The original scientific name was Ictalurus punctatus but it has been changed to Ictalurus punctatus. The original description was made in 1818 by Samuel Rafinesque. The text of the document is quoted next, “Mud-catfish…Sp 8. Ictalurus punctatus, Raf. Body whitish with gilt shades and many brown unequal dots on the sides, 8 barbs, 4 underneath, 2 lateral long and black, dorsal fin 7 rays, 1 spiny pectoral fins 6 rays, 1 spiny, anal 27 rays, later line a little curved beneath at the base, tail forked unequal upper lobe longer (Rafinesque Esq., 1818).
The spines on the dorsal and pectoral fins are great anti-predator devices. A predator trying to eat a channel catfish could get impaled by a spine. Only large fish are capable of eating a channel catfish. The darker color of the channel catfish helps camouflage it in the bottom of a clear river, but in muddy water visibility is minimal and this would have less of an anti-predator adaptation. Juvenile catfish have many predators, including many birds, other carnivorous fishes and some insects. Also channel catfish eggs are an easy source of food for many animals but the protection from the parents enables the success of the future offspring (Northwest Power and Conservation Council-Subbasin Planning, 2004).
Known Predators:
Ictalurus punctatus is a bilaterally symmetrical ray-finned fish without scales. The difference between channel catfish and other U. S. catfishes is the deeply forked caudal fin with the top of the fin larger than the bottom portion. The channel catfish is speckled, with a darker back to a light whitish belly, but the color can vary from blue, black or olive. Generally in muddy water they are olive to yellowish white and in clear water they are blacker in color. There are two barbels on the upper jaw (maxilla) and four on the lower jaw (mandible). They have 24 to 29 rays in the anal fin. The upper jaw protrudes in front of the lower jaw. The dorsal and pectoral fins have hard spines whereas the other rays are soft like the anal and caudal fins. Males generally have larger heads than females and males are darker in body color than females. There is little difference anatomically between young and old fish other than size, but at very early age channel catfish lack pigmentation (Wang, 1996).
Average mass: 0.9-1.8 kg.
Average length: 36 to 53 cm.
Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; heterothermic ; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: sexes colored or patterned differently; sexes shaped differently
Average mass: 13732.5 g.
The life expectancy of a channel catfish is around 14 years old but they can exceed this number. In captivity the channel catfish is generally harvested after 2 years (Wellburn, 1988).
Range lifespan
Status: wild: 40 (high) years.
Average lifespan
Status: wild: 14 years.
Average lifespan
Status: captivity: 16 years.
Channel catfish can live in both fresh and salt water and brackish water yet they are generally found in freshwater environments. Ictalurus punctatus are found in many bodies of water such as lakes, reservoirs and ponds and also in areas of moving water such as streams, creeks and rivers. The depth at which they are found varies but during most of the day they are found in deep holes, overhangs, other various locations that provide shelter or are at the bottom of a body of water. The surfaces at the bottoms of these bodies range from rocky, sandy and gravelly but channel catfish prefer muddy surface bottoms and clear water (eNature.com and Inc, 2003; State of Tennessee, 2004).
Range depth: 0 to 0 m.
Habitat Regions: temperate ; freshwater
Aquatic Biomes: benthic ; lakes and ponds; rivers and streams; brackish water
Wetlands: marsh ; swamp
The native range of Ictalurus punctatus is the Neartic in lower Canada and throughout the midwest of the United States. Channel catfish have been introduced in the Palearctic in Cyprus, Czech Republic, Romania, Slovakia, and Spain (Elvira, 2001) as well as Malaysia (FFRC, 2004).
Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native ); palearctic (Introduced ); oriental (Introduced )
Ictalurus punctatus can be thought of as one large mouth because there are taste buds located all over their body. The olfactory system is used mostly in consumption of food. Adult channel catfish, over 45 cm, consume fishes such as yellow perch and sunfish. The diet of adults consists of snails, algae, snakes, frogs, insects, aquatic plants, and even birds occasionally. Younger channel catfish are more consistently omnivorous, eating a large variety of plants and animals (Northwest, 2004).
Animal Foods: birds; amphibians; reptiles; fish; insects; mollusks; aquatic crustaceans; other marine invertebrates; zooplankton
Plant Foods: seeds, grains, and nuts; algae; phytoplankton
Other Foods: detritus
Primary Diet: omnivore
The channel catfish is neither commensal nor mutualist partner with other species. Ictalurus punctatus is mainly a predator and prey. Freshwater mussels, both commerical species and species of concern, may use Ictalurus punctatus as a host. The following freshwater mussels have been found to metamorphose on Ictalurus punctatus in lab trials: Anodonta suborbiculata, Arcidens confragosus, Cyclonaias tuberculata, Lampsilis hydiana, Megalonaias nervosa, Quadrula asperata, Quadrula fragosa, Quadrula nobilis, Quadrula pustulosa, and Strophitus undulatus.
