong relationships with members of the same sex. Instead, the strongest social bonds are often between unrelated adult males and females. Infanticide is much more common among Chacmas compared to most other baboon species, as newly dominant males will often kill infants or young baboons sired by the previously dominant male.[33] Baboon troops possess a complex group behavior and communicate by means of body attitudes, facial expressions, vocalizations and touch.
The chacma baboon often sleeps in large groups on high rocks, cliffs or in tall trees at night to avoid nocturnal predators. The morning dispersal from the sleeping site is synchronized, with all members leaving at the same time. In most cases, dispersal is initiated by a single individual, and the other members of the group decide whether or not to follow. At least five followers must be recruited for a successful dispersal initiation, and not all initiation attempts are successful. Surprisingly, the initiator's dominance status shows little correlation with successful initiation of departure; more-dominant individuals are no more likely to lead a successful departure than subordinate individuals. One study has shown that while the success rate of dispersal initiation attempts is relatively constant across all sexes, male are more likely to attempt initiation than females, and lactating females are less likely to attempt initiation than females without dependent offspring.[35] A separate study has achieved slightly different results. While the dominance hierarchy does not play a significant role in initiating the morning dispersal, social affiliation does. Chacma baboons that play a more central role in the group (as measured by grooming behavior and time spent with other members) are more likely to be followed during the morning dispersal. This study concluded that group members are more likely to follow the behavior of individuals with which they are closely affiliated.[36]
Dominance does play a role in group foraging decisions. A dominant individual (usually the alpha male) leads the group to easily monopolised resources. The group usually follows, even though many subordinate members cannot gain access to that particular resource. As in morning dispersal, the inclination of group members to follow the leader is positively associated with social interactions with that dominant individual.[37]
Collective foraging behaviour, with many individuals taking advantage of the same resource at once, has also been observed. However, this behavior can be chiefly attributed to shared dietary needs rather than social affiliation. Pregnant females, who share similar dietary needs, are more likely to synchronise their behaviour than fertile females. Foraging synchronization decreases in areas with lower food density.[38]
Adoption behaviour has been observed in chacma baboons. Orphaned baboons whose mothers have died or disappeared are often too small to care for themselves. In one study of nine natural orphans and three introduced orphans, all but one orphan were adopted by another member of the troop. The individual that was not adopted was 16 months old, four months older than the next oldest orphan, and was old enough to survive on its own. Adoption behaviour includes sleeping close to the orphaned infant, grooming and carrying the orphan, and protecting it from harassment by other members of the troop. Both males and females care for infants, and care does not depend on the infant's sex. Additionally, nearly all caregivers are pre-reproductive, only four or five years of age. The two major theories explaining this behavior are kin selection, in which caregivers take care of potentially related orphans, and parental practice, in which young baboons increase their own fitness by using an orphan to practice their own parenting skills.[39]
.jpg)
Males and female chacma baboons often form relationships referred to as "friendships". These cooperative relationships generally occur between lactating females and adult males. The females are believed to seek out male friendships to gain protection from infanticide. In many baboon species, immigrant alpha males often practice infanticide upon arrival in a new troop. By killing unrelated infants, the new male shortens the time until he can mate with the females of the troop. A female with dependent offspring generally does not become sexually receptive until she weans her offspring at around 12 months of age. However, a mother usually becomes sexually receptive shortly after the death of her offspring.[40]
This protection hypothesis is supported by studies of stress hormones in female baboons during changes in the male hierarchy. When an immigrant male ascends to the top of the male dominance hierarchy, stress hormones in lactating and pregnant females increases, while stress hormones in females not at risk of infanticide stay the same. Additionally, females in friendships with males exhibit a smaller rise in stress hormones than do females without male friends.[41]
The benefits of friendship to males are less clear. A male is more likely to enter into friendships with females with which he has mated, which indicates males might enter into friendships to protect their own offspring and not just to protect that female's future reproductive success.[42] These friendships may play a role in the mating system of chacma baboons. A female will often mate with several males, which increases the number of potential fathers for her offspring and increases the chances she will be able to find at least one friend willing to protect her infants and assist in caring for them.[43]
Female chacma baboons have been observed to compete with each other for male friends. This may be the result of one male having a high probability of paternity with multiple females. These competitions are heavily influenced by the female dominance hierarchy, with dominant females displacing subordinate females in friendships with males. Generally, when a more-dominant female attempts to make friends with an individual which is already the friend of a subordinate female, the subordinate female reduces grooming and spatial proximity to that male, potentially leaving her offspring at higher risk of infanticide.[44]
The chacma baboon is widespread and does not rank among threatened animal species. However, in some confined locations, such as South Africa's Southern Cape Peninsula, local populations are dwindling due to habitat loss and predation from other protected species, such as leopards and lions.[45] Many troops have become a suburban menace in their search for food, overturning garbage cans, and literally breaking into cars and houses where they cause much damage. These troops can be dangerous and aggressive, and they will even steal food directly from people. These negative encounters have resulted in the baboons being hunted and poisoned by frustrated local residents. This isolated population is thought to face extinction within 10 years.[19]
The chacma is listed under Appendix II of CITES as it occurs in many protected areas across its range.[2] The only area in South Africa where they are monitored is in the Cape Peninsula, where they are protected.
Observations by those working hands-on in South Africa's rehabilitation centers have found this species is damaged by human intervention; troop structures are influenced, and over the years a significant loss in numbers has occurred. Because they live near and invade human habitats, baboons are regularly shot, poisoned, electrocuted, beaten, run over, and captured for the pet industry, research laboratories and muti (medicine).[46] Despite this, assessors working for the IUCN believe there are no major threats that could result in a range-wide decline of the species.[2]
The chacma baboon (Papio ursinus), also known as the Cape baboon, is, like all other baboons, from the Old World monkey family. It is one of the largest of all monkeys. Located primarily in southern Africa, the chacma baboon has a wide variety of social behaviours, including a dominance hierarchy, collective foraging, adoption of young by females, and friendship pairings. These behaviors form parts of a complex evolutionary ecology. In general, the species is not threatened, but human population pressure has increased contact between humans and baboons. Hunting, trapping, and accidents kill or remove many baboons from the wild, thereby reducing baboon numbers and disrupting their social structure.
El papión chacma, babuino chacma o papión negro (Papio ursinus) es una especie de primate catarrino de la familia Cercopithecidae que se distribuye por la sabana rocosa del África meridional.
Su color es verde oscuro presentando callosidades desnudas en la base de la cola. Es de gran tamaño, un metro de longitud de cuerpo, y pesa hasta 45 kg. Forma grandes grupos de hasta doscientos individuos que están fuertemente jerarquizados. Ocupan un vasto territorio que van recorriendo en busca de alimento. Este es básicamente vegetal pero no desdeñan insectos, pequeños mamíferos y aves. En caso de peligro todos los machos hacen frente común.
Se reconocen las siguientes subespecies:[2]
El papión chacma, babuino chacma o papión negro (Papio ursinus) es una especie de primate catarrino de la familia Cercopithecidae que se distribuye por la sabana rocosa del África meridional.
Su color es verde oscuro presentando callosidades desnudas en la base de la cola. Es de gran tamaño, un metro de longitud de cuerpo, y pesa hasta 45 kg. Forma grandes grupos de hasta doscientos individuos que están fuertemente jerarquizados. Ocupan un vasto territorio que van recorriendo en busca de alimento. Este es básicamente vegetal pero no desdeñan insectos, pequeños mamíferos y aves. En caso de peligro todos los machos hacen frente común.
Papio ursinus Papio generoko animalia da. Primateen barruko Cercopithecinae azpifamilia eta Cercopithecidae familian sailkatuta dago
Papio ursinus Papio generoko animalia da. Primateen barruko Cercopithecinae azpifamilia eta Cercopithecidae familian sailkatuta dago
Karhupaviaani eli tšakma[2] (Papio ursinus) on Afrikan eteläosissa elävä paviaanilaji. Karhupaviaani on viidestä paviaanilajista suurikokoisin. Sen vartalon pituus on 60–82 senttimetriä, hännän pituus 53–84 senttimetriä ja paino 15–30 kilogrammaa. Karhupaviaanilla on riippuva kuono ja ulkonevat sieraimet. Sen turkin väri vaihtelee kellanharmaasta mustaan, ja sen kuono on vaaleampi. Karhupaviaani muodostaa joskus häilyviä laumoja. Sen ruokavalio on monipuolinen: se syö juuria, siemeniä, hyönteisiä ja gasellinvasoja. Karhupaviaani osaa käyttää työkaluja kuten tikkuja.[3]
Karhupaviaani eli tšakma (Papio ursinus) on Afrikan eteläosissa elävä paviaanilaji. Karhupaviaani on viidestä paviaanilajista suurikokoisin. Sen vartalon pituus on 60–82 senttimetriä, hännän pituus 53–84 senttimetriä ja paino 15–30 kilogrammaa. Karhupaviaanilla on riippuva kuono ja ulkonevat sieraimet. Sen turkin väri vaihtelee kellanharmaasta mustaan, ja sen kuono on vaaleampi. Karhupaviaani muodostaa joskus häilyviä laumoja. Sen ruokavalio on monipuolinen: se syö juuria, siemeniä, hyönteisiä ja gasellinvasoja. Karhupaviaani osaa käyttää työkaluja kuten tikkuja.
Papio ursinus • Babouin chacma
Le Chacma[1] ou Babouin chacma[1] (Papio ursinus) est une espèce de gros babouins de savane. Il s'agit de la plus grande et la plus grosse espèce du genre Papio.
Son pelage est gris cendre, tirant sur le blanc ou sur l'ocre selon les individus. La fourrure est également plus courte et moins fournie que chez les autres espèces de babouin sauf le babouin cynocéphale dont il partage les caractéristiques.
Dans les études menées en milieu naturel, la taille des groupes sociaux varie principalement de 20 à 50 individus avec une moyenne de 41 babouins par groupe en sachant que les valeurs extrêmes s'étalent de 9 à 128 individus par groupe. Les groupes sociaux sont multi-mâles multi-femelles avec un sex-ratio de 0,57 c'est-à-dire un peu moins de 2 femelles pour 1 mâle. Des très petits groupes mono-mâles ont été signalés, ce qui peut rappeler l'organisation de type "harem" rencontrée chez le babouin hamadryas mais il convient de garder à l'esprit que cette configuration est rare et qu'elle s'explique en partie par la petitesse du groupe.
Les femelles atteignent la maturité sexuelle vers 38 mois. Celle-ci se traduit par une période d'œstrus caractérisé par un gonflement parfois spectaculaire de la peau ano-génitale. Le cycle œstrien est de 35,6 jours en moyenne. La durée de gestation est en moyenne de 187 jours (173 à 193 jours). Ceci conduit les femelles à donner naissance à leur premier petit vers 44,4 mois en moyenne. Les femelles ont un petit tous les 1,5 à 2 ans en moyenne. Les petits naissent avec une fourrure brun très foncé, presque noir qui s'éclaircira avec le temps jusqu'à devenir comparable à celle des adultes entre 6 mois et 1 an.
Son aire de répartition s'étend en Afrique australe au sud de celle du babouin cynocéphale Papio cynocephalus, principalement au Zimbabwe et en Afrique du Sud mais aussi dans une moindre mesure au Botswana, au Mozambique et en Namibie.
Selon Mammal Species of the World (version 3, 2005) (8 juillet 2014)[2] :
_backlit.jpg)
Papio ursinus • Babouin chacma
Le Chacma ou Babouin chacma (Papio ursinus) est une espèce de gros babouins de savane. Il s'agit de la plus grande et la plus grosse espèce du genre Papio.
Il babbuino nero (Papio ursinus (Kerr, 1792)) è un primate della famiglia Cercopithecidae.
È la specie di babbuino di dimensioni maggiori: il peso varia tra 15 e 31 kg, la lunghezza del corpo può raggiungere 115 cm, quella della coda i 70 cm. Come nelle altre specie di babbuini i maschi hanno dimensioni nettamente superiori a quelle delle femmine e canini più sviluppati, ma, a differenza delle altre specie, non hanno criniera sulle spalle.
Il colore è marrone scuro sul lato dorsale e più chiaro sul lato ventrale; le estremità degli arti sono generalmente nere. Il muso sporgente e glabro è nero o violetto scuro. Il colore può variare tra le popolazioni delle diverse regioni.
La specie è diffusa in Africa meridionale: l'areale comprende Angola, Botswana, Mozambico, Namibia, Zambia e Sudafrica
Gli habitat sono la savana, la steppa e la foresta aperta.
Come gli altri babbuini la specie è onnivora: la dieta si basa soprattutto sulla frutta, ma comprende anche foglie, semi, insetti e piccoli vertebrati.
Vivono in genere in gruppi misti, costituiti da più maschi adulti, un maggior numero di femmine e cuccioli, anche se alcune popolazioni in Sudafrica formano gruppi con un solo maschio adulto. Hanno complessi sistemi di comunicazione, sia vocali sia gestuali.
La gestazione dura sei mesi e nasce un solo piccolo, che raggiunge la maturità sessuale tra i tre e cinque anni di età. La massima longevità osservata in cattività è stata 45 anni, ma in natura è certamente minore.
L'ampiezza dell'areale e la numerosità della popolazione fa sì che la specie non sia minacciata. I babbuini neri possono costituire un problema per i danni che causano alle coltivazioni.
Il babbuino nero (Papio ursinus (Kerr, 1792)) è un primate della famiglia Cercopithecidae.
Meškinis pavianas, arba čakma (lot. Papio ursinus, angl. Chacma Baboon, vok. Bärenpavian) – šunbeždžionių (Cercopithecidae) šeimos primatas, priklausantis markatų pošeimiui. Didžiausias iš visų pavianų ir turi nusvirusį snukį ir atsikišusias šnerves.
Meškinis pavianas (Papio ursinus)
Šis straipsnis apie zoologiją yra nebaigtas. Jūs galite prisidėti prie Vikipedijos papildydami šį straipsnį. De beerbaviaan of Kaapse baviaan (Papio ursinus) is een primaat uit het zuiden van Afrika. De beerbaviaan is de grootste soort baviaan en behoort tot de grootste apen van de Oude Wereld.
De beerbaviaan is een vrij grote primatensoort, op de mens na de grootste primaat van zuidelijk Afrika. Hij is in vergelijking met andere bavianensoorten slank en lichtgebouwd. Op vier poten zijn de schouders hoger dan de romp.
De baviaan heeft een vachtkleur die kan variëren van geelgrijs tot donker, olijfbruin of zelfs zwart. De meeste bavianen zijn grijs of grijs-bruin van kleur. De onderzijde is lichter van kleur. De vacht is opgebouwd uit lange, ruwe haren. Het haar op de achterzijde van de handen en voeten donkerbruin tot zwart. De kop is groot met een zwart, onbehaard gezicht. Hierin liggen kleine, dicht bij elkaar geplaatste, bruine ogen onder een vooruitstekende wenkbrauwboog. De snuit is onbehaard, lang en breed, de oren puntig. De ledematen zijn lang, de armen langer dan de benen, en de vingers en tenen lang en beweeglijk. De staart is even lang als de rest van het lichaam. In de staart zit een knik: het eerste derde deel wordt recht omhoog gehouden, terwijl het overige twee derde deel naar beneden hangt. Op de romp bevinden zich grote eeltknobbels, bestaande uit verharde en verdikte, kale huid. Bij het mannetje is dit een grote, grijze plaat, die beide billen bedekt, terwijl het vrouwtje op iedere bil één kleine eeltplek heeft. Mannetjes zijn verder duidelijk groter dan de vrouwtjes, hebben grote hoektanden, een langere, rechte snuit en een donkere maan over de nek en schouders. Vrouwtjes hebben twee tepels op de borst. Jonge bavianen hebben een roze huid en zwarte haren.
Het mannetje wordt 80 tot 114 centimeter lang, 50 tot 75 centimeter hoog en 27 tot 43 (gemiddeld 32) kilogram zwaar. Het vrouwtje wordt kleiner, 50 tot 80 centimeter lang, 40 tot 60 centimeter hoog en 12 tot 30 (gemiddeld 16) kilogram zwaar. De staart wordt 53 tot 61 centimeter bij vrouwtjes, 60 tot 84 centimeter bij mannetjes.
De beerbaviaan is over het algemeen stil, maar kent verscheidene roepen. Vaak te horen is een luide, tweetonige blaf, wa-hoe!, die wordt geslaakt bij gevaar. Deze blaf staat lokaal bekend als 'bogom'. Bij ruzies zijn ook luide gillen en schreeuwen te horen. Bij onderling sociaal gedrag beperkt de baviaan zich tot zachte knorren.
De beerbaviaan wordt gezien als een aparte soort, Papio ursinus, of met de andere bavianen, de mantelbaviaan uitgezonderd, verenigd in Papio papio, de gewone of savannebaviaan. De beerbaviaan wordt dan beschouwd als een ondersoort, Papio papio ursinus.
De beerbaviaan komt in een groot gedeelte van het zuiden van Afrika voor: in Zuidwest-Angola, Zuid-Zambia, Zuid-Mozambique, Namibië, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Zuid-Afrika, Swaziland en Lesotho. Hij stelt weinig eisen aan zijn leefgebied, zolang er maar slaapplaatsen, voedsel en water aanwezig zijn. Hierdoor kan hij overleven in zowel steppen en halfwoestijnen als savannen en open bosgebieden, en van stranden tot bergachtige streken, tot op een hoogte van 3000 meter. Beerbavianen kunnen zich vrij gemakkelijk aanpassen aan veranderende omstandigheden. Het is hierdoor een van de meest algemene en vaakst waargenomen middelgrote zoogdieren in zuidelijk Afrika. In het noordelijke gedeelte van het verspreidingsgebied overlapt de beerbaviaan licht met dat van de gele baviaan (Papio cynocephalus).
De beerbaviaan is een uitgesproken dagdier, die de nacht doorbrengt in schuilplaatsen als rotskliffen, kopjes en soms hoge bomen. Vooral in de vroege ochtend en avond is de beerbaviaan actief.
Het is een opportunistische omnivoor, die zowel vruchten, zaden, scheuten, paddenstoelen, knollen en wortelen als insecten en andere kleine ongewervelden eet. Soms pakt hij eieren of vangt hij kleine gewervelden als hagedissen, vogels en zoogdieren, van muizen tot hazen of jonge impala's. Tijdens plagen vormen sprinkhanen het belangrijkste dieet. Aan de Zuid-Afrikaanse kust vangen ze ook zeedieren als vissen, krabben en weekdieren. De beerbaviaan foerageert de gehele dag door, zowel op en in de grond als in bomen. Ook in de grond zoeken zij naar voedsel. Een recent door bavianen bezocht gebied gemakkelijk te herkennen is aan de grote hoeveelheid omgekeerde stenen. Doordat beerbavianen dagelijks moeten drinken, wordt zijn verspreiding gedeeltelijk bepaald door de aanwezigheid van waterbronnen. Bij beerbavianen in de Namibwoestijn is waargenomen dat zij elf dagen zonder water konden, door zich te voeden met vetplanten en vruchten.
De beerbaviaan leeft in gemengde troepen van vier tot meer dan honderd dieren (gemiddeld veertig), bestaande uit meerdere vrouwtjes en hun jongen en één of enkele volwassen mannetjes. In voedselrijke gebieden zijn de troepen groter dan in voedselarme. De vrouwtjes blijven in de troep waar zij geboren worden, terwijl mannetjes van troep naar troep zwerven. Een solitair dier is vaak een zwervend mannetje.
Zowel onder de mannetjes als de vrouwtjes heerst een sterke hiërarchie. Mannetjes, ouder dan vier jaar, staan hoger in de hiërarchie dan vrouwtjes, en één mannetje is de leider. Bij mannetjes wordt de plaats in de hiërarchie bepaald door de lichamelijke conditie. Bij vrouwtjes wordt deze vooral erfelijk bepaald: dochters erven de rang van hun moeder. Vlooien dient ter versterking van de sociale banden en het verwijderen van parasieten. Alle dieren vlooien elkaar, maar ondergeschikte vrouwtjes zullen vaker dominante vrouwtjes vlooien, waardoor ze minder snel zullen worden weggejaagd van voedselgebieden. Op deze manier kan een ondergeschikt vrouwtje stijgen in de rang. Zo ontstaan binnen de groepen ook losse vriendengroepjes. Bij spanningen tussen vriendengroepen (vaak om voedsel) zullen de vrouwtjes uit dezelfde groep het voor elkaar opnemen. Anders dan andere bavianensoorten vormen de mannetjes van de beerbaviaan geen onderlinge vriendengroepen.
Dominante mannetjes zijn meestal slechts kort aan de macht, vaak niet meer dan zes tot twaalf maanden, gemiddeld een maand of zeven. Het nieuwe dominante mannetje, die meestal van buitenaf komt, zal in veel gevallen infanticide plegen, en veel jonge dieren in een groep, de jongen van de vorige leider, doden. Ter verdediging van hun jong sluiten vrouwtjes meestal vlak na de worp vriendschap met een of meerdere mannetjes binnen de groep. Dit mannetje zal het vrouwtje en haar jong over het algemeen beschermen tegenover het nieuwe dominante mannetje, ongeacht of het zijn eigen jong is. Het ondergeschikte mannetje heeft er zelf ook voordeel aan: door vriendschap te sluiten met een jong van het dominante mannetje, zal deze hem minder snel zal aanvallen.
Door hun relatief hoge intelligentie vindt er veel bedrog plaats binnen een groep. Zo slaken ondergeschikte bavianen die worden aangevallen door een dominant dier soms een gevaarkreet, waardoor de aanvaller tijdelijk is afgeleid. Ook jonge dieren schreeuwen soms alsof ze worden aangevallen, als ze een andere baviaan zien met een stuk voedsel waar ze zelf op azen. Hun moeder valt dan uit verdediging die baviaan aan.
De troep kent een woongebied van 9 tot 40 km², afhankelijk van de grootte van de troep en de beschikbare hoeveelheid voedsel en water. Bavianen zijn niet territoriaal en vermijden rivaliserende troepen. Bij ontmoetingen leidt het mannetje de vrouwtjes de andere kant op. Vrouwtjes die van de groep afdwalen, worden gestraft met slagen en beten en/of weggedragen.
De beerbaviaan kan zich het gehele jaar door voortplanten. Het vrouwtje heeft een oestruscyclus van 29 tot 42 dagen (gemiddeld 36). Vlak voor zij vruchtbaar is, zwelt de verharde huid op haar romp op en kleurt helder roze. Vijf tot zes dagen voor de ovulatie is de zwelling op zijn grootst. Omdat de kans op bevruchting het hoogst is, strijden de mannetjes om te kunnen paren met het vrouwtje. Alleen de dominante mannetjes mogen paren: ondergeschikte mannetjes mogen alleen paren met jonge vrouwtjes en vrouwtjes die niet in oestrus zijn.
Bij een drachtig vrouwtje is de verharde plek roodgekleurd en niet gezwollen. Na een draagtijd van 173 tot 193 dagen krijgt het vrouwtje één jong per worp. Tweelingen zijn zeldzaam. Het jong wordt in de eerste weken tijdens het foerageren voornamelijk op de buik gedragen. Na verloop van tijd rijdt het vooral op de rug mee, eerst zijdelings, later schrijlings, met de staart als rugsteun.
Na zes tot acht maanden worden de jongen gespeend. Het vrouwtje is geslachtsrijp als zij zes of zeven jaar oud is. Gemiddeld krijgt het vrouwtje een keer in de twee jaar een jong. In voedselarme streken ligt dit aantal lager, tot eens in de vier jaar in de Drakensbergen.
De belangrijkste natuurlijke vijand is de luipaard. Doordat bavianen in grote groepen leven, worden vijanden en rivaliserende groepen snel gezien. De mannetjes zijn zeer sterk en zullen bij gevaar aanvallen. Met zijn grote hoektanden is een enkel mannetje in staat een hond te doden, een groep bavianen kan zelfs een luipaard doden. 's Nachts vertrouwen ze op de onbereikbaarheid van hun slaapplaatsen.
De beerbaviaan wordt 20 tot dertig jaar oud. De oudst bekende beerbaviaan werd 45 jaar oud in gevangenschap.
De beerbaviaan is een algemene, wijdverspreide soort. In de meeste landen binnen zijn verspreidingsgebied wordt de soort zelfs beschouwd als ongedierte, doordat de beerbaviaan ook landbouwproducten als granen, citrusvruchten, tomaten en zelfs pluimvee en lammetjes eet.
Bronnen, noten en/of referentiesDe beerbaviaan of Kaapse baviaan (Papio ursinus) is een primaat uit het zuiden van Afrika. De beerbaviaan is de grootste soort baviaan en behoort tot de grootste apen van de Oude Wereld.
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Pawian niedźwiedzi[3], pawian czakma[3], pawian niedźwiedziowy[3] (Papio ursinus) – gatunek ssaka z rodziny koczkodanowatych (Cercopithecidae).
Afryka Południowa, od wybrzeża Atlantyku po Ocean Indyjski – Angola, Botswana, Mozambik, Namibia, Południowa Afryka i Zambia. Zasiedlają łąki i sawanny porośnięte krzewami oraz okolice skaliste w pasie od brzegu morza do wysokości 2 100 m n.p.m.
Wyróżniono trzy podgatunki P. ursinus[4][5]:
Duży, silnie zbudowany pawian o bardzo długim i wąskim pysku, część twarzowa czarna. Ciało pokryte szarobrązowym lub czarnym włosem.
Dymorfizm płciowy jest wyrażony rozmiarami i ubarwieniem. Długość i masa ciała:
Ciąża trwa od 173 do 193 dni, po czym rodzi się jedno młode w miocie. W niewoli żyją do 45 lat.
Prowadzą przede wszystkim naziemny tryb życia. Przebywają w mieszanych grupach, złożonych z 20–80 osobników.
Pawian niedźwiedzi, pawian czakma, pawian niedźwiedziowy (Papio ursinus) – gatunek ssaka z rodziny koczkodanowatych (Cercopithecidae).
Papio ursinus é uma espécie de babuíno, um macaco do Velho Mundo do gênero Papio. É uma das maiores espécies de primatas.
Ocorrendo principalmente no sul da África, P. ursinus possui uma ampla variedade de comportamentos sociais, incluindo hierarquia de dominância, forrageamento coletivo, adoção de infantes pelas fêmeas, "amizade". São complexos comportamentos da etologia dessa espécie.
Em geral, essa espécie não é ameaçada, mas a pressão da população humana tem aumentado o contato entre babuínos e humanos. Caça, acidentes e atropelamento são graves ameaças a P. ursinus. Isto tem diminuído as populações e corrompido sua estrutura social.
Devido à hibridização entre as espécies de babuínos na África, alguns autores têm ocasionalmente incluído todas as populações em uma única espécie, Papio papio. Fronteiras relativamente arbitrárias foram usadas para separá-las em subespécies.[3] Outros autores consideram P. ursinus como subespécie de Papio cynocephalus, embora, atualmente, sejam duas espécies separadas. P. ursinus tem duas ou três subespécies, dependendo da classificação: Grubb et al. (2003) lista duas,[4] enquanto Groves (2005) no Mammal Species of the World lista três.[1] Para Grubb et al. (2003), P. u. raucanaé sinônimos de P. u. ursinus.[4]
P. ursinus provavelmente é uma das maiores espécies de macacos, com o comprimento do macho entre 50 e 115 cm e a cauda medindo entre 45 e 84 cm.[5][6] É também, um dos mais pesados: o macho pesa entre 21 e 45 kg. Babuínos são sexualmente dimórficos e as fêmeas são menores que os machos. A fêmea pesa entre 12 e 25 kg.[7][8] É similar ao tamanho de Papio anubis e pesa como o compacto mandril.[9] P. ursinus é geralmente cor marrom a cinza. Ao contrário dos machos das espécies de babuínos ao norte, os machos de P. ursinus não possuem juba. A mais distinta característica desta espécie é a face longa, voltada para baixo.[10][11] Os caninos de um macho podem chegar a ter 4,16 cm de comprimento.[12]
Papio ursinus é uma espécie de babuíno, um macaco do Velho Mundo do gênero Papio. É uma das maiores espécies de primatas.
Ocorrendo principalmente no sul da África, P. ursinus possui uma ampla variedade de comportamentos sociais, incluindo hierarquia de dominância, forrageamento coletivo, adoção de infantes pelas fêmeas, "amizade". São complexos comportamentos da etologia dessa espécie.
Em geral, essa espécie não é ameaçada, mas a pressão da população humana tem aumentado o contato entre babuínos e humanos. Caça, acidentes e atropelamento são graves ameaças a P. ursinus. Isto tem diminuído as populações e corrompido sua estrutura social.
Chacmababian (Papio ursinus) är en art i släktet babianer som tillhör familjen markattartade apor från södra Afrika. Två underarter, P. u. ursinus och P. u. griseipes, finns beskrivna.[1][2]
En tredje underart, P. u. ruacana, finns angiven i litteratur men det har ansetts tveksamt om den skiljer sig tillräckligt mycket från P. u. ursinus för att utgöra en egen underart.[1][2]
Chacmababianen är antagligen den största babianarten. De fullvuxna hanarna har en vikt på 21 till 45 kg, de mindre honorna 12 till 25 kg.[3][4] Hanarnas längd (huvud och bål) är på 50 till 115 cm, plus en svanslängd på 45–84 cm.[5][6]
Färgen på pälsen är grågulaktig till gråbrunaktig på kroppen, svartaktig på händer och fötter och något ljusare på sidorna av nosen, men det finns vissa geografiska skillnader mellan olika populationer och underarter. Underarten P. u. griseipes har gråaktiga händer och fötter och en i allmänhet ljusare päls än nominatformen P. u. ursinus. Ungarna har en mörkare päls än de vuxna djuren. Hanen har ingen man.[7]
Ansiktet är nästan naket och har mörk violett till svart hud. Hanar kännetecknas även av stora hörntänder.[7] Honor blir med svans 108 till 116 cm lång och svanslängden är 56 till 61 cm. Arten har 17,6 till 23,6 cm långa bakfötter och 4,4 till 6,5 cm stora öron. När chacmababianen går håller den svansens främre del upprätt medan den sista 2/3 delen hänger neråt.[8]
Arten har två framtänder i varje käkhalva och den inre framtanden i över- och underkäken är större än den yttre. I överkäken förekommer en tydlig klaff (diastema) mellan den yttre framtanden och hörntanden. Överkäkens hörntand kan hos hanar vara 5 till 6 cm lång och den kännetecknas av en djup grop på baksidan. Angående kindtänder har chacmababianen två premolarer samt tre molarer i båda käkarna. Hos ungarnas mjölktänder förekommer ingen premolar och två molarer.[8]
Chacmababian förekommer i Angola, Namibia, Botswana, sydvästra Zambia, Zimbabwe, Moçambique och Sydafrika. Den lever både i låglänta områden och mer bergiga områden, upp till en höjd av 2 100 meter över havet. Dess habitat varierar från savanner och andra gräsmarker till halvöken och mer skogklädda områden. En begränsning av dess förekomst utgörs av tillgången till vatten, då den vanligen behöver dricka varje dag.[1]
Chacmababianen är aktiv på dagen och uppsöker större träd eller klippor för nattvila. Den lever i sociala grupper som vanligen innehåller mellan 20 och 50 djur, men grupper med så många som upp till 130 individer kan förekomma. En grupp innehåller normalt en hierarki där flera vuxna hanar kan ingå, men en liten grupp kan ha endast en vuxen hane.[1]
I områden med bra tillgång till vatten är revirets storlek beroende av flockens storlek. Enligt en studie från 1965 hade en flock med 20 medlemmar ett 9,1 km² stort revir, medan territoriet för en flock med 80 medlemmar var 33,7 km² stort. I regioner med vattenbrist hade flockarna 13 till 23 km² stora revir. Reviren är inte avgränsade mot varandra och det förekommer en större överlappning. Flockarna försöker undvika varandra. Enda undantaget är vattenansamlingar och sovplatser. Där uppkommer ibland strider. Vanligtvis sitter individerna i träd eller buskar med ansiktet mot den andra flocken och sedan viftar de med kvistar eller grenar. På samma sätt visar de missnöjet mot fläckig hyena och lejon.[8]
Mer aggressiva strider kan även uppstå mellan flockens medlemmar, men sällan mellan fullt utvecklade hanar. Individerna förföljer varandra och biter ibland så att det kan orsaka sår. Oftast räcker det om motståndarna visar sin aggression genom lyfta ögonbryn och öppnade läppar, så att hörntänderna blir synliga samt skrik. Flockens äldre medlemmar av båda könen kan ensamma eller i grupp driva iväg medelstora predatorer som leoparder.[8]
När en flock vandrar leds den av de dominanta hanarna och de underordnade hanarna ser till att ingen individ blir efter. Samtidigt vistas de dominanta honorna med sina ungar i flockens centrum och de andra honorna vandrar mellan flockens centrum och hanarna. Ofta syns det att en av hanarna klättrar uppför ett träd och iakttar ett främmande område innan flocken fortsätter. En flock vandrar upp till 14,4 km per dag och den håller rast under dagens mitt.[8]
Under eftermiddagen eller under kvällen uppsöker flocken en markant klippa eller höga träd för att vila. Några undersökta flockar hade fasta viloplatser över flera dagar medan andra flockar byter sovplats flera gångar.[8]
Arten förflyttar sig på marken och i träd på två eller fyra fötter samt hoppande. Den hoppar över mindre vattendrag och korsar större vattendrag simmande eller också vadar den på två ben.[9]
Chacmababianen uppvisar stor variation i sitt val av föda och äter både växtdelar som lökar, skott, rötter, frön och frukt och små ryggradslösa djur som insekter. Den tar även ödlor och ibland kan den också ta små antiloper, som gasellungar. I bebyggda områden kan den ta för sig av odlade grödor och i vissa områden händer det att den tar mindre tamdjur, som exempelvis unga lamm.[1] Däremot är däggdjurens andel i födan mycket liten med en procent enligt en uppskattning från 1982. De största kända bytena vägde mellan 5 och 8 kg. I samband med barnadråp kan det hända att en vuxen hane äter delar av ungen, men köttet har antagligen ingen betydelse som föda.[8]
Chacmababianen kan äta frukter med hårt skal, till exempel av korvträdet (Kigelia africana), som andra markattartade apor undviker. Flera olika djur iakttogs som åt frukter som babianen tappat, däribland medlemmar av oxdjursläktet Tragelaphus samt afrikansk sibetkatt och sidstrimmig schakal.[8]
Arten behöver allmänt tillgång till vattensamlingar med jämnt mellanrum. I undantagsfall klarar sig en flock med den vätska som finns i födan i cirka 11 dagar. Enligt en observation överlevde en flock 116 dagar med endast föda och dagg.[8]
Hos denna babian finns ingen fast parningstid och honorna blir könsmogna med 29 till 42 dagars mellanrum. Huden som ansluter till honans könsdelar blir tjockare när ägget mognar och är tjockast vid ägglossningen. Sedan blir huden tunnare.[8]
I flockar med flera vuxna hanar har de dominanta hanarna största chans till parning när en hona blir parningsberedd. Andra hanar som är lägre i hierarkin skapar därför ofta en nära relation till en viss hona för att öka sin egen utsikt att lyckas. Vuxna hanar som är ensamma i flocken tar ingen särskild hänsyn till icke parningsberedda honor. Dräktighetstiden antas vara lika lång som hos andra babianer, alltså cirka 175 dagar. Sedan föds allmänt ett enda ungdjur. Honor blir efter ungefär tre år könsmogna och hanar cirka två år senare.[7] Födelsen sker i ett gömställe bland växter och vanligen vistas andra honor från flocken i närheten. Direkt efter födelsen har ungen en svart päls. Den har från början förmågan att hålla sig fast i moderns päls.[8]
Med människans vård lever chacmababianen vanligen 28 år och de äldsta individerna blev 45 år gamla.[7]
Ibland dödas en individ av bönder som betraktar babianen som skadedjur. I sällsynta fall säljs arten kroppsdelar på marknader och sedan används de i den traditionella medicinen. Allmänt är Chacmababianen inte sällsynt och den har ett stort utbredningsområde. Dessutom hittas den i olika skyddszoner. IUCN listar hela beståndet som livskraftigt (LC).[1]
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Chacmababian.
Chacmababian (Papio ursinus) är en art i släktet babianer som tillhör familjen markattartade apor från södra Afrika. Två underarter, P. u. ursinus och P. u. griseipes, finns beskrivna.
En tredje underart, P. u. ruacana, finns angiven i litteratur men det har ansetts tveksamt om den skiljer sig tillräckligt mycket från P. u. ursinus för att utgöra en egen underart.
Довжина тіла самців: 50-114 см, самиць: 45-84 см, хвіст завдовжки 46-70 см. Вага самців становить 30-50 кг, самиць близько 20 кг. Популяція Чакм у пустелі Калахарі має менші розміри і вагу. Ведмежий павіан має схоже на собаче обличчя та порівняно довгі кінцівки з короткими кігтями. Хвіст досить короткий, перша третина підіймається вгору, дві третини вниз. Шерсть коротка, груба, від світло-сірого до темно-оливково-коричневого кольору, з чорнуватим низом на кінцівках. Самці більші за самиць, з трохи довшою гривою на шиї та плечах і набагато більшими іклами, аж до грізних п'яти сантиметрів завдовжки. Гола шкіра обличчя, вух, рук і ступнів має темне забарвлення. Новонароджені чорні, з червоним обличчям.
Країни проживання: Ангола, Ботсвана, Лесото, Мозамбік, Намібія, ПАР, Свазіленд, Замбія, Зімбабве. Населяє різні типи лісу, савани і степи. Висотний діапазон проживання від рівня моря до 2100 м і більше.
Всеїдний. Їсть кореневища, трави, коріння, бульби, яйця, комах і невеликих хребетних. Вид потребує скель, пагорбів або дерев як притулку вночі та залежить від щоденного доступу до питної води. Утворює групи в середньому від 20 до 50 тварин, але може збиратись і до 130 павіанів разом. Самиця народжує одне дитинча. Діти годуються молоком приблизно 8 місяців, а статевої зрілості досягають в межах від 4 до 8 років, після чого самиці зазвичай залишаються в групі, а самці залишають її. Тривалість життя до 30 років у дикій природі. Відомі хижаки, що полюють на ведмежих павіанів : леви (Panthera leo), леопарди (Panthera pardus).
Немає великих загроз для цього виду, хоча деякі тварини можуть бути застрелені, як шкідники у сільській місцевості. Вид включений в Додаток II СІТЕС. Зустрічається в численних охоронних територіях по всьому діапазону поширення.
Khỉ đầu chó Chacma[2], tên khoa học Papio ursinus, là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Cercopithecidae, bộ Linh trưởng. Loài này được Kerr mô tả năm 1792.[2]
.jpg)
,_parque_nacional_de_Chobe,_Botsuana,_2018-07-28,_DD_66.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
,_Waterberg_Natuurpraal,_a.jpg)
,_parque_nacional_de_Chobe,_Botsuana,_2018-07-28,_DD_91.jpg)
_male_head.jpg)
.jpg)
Bài viết liên quan đến Bộ Linh trưởng này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Khỉ đầu chó Chacma, tên khoa học Papio ursinus, là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Cercopithecidae, bộ Linh trưởng. Loài này được Kerr mô tả năm 1792.
Медвежий павиан, или чакма[1] (лат. Papio ursinus) — вид приматов из семейства мартышковых. Достигая длины до 115 см и веса до 31 кг, представители вида являются самыми крупными и тяжёлыми из павианов. Внешние признаки медвежьего павиана — это тёмно-коричневая или серая шерсть, длинная морда и отсутствие у самцов гривы, что отличает их от других видов павианов.
Ареал медвежьих павианов охватывает южную часть Африки и тянется от Анголы, Замбии и Мозамбика до ЮАР. Величина и окраска шерсти могут варьировать в зависимости от отдельных регионов. Так, например в пустыне Калахари обитают особо мелкие медвежьи павианы.
Как и все павианы, медвежьи павианы живут в группах, которые как правило являются смешанными. Однако в некоторых регионах, как например в гористой ЮАР, доминируют группы с одним самцом. Медвежьих павианов характеризует сложное социальное поведение и коммуникация с помощью поз, гримас, звуков и телесных контактов. Медвежьи павианы всеядны, предпочитают фрукты, но не брезгуют и листьями, насекомыми, семенами и мелкими позвоночными. Обитающие у Мыса Доброй Надежды популяции расширили своё меню, включив в него двустворчатых моллюсков и яйца акул, хотя акульи яйца — сезонная пища. Для питания морской пищей медвежьи павианы приходят на побережье раз в две недели во время самого сильного отлива[2]. При расстройстве желудка они жуют каолин.
Медвежьи павианы довольно многочисленны и не находятся под угрозой исчезновения.
Медвежий павиан, или чакма (лат. Papio ursinus) — вид приматов из семейства мартышковых. Достигая длины до 115 см и веса до 31 кг, представители вида являются самыми крупными и тяжёлыми из павианов. Внешние признаки медвежьего павиана — это тёмно-коричневая или серая шерсть, длинная морда и отсутствие у самцов гривы, что отличает их от других видов павианов.
차크마개코원숭이(학명: Papio ursinus) 또는 차크마비비는 긴꼬리원숭이과에 속하며 학명은 Papio ursinus이다. 코 언저리가 개와 비슷하여 개코원숭이라는 이름이 붙었다. 몸무게는 수컷이 40 kg 정도이고 암컷은 그 절반인 20 kg 정도이다. 머리는 크고, 이는 길고 날카로우며, 팔과 다리의 길이가 거의 같다. 수컷이 암컷보다 크다.
낮에는 땅에서 생활하고 밤에는 나무 위나 벼랑에서 잔다. 알·과실·풀·곤충·나뭇잎·나무 뿌리를 주로 먹으며 수컷은 어린 영양이나 토끼를 잡아먹기도 한다. 먹이는 뺨 안쪽에 있는 주머니에 넣어 나른다. 10-200마리씩 무리 지어 산다. 수컷 한 마리에 암컷과 새끼 여러 마리가 딸린 형태를 하렘이라고 하는데, 많은 하렘이 모여서 커다란 무리를 형성하기도 한다. 수컷은 매우 사납고, 무리를 보호한다.
차크마개코원숭이는 3종의 아종이 있다:
차크마개코원숭이(학명: Papio ursinus) 또는 차크마비비는 긴꼬리원숭이과에 속하며 학명은 Papio ursinus이다. 코 언저리가 개와 비슷하여 개코원숭이라는 이름이 붙었다. 몸무게는 수컷이 40 kg 정도이고 암컷은 그 절반인 20 kg 정도이다. 머리는 크고, 이는 길고 날카로우며, 팔과 다리의 길이가 거의 같다. 수컷이 암컷보다 크다.
