This description provides characteristics that may be relevant to fire ecology, and is not meant for identification. Keys for identification are available (e.g. [4,58,90,92,110,111,124,135,136,168,169,181,203,223,225,238]).
Wood's rose is a native perennial shrub, usually forming dense thickets [203,211,223,236]. Wood's rose grows to a height of 3 to 10 feet (1-3 m) [4,92,136,223,238] and attains maximum height within 10 years from initiation of growth [95]. Rosa woodsii var. woodsii grows to a height no greater than 3 feet (1 m) [110,111]. The stems of Wood's rose are covered with curved thorns from 3 to 6 mm long [110,211,223]. Wood's rose leaves are alternate [223,238], 0.5 to 5 inches (1.5-13 cm) long, and 0.1 to 1 inch (0.4-2.5 cm) wide [223,238]. Each leaf is composed of 5 to 9 leaflets up to 2 inches (5 cm) long and 1 inch (2.5 cm) wide [110,136,223]. The leaflets of Tehachapi rose and R. w. var. woodsii are generally smaller, from 0.4 to 0.8 inch (1-2 cm) long [110,111,124].
The inflorescence of Wood's rose is few-flowered and may be solitary [90,211,238]. Wood's rose flowers are 5-petaled, 0.5 to 0.75 inch (1.5-2 cm) long [90,223,238]. Wood's rose hips occur in clusters [90,238] and are 0.25 to 0.5 inch (0.75-1.5 cm) long and wide [110,223]. The fruits of Wood's rose are achenes contained within the rose hip [92,110,211]. Each rose hip contains from 15 to 35 achenes [92,110,211] which are approximately 3 to 4 mm long [211,223] and weigh roughly 9.0 mg [161].
While the root crown of Wood's rose is relatively shallow [95,100,199], root points reach deep into the soil [147,171]. The rooting depth of Wood's rose was studied in the Lubrecht Experimental Forest, 30 miles (48 km) northeast of Missoula, Montana. Two sites were chosen, both of which were dominated by interior ponderosa pine and Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca). Site 1 was also codominated by western larch (Larix occidentalis). Both sites 1 and 2 are modal Gray Wooded soils characterized by a leached A2 horizon overlying a strongly alluviated B2t horizon. At site 1, Wood's rose roots reached a depth of at least 4 feet (1.2 m), but did not reach to 5 feet (1.5 m). At site 2, Wood's rose roots reached a depth of 6 feet (1.8 m) [171]. On the western foothills of the Teton Mountains near Victor, Idaho, Wood's rose shrubs root to a depth of 3 feet (1 m) or greater [147].
In western U.S. arid and semiarid riparian areas, interior rose is intermediately tolerant of seasonal flooding. Intermediately tolerant is defined as "species which are able to survive flooding for periods between 1 to 3 months during the growing season. The root systems of these plants may produce few new roots or will be dormant during the flooded period" [232].
Fire adaptations: Wood's rose establishes after fire primarily by sprouting from the root crown [34,55,56,81,95,164,201,244]. While less frequent, Wood's rose may establish after fire by root sprouting [33,34,55,201] or seed establishment [170,244]. Wood's rose is strongly fire tolerant, except for smoldering fires with heavy volumes of surface fuel which may kill the root crown [96,99,100].
FIRE REGIMES: Many diverse communities provide Wood's rose habitat. In interior ponderosa pine and oak savanna communities, fire may occur as often as every 2 years [176,230]. Conversely, Wood's rose occurs in curlleaf mountain-mahogany (Cercocarpus ledifolius) communities where the fire return interval can be as great as 1,000 years [15,194]. A brief fire description of locales where Wood's rose is most common is provided below.
Coniferous forests: Wood's rose is an important species in Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir forests. In the Jackson Hole region of Wyoming, the fire return interval in Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir forests is 50 to 100 years. Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir forests adjacent to sagebrush steppe have a shorter fire return interval, generally from 20 to 25 years [34].
Wood's rose is a common understory species in interior ponderosa pine forests in Zion National Park, Utah. European settlement activities from 1862 until 1926 caused a dramatic decrease in fire frequency. This pattern has continued from 1926 until present under the National Park Service fire suppression program. The fire scar records suggests that the fire frequency prior to 1862 was from 4 to 7 years. From 1931 to 1984, 315 fires have been reported within the park and along the park boundary. Of those 315 fires, 235 were lightning fires [164].
Deciduous forests: Fire was an important ecological process in the quaking aspen parklands of central Alberta prior to European settlement, with most fires ignited by lightning and Native Americans. In the early 1900s, brush cover in the parklands ranged from approximately 5% to 10%. Presently, without periodic fires, brush cover ranges from 10% in drier regions to 60% to 100% in more mesic areas [19].
Wood's rose may occur as a dominant species in riparian cottonwood (Populus ssp.) woodlands in southern Alberta river valleys. Dendrochronological analyses of riparian cottonwoods in the Oldman River area show up to 4 fire scars per century. Fires are most likely to occur in "decrepit" woodlands during dry periods [89].
Pinyon-Juniper (Pinus-Juniperus spp.) woodlands: Gruell [94] used fire scar evidence to produce a fire history for the Walker River Watershed Project, California. The watershed is an area of 392,750 acres (158,900 ha) encompassing the Sweetwater Mountains, Pine Grove Hills, and the west slope of the Bodie Hills. Sampling of 6 Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi) and 3 Colorado pinyon (P. edulis) trees produced a 208-year fire chronology in the Little Frying Pan Study Area for the years 1687 to 1895. A total of 51 fires scars representing at least 27 fire years were found on the 9 trees, suggesting a fire return interval of 8 years. Fires during this period were started by both lightning and Native Americans. In the 1850s, European settlers migrated into the areas, forced Native Americans off their land, and effectively ended human-caused fires. Expansive grazing by cattle and domestic sheep promoted by Europeans caused a substantial reduction in fine fuels which also inhibited fire. Fire is largely suppressed in the Walker River Watershed Project presently. Since 1960, 266 wildfires have been suppressed in the area [94].
Shrub-steppe: Wood's rose is found around the Columbia Plateau of Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. The fire return interval for this habitat is approximately 25 years [57].
The following table provides fire return intervals for plant communities and ecosystems where Wood's rose is important. Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under "Find FIRE REGIMES".
Community or ecosystem Dominant species Fire return interval range (years) silver fir-Douglas-fir Abies amabilis-Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii >200 grand fir Abies grandis 35-200 [11] bluestem prairie Andropogon gerardii var. gerardii-Schizachyrium scoparium 133,176] Nebraska sandhills prairie Andropogon gerardii var. paucipilus-Schizachyrium scoparium 176] silver sagebrush steppe Artemisia cana 5-45 [106,183,243] sagebrush steppe Artemisia tridentata/Pseudoroegneria spicata 20-70 [176] basin big sagebrush Artemisia tridentata var. tridentata 12-43 [192] mountain big sagebrush Artemisia tridentata var. vaseyana 15-40 [13,37,162] Wyoming big sagebrush Artemisia tridentata var. wyomingensis 10-70 ( x=40) [224,245] coastal sagebrush Artemisia californica 176] birch Betula spp. 80-230 [212] desert grasslands Bouteloua eriopoda and/or Pleuraphis mutica 10 to <100 [155,176] plains grasslands Bouteloua spp. 176,243] blue grama-needle-and-thread grass-western wheatgrass Bouteloua gracilis-Hesperostipa comata-Pascopyrum smithii 176,189,243] blue grama-buffalo grass Bouteloua gracilis-Buchloe dactyloides 176,243] blue grama-tobosa prairie Bouteloua gracilis-Pleuraphis mutica 176] cheatgrass Bromus tectorum 177,239] California montane chaparral Ceanothus and/or Arctostaphylos spp. 50-100 [176] curlleaf mountain-mahogany* Cercocarpus ledifolius 13-1,000 [15,194] mountain-mahogany-Gambel oak scrub Cercocarpus ledifolius-Quercus gambelii <35 to <100 Arizona cypress Cupressus arizonica 176] green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica <35 to >300 [73,230] juniper-oak savanna Juniperus ashei-Quercus virginiana <35 Ashe juniper Juniperus ashei <35 western juniper Juniperus occidentalis 20-70 Rocky Mountain juniper Juniperus scopulorum <35 tamarack Larix laricina 35-200 [176] western larch Larix occidentalis 25-350 [12,22,62] wheatgrass plains grasslands Pascopyrum smithii <5-47+ [176,183,243] Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir Picea engelmannii-Abies lasiocarpa 35 to >200 [11] black spruce Picea mariana 35-200 [71] blue spruce* Picea pungens 35-200 [11] pine-cypress forest Pinus-Cupressus spp. 9-63 [8,215,226] pinyon-juniper Pinus-Juniperus spp. <35 [176] whitebark pine* Pinus albicaulis 50-200 [1,9] Rocky Mountain lodgepole pine* Pinus contorta var. latifolia 25-340 [21,22,216] Sierra lodgepole pine* Pinus contorta var. murrayana 35-200 Jeffrey pine Pinus jeffreyi 5-30 western white pine* Pinus monticola 50-200 Pacific ponderosa pine* Pinus ponderosa var. ponderosa 1-47 [11] interior ponderosa pine* Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum 2-30 [11,20,139] Arizona pine Pinus ponderosa var. arizonica 2-15 [20,52,195] eastern cottonwood Populus deltoides <35 to 200 [176] quaking aspen-paper birch Populus tremuloides-Betula papyrifera 35-200 [71,230] quaking aspen (west of the Great Plains) Populus tremuloides 7-120 [11,93,159] mesquite Prosopis glandulosa <35 to <100 [155,176] mesquite-buffalo grass Prosopis glandulosa-Buchloe dactyloides <35 Texas savanna Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa <10 [176] mountain grasslands Pseudoroegneria spicata 3-40 ( x=10) [10,11] Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir* Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca 25-100 [11,13,14] coastal Douglas-fir* Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii 40-240 [11,165,187] California oakwoods Quercus spp. <35 [11] oak-hickory Quercus-Carya spp. <35 [230] oak-juniper woodland (Southwest) Quercus-Juniperus spp. <35 to <200 [176] Oregon white oak Quercus garryana <35 [11] bear oak Quercus ilicifolia <35 [230] California black oak Quercus kelloggii 5-30 [176] bur oak Quercus macrocarpa <10 [230] oak savanna Quercus macrocarpa/Andropogon gerardii-Schizachyrium scoparium 2-14 [176,230] shinnery Quercus mohriana <35 [176] live oak Quercus virginiana 10 to<100 [230] little bluestem-grama prairie Schizachyrium scoparium-Bouteloua spp. <35 [176] redwood Sequoia sempervirens 5-200 [11,84,210] western redcedar-western hemlock Thuja plicata-Tsuga heterophylla >200 western hemlock-Sitka spruce Tsuga heterophylla-Picea sitchensis >200 [11] *fire return interval varies widely; trends in variation are noted in the species reviewBrowsing: Ungulates and cattle browse Wood's rose heavily following fire. In 2000, a moderate- to high-severity wildfire burned approximately 80% of the Boulder Creek Basin in Wyoming. In postfire years 2 and 3, the percent of available Wood's rose that ungulates (moose, elk, mule deer, and white-tailed deer) and cattle browsed (x± s x ) was 84% ±7% and 73% ± 4%, respectively [72].
Burning season: Research indicates that the response of Wood's rose to spring and summer fires is similar [132].
Forest Fuel: Wood's rose is an important species in Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir forests. In Montana Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir forests, the available fuel averages 13 tons/acre [33].
Invasive species: If fire is chosen as a management tool for Wood's rose, managers should be cognizant of potential negative effects on associated or surrounding vegetation. For instance, Wood's rose grows in the Bighorn Basin of Wyoming [137]. In the past several decades the area has been infested by the drought-deciduous salt cedar (Tamarix ramosissima) which is fire tolerant and may expand after disturbances such as fire and severely reduce native plant coverage [144].
Wildlife: At the Woodsworth Study Area, North Dakota, Johnson [118] found that burning Wood's rose and other shrub species may displace birds such as eastern kingbird, willow flycatcher, yellow warbler, common yellowthroat, clay-colored sparrow, and brown-headed cowbird, all of which thrive in woody vegetation that has been long protected from fire.
Wood's rose prefers south-facing slopes [174]. It occurs on dry slopes [114], streambanks [25,47,78,92,99,124,219,238], open woods [124], hillsides [124], washes [124], waterways [90], irrigation canals [238], marshlands [238], lakeshores [238], hillsides [238], rocky prairie ravines [92,181], open woodlands [92], roadsides [92], and canyons [181].
Within the broader site characteristics, Wood's rose infrataxa have individual preferences. Rosa woodsii var. woodsii occurs in plains and prairie ecotypes [110]. Interior rose occurs primarily in the cordilleran ecotype [110]. Rosa woodsii var. glabrata is found in moist places, generally about springs [168,169]. Tehachapi rose prefers dry slopes [168,169].
Air Pollution: Wood's rose is very sensitive to sulfur dioxide (SO2) air pollution. Wood's rose plants located in a narrowleaf cottonwood community in New Mexico and Utah at an elevation of 6,500 to 7,500 feet (2,000-2,300 m) were subjected to 6 different levels of SO2 (see below). The higher rate of injury at 6.0 ppm compared to 10.0 ppm may be due to the number of replications. The following table describes the average percent injury to Wood's rose plants by SO2 pollution. The value in parentheses is the number of replications [108].
SO2 level 0.5 ppm 1.0 ppm 2.0 ppm 4.0 ppm 6.0 ppm 10.0 ppm % injury No data 0 (6) 1 (3) 15 (5) 90 (2) 60 (1)
Climate: Wood's rose prefers moderate climates; however, it will grow in alpine environments [95]. In the Great Basin and Great Plains of the United States, Wood's rose grows where climatic conditions are characterized by cold winters with moderate snowfall and late spring rainfall. Summers are typically hot and dry, coupled with a high evaporation rate [46,74,104]. Wood's rose is seldom found in areas where there is less than 10 inches (260 mm) of annual rainfall [81,95,218].
Detailed climatic data for Alton and Emery coal fields in southwestern Utah, for the 6-year period when Wood's rose was used to revegetate the sites, can be found in the publication by Ferguson and Frischknecht [82].
Elevation: Wood's rose occurs naturally at elevations ranging from 3,500 to 11,640 feet (1,060-3,550 m) [95,218,236]. Elevation ranges for Wood's rose are presented below:
State Elevational range Arizona 1,400 to 8,000 feet [41,83] California Up to 10,000 feet [51,209] Colorado 3,500 to 9,000 feet [101] Montana 2,800 to 9,000 feet [30,136] Nebraska 2,500 to 4,500 feet [217] New Mexico Up to 8,200 feet [97] Oregon 3,700 to 8,000 feet [42,78] South Dakota 2,500 to 7,200 feet [104] Texas 5,500 to 6,000 feet [181] Utah 2,800 to 11,000 feet [90,238] Washington 2,000 to 6,300 feet [63] Wyoming 4,500 to 11,500 feet [196]
In an elevational gradient study of northern Arizona, interior rose only occurred on south-facing slopes at 7,000 feet (2,130 m), but occurred on both south- and north-facing slopes at 8,000 feet (2,440 m) [83].
Riparian areas: Wood's rose is a facultative upland species, meaning that it usually occurs in nonwetland habitats, but may be found in wetlands (1-33% probability) [100].
Soils: Wood's rose is adapted to a wide range of soil types [81,95,100,218,236]. It generally grows best on moderately fertile, well-drained clay loam, sandy loam, or sandy soil [2,74,95,185,236]. Soil orders in which Wood's rose is normally found included Inceptisols, Entisols, and/or Mollisols [95]. Wood's rose is tolerant of moderately acid to weakly basic soils. Wood's rose prefer soils with a pH of 5.6 to 7.0 [95,236].
A detailed soil analysis of 2 small watersheds in Utah's Wasatch Mountains, where Wood's rose grows, can be found in the publication by Johnston and Doty [120].
Wood's rose is a subdominant species (Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii) is the dominant species) on south-facing slopes of Cold Canyon in the Wasatch Mountains, Utah. In late spring, the soil moisture level at 3 depths (6, 12, and 18 inches (15, 30, and 45 cm)) was 21.75%, 18.5%, and 14.25%, respectively [174].
Wood's rose provides forage for small and large mammals, birds, and ungulates. The forage production from dense thickets of Wood's rose communities is relatively low since they are nearly impenetrable. The leaves of Wood's rose are considered fair to fairly good livestock forage, particularly for domestic sheep [30,96,100,116]. Wood's rose is a particularly important source of food for livestock and wildlife during spring and summer [64]. Wood's rose production on average is from 1 to 2 lbs/acre [128].
Small mammals/birds: Wood's rose has good food value for upland game birds, nongame birds, and small mammals, but poor food value for waterfowl [30,131]. Wood's rose hips are an important source of winter food for sharp-tailed grouse in South Dakota [77]. In northeastern Montana, Wood's rose is a food source for sharp-tailed grouse. Of 85 adult and juvenile birds collected in the study, Wood's rose hips occurred in 15% of their stomachs in 1976 and in 55% of their stomachs in 1979. Next to juniper (Juniperus ssp.) cones, Wood's rose was the most important food source in 1979 [163]. In another study, sharp-tailed grouse consumed on average 63.3 grams (dry weight ) of Wood's rose hips during the winter in southeastern Montana [182].
Wood's rose is an important source of food for prairie porcupines in northern Montana. In a study conducted in 1980 and 1981, 14.1% of available Wood's rose shrubs were browsed, making it the 5th most important food for porcupine, exceeded by only American elm, eastern cottonwood, skunkbush sumac, and chokecherry [105].
Large mammals: Wood's rose is a forage species for grizzly bears throughout their range [240]. Wood's rose hips are a food source for grizzly bear in the Bitterroot Mountains of Idaho and Montana and the Bob Marshall Wilderness of Montana [60,146].
Ungulates: Wood's rose is a seasonally important browse species for big game animals throughout the western U.S. [30,100,131].
Mule deer browse Wood's rose throughout the growing season (particularly on north-facing slopes) in the eastern foothills of the Cottonwood Mountains in Malheur County, Oregon [49]. Mule deer feed on R. w. var. woodsii in late spring and early summer on the Kaibab Plateau north of the Grand Canyon, Arizona [115]. Wood's rose is an intermediately preferred shrub for mule deer during the winter in the Rattlesnake Creek drainage near Missoula, Montana. Wood's rose hips are an extremely important source of winter food for mule deer in Cache County, Utah. Welch and Andrus [237] found that from 6 December 1974 to 3 January 1975, mule deer consumed 92% of available Wood's rose hips on the study site. Mule deer in the Sheeprock Mountains of Utah exhibit little preference for Wood's rose when browsing on sites grazed and ungrazed by cattle. On 2 study sites, mule deer diet composition (% dry weight ± s x) of Wood's rose was 5±1 and 5±2 on grazed sites and 2±1 and 7±2 on ungrazed sites during late summer, 1983 [16].
In South Dakota's Black Hills, R. w. var. woodsii is a valuable browse species for white-tailed deer in summer. From October to June, R. w. var. woodsii constitutes 3.6% to 4.6% of white-tailed deer diets. In summer, however, white-tailed deer diets are made up of 24.8% of R. w. var. woodsii [109]. In the Black Hills of northeastern Wyoming, Wood's rose is described as an important summer and winter forage species for white-tailed deer [173].
Wood's rose is a source of food for moose from December to June on the north slope of the Gallatin Mountain Range in southwestern Montana [204].
Palatability/nutritional value: Livestock and big game find the leaves of Wood's rose palatable from spring to fall [218]. The palatability of R. w. var. woodsii in the Black Hills of South Dakota is "medium" from October to March and "high" from April to September [109]. Wood's rose palatability for cattle and domestic sheep is fair, but poor for horses [30,100].
The palatability of Wood's rose in several western states has been rated as follows [65]:
Colorado Montana North Dakota Utah Wyoming Cattle Fair Fair Fair Poor Fair Sheep Good Fair Fair Fair Fair Horse Poor Poor Poor Poor Fair Pronghorn ---* --- --- Fair Good Elk --- Poor --- Good Good Mule deer --- Fair --- Good Good White-tailed deer Good Good --- --- Fair Small mammals --- Good --- Good Good Small nongame birds --- Good --- Good Good Upland game birds --- Good Good Good Good Waterfowl --- --- Poor --- Poor *--- = no data
Wood's rose leaves and stems provide sufficient protein for domestic sheep and cattle throughout the growing season [75]. Crude protein content of Wood's rose leaves ranges from 5.7% in fall to 16.4% in spring, and stems range from 5.4% protein in winter to 12.0% in spring [61,236].
Wood's rose hips are an excellent source of digestible energy given their low lignin and crude fiber content accompanied by a high content of nitrogen-free extract [237]. Wood's rose hips, in a "weathered" stage, contain 26.6% cellulose and 1.7% digestible protein in the rough fescue (Festuca altaica) association of southwestern Alberta [27]. Wood's rose hips collected in South Dakota in the fall had a gross energy value (Kcal/g) of 4.928 and a crude protein value of 5.0% [77]. Wood's rose hips are also one of the best natural sources of vitamin C [124,218].
The structural content, crude protein and in vitro digestibility of Wood's rose stems in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, during November to March 1976-1977 and 1977-1978 are expressed as a range in the table below [112]:
% of dry matter Cell-wall constituents Acid detergent fiber Lignin Crude protein In vitro dry matter 49-52 36-43 12-16 4.6-4.9 35-38
The nutritive and chemical composition of Wood's rose in a "weathered" phase in a plains rough fescue (F. hallii) association of the Porcupine Hills of southwestern Alberta are presented below. In a "weathered" state, Wood's rose does not meet the protein (7.5%-11.7%) required for cattle, but does meet the phosphorus (0.15%-0.28%) requirement [119].
Protein (%) Crude fat (%) Crude fiber (%) Ash (%) Calcium (%) Phosphorus (%) Carotene (mg/kg) 6.60 3.10 30.30 4.45 0.52 0.16 34.35
Wood's rose year-roundleaf and stem crude protein (%) in the Black Hills of South Dakota is presented in the table below [64]:
Spring Summer Fall Winter Leaves 16.4 9.8 5.7 --- Stems 12.0 4.9 5.6 5.4
Wood's rose year-round leaf and stem gross energy content (cal./g) in the Black Hills of South Dakota is presented in the table below [64]:
Spring Summer Fall Winter Leaves 4,542 4,792 4,557 --- Stems 4,476 4,581 4,693 4,637
Cover value: Wood's rose provides good cover for birds, small mammals, fish, and ungulates.
Fish: Thick communities of gray alder-Wood's rose provide valuable cover for fish in riparian areas of the Trout Creek Mountains, Oregon [78].
Nongame birds: Wood's rose is an essential cover species for a variety of nongame birds in the Great Plains and the western U.S. Wood's rose provides cover for numerous nesting bird and small mammal species along Wet Creek, Idaho [48]. Many birds use Wood's rose as cover in green ash-black cottonwood woodlands of the Little Missouri National Grasslands, North Dakota [113]. Interior rose provides limited cover for the Mexican spotted owl in interior ponderosa pine-Gambel oak forests near Flagstaff, Arizona [85]. In Montana and Washington riparian sites, Wood's rose provides fair cover for small nongame birds [100,131].
At Mono Lake, California, McCreedy and Heath [153] found 9 willow flycatcher nesting sites, all constructed in Wood's rose shrubs. Monotypic stands of Wood's rose approximately 30 to 300 feet (10-80 m) wide dominated the site. Five of 6 mated male territories ranging from 0.94 to 3.24 acres (0.38-1.31 ha) identified in the study occurred in monotypic Wood's rose stands.
Small mammals: Wood's rose is an essential cover species for a variety of small mammals in the Great Plains and the western U.S. Wood's rose is a cover species for deer mice in the Mount Haggin Wildlife Management Area in southwestern Montana [70]. Pocket gophers in the Jackson Hole region of Wyoming use Wood's rose thickets for protection from predators [141]. In a riparian habitat at Deer Creek, Nevada, Wood's rose provides cover for shrew, chipmunk, squirrel, gopher, mouse, woodrat, and vole species [156,157]. Wood's rose provides cover for black-tailed prairie dogs in Billings County, North Dakota [207]. Wood's rose-western snowberry communities provide cover for coyotes in winter and summer in the hardwood draws of southeastern Montana [213,214]. Wood's rose is a cover species for river otters in the Flathead River Valley of northwestern Montana [231]. In Montana and Washington riparian sites, Wood's rose provides fair cover for small mammals [100,131].
Ungulates: Wood's rose is listed as a poor hiding/escaping, thermal, and fawning cover species for white-tailed deer in the Black Hills of northeastern Wyoming [173]. It is listed as a fair cover species for elk and a good cover species for mule and white-tailed deer in Montana and Washington riparian/wetland sites [30,100,131].
Upland game birds: Wood's rose is an essential cover species for a variety of upland game birds in the Great Plains and the western U.S. Wood's rose is a good source of cover for ruffed grouse along the Snake River riparian corridor within Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming [36]. Wood's rose provides nesting cover for sharp-tailed grouse in the Brown's Bench area of south-central Idaho and near Weiser, Idaho [129,191]. Merriam's wild turkeys utilize Wood's rose thickets for cover in the central Black Hills of Pennington County, South Dakota [190]. Wood's rose-western snowberry communities provide habitat for ring-necked pheasants year round and sharp-tailed grouse during fall in the hardwood draws of southeastern Montana [213,214]. In Montana and Washington riparian sites, Wood's rose provides fair cover for upland game birds [100,131].
Waterfowl: Mallard nesting sites in Wood's rose stands are common throughout the Missouri Coteau and Drift Plain biogeographic provinces of central North Dakota [54]. In the prairie potholes region of central North Dakota, Wood's rose provides important nesting cover for mallards, gadwalls, and blue-winged teal in pastures [143].
In Montana and Washington riparian sites, Wood's rose provides good cover for waterfowl [100,131].
The cover value of Wood's rose in several western states has been rated as follows [65]:
Colorado Montana North Dakota Utah Wyoming Pronghorn ---* --- --- Fair Poor Elk --- --- --- Fair Poor Mule deer --- --- --- Fair Fair White-tailed deer Fair Good --- --- --- Small mammals Good Fair --- --- --- Small nongame birds Good Fair --- Good Good Upland game birds --- Fair Good Good Good Waterfowl --- Good Poor --- Poor *--- = no data
Wood's rose is described as a dominant species in the following locations and vegetation
classifications:
United States
CA:
Eastern Sierra Nevada Mountains (codominant with black cottonwood (Populus
balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa)) [102]
CO:
East River Valley (monotypic) [138]
ID:
Riparian areas in the eastern part of the state (monotypic) [96]
Riparian reference areas (codominant with white alder (Alnus rhombifolia),
black cottonwood, yellow willow (Salix lutea) and monotypic communities) [117]
Teton Creek Mitigation Site (codominant with Douglas hawthorn (Crataegus douglasii)) [117]
Hixon Sharptail (codominant with Douglas hawthorn) [117]
Lower Little Wood River (codominant with narrowleaf willow (S. exigua)) [117]
MT:
Temporarily flooded cold-deciduous shrubland (monotypic) [193]
Lower Yellowstone River (codominant with western snowberry (Symphoricarpos
occidentalis)) [29]
Riparian/wetlands sites in the northwestern part of the state (monotypic) [30]
Low to mid-elevation riparian sites throughout the state (monotypic) [99]
Pryor Mountains (monotypic) [152]
ND:
Little Missouri River (codominant with green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica)
and western snowberry) [88].
NM:
Pecos and Rio Grande basins (codominant with blue spruce (Picea pungens)
and thinleaf alder (A. incana ssp. tenuifolia)) [167]
NV:
Mill Creek (codominant with arroyo willow (Salix lasiolepis) and basin
big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. tridentata)) [28]
Toiyabe, Santa Rosa, East Humboldt, White Pine, and Schell Creek ranges
(codominant with quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides)) [148,149]
Ruby and Spring mountains and Toiyabe, Monitor, White Pine, and Grant ranges
(codominant with black cottonwood, narrowleaf cottonwood (P. angustifolia), and lanceleaf
cottonwood (Populus à acuminata)) [148,149]
Jarbridge, Mahogany, and Toiyabe ranges (codominant with Kentucky bluegrass (Poa
pratensis)) [148]
Monitor and Toiyabe ranges (codominant with blueberry willow (S.
myrtillifolia)) [148]
Independence and Toiyabe ranges (codominant with narrowleaf willow) [148]
East Humboldt, Independence, Jarbridge, and Toiyabe ranges (codominant with
willows (Salix ssp.)) [148,149]
White Pine, Grant-Canyon, Schell Creek, Carson, Toiyabe ranges and Jarbridge and
Spring mountains (monotypic) [149]
Schell Creek Range (codominant with chokecherry (Prunus virginiana)) [149]
Sweetwater, Santa Rosa, Toiyabe, Monitor, Mahogany, East Humboldt, Jarbridge,
Wildhorse, Schell Creek, and White Pine ranges (codominant with yellow willow) [149]
Monitor, Toiyabe, Santa Rosa, and White Pine ranges and Bald and Independence
mountains (codominant with narrowleaf willow) [149]
Quinn-Canyon, Grant, and Santa Rosa ranges and Spring Mountains (codominant with
arroyo willow) [149]
Great Basin National Park (codominant with Utah juniper (Juniperus
osteosperma), chokecherry, and water birch (Betula occidentalis))
[202]
OR:
Trout Creek Mountains (monotypic communities and communities codominant with
Pacific willow (S. lucida ssp. lasiandra), gray alder (Alnus
incana), yellow willow, quaking aspen, and Kentucky bluegrass) [78]
Catherine Creek (codominant with common snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus),
Kentucky bluegrass, interior ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa var.
scopulorum), and black cottonwood) [126]
SD:
Black Hills (codominant with oak-sumac (Quercus-Rhus ssp.) associations) [104]
Black Hills and Bear Lodge mountains (codominant with quaking aspen, Kentucky
bluegrass, and white clover (Trifolium repens)) [197]
UT:
Abajo and LaSal mountains (codominant with narrowleaf cottonwood) [175]
WY:
Great Plains montane or boreal cold-deciduous forest (codominant with quaking
aspen) [193]
Bighorn River riparian zone (codominant with skunkbush sumac (R. trilobata)
and western snowberry) [2]
Black Hills (codominant with quaking aspen) [50]
Canada
SK:
Temporarily flooded cold-deciduous shrubland (monotypic) [193]
Matador Research Station (codominant with western snowberry, prickly rose (Rosa
acicularis), northern bedstraw (Galium boreale), and green
needlegrass (Nassella viridula)) [140]
Grazing:
Wood's rose is strongly grazing tolerant, but can be dwarfed and thinned by intense browsing [96].
Research on the effects of Wood's rose browsing are mixed.
In the following studies, browsing caused a decrease in Wood's rose:
Short-term, intense livestock browsing (5 AUM/ha)
caused significant (p<0.05) decrease in Wood's rose/prickly rose density and height postfire years 5 and
6 in the quaking aspen parklands of Alberta. Following a 1979 fire, cattle were placed on burn sites in an
attempt to control woody species. In postfire years 5 and 6, Wood's rose/prickly rose density (stems/m²)
decreased to 7.8, down from 24.7 in postfire year 2. The height of Wood's rose/prickly rose during postfire
years 5 and 6 was 12.6 inches (32 cm) on early-browsed (soon after emergence of suckers regenerating forest
species) sites, 11 inches (28 cm) on late-browsed (just prior to leaf fall) sites, and 26 inches (67 cm) on
ungrazed sites [18].
Summer livestock grazing in Cache County, Utah, caused a substantial decrease in Wood's rose hips per plant.
On sites grazed, Wood's rose plants averaged 2.5 hips/plant, but averaged 15 hips/plant on ungrazed sites [237].
In the following, the exclusion of cattle browsing facilitated an increase in Wood's rose:
The exclusion of livestock browsing of Wood's rose caused a significant (researchers consider p<0.10
significant in this study) decrease in cover in Red Butte Canyon and a small increase in cover in Emigration
Canyon in the mountain brush zone of Utah. At Red Butte Canyon, cattle browsing was excluded in 1905 and
exclusion occurred in 1957 at Emigration Canyon. From 1935 to 1983, Wood's rose cover decreased from 2.9%
to 0.2% in Red Butte Canyon and increased from 0.8% to 1.3% in Emigration Canyon [17].
At Pole Canyon in the Wasatch Mountain Range of Utah, the exclusion of cattle led to an increase in Wood's
rose. In 1949, the last year that cattle grazing was allowed, Wood's rose frequency was 2.3%. By 1958, Wood's
rose frequency more than doubled to 5.3% [172].
The following citations indicate that cattle browsing may facilitate an increase in Wood's rose:
In Montana riparian areas dominated by eastern cottonwood/red-osier dogwood, Wood's rose will increase
under "moderate" grazing, corresponding with a decrease in red-osier dogwood, chokecherry,
western snowberry, Saskatoon serviceberry, and various currant (Ribes ssp.) Prolonged
"moderate" to "heavy" grazing may lead to the dominance of Wood's rose [98].
Fall cattle grazing in the Wallowa Mountains of Oregon facilitated an increase in standing biomass
of Wood's rose/common snowberry combined at the end of the 2nd year of grazing. The riparian area was
stocked at a rate of 1.3 to 1.7 ha/AUM. In year
2, standing biomass on grazed sites was 3,987 kg/ha and 3,213 kg/ha on ungrazed sites [125].
In the Little Missouri Badlands of southwestern North Dakota, Wood's rose responded more favorably to
"moderate" grazing than "light" grazing. The cover and density for Wood's rose on
moderately grazed sites was 9.77% and 19.70 stems/ha, respectively. The cover and density of Wood's rose
on lightly grazed sites was 2.30% and 0.50 stems/ha, respectively [39].
Herbicides:
Sites infested with spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa) in Missoula County, Montana, were
treated with picloram, clopyralid, and 2,4-D. Wood's rose occurred on 2 of the 4 sites treated and
was not affected (positively or negatively) by the herbicides [186].
A quaking aspen-balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera ssp. balsamifera) forest in a
northeastern Saskatchewan was treated with 2,4-D, 2,4-D + picloram, and glyphosate at several
concentrations. Wood's rose was significantly (p<0.05) damaged by the herbicide treatments
[229].
Host species:
Wood's rose is a host to the fungus Cronartium comandrae in the Wood River District,
Shoshone National Forest, Wyoming. C. comandrae causes comandra blister rust disease
in hard pines across much of Canada and the United States [246].
Invasive Species: Wood's rose is not negatively
affected by leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula). In the Theodore Roosevelt
National Park, North Dakota, Wood's rose occurrence is 17% greater on sites
infested by leafy spurge than in areas not infested [38].
Native Americans used roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and hips for food and therapeutic materials. Wood's rose and Tehachapi rose hips are one of the best natural sources of vitamin C, and can be dried for use in flavoring teas, jellies, fruitcakes, and puddings [100,124,218].
The Mescalero Apache and Navajo ate the hips of R. w. var. woodsii [43]. The Ramah Navajo used Wood's rose shrubs for food, basketry, and in ceremonies [222].The Kawaisu Native Americans of south-central California had several uses for interior rose. The rose hips were a food source and the stems were used as rims for twined basketry [247].
Wood's rose growth starts in early spring [211]. The flowering periods for Wood's rose in several states and the Great Plains are presented below:
State/Region Flowering period Alaska July [223] California May to July [51] Southern California 3rd week of March until 3rd week of May [76] Texas May to July [181] Utah May to August [3,90] Great Plains May to July [92]
In California, interior rose flowers from June to August and Tehachapi rose flowers from April to August [169].
The flowering sequence for Wood's rose was recorded over a 13-year period near Swift Current, Saskatchewan. For the study period, the mean 1st flowering date was 14 June. The earliest and latest date of 1st flowering was 24 May and 30 June, respectively. The mean flowering period in days was 62 and the latest that Wood's rose remained in flower was 9 September [35].
In the northern Great Plains near Woodsworth, North Dakota, Wood's rose earliest and latest 1st bloom were 29 May and 25 June, respectively, during the 1979 to 1984 growing seasons. Wood's rose completed 95% of flowering on average by 5 July and stayed in flower for 21 days [40].
Wood's rose primarily recovers from fire by sprouting from the root crown [33,55,56,81,95,164,201,244] In some ecotypes, Wood's rose can spread by root sprouting following fire [33,34,55,201]. Reproduction from seed by Wood's rose rarely occurs after a burn. When seed reproduction does occur on burn sites, the rate of growth is slow compared to that of "other" species [170,244]. Wood's rose seeds are dispersed onto burn sites by birds and mammals [30,95] and/or water [160]. Wood's rose utilizes a seed bank [95], but as of this review (2006), there is no information on seed tolerance of fire.
While Wood's rose is described as a fire-tolerant shrub [96,99,100,180], the effect of fire on Wood's rose growth is mixed. During postfire year 1, research has shown Wood's rose cover to increase [91], decrease [154,228], and remain unchanged [5]. Beyond postfire year 1, further research found Wood's rose cover and/or production to increase [5,23,24,91,154], decrease [6,7,23,24], and remain unchanged [23] depending upon fire intensity severity. In one study, Wood's rose density increased during postfire years 1 and 2, but plant height decreased over the same time period [91].
Wood's rose regenerates via seeds and vegetatively from the root crown [95,116,227,236], by root suckering [78], and layering [236].
Pollination: Wood's rose is pollinated by insects [161].
Breeding system: Wood's rose has perfect flowers and a monoecious breeding system [161,203,211].
Seed production: Wood's roses first flower and produce seeds when they are 2 to 5 years old. Good seed crops generally occur every 1 to 2 years [95,199,236]. In North Dakota, 1 Wood's rose stem produced approximately 200 seeds [205].
Seed dispersal: The seeds of Wood's rose are primarily dispersed by birds and mammals [30,95].
In a controlled study, Wood's rose seeds fed to cattle had the highest rate of recovery (86%) and viability (77.4%) of 7 species following digestion and secretion. The other species were common snowberry, purple prairie clover (Dalea purpurea), western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii), green needlegrass, upright prairie coneflower (Ratibida columnifera), and bird's-foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) [69].
Wood's rose seeds are dispersed by water on the North Fork of the Cache La Poudre River and South Boulder Creek, Colorado. Seed catchments were put in place from June to August on the North Fork and from May to August on South Boulder Creek, both of which are dammed. On the North Fork, upstream and downstream from the dam, 2.0% and 1.0%, respectively, of all seeds collected were from the family Rosaceae (including Wood's rose). On South Boulder Creek, upstream and downstream from the dam, 1.0% and 1.0%, respectively, of all seeds collected were from the family Rosaceae [160].
Seed banking: Wood's rose forms a seed bank [95] and seeds remain viable for 16 or more years in the field [122,198].
Germination: Wood's rose seeds require scarification and/or stratification for germination to occur [95]. A germination study by a commercial nursery in Canada found that an alternating warm/cold stratification method produced the best germination rate. Wood's rose seeds were warm stratified at 68 °F (20 °C) for 60 days, followed by 90 days at 37 °F (3 °C) which produced a 45% germination rate [145]. In another study an identical warm/cold stratification method was used and produced a germination rate of 49% [161]. Shaw [198] claims that Wood's rose seeds cold, dry stratified at 32 ºF to 50 ºF (0-10 ºC) for 30 to 365 days can produce a germination rate of 70%.
Seedling establishment/growth: Wood's rose seedlings and plants 2 to 3 years old grow "slowly" [81].
Asexual regeneration: Wood's rose sprouts from the root crown [95,116,227,236], produces root suckers [78], and regenerates by layering [236]. Langenheim [138] suggests that Wood's rose spreads by rhizomes, but this is not supported by more recent literature.
Wood's rose tolerates disturbed sites such as burns [96,99,100,180], is moderately shade tolerant [95,116,199,236], and occurs in several stages of succession. Wood's rose grows more vigorously and produces more fruit when growing in full sunlight [95,199].
Wood's rose is found across the successional spectrum. It is found on secondary successional sites (while the time since disturbance is not clearly stated in the research methods, the authors do note that 4 of the study plots had not been disturbed for as many as 80 years or more) in the Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir/ninebark (Physocarpus malvaceus) association in northern Idaho [45]. Wood's rose occurs in the oak-sumac chaparral "subclimax" association in the Black Hills of South Dakota [104] and occurs in mid- to late seral stands of eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides) along the Missouri River in southeastern South Dakota [241].
Fire: Along the Bighorn River in Wyoming, Wood's rose is codominant with western snowberry and skunkbush sumac on areas disturbed by fire [2]. Primarily following fire, but also after such disturbances as logging, mining, grazing, and recreation, Wood's rose occurs in the 2nd stage of succession in conifer forests of the White Mountains, New Mexico. The general succession on this study area following a disturbance is divided into 3 stages: (1) forbs, (2) shrubs and trees, and (3) coniferous forests. The shrub and tree stage generally begins 2 to 3 years postfire and can last up to 80 years with little variability in species composition [97]. Eight years following an "intense" wildfire in a Rocky Mountain lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) forest, Wood's rose was a common species on the burn site [188]. Tehachapi rose occurs as an early successional species on burn sites on Hunter Mountain, Death Valley National Monument, California. Following a series of summer lightning fires in 1984, Tehachapi rose re-emerged on burn sites during postfire year 1 [142].
General disturbances: Wood's rose adaptation to disturbed sites is excellent [178]. It is an aggressive pioneer species in abandoned fields, road borrow pits, fence rows, field edges, gullies, and land cuts and fills [233].Along the Bighorn River in Wyoming, Wood's rose is codominant with western snowberry and skunkbush sumac on areas disturbed by fire, beavers, browsing, flooding, and bank erosion [2]. Wood's rose is an early seral species on earthen mounds created by burrowing pocket gophers in the Jackson Hole region of Wyoming [141]. The Wood's rose community type in eastern Idaho riparian areas represents a grazing disclimax [96].
Sometime from 1920 to 1925 a massive subalpine earthflow occurred in the East River Valley near Gothic, Colorado. At this site, dense Wood's rose thickets occur on both stable and unstable shale as well as on well-developed soil in fescue (Festuca ssp.) and sagebrush (Artemisia ssp.) communities. At several locations on the earthflow, Wood's rose has pioneered on bare areas devoid of vegetation [138].
Logging: Forest canopy removal seldom causes an increase or decrease in Wood's rose cover [95].
Clearcutting has little effect on Wood's rose cover. In the San Juan National Forest, southwestern Colorado, Wood's rose is an important quaking aspen understory species. In 1974, stands of quaking aspen were clearcut; at the time, cover of Wood's rose was 0.9%. Five years following clearcutting, Wood's rose cover stood at 0.8%, while cover on adjacent uncut areas remained stable at 0.9% [59].
In the Medicine Bow Mountains of southeastern Wyoming, Wood's rose shrub cover was greater in 30 to 50 year old clearcuts than in mature Rocky Mountain lodgepole pine and Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir (Picea engelmannii-Abies lasiocarpa) forests. On Rocky Mountain lodgepole pine clearcuts, Wood's rose cover was 0.67% and 0.24% in the mature forest. On Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir clearcuts, Wood's rose cover was 0.24% and 0.01% in the mature forest [196].
At the Little Missouri National Grasslands, North Dakota, approximately 40% of green ash and American elm (Ulmus americana) trees were cut down on twelve 0.2 acre (.08 ha) plots to open up the canopy. On sites where trees were cut, Wood's rose average plant height increased 48% [32].
Riparian areas: In riparian areas of central and eastern Montana, the Wood's rose community type commonly represents a disturbance-induced seral stage of the green ash/chokecherry habitat type or the boxelder (Acer negundo) /chokecherry habitat type [100].
In the eastern Sierra Nevada Mountains, California, Rush Creek was diverted around 1915, which caused substantial dewatering in the natural stream bed. Dewatering of Rush Creek facilitated dominance of Wood's rose in this area. Wood's rose dominance was correlated (r = 0.42) with abundance of woody litter, indicating that Wood's rose dominance occurred in areas where obligate woody riparian species had died [208].
Wood's rose occurs in early to late seral riparian communities of the lower Yellowstone River, Montana [29]. On sites in the lower Yellowstone River Basin, where peachleaf willow (Salix amygdaloides) and narrowleaf willow have begun to thin after roughly 100 years of dominance, Wood's rose and western snowberry gain dominance [31].
Wood's rose dominated sites in riparian/wetland areas of northwestern Montana likely represent a disturbance-induced seral stage of the interior ponderosa pine/red-osier dogwood (Cornus sericea) and Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir/ red-osier dogwood habitat types [30].
The currently accepted scientific name of Wood's rose is Rosa woodsii Lindl. (Rosaceae)
[4,58,66,67,68,90,92,107,110,111,114,123,124,135,136,166,181,203,223,225,234,238]. There are 4
accepted varieties:
Rosa woodsii Lindl. var. glabrata (Parish) Cole [123]
Rosa woodsii Lindl. var. gratissima (Greene) Cole [123,124], Tehachapi rose
Rosa woodsii Lindl. var. ultramontana (S. Wats.) Jepson [107,110,111,123,124,238], interior rose
Rosa woodsii var. woodsii Lindl. [110,111,114,121,123]
Throughout this review Wood's rose refers to the species as a whole. When the review cites
literature that distinguishes varieties, R. w. var. glabrata and
R. w. var. woodsii will be referred to by their scientific names, and
R. w. var. gratissima (Tehachapi rose) and R. w. var. ultramontana
(interior rose) will be referred to by their common names.
Wood's rose is an excellent species for revegetation of disturbed sites [116]. It is also an excellent soil stabilizing species [30,151,179] and a valuable species for revegetating disturbed sites along streambanks and seeps [100].
Studies where Wood's rose was used successfully in revegetation trials:
Interior rose transplants successfully revegetated untreated land contaminated with acid spoils from the Leviathan mine in Alpine County, California. Two plots were utilized, one where interior rose plants were planted on unseeded bare ground and another where they were planted with a grass seed mixture of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), smooth brome (Bromus inermis), crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum), intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium), and Kentucky bluegrass. At the time of transplanting, the interior rose plants were 1 year old. Three years following transplanting, interior rose had a survival rate of 100% on both seeded and unseeded plots. The cover of interior rose on seeded and unseeded plots was 81.5% and 67.5%, respectively [79].
At the Alton coal field in southwestern Utah, Wood's rose transplants had a 100% survival rate 6 years after planting. In year 6, the mean height and crown diameter of Wood's rose on the site were 30 inches (76 cm) and 34 inches (86 cm), respectively [82].
Spring planting of 1-year old Wood's rose bare-rooted plants on road cuts in northwestern Montana was more successful than fall planting. Four years following planting, spring-planted Wood's rose had a survival rate of 93% compared to 62% for fall-planted Wood's rose [116]. Wood's rose transplants successfully revegetated road cuts in the Coram Experimental Forest, Montana. Wood's rose cuttings were transplanted on 6 sites and at the end of the 1st growing season the success rate was from 92% to 99% [86].
An analysis of desirable conditions (temperature, soil factors, and precipitation) for the successful use of Wood's rose for rehabilitating roadsides in the northern Rocky Mountains is presented in the report by Meier and Weaver [158].
Studies where Wood's rose was unsuccessful or partially successful in revegetation trials:
Wood's rose seed revegetation trials were relatively unsuccessful on an abandoned oil drill pad site in the Uintah Mountains of Utah. The site was sown with an average of 21.5 seeds/m² during the last week of September, 1984. One half of the site was fertilized with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, and the other half was unfertilized. One and 3 years following seeding, Wood's rose standing biomass (g/m² ± s dry weight) on unfertilized sites was 0.03±0.005 and 0.32±0.026, respectively, and on fertilized sites 0.03±0.005 and 0.06±0.0, respectively [44].
Wood's rose bareroot stocks were used with partial success to rehabilitate a depleted sagebrush steppe riparian system in the Cottonwood Mountains of Malheur County, Oregon. The bareroot stocks of Wood's rose were planted in March 1987 on north-facing and south-facing slopes and on the flats. Survival rate and shrub height was greatest for Wood's rose on the flats, where after 4 years 27% of the plants survived and averaged 19 inches (48 cm) tall. Survival rate on north- and south-facing slopes was 13% in year 4 and average height was 7 inches (18 cm) and 18 inches (45 cm) tall, respectively. Wood's rose development on north-facing slopes was particularly inhibited by moderate to heavy browsing by deer throughout the growing season [49].
There is 1 Wood's rose cultivar ('common') available [220].
Rosa woodsii (lat. Rosa woodsii) - gülçiçəyikimilər fəsiləsinin itburnu cinsinə aid bitki növü.
İkiləpəlilər ilə əlaqədar bu məqalə qaralama halındadır. Məqaləni redaktə edərək Vikipediyanı zənginləşdirin. Rosa woodsii (lat. Rosa woodsii) - gülçiçəyikimilər fəsiləsinin itburnu cinsinə aid bitki növü.
Rosa woodsii is a species of wild rose known by the common names Woods' rose,[1] interior rose,[2] common wild rose, mountain rose, pear-hip rose, and prairie rose.[3]
It is native to North America including much of Canada and Alaska and the western and central United States. It grows in a variety of habitats such as open woods, plains, stream banks, stony slopes[4] and disturbed areas.[1]
In the Sierra Nevadas, it grows to 11,200 feet (3,400 m) in moist, rocky soils in mixed coniferous forest, upper montane forest, and subalpine forest.[2]
Prickle (closeup)
Rose hips of Rosa woodsii
Lighter pink flower, at 7,000 ft (2,100 m) in the Eastern Sierra
Rosa woodsii on Raspberry Island (Alaska)
Rosa woodsii is a perennial[4] bushy shrub which grows up to three meters tall. The shrubs can form large, dense thickets. The plant reproduces sexually by seed and vegetatively by sprouting from the root crown, layering, and by producing root suckers.[1]
The stems are straight, red to grey-brown and studded with prickles.[3] The deciduous leaves are each made up of several widely spaced sharp-toothed leaflets up to 5 centimeters long.
The inflorescence is a cyme of up to a few fragrant flowers with five petals in any shade of pink and measuring up to 2.5 centimeters in length. Flowers bloom between May and July and have many stamens and pistils.[3] The fruit is a red rose hip which may be over a centimeter long and matures in August to September.[3] They can be eaten, used in tea or as medicine.[5]
The flower was featured as one of four different wildflowers on postage stamps issued by the United States in 2022.
Rosa woodsii is a species of wild rose known by the common names Woods' rose, interior rose, common wild rose, mountain rose, pear-hip rose, and prairie rose.
Rosa woodsii es una especie perteneciente a la familia Rosaceae.[1]
Es nativa de América del Norte, incluyendo la mayor parte de Canadá y Alaska y el oeste y centro de los Estados Unidos. Crece en una variedad de tipos de hábitat, incluyendo las áreas perturbadas.[2]
En la Sierra Nevada, donde crece a los 3.400 m en suelos húmedos, rocosos en bosques mixtos de coníferas, bosque montano, y los bosques subalpinos.[1]
Rosa woodsii es un tupido arbusto que crece hasta los tres metros de altura. Los arbustos pueden formar grandes y densos matorrales. La planta se reproduce sexualmente por semillas y vegetativamente por lo que brota de la corona de la raíz, capas y mediante la producción de brotes de la raíz.[2] Los tallos se encuentran tachonados con espinas. Las hojas son caducas y cada una se compone de varios foliolos con dientes afilados ampliamente espaciados de hasta 5 centímetros de largo. La inflorescencia es una cima de hasta unas pocas flores fragantes con cinco pétalos en cualquier tonalidad de color rosa y meden hasta 2,5 centímetros de longitud. El fruto es una roja rosa mosqueta, que puede ser más de un centímetro de largo.
Rosa woodsii fue descrita por John Lindley y publicado en Rosarum Monographia 21–22. 1820.[3]
Rosa: nombre genérico que proviene directamente y sin cambios del latín rosa que deriva a su vez del griego antiguo rhódon,, con el significado que conocemos: «la rosa» o «la flor del rosal»
woodsii: epíteto
Rosa woodsii, le Rosier de Woods, est une espèce de rosiers, classée dans la section des Cinnamomeae, originaire de l'Ouest de l'Amérique du Nord depuis l'Alaska et la Colombie-Britannique au nord jusqu'au Nord du Mexique vers le sud.
L'espèce est dédiée à Joseph Woods (1776-1864), botaniste anglais qui étudia les rosiers et publia notamment Synopsis of the British Species of Rosa en 1818.
Il en existe trois variétés :
C'est un arbrisseau sarmenteux pouvant atteindre deux mètres de long et formant des fourrés denses. Les tiges à l'écorce sillonnée rouge-brun sont munies de nombreux aiguillons.
Les feuilles caduques, alternes, sont imparipennées et comprennent de 5 à 7, parfois jusqu'à 11 folioles elliptiques de 1 à 1,5 cm de long.
Les fleurs, qui apparaissent en juin juillet sont simples, solitaires ou groupées en corymbes, petites, de 1 à 3 cm de diamètre, de couleur rose et très parfumées. Les fruits globuleux à ovoïdes, rouges à maturité, ont 8 à 10 mm de diamètre et jusqu'à 2 cm de long.
Rosa woodsii var. fendleri est cultivé ainsi que Rosa macounii qui pour certains est une variété de Rosa woodsii à fruits aplatis, pour d'autres une espèce. Rosa macounii a été introduite en culture dès 1826[1]
Rosa woodsii, le Rosier de Woods, est une espèce de rosiers, classée dans la section des Cinnamomeae, originaire de l'Ouest de l'Amérique du Nord depuis l'Alaska et la Colombie-Britannique au nord jusqu'au Nord du Mexique vers le sud.
L'espèce est dédiée à Joseph Woods (1776-1864), botaniste anglais qui étudia les rosiers et publia notamment Synopsis of the British Species of Rosa en 1818.
Il en existe trois variétés :
Rosa woodsii var. woodsii, le type de l'espèce, introduit en 1880 Rosa woodsii var. fendleri (Crép.) Rehder, la variété cultivée Rosa woodsii var. ultramontana (S.Watson) Jeps.,Rosa woodsii là loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Hoa hồng. Loài này được Lindl. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1820.[1]
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Bài viết liên quan đến phân họ Hoa hồng này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Rosa woodsii là loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Hoa hồng. Loài này được Lindl. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1820.
Rosa woodsii Lindl.
Шиповник Вудса (лат. Rosa woodsii) — вид рода Шиповник семейства Розовые[2][3][4][5].
Шиповник Вудса встречается в Северной Америке в США в штатах Аляска, Аризона, Калифорния, Колорадо, Айова, Канзас, Миннесота, Монтана, Северная Дакота, Небраска, Нью-Мексико, Невада, Оклахома, Орегон, Южная Дакота, Техас, Юта, Вашингтон, Висконсин и Вайоминг, а также в Канаде[5].
Шиповник Вудса представляет собой кустарник, растущий до трёх метров в высоту. Корневища с мелкими, часто ветвящимися волокнистыми корнями.
Листья очередные, от обратнояйцевидных до яйцевидных или эллиптических, около 1,5—4 см длиной.
Соцветие — сложный зонтик. Цветки розового цвета, крупные, ароматные[6].
Плоды мясистые, красные, от шаровидных до эллипсоидных.