Farm raising of channel catfish for food is a multimillion dollar business (Burden, 2004).
Positive Impacts: food
There are no known negative impacts of channel catfish on humans.
After fertilization the eggs are protected and also aerated by the male. The eggs are adhesive and their size ranges from 2.4 to 3.0 mm in diameter (Chapman 2000). The temperature of the water determines how long before the eggs are hatched. If the water is 24 to 26 °C hatching takes 7 to 10 days but if the water is 24 °C it takes 6 days (Wang 1996). Optimally the eggs will hatch in 4-6 days at 25-27 °C (Chapman 2000).
The yolk sac is still present in the larval stage, and it is still large in comparison to the larvae in this stage. The larvae do not have teeth or pigment. They remain close to the nest at first but then move into shallow waters.
The next stage is the juvenile; these individuals are found in shallow waters and generally only have up to 10 rays on the pectoral fins. Juveniles stay together for several days or weeks and feed on small invertebrates. When an adult channel catfish reaches about 6 months the sex is distinguishable. Between the age of two and three years they are able to reproduce (Chapman, 2000).
Development - Life Cycle: indeterminate growth
The IUCN Red List, CITES appendices, and the US Endangered Species Act list the status of Ictalurus punctatus as not significant or not present, meaning there is no threat of this species going extinct.
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
State of Michigan List: no special status
Taste buds are found on the interior of the mouth and over the body of the fish. The channel catfish responds to food sources through its ability to sense various amino acids in their environment, allowing them to differentiate among prey (Caprio et al., 1993). Another characteristic of channel catfish is the ability to hear sounds. With the help of the Weberian apparatus, which connects the swimbladder to the ear, they are able to amplify vibrations coming from the swimbladder (Vance and Connaughton, 2002). The pectoral spine moves in the pectoral girdle to create sound. Various frequencies can be produced which could be the source of communication to nearby channel catfish or other organisms (Vance, 2000).
Communication Channels: acoustic ; chemical
Other Communication Modes: vibrations
Perception Channels: tactile ; acoustic ; vibrations ; chemical
Ictalurus punctatus is monogamous and has an extensive courtship behavior that might only last one mating season. The male and female mate in the summer but the relationship is established earlier in the year. Mating takes place when the male swims along the female in the opposite direction. Their tails wrap around the others head to begin mating. When the male’s body shivers the female is stimulated and the eggs and milt are released. The mass of eggs is deposited in a nest built by the female or by both the male and the female. After mating has occurred the male chases away the female and then guards the eggs until they hatch (Mayhew, 1987).
Mating System: monogamous
Channel catfish spawn in the summer. After hatching the juveniles take from two days to two weeks until they are independent. Channel catfish make nests in hidden places, for example, in enclosed cans, under overhangs or in deep holes that provide extra protection from predators (Chapman, 2004; Northwest Power and Concervation Council-Subbasin Planning, 2004).
Breeding interval: Breeding occurs once yearly.
Breeding season: Spawning occurs in the summer, May through July.
Range number of offspring: 3,000 to 50,000.
Range gestation period: 4 to 10 days.
Range time to independence: 0.5 to 4 weeks.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 2 to 3 years.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 2 to 3 years.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; sexual ; fertilization (External ); oviparous
Channel catfish parents invest a lot into their offspring. After spawning the male chases the female away from the nest, but she does not leave completely. She will protect her eggs from a distance. The male and female will attack predators and chase them away with an open mouth but will not eat them. The male also provides the juveniles with a source of food by burrowing, a process where the fish swim down into the mud on the bottom of the body of water and thrash from side to side stirring up food particles for the offspring to eat (McKaye et al., 1994). The female also provides food for the juveniles by positioning her body about a meter above the nest and then releasing eggs for the juveniles to eat. Together the male and female provide protection and food for their young (Vallentgoed, 2004).
Parental Investment: pre-fertilization (Provisioning); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female)
El peix gat americà (Ictalurus punctatus) és el peix gat més nombrós a Amèrica del Nord. També és el tipus de peix gat més pescat, amb aproximadament 8 milions de pescadors als EUA. Es tracta d'una espècie popular per a fer-ne menjar, això ha permès un ràpid creixement de l'aqüicultura d'aquesta espècie als Estats Units.
El peix gat americà es troba distribuït per tots els Estats Units i prospera en rius petits i grans, reservoris, llacs naturals i basses. És un peix omnívor.
El peix gat americà (Ictalarus punctatus) - en castellà pez gato punteado- és un peix que presenta simetria bilateral, cos cilíndric sense escames a la pell i coloració gris, negre o verd oliva, amb taques fosques i disperses al llarg del cos. De totes les aletes que presenta només les aletes dorsal i pectoral tenen espines dures, en les altres els rajos són tous. L’aleta dorsal és bifurcada i l’anal és corbada amb 24-29 rajos. La mandíbula superior sobresurt respecte la mandíbula inferior i té dues barbetes al maxil·lar superior i quatre al maxil·lar inferior.
Pel que fa a les diferències entre mascles i femelles, les femelles acostumen a tenir el cap més petit i una coloració del cos més clara. A més, entre adults i joves no s’observen grans diferències anatòmiques tret de la mida i que el peix gat americà d’edat primerenca (larves) no té pigmentació ni dents.
El peix gat americà és natiu d’aigües dolces temperades del nord d’Amèrica, incloent el sud del Canadà i el nord de Mèxic. Tot i això s’ha introduït a diferents territoris com Europa, Rússia, República Txeca, Romania, Eslovàquia, Cuba, i part del centre i sud d’Amèrica. Mapa interessant de la seva distribució als EUA.[1]
Pel que fa a Espanya, a la dècada dels 90 es va introduir de forma il·legal a l’Ebre i posteriorment al Guadiana, amb finalitats esportives de pesca com a presa d’altres espècies introduïdes. La seva capacitat depredadora fa que es converteixi en una amenaça per les espècies autòctones i que, des del 2013, estigui inclosa dins el catàleg espanyol d’espècies exòtiques invasores.[2]
El peix gat americà pot viure en aigua dolça, salobre i salada però generalment acostuma a viure en ambients d’aigua dolça. Es troba en rius i rierols d’aigua neta i ben oxigenada, però també pot viure en estanys i embassaments. La profunditat a la qual es troba varia, però durant la major part del dia es troba en forats profunds, sortints i altres llocs que ofereixin refugi.
Les condicions òptimes del seu hàbitat serien: temperatura d’entre 10ºC -32ºC, pH entre 6,0-8,0 i entre 51º N- 27 ºN de latitud.
És un peix solitari excepte en l’aparellament i la protecció dels joves. Pel que fa al ritme circadià és actiu durant la nit, temps que dedica a moure’s i trobar menjar. Durant el dia acostuma a tenir poca activitat i a trobar-se en aigües profundes. [3]
Es considera una espècie omnívora oportunista donat que es pot alimentar d’una gran varietat de material vegetal i animal. Principalment s’alimenta de petits peixos, crustacis (crancs, per exemple), cloïsses i cargols; També s’alimenten d’insectes aquàtics i petits mamífers.
El peix gat americà és monògam. La relació entre el mascle i la femella s’estableix a principis d’any però no és fins l’estiu, després d’un llarg període de festeig, que es dóna l’aparellament. L’aparellament té lloc quan el mascle neda al voltant de la femella en direcció oposada i les seves cues s’emboliquen al voltant del cap de l’altre. És llavors quan el cos del mascle tremola i la femella, estimulada, allibera els ous. Les femelles d’entre 0,5-1,8 kg produeixen una mitjana de 8800 ous/kg de pes corporal, mentre que els més grans en produeixen una mitjana de 6600 ous/kg. Els ous es dipositen en un niu construït per la femella o ambdós situat en depressions naturals o forats excavats en terrenys arenosos.
Quan els ous són fertilitzats pel mascle, aquest expulsa la femella del niu i amb les aletes manté l’aigua del voltant dels ous oxigenada. L’eclosió dels ous tindrà lloc al cap de 5-10 dies -en funció de la temperatura- i el mascle romandrà protegint dels depredadors i alimentant les larves fins que les cries siguin capaces de nedar i buscar aliment per si soles. La femella, des de la distància, també participa en aquest procés.
Els juvenils romanen junts en aigües poc profundes durant diversos dies o setmanes i s’alimenten de petits invertebrats fins que, aproximadament als 6 mesos, se’ls distingeix el sexe. La maduresa sexual s’aconsegueix al cap de 2-3 anys, quan es dóna un nou aparellament.
L’esperança de vida d’un peix gat americà és d’uns 14 anys d’edat -podent excedir aquest nombre- però en captivitat generalment es cullen al cap de 2 anys.
A part de l'interès humà per la producció aqüícola -representant més d'un 60% de la producció nacional als EUA-, el peix gat americà te interès en els laboratoris immunològics, ja que és un dels peixos més entesos a nivell de les funcions immunològiques. Ictalurus punctatus és un bon model animal perquè:
Fins al moment, no s’ha establert risc de que l’espècie Ictalarus punctatus s’extingeixi. Tot i això, en els indrets on s'ha introduït representa una amenaça per les espècies natives. [11]
El peix gat americà (Ictalurus punctatus) és el peix gat més nombrós a Amèrica del Nord. També és el tipus de peix gat més pescat, amb aproximadament 8 milions de pescadors als EUA. Es tracta d'una espècie popular per a fer-ne menjar, això ha permès un ràpid creixement de l'aqüicultura d'aquesta espècie als Estats Units.
El peix gat americà es troba distribuït per tots els Estats Units i prospera en rius petits i grans, reservoris, llacs naturals i basses. És un peix omnívor.
The channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) is North America's most numerous catfish species. It is the official fish of Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, and Tennessee, and is informally referred to as a "channel cat". In the United States, they are the most fished catfish species with around 8 million anglers targeting them per year. They also have very few teeth and swallow food whole. The popularity of channel catfish for food has contributed to the rapid expansion of aquaculture of this species in the United States.[2] It has also been widely introduced in Europe, Asia and South America, and it is legally considered an invasive species in many countries.[3][4][5]
Channel catfish are native to the Nearctic, being well distributed in lower Canada and the eastern and northern United States, as well as parts of northern Mexico. They have also been introduced into some waters of landlocked Europe (Czech Republic and Romania) and parts of Malaysia and almost as many parts of Indonesia.[6] They thrive in small and large rivers, reservoirs, natural lakes, and ponds. Channel "cats" are cavity nesters, meaning they lay their eggs in crevices, hollows, or debris, to protect them from swift currents.[7] In Canada, the species is largely, though not exclusively, limited to the Great Lakes watershed from Lake Nipigon southward.
Channel catfish possess very keen senses of smell and taste. At the pits of their nostrils (nares) are very sensitive odor-sensing organs with a very high concentration of olfactory receptors. In channel catfish, these organs are sensitive enough to detect several amino acids at about one part per 100 million in water. In addition, the channel catfish has taste buds distributed over the surface of its entire body. These buds are especially concentrated on the fish's four pair of barbels (whiskers) surrounding the mouth — about 25 buds per square millimeter. This combination of exceptional senses of taste and smell allows the channel catfish to find food in dark, stained, or muddy water with relative ease. They also possess a Weberian apparatus, which amplifies sound waves that would otherwise not be perceivable.[8] Channel catfish's barbels have been falsely thought to sting people when touched, but they do have spines on its pectoral and dorsal fins that if not handled carefully, it can puncture skin.
A member of the American catfish genus Ictalurus, channel catfish have a top-end size of about 40–50 pounds (18–23 kg). The world record channel catfish weighed 58 pounds, and was taken from the Santee-Cooper Reservoir in South Carolina, on July 7, 1964. Realistically, a channel catfish over 20 lb (9 kg) is a spectacular specimen, and most catfish anglers view a 10-lb (4.5-kg) fish as a very admirable catch. Furthermore, the average size channel catfish an angler could expect to find in most waterways would be between 2 pounds (1 kg) and 4 pounds (2 kg), and between 12 in (31 cm) and 24 in (61 cm).
Channel catfish often coexist in the same waterways with its close relative, the blue catfish, which is somewhat less common, but tends to grow much larger (with several specimens confirmed to weigh above 100 lb).
As channel catfish grow longer, they increase in weight. The relationship between length and weight is not linear. The relationship between length (L, in cm) and weight (W, in kg) for nearly all species of fish can be expressed by an equation of the form:
Invariably, b is close to 3.0 for all species, L 1 {displaystyle L_{1}} is the length of a typical fish weighing 1 kg. For channel catfish, b = 3.2293, somewhat higher than for many common species, and L 1 = 45.23 {displaystyle L_{1}=45.23}
cm.
Catfish have enhanced capabilities of taste perception, hence called the “swimming tongue”, due to the presence of taste buds all over the external body surface and inside the oropharyngeal cavity. Specifically, they have high sensitivity to amino acids, which explains their unique communication methods as follows. The catfish has a facial taste system that is extremely responsive to L-alanine and L-arginine. More specifically, their facial taste system senses heightened levels of L-amino acids in freshwater. Feeding behavior to food is due to amino acids released by food. This is reported to cause maxillary and mandibular barbell movements, which orient the catfish's posture and food search. When the food stimulates the taste receptors, it causes more excitation which see as exaggerated biting, turning, or mastication.[10]
Adult channel catfish, over 45 cm (17.7 in), consume fishes such as yellow perch and sunfish. The diet of adults consists of snails, clams,[11] crustaceans (such as crayfish[11]), snakes, frogs, small fish, insects, aquatic plants, algae, seeds, grains, nuts, and even small birds and small mammals[11] occasionally. Younger channel catfish are more consistently omnivorous, eating a large variety of plants and animals.[12]
The channel catfish is adapted to limited light conditions.[13] Members of the genus Ictalurus, which inhabit muddy waters, do not depend solely on visual cues. Instead, they are known to rely heavily on chemotaxic cues. Sound production may be another important means of communication among channel catfish and other species living in turbid habitats.[14]
The North American channel catfish is an ostariophysan, or a bony fish occupying a freshwater habitat.[13] These fishes are known to produce club cells and alarm substances for communication purposes. Both the fish's habitat and the presence of chemosensory cells covering the body are presumably the results of favored selection for this method of communication.[13] Catfishes are capable of producing and recognizing individual specific pheromones. Through these pheromones, a catfish can identify not only the species and sex of a conspecific, but also its age, size, reproductive state, or hierarchical social status.[13]
Territoriality in channel catfish is identifiable by a change in body odor, which is recognizable by other members of the same species.[13] This chemical change in the amino-acid composition of the skin mucus can be noted by chromatographic methods, and are not long-lasting; rather, they last only long enough to communicate to other fish in the vicinity.[13] Changes may be the result of the release of the contents of the club cells. These cells do not open directly to the surface of the skin, but injury caused by fighting and other agonistic behaviors may release the cells’ contents.[13] Since catfish have a dominance hierarchy system, information relative to the change of status of any fish is important in recognition of the social strata.[13]
In the channel catfish, while a communication signal is directed toward the receiver and contains a specific message, an information signal is a part of the general existence of the individual or the group.[13] For example, release of an alarm signal will communicate danger, but the individual's recognition odor is only an information signal identifying one fish from another.[13] With regards to the function and contents of the club cells, the club cells may serve different functions throughout the fish's lifecycle. Variation in the contents of the club cells’ information signals therefore may change with the species’ needs at different stages of life.[13]
All species of catfishes can generate sound through stridulation, and many produce sounds through drumming.[15] Stridulation consists of the clicking or grinding of bony parts on the fish's pectoral fins and pectoral girdle, and drumming consists of the contraction of specialized sonic muscles with subsequent reverberation through the swim bladder.[14] Variability in the sound signals created by the channel catfish depends on the mechanism by which the sound is produced, the function of the resultant sound, and physical factors such as sex, age, and temperature.[14] This variation may result in increased complexity of the outgoing signal and may allow for increased usefulness of the signal in interspecies communication.[14] In the channel catfish, sounds are produced only by pectoral stridulation, as this species does not express sonic muscles.[14] However, the swim bladder may still be used to help with audition.[15]
Due to the high density of water, sound travels 4.8 times faster and over longer distances under water than in air. Consequently, sound production via stridulation is an excellent means of underwater communication for channel catfish.[14] The pectoral spine of the channel catfish is an enlarged fin ray with a slightly modified base that forms a complex articulation with several bones of the pectoral girdle.[16] Unlike the other pectoral fin rays, the individual fin segments of the spine are hypertrophied and fused, except for at the distal tip. The surface of the spine is often ornamented with a serrated edge and venomous tissues, designed to deter predators.[16][17] Sounds produced during fin abduction result from the movement of the base of the pectoral spine across the pectoral girdle channel.[14] Each sweep of sound consists of a number of discrete pulses created by the ridges lining the base of the pectoral spine as they pass over the rough surface of the girdle's channel.[14] The stridulation sounds are extremely variable due to the range and flexibility of motion in fin use.[16] Different sounds may be used for different functions in communication, such as in behavior towards predators and in asserting dominance.[17]
In many channel catfish, individuals favor one fin or another for stridulatory sound production (in the same way as humans are right-handed or left-handed).[18] The first ray of the channel catfish pectoral fin is a bilaterally symmetrical spinous structure that is minimally important for movement; however, it can be locked as a defensive adaptation or used as a means for sound production.[18] According to one scholar, most fish tend to produce sound with their right fin, although sound production with the left fin has also been observed.[16]
The inferior division of the inner ear, most prominently the utricle, is considered the primary area of hearing in most fishes.[19] The hearing ability of the channel catfish is enhanced by the presence of the swim bladder.[20] It is the main structure that reverberates the echo from other individuals’ sounds, as well as from sonar devices.[20] The volume of the swim bladder changes if fish move vertically, thus is also considered to be the site of pressure sensitivity.[20] The latency of swim bladder adaptation after a change in pressure affects hearing and other possible swim bladder functions, presumably making audition more difficult.[20] Nevertheless, the presence of the swim bladder and a relatively complex auditory apparatus allows the channel catfish to discern different sounds and tell from which directions sounds have come.[15]
Pectoral stridulation has been considered to be the main means of agonistic communication towards predators in channel catfish.[17] Sudden, relatively loud sounds are used to startle predators in a manner analogous to the well-documented, visual flash display of various lepidopterans.[21] In most catfish, a drumming sound can be produced for this use, and the incidences of the drumming sounds can reach up to 300 or 400 per second.[22] However, the channel catfish must resort instead to stridulation sounds and pectoral spine display for predator avoidance. In addition to communication towards predators, stridulation can be seen as a possible alarm signal to other catfish, in the sense of warning nearby individuals that a predator is near.[21]
Channel catfish are omnivores, and can be caught using a variety of natural and prepared baits, including crickets, nightcrawlers, minnows, shad, freshwater drum, crawfish, frogs, bullheads, sunfish, chicken liver, hot dogs, and suckers. Catfish have even been known to take Ivory soap as bait and even raw steak.[23]
Juglines, trotlines, limb lines, and bank lines are popular methods of fishing for channel catfish in addition to traditional rod-and-reel fishing. Another method uses traps, either "slat traps" — long wooden traps with an angled entrance — and wire hoop traps. Typical bait for these traps include rotten cheese and dog food, or "stink bait", and old rotted shad work well. Catches of as many as 100 fish a day are common in catfish traps. An unusual method practiced in the Southeastern United States is noodling – catching catfish by hand.
When removing the hook from a catfish, anglers should be mindful of the sharp spines on the pectoral and dorsal fins.
The channel catfish is one of only a handful of ostariophysan freshwater fish species whose genomes have been sequenced. The channel catfish reference genome sequence was generated alongside genomic sequence data for other scaled and unscaled fish species (other catfishes, the common pleco and southern striped Raphael; also common carp), in order to provide genomic resources and aid understanding of the evolutionary loss of scales in catfishes.[24] Results from comparative genomics and transcriptomics analyses and experiments involving channel catfish have supported a role for secretory calcium-binding phosphoproteins (SCPP) in scale formation in teleost fishes.[24]
In addition to the whole nuclear genome resources above, full mitochondrial genome sequences have been available for channel catfish since 2003.[25] Other studies of genetic diversity, outcrossing, etc. in channel catfish have focused primarily on inbred lines and farm strains of relevance to the aquaculture of this species. For example, earlier studies have compared the genetic diversity of domestic versus wild populations of channel catfish using AFLPs.[26]
The channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) is North America's most numerous catfish species. It is the official fish of Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, and Tennessee, and is informally referred to as a "channel cat". In the United States, they are the most fished catfish species with around 8 million anglers targeting them per year. They also have very few teeth and swallow food whole. The popularity of channel catfish for food has contributed to the rapid expansion of aquaculture of this species in the United States. It has also been widely introduced in Europe, Asia and South America, and it is legally considered an invasive species in many countries.
El pez gato americano (Ictalurus punctatus) es una especie de pez de la familia Ictaluridae, orden Siluriformes, siendo el siluriforme más común en los Estados Unidos. También es el tipo de pez gato más pescado, con aproximadamente 8 millones de pescadores en los Estados Unidos. Se trata en dicho país de una especie popular para su consumo, lo que ha generado un rápido crecimiento de la acuicultura de dicha especie en el país.
El pez gato americano se encuentra distribuido por todo el territorio de los Estados Unidos, en ríos de todos los tamaños, lagos y embalses. Es omnívoro. Su peso máximo está entre los 18 y los 23 kg.
También se le llama cuatete, habita en los canales, ríos y lagunas. Durante la pesca, el pescador debe tener mucho cuidado al sacar el anzuelo, puesto que tienen una espina en las aletas dorsales y en la superior. Las espinas son generalmente tiesas y agudas y tienen una amplia variedad de usos. Los siluriformes suelen usarlas como mecanismo de defensa. Muchos siluriformes tienen la capacidad de dirigir estas espinas hacia fuera. Los balistidae utilizan las espinas para trabar su cuerpo en las grietas o madrigueras en que se ocultan y evitar así ser forzados a salir de ellas.
Debido a su potencial colonizador y constituir una amenaza grave para las especies autóctonas, los hábitats o los ecosistemas, esta especie ha sido incluida en el Catálogo Español de Especies Exóticas Invasoras, aprobado por Real Decreto 630/2013, de 2 de agosto, estando prohibida en España su introducción en el medio natural, posesión, transporte, tráfico y comercio.[1]
El pez gato americano (Ictalurus punctatus) es una especie de pez de la familia Ictaluridae, orden Siluriformes, siendo el siluriforme más común en los Estados Unidos. También es el tipo de pez gato más pescado, con aproximadamente 8 millones de pescadores en los Estados Unidos. Se trata en dicho país de una especie popular para su consumo, lo que ha generado un rápido crecimiento de la acuicultura de dicha especie en el país.
El pez gato americano se encuentra distribuido por todo el territorio de los Estados Unidos, en ríos de todos los tamaños, lagos y embalses. Es omnívoro. Su peso máximo está entre los 18 y los 23 kg.
También se le llama cuatete, habita en los canales, ríos y lagunas. Durante la pesca, el pescador debe tener mucho cuidado al sacar el anzuelo, puesto que tienen una espina en las aletas dorsales y en la superior. Las espinas son generalmente tiesas y agudas y tienen una amplia variedad de usos. Los siluriformes suelen usarlas como mecanismo de defensa. Muchos siluriformes tienen la capacidad de dirigir estas espinas hacia fuera. Los balistidae utilizan las espinas para trabar su cuerpo en las grietas o madrigueras en que se ocultan y evitar así ser forzados a salir de ellas.
Kanalisäga (Ictalurus punctatus) on sägaliste seltsi kuuluv kala.
Kanalisäga on Põhja-Ameerikas populaarne ja hinnatud püügikala.
Kanalisäga maksimaalne pikkus jääb 90 cm ligi; üks raskemaid kättesaadud isendeid kaalus 26,3 kg.[1]
Eestis on püütud kaks kanalisäga, üks 2001. aastal Toila lähedalt [2] ja teine 15. juunil 2013 Balti elektrijaama juurest.[viide?] Need on tõenäoselt pärit mõnest Läänemere-äärsest kalakasvandusest.[3]
Kanalisäga (Ictalurus punctatus) on sägaliste seltsi kuuluv kala.
Kanalisäga on Põhja-Ameerikas populaarne ja hinnatud püügikala.
Kanalisäga maksimaalne pikkus jääb 90 cm ligi; üks raskemaid kättesaadud isendeid kaalus 26,3 kg.
Eestis on püütud kaks kanalisäga, üks 2001. aastal Toila lähedalt ja teine 15. juunil 2013 Balti elektrijaama juurest.[viide?] Need on tõenäoselt pärit mõnest Läänemere-äärsest kalakasvandusest.
Ictalurus punctatus Ictalurus generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Ictaluridae familian sailkatzen da.
Ictalurus punctatus Ictalurus generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Ictaluridae familian sailkatzen da.
Ictalurus punctatus
La barbue de rivière (Ictalurus punctatus) est le poisson-chat le plus fréquent en Amérique du Nord.
C’est également le poisson-chat le plus apprécié des pêcheurs avec 8 millions de pêcheurs à la ligne pratiquant sa pêche aux États-Unis. Ce membre du genre Ictalurus peut atteindre un poids variant entre 18 et 23 kg. Le record du monde de la plus grosse capture s’élève à 29 kg et fut pris en 1999 au lac Saint Clair dans le Michigan. De manière plus générale, une barbue de rivière de 9 kg est une prise spectaculaire, et la plupart des pêcheurs considèrent un poisson de 4,5 kg comme une bonne prise. La prise moyenne pour un pêcheur est de 1 à 2 kg. La chair de barbue de rivière est prisée des pêcheurs et sa consommation s’est popularisée avec le développement de l’aquaculture de cette espèce.
En raison de son comportement alimentaire, de sa longévité et de la teneur en graisses de ses tissus, comme d'autres poissons-chats, dans les environnements aux eaux et/ou sédiments pollués, il peut bioaccumuler certains polluants.
En 1884 des chercheurs montrent que chez le poisson-chat Ictalurus punctatus la demi-vie du chlordécone (un pesticide organochloré très persistant dans l'environnement) est de 8,7 jours ; qu'il est le plus concentré dans le sang et le cerveau du poisson et le moins concentré dans le tissu adipeux mésentérique et le squelette/carcasse ; il semble principalement éliminé par la bile (après avoir été réduit en alcool de chlordécone) via les fèces, mais aussi au travers des branchies et via le mucus épidermique alors que l'excrétion urinaire est négligeable[1].
Ictalurus punctatus
La barbue de rivière (Ictalurus punctatus) est le poisson-chat le plus fréquent en Amérique du Nord.
Il pesce gatto americano[2] (Ictalurus punctatus, (Rafinesque, 1818)), noto anche come channel, pesce gatto punteggiato o pesce gatto maculato, è un pesce d'acqua dolce appartenente alla famiglia degli Ictaluridi ed all'ordine dei Siluriformi. [3]. È conosciuto commercialmente anche come pesce gatto puntado[4].
Appare molto simile al comune pesce gatto ma presenta le seguenti differenze:
È originario del bacino del Mississippi nel Nord America, è stato introdotto nel secolo scorso nelle acque interne europee ed italiane (Po e i suoi affluenti e fiumi toscani come Arno ed Ombrone) dove si è perfettamente adattato.
Vive in acque mediamente correnti fluviali con fondi sassosi o terrosi, acque chiare e ben ossigenate.
Essenzialmente carnivoro, si nutre soprattutto di pesciolini, piccoli crostacei, molluschi, insetti e larve.
Ha abitudini notturno-crepuscolari.
La specie è predatrice e può seriamente danneggiare le popolazioni di pesci autoctone dei corsi idrici in cui viene immesso.
Si cattura sia a passata che a fondo ma abbocca anche alle esche artificiali utilizzate per lo spinning. Le esche preferite sono vermi ed esche animali in genere. Si pesca soprattutto la notte. Le carni sono apprezzate per la scarsità di spine e per il buon sapore (che non presenta mai gusto di fango) tanto da avere un ruolo di primo piano nell'acquacoltura (soprattutto negli USA).
Il pesce gatto americano (Ictalurus punctatus, (Rafinesque, 1818)), noto anche come channel, pesce gatto punteggiato o pesce gatto maculato, è un pesce d'acqua dolce appartenente alla famiglia degli Ictaluridi ed all'ordine dei Siluriformi. . È conosciuto commercialmente anche come pesce gatto puntado.
Baltoji katžuvė, arba katžuvė (lot. Ictalurus punctatus) – katžuvinių (Ictaluridae) šeimos žuvis. Kūno forma panaši į šamą. Galva masyvi, iš viršaus plokščia. Žiotys didelės. Kūnas ties galva apvalus, iš šonų plokštėjantis ir žemėjantis į uodegos pusę. Nugara tamsiai pilka, šonai šviesesni. Pelekai tamsiai pilki. Dažnai būna albinosų. Turi 4 poras ūsų: 2 poros ilgų ūsų ant viršutinio, 2 poros trumpų ūsų ant apatinio žando. Ilgiausi ūsai yra žiočių kampuose. Oda minkšta, be žvynų.
Paplitusi Šiaurės Amerikos pietinėje dalyje. Lietuvoje labai reta, introdukuota žuvis.
Baltoji katžuvė, arba katžuvė (lot. Ictalurus punctatus) – katžuvinių (Ictaluridae) šeimos žuvis. Kūno forma panaši į šamą. Galva masyvi, iš viršaus plokščia. Žiotys didelės. Kūnas ties galva apvalus, iš šonų plokštėjantis ir žemėjantis į uodegos pusę. Nugara tamsiai pilka, šonai šviesesni. Pelekai tamsiai pilki. Dažnai būna albinosų. Turi 4 poras ūsų: 2 poros ilgų ūsų ant viršutinio, 2 poros trumpų ūsų ant apatinio žando. Ilgiausi ūsai yra žiočių kampuose. Oda minkšta, be žvynų.
Paplitusi Šiaurės Amerikos pietinėje dalyje. Lietuvoje labai reta, introdukuota žuvis.
De Kanaalmeerval (Ictalurus punctatus) is een straalvinnige vis uit de familie van de Noord-Amerikaanse katvissen (Ictaluridae) en behoort derhalve tot de orde van meervalachtigen (Siluriformes). De vis kan een lengte bereiken van 132 cm. De hoogst geregistreerