dcsimg
Plancia ëd Podosphaera macularis (Wallr.) U. Braun & S. Takam. 2000
Life » » Fungi » » Ascomycota » » Erysiphaceae »

Podosphaera macularis (Wallr.) U. Braun & S. Takam. 2000

Associations ( Anglèis )

fornì da BioImages, the virtual fieldguide, UK
In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Foodplant / parasite
cleistothecium of Podosphaera macularis parasitises Humulus lupulus
Remarks: season: 8-9

licensa
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
BioImages
proget
BioImages

Podosphaera macularis ( Anglèis )

fornì da wikipedia EN

Podosphaera macularis (formerly Sphaerotheca macularis) is a plant pathogen infecting several hosts including chamomile, caneberrie, strawberries, hop, hemp and Cineraria. It causes powdery mildew of hops.

Host range and symptoms of Podosphaera macularis

The pathogen that causes powdery mildew of hops was once considered to be Sphaerotheca macularis, which is capable of infecting many plants; however, in recent years, the pathogen that causes powdery mildew of hops has been taxonomically classified as Podosphaera macularis.[1] This ascomycete is only known to be pathogenic on hop plants, including both ornamental and wild hops, and Cannabis sativa.[2] The host range of many Podosphaera macularis strains is restricted by the existence of resistant hop varieties, such as the “Nugget” variety of Washington state and Oregon, although in recent years, resistance within this hop variety has been overcome in the laboratory.[3] When disease does occur, early symptoms include chlorotic spots on the leaves of hop plants. Spots may fade to gray or white as the season progresses. Signs include white clusters of hyphae, which are often present on the leaves, and in some cases can infect the cone itself. If this infection occurs, a brown, necrotic lesion may develop. When both mating types exist within a population, chleistothecia can form and are visible as small, black dots on the undersides of leaves.

Signs of Powdery Mildew on Hop Leaves
Common hop cones showing powdery mildew infection caused by Podosphaera macularis

Disease cycle

Podosphaera macularis overwinters on the soil surface in debris as fungal survival structures (chasmothecia) or as mycelia in plant buds.[4] These chasmothecia are formed closer to the end of the growing season. The characteristic morphology of chasmothecia of Hop Powdery Mildew are spherical black structures with spiked appendages. When favorable conditions are encountered during early spring, the asci (sac-like structures) within chasmothecia will rupture and ascospores will be discharged. Specifically, the favorable conditions for ascospore release include low light, excess fertility, and high soil moisture.[4] Additionally, optimal infection is observed when the temperature is between 18 and 25 °C.[5] Furthermore, the ascospores act as the primary inoculum and are dispersed passively by wind. Upon encountering a susceptible host plant, the ascospores will germinate and cause infection. Following infection, masses of asexual spores (conidia) will be produced during the season.[4] It is these masses of conidia that contribute to the characteristic white, powdery appearance of infected plants. The lower leaves are the most affected, but the disease can appear on any part of the plant that is above the ground.[5] These conidia are dispersed through wind. Thus, Podosphaera macularis is a polycyclic pathogen as conidia are produced/dispersed during the growing season and can further infect additional host plants. Particularly, the disease will be noticeable on infected plants as soon as the hop shoots start to emerge with the latent period being approximately 10 days at 12 and 15 °C compared to 5 days at 18-27 °C.[6] These spore-covered shoots that emerge from infected buds are called “flag shoots”[5] and will be stunted with distorted leaves. Periods of rapid plant growth are the most favorable for infection. In addition, the period in which lateral branch development takes place within the plants is also very vulnerable to the development of the disease.[5] Due to Podosphaera macularis causing local infection, only the location of the host plant tissue where spores have landed will develop the disease.

A common hop leaf with foliar signs of powdery mildew infection caused by Podosphaera macularis

Optimal environment

Under optimal conditions, this polycyclic disease can potentially grow 20 generations in a growing season.[7] Favorable environmental conditions for Podosphaera macularis fecundity include low sun exposure, soil moisture, and excessive fertilization.[8] The optimal temperature range for spore and mycelium growth is 18 to 25 °C.[7] In addition, periods with small temperature differences between night and day, with a minimum of 10 °C at night and a daily high of 20 °C increase the risk of infection.[9] High humidity and optimal temperature conditions are necessary for primary infection between the middle and end of May. The cleistothecia swell up and burst due to increased turgor pressure leading to the release of ascospores. During the secondary infection period from mid-July to August, conidia infectivity and germination is highest around 18 °C.[7] However, leaf wetness is not essential for the formation and germination of conidia, but rather slight rain has an indirect effect related to high humidity and low sun light.[9] Since the life cycle mainly exists externally, with only haustoria inside the host, supra-optimal temperatures and low relative humidity are unfavorable parameters for germination, infection or sporulation of powdery mildew. Temperatures exceeding 30 °C for more than three hours reduce the chance of infection by up to 50%.[8] Intense rain and wind periods that cause spores blown throughout the hop yard also prevent powdery mildew fecundity. In addition, solar irradiation can kill released spores, but as hops grow, the sun can't penetrate the dense canopy.[9]

Management

Aerial fungicide application to a common hop field against powdery mildew caused by Podosphaera macularis

The two primary ways to control Podosphaera macularis are cultural and chemical control. The most effective way to manage hop powdery mildew is through preventative measures. Cultural control of the disease include growing powdery-mildew tolerant/resistant varieties of the host plant.[5] Cultural practices that can help prevent the disease include carefully monitoring water and nutrient, reducing initial inoculum, and removing basal growth. Furthermore, pruning, crowning, and/or scratching will aid in further reduction of the disease.[5] Pruning consists of removing shoots before training. Crowning refers to the process of removing the top 1–2 inches of the crown before budbreak. Scratching is done through disturbing the soil surface to remove the top 1–2 inches of buds.[5] All of these methods disturb the overwintering stage of the life cycle of Podosphaera macularis. Likewise, chemical control primarily consists of spraying fungicides in hopes of preventing the disease through the use of early, continuous spraying during the growing season. Thus, prophylactic fungicide programs can be a very effective way in preventing the disease.[4] Since the fungicides are a preventative measure, they are not very useful to use during a full-blown infection. Therefore, the use of fungicides disturbs release of spores and further infection within the disease cycle of Podosphaera macularis. As there are several fungicides that are effective against powdery mildew, it is important to apply the fungicides at specific times. If it is known that powdery mildew is present, spray programs should be started as soon as the shoots emerge. Due to powdery mildew's ability to quickly develop resistance to fungicides, it is important to rotate the fungicides that are used.[10] However, few or no fungicide applications should be used during burr development as these burrs have increased vulnerability to damage.[4] In this case, removing basal growth before flowering and applying a protectant fungicide with long-term residual action should be employed.

Disease importance

In 1997, hop powdery mildew was reported for the first time in hop yards in the United States Pacific Northwest. In Washington, severe infections lead to a yield loss of 800 hectares (US $10 million) of crops.[11] At the time, sulfur was the only registered pesticide used on hop that was effective against powdery mildew. In 1998, the disease was confirmed in Idaho and Oregon. As a result, Yakima Valley growers managed the disease using approaches developed in Europe, such as, labor-intensive cultural practices, mechanical or chemical removal of spring growth, and intensive fungicide programs despite the small number of fungicides available for hop at the time.[11] Although the methods successfully limited disease development, the depressed market for hops couldn't sustain the expensive production costs ($1400/ha annually in 1998).[11] In 2001, a contracting brewery rejected 50% of an aroma hop grown in Oregon because of cone browning after drying, resulting in an additional US $5 million in losses that year.[12] These losses have contributed to economic depression in the hop market and have forced several growers to declare bankruptcy.[12] Currently, hop powdery mildew exists annually in all production regions in the United States. While more research is necessary to understand Podosphaera macularis and control, the current management system has returned economics to hop industry. Disease levels have decreased and control costs have been reduced to $740/ha on average.[12] Unlike New York and California, hop production in the Pacific Northwest is likely to continue.

Pathogenesis of Podosphaera macularis

In order for pathogenesis to occur, a viable pathogen, susceptible host, and conducive environment must simultaneously be present. The germ tube of P. macularis plays an important role in determining the pathogen's viability, because it can penetrate its host in approximately 15 hours. The germ tube begins branching, leading to as many as three potentially conidia-forming germ tubes. As the pathogen invades host tissue, it establishes a haustorium to facilitate the collection of nutrients from the host cells. Despite this invasion, only certain hosts are susceptible, because there are seven R genes in hop varieties that can be activated in response to infection. Many of them operate by either causing the initial haustorium to lyse, or by preventing the pathogen from spreading. The spread is stopped by a hypersensitive response, which is often associated with the establishment of large callose and lignin deposits surrounding infected cells. Although susceptible plants can increase callose and lignin deposits in response to infection, the hypersensitive response is only found in resistant varieties. Finally, although powdery mildew can grow in a relatively hot and dry environment compared to downy mildew, conidia production peaks at temperatures of approximately 20 °C. Conidia can be produced at temperatures above 25 °C, but their infectivity is often reduced.[7]

References

  1. ^ Darby, P (1998). "The symptoms and biology of hop powdery mildew". Hop Powdery Mildew Electronic Symposium, (Proceedings, 1998 US Hop Industry Joint Meeting, Yakima, Washington, 19–23 January 1998).
  2. ^ Bates, Taylor (August 30, 2021). "First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Podosphaera macularis on Hemp in Oregon". Plant Health Progress. 22 (4): 567–569. doi:10.1094/PHP-04-21-0071-BR. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
  3. ^ Smith, J (2005). "Powdery Mildew (Podosphaera macularis Braun & Takamatsu) Resistance in Wild Hop Genetic Resources". Unpublished Master's Thesis.
  4. ^ a b c d e Marks, Michelle; Gevens, Amanda (December 2014). "Hop Powdery Mildew" (PDF). University of Wisconsin-Extension. University of Wisconsin. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 8, 2015. Retrieved October 19, 2015.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Madden, Rosalie; Darby, Heather (July 2011). "Managing Powdery Mildew of Hops in the Northeast" (PDF). University of Vermont-Extension. University of Vermont. Retrieved October 19, 2015.
  6. ^ Turechek, William; Mahaffee, Walter; Ocamb, Cynthia (March 13, 2001). "Development of Management Strategies for Hop Powdery Mildew in the Pacific Northwest". Plant Management Network. Plant Health Progress. Retrieved December 6, 2015.
  7. ^ a b c d Peetz, Amy B.; Mahaffee, Walter F.; Gent, David H. (2009). "Effect of Temperature on Sporulation and Infectivity of Podosphaera macularis on Humulus lupulus". Plant Disease. 93 (3): 281–286. doi:10.1094/PDIS-93-3-0281. PMID 30764182.
  8. ^ a b Mahaffee, W., B. Engelhard, D.H. Gent, & G.G. Grove. 2009. Powdery Mildew. In W. Mahaffee, S. J.Pethybridge, & D. H. Gent (Eds.), Compendium of Hop Diseases and Pests (pp. 25-31). St. Paul, Minnesota:The American Phytopathological Society.
  9. ^ a b c Engelhard, B. 2005. The Impact of Weather Conditions on the Behaviour of Powdery Mildew in Infecting Hop (Humulus). Acta Hort (ISHS) 668:111-116. http://www.actahort.org/books/668/668_14.htm
  10. ^ Eyck, Laura; Gehring, Dietrich (2015). The Hop Grower's Handbook: The Essential Guide for Sustainable, Small-Scale Production for Home and Market. Chelsea Green Publishing. pp. 156–161. ISBN 978-1-60358-555-2.
  11. ^ a b c Gent, D. H., Nelson, M. E., George, A. E., Grove, G. G., Mahaffee, W. F., Ocamb, C. M., Barbour, J. D., Peetz, A., and Turechek, W. W. 2008. A decade of hop powdery mildew in the pacific northwest. Online. Plant Health Progress doi:10.1094/PHP-2008-0314-01-RV
  12. ^ a b c Mahaffee, W. F., Thomas, C. S., Turechek, W. W., Ocamb, C. M., Nelson, M. E., Fox, A. Gubler, W. D. 2003. Responding to an introduced pathogen: Podosphaera macularis (hop powdery mildew) in the Pacific Northwest. Online. Plant Health Progress doi:10.1094/PHP-2003-1113-07-RV.

licensa
cc-by-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visité la sorgiss
sit compagn
wikipedia EN

Podosphaera macularis: Brief Summary ( Anglèis )

fornì da wikipedia EN

Podosphaera macularis (formerly Sphaerotheca macularis) is a plant pathogen infecting several hosts including chamomile, caneberrie, strawberries, hop, hemp and Cineraria. It causes powdery mildew of hops.

licensa
cc-by-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visité la sorgiss
sit compagn
wikipedia EN

Podosphaera macularis ( Spagneul; Castilian )

fornì da wikipedia ES

Podosphaera macularis es un hongo patógeno de plantas. Sphaerotheca macularis.

Este es un oídio que ataca a un amplio rango de huéspedes, con lo que es muy probable que haya algún reservorio cerca de nuestra plantación. Es un gran problema en fresa y también en plantaciones de lúpulo. Este hongo pasa el invierno en forma de ascas o de micelio sobre otras plantas huésped bien sean cultivadas o silvestres (en parques y jardines, balcones y terrazas, etc.). Los cultivos de interior o de invernadero infectados también son un buen reservorio de la enfermedad. Este micelio refugiado en otras plantas libera conídios (un tipo de espora). Estos conidios son los que transportados mayormente por el viento, acaban en la superficie de las hojas de las plantas de cannabis, donde si las condiciones son las adecuadas germinan y se desarrollan, formando nuevos conidios, volviendo a comenzar el ciclo y haciendo que este hongo se extienda por toda la planta.

Cuanto más alta es la concentración de conidio en el ambiente, mayor será la probabilidad de sufrir un ataque grave de este hongo, con lo que las medidas preventivas estarán dirigidas a crear condiciones y aplicar tratamientos que dificulten el establecimiento de estos conidios en nuestras plantas. Este hongo se desarrolla superficialmente, por lo que otra pista que nos permitirá identificarlo es que cuando pasamos el dedo por encima de la hoja, la mancha de polvo se va. Aunque esto puede hacer pensar que la erradicación con fungicidas debe ser fácil, la realidad es que si utilizamos productos biológicos de bajo efecto sistémico, las partes a las que no ha llegado el fungicida o no ha penetrado lo suficiente, seguirán conteniendo pequeñas partes del hongo que pueden volver a crecer rápidamente si las condiciones le son propicias. Por eso hay que ser constante con los tratamientos incluso aunque ya no detectemos la presencia de oídio.

Según los estudios consultados, los factores ambientales involucrados en el establecimiento y desarrollo del hongo en diversos huéspedes son:

• Temperatura media diaria: Superior a 15ºC favorece el desarrollo del hongo y la dispersión de conidios. En general, la producción de conidios disminuye cuando las temperaturas bajan de 15-20°C y cuando las temperaturas superan los 26°C. Según los estudios realizados con lúpulo, exposiciones de unas dos horas a temperaturas superiores a 32ºC disminuyen la incidencia de la enfermedad.

• Humedad relativa: El rango óptimo de germinación de los conidios es entre 75% y 98% de humedad. Ante humedades relativas bajas, el hongo reacciona liberando un mayor número de esporas. Esta dispersión se ve favorecida también por fluctuacionesbruscas de la humedad. Cuanto más baje la humedad ambiental y cuanto más bruscamente lo haga, más cantidad de esporas serán liberadas en el ambiente. Aunque la humedad ambiental sea baja, debido a la transpiración de la planta, la superficie foliar puede llegar a tener una humedad alta, lo que permite la germinación del conidio. Un medidor digital de temperatura y humedad con máximas y mínimas es una herramienta imprescindible en estos casos ya que nos dará una idea precisa de cuándo se dan estos valores de alto riesgo.

• Lluvia: La lluvia elimina las esporas que están flotando en el ambiente por lo que la probabilidad de infección en un día de lluvia es bajo. Además una capa de agua sobre las hojas impide la germinación de las esporas, el desarrollo de los conidios y su dispersión. La maduración de los conidios precisa de luz, por lo que la dispersión de las esporas se produce por el día, aproximadamente entre la 13:00 y las 15:00 de la tarde. El momento más crítico del día suele ser entre las 17:00 y las 21:00. Estudios con lúpulo demostraron que las esporas que germinen en estas horas tienen más probabilidad de causar un daño mayor.

 title=
licensa
cc-by-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
Autores y editores de Wikipedia
original
visité la sorgiss
sit compagn
wikipedia ES

Podosphaera macularis ( Fransèis )

fornì da wikipedia FR

Podosphaera macularis est une espèce de champignons ascomycètes de la famille des Erysiphaceae, responsable de la maladie du blanc chez la fraise, la canneberge, et surtout de l'oïdium chez le houblon (Humulus lupulus). C'est l'une des principales maladies cryptogamiques affectant les cultures de houblon, entraînant une baisse du rendement et de la qualité des produits.

L'oïdium causé par Podosphaera macularis peut apparaître sur tous les tissus verts du houblon, à la face inférieure des feuilles, mais aussi sur les tiges, les fleurs et les cônes du houblon. Le signe le plus révélateur de l'agent pathogène est constitué par des colonies blanches et poudreuses qui peuvent se trouver de chaque côté du tissu foliaire, ainsi sur toute autre partie de la plante. Sur les feuilles, les infections sur la face inférieure se traduisent généralement par des taches chlorotiques en correspondance sur la face supérieure[2].

Notes et références

  1. a b c d e et f BioLib, consulté le 4 mars 2021
  2. (en) « Mildews of Hops: Podosphaera and Pseudoperonospora », sur The Plant Disease Diagnostic Clinic, Cornell University - College of Agriculture and Life Sciences (consulté le 4 mars 2021).

licensa
cc-by-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
visité la sorgiss
sit compagn
wikipedia FR

Podosphaera macularis: Brief Summary ( Fransèis )

fornì da wikipedia FR

Podosphaera macularis est une espèce de champignons ascomycètes de la famille des Erysiphaceae, responsable de la maladie du blanc chez la fraise, la canneberge, et surtout de l'oïdium chez le houblon (Humulus lupulus). C'est l'une des principales maladies cryptogamiques affectant les cultures de houblon, entraînant une baisse du rendement et de la qualité des produits.

L'oïdium causé par Podosphaera macularis peut apparaître sur tous les tissus verts du houblon, à la face inférieure des feuilles, mais aussi sur les tiges, les fleurs et les cônes du houblon. Le signe le plus révélateur de l'agent pathogène est constitué par des colonies blanches et poudreuses qui peuvent se trouver de chaque côté du tissu foliaire, ainsi sur toute autre partie de la plante. Sur les feuilles, les infections sur la face inférieure se traduisent généralement par des taches chlorotiques en correspondance sur la face supérieure.

licensa
cc-by-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
visité la sorgiss
sit compagn
wikipedia FR

Podosphaera macularis ( polonèis )

fornì da wikipedia POL
 src=
Grzybnia na chmielu

Podosphaera macularis (Wallr.) U. Braun & S. Takam. – gatunek grzybów należący do rzędu mączniakowców (Erysiphales)[1]. Grzyb mikroskopijny, pasożyt bezwzględny rozwijający się na powierzchni roślin[2].

Systematyka i nazewnictwo

Pozycja w klasyfikacji według Index Fungorum: Podosphaera, Erysiphaceae, Erysiphales, Leotiomycetidae, Leotiomycetes, Pezizomycotina, Ascomycota, Fungi[1].

Po raz pierwszy zdiagnozował go w 1819 r. C.F Wallroth nadając mu nazwę Alphitomorpha macularis. Obecną, uznaną przez Index Fungorum nazwę nadali mu w 2000 r. U. Braun i S. Takam[1].

Niektóre synonimy[3]:

  • Albigo humuli (DC.) Kuntze 1898
  • Alphitomorpha humuli (DC.) Wallr. 1819
  • Alphitomorpha macularis Wallr. 1819
  • Desetangsia humuli (DC.) Nieuwl. 1916
  • Erysiphe humuli DC. 1815
  • Erysiphe macularis (Wallr.) Fr. 1829
  • Leucothallia macularis (Wallr.) Trevis. 1853
  • Sphaerotheca humuli (DC.) Burrill 1887
  • Sphaerotheca humuli (DC.) Burrill 1887 var. humuli
  • Sphaerotheca macularis (Wallr.) Magnus 1899
  • Sphaerotheca macularis (Wallr.) Magnus 1899 f. macularis
  • Sphaerotheca macularis (Wallr.) Magnus 1899 var. macularis

Morfologia

Grzybnia rozwija się na obydwu powierzchniach liści w postaci białych, początkowo watowatych, potem wojłokowatych plam. Wytwarza w łańcuszkach konidia o kształcie jajowatym, elispoidalnym lub beczkowatym i rozmiarach 20–33 × 13–20 μm. Kiełkując tworzą słabo wyróżniające się appressoria, czasami stożkowate lub stopowate. Konidiofory wzniesione, cylindryczne, 1–3 komórkowe o rozmiarach 40–70 × 9–11 μm. Czasami w rozproszeniu lub w skupiskach powstają chasmotecja o średnicy 70–110 μm. Zbudowane są z nieregularnie wielobocznych komórek o średnicy 8–25 (–30) μm z licznymi przyczepkami wyrastającymi głównie w dolnej ich połówce, ale częściowo także w górnej. Mają długość 0,5–6 razy większą od średnicy chasmotecjum, są elastyczne, na przekroju okrągłe, dość proste i poplątane z sobą i strzępkami grzybni. Strzępki cienkościenne, septowane, gładkie, proste, o barwie od żółtej do brązowej i zmiennej szerokości (2,5–) 4–8 (–10) μm. Worki o rozmiarach 60–90 × 50–80 μm. Powstaje w nich po 4–8 askospor o rozmiarach 16–24 × 11–18 μm. Czasami (rzadko) zdarza się, że powstają w worku dwie tylko, ale większe askospory o rozmiarach do 30 × 21 μm[4].

Występowanie

Jest szeroko rozprzestrzeniony. Polifag pasożytujący na licznych gatunkach roślin należących do rodzin Anacardiaceae (Rhus), Cannabaceae (Humulus), Geraniaceae (Geranium), Polemoniaceae (Collomia), Rosaceae (Agrimonia, Filipendula, Geum, Physocarpus, Potentilla, Rosa, Rubus, Sanguisorba, Spiraea). U roślin uprawnych wywołuje mi,in. choroby: mączniak prawdziwy chmielu, mączniak prawdziwy maliny, mączniak prawdziwy truskawki[4].

Przypisy

  1. a b c Index Fungorum (ang.). [dostęp 2017-07-11].
  2. Joanna Marcinkowska: Oznaczanie rodzajów grzybów sensu lato ważnych w fitopatologii. Warszawa: PWRiL, 2012. ISBN 978-83-09-01048-7.
  3. Species Fungorum (ang.). [dostęp 2017-07-11].
  4. a b Mycobank. Podosphaera macularis. [dostęp 2017-07-11].
licensa
cc-by-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
Autorzy i redaktorzy Wikipedii
original
visité la sorgiss
sit compagn
wikipedia POL

Podosphaera macularis: Brief Summary ( polonèis )

fornì da wikipedia POL
 src= Grzybnia na chmielu

Podosphaera macularis (Wallr.) U. Braun & S. Takam. – gatunek grzybów należący do rzędu mączniakowców (Erysiphales). Grzyb mikroskopijny, pasożyt bezwzględny rozwijający się na powierzchni roślin.

licensa
cc-by-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
Autorzy i redaktorzy Wikipedii
original
visité la sorgiss
sit compagn
wikipedia POL

Podosphaera macularis ( Szl )

fornì da wikipedia SZL

Podosphaera macularis je grzib[9], co go nojprzōd ôpisoł Carl (Karl) Friedrich Wilhelm Wallroth, a terŏźnõ nazwã doł mu U. Braun & S. Takam. 2000. Podosphaera macularis nŏleży do zorty Podosphaera i familije Erysiphaceae.[10][11] Żŏdne podgatōnki niy sōm wymianowane we Catalogue of Life.[10]

Przipisy

  1. Nieuwl. (1916), In: Am. Midl. Nat. 4:385
  2. Magnus (1899), In: Bot. Zbl. 77:10
  3. Kuntze (1898), In: Revis. gen. pl. (Leipzig) 3(2):442
  4. Burrill (1887), In: Bulletin of the Ill. St. Labor. Nat. Hist. 2:400
  5. Trevis. (1853), In: Spighe Paglie 1:23
  6. E.M. Fries (1829), In: Syst. mycol. (Lundae) 3(1):237
  7. 7,0 7,1 Wallroth (1819), In: Verh. Ges. nat. Freunde Berlin 1(1):35
  8. de Candolle & Lamarck (1815), In: Fl. franç., Edn 3 (Paris) 6:106
  9. Braun, U.; Takamatsu, S. (2000) Phylogeny of Erysiphe, Microsphaera, Uncinula (Erysipheae) and Cystotheca, Podosphaera, Sphaerotheca (Cystotheceae) inferred from rDNA ITS sequences – some taxonomic consequences, In: Schlechtendalia 4:1–33
  10. 10,0 10,1 Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.): Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2019 Annual Checklist.. Species 2000: Naturalis, Leiden, the Netherlands., 2019. [dostymp 24 września 2012].
  11. Species Fungorum. Kirk P.M., 2010-11-23

Galeryjŏ fotografiji

licensa
cc-by-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visité la sorgiss
sit compagn
wikipedia SZL

Podosphaera macularis: Brief Summary ( Szl )

fornì da wikipedia SZL

Podosphaera macularis je grzib, co go nojprzōd ôpisoł Carl (Karl) Friedrich Wilhelm Wallroth, a terŏźnõ nazwã doł mu U. Braun & S. Takam. 2000. Podosphaera macularis nŏleży do zorty Podosphaera i familije Erysiphaceae. Żŏdne podgatōnki niy sōm wymianowane we Catalogue of Life.

licensa
cc-by-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visité la sorgiss
sit compagn
wikipedia SZL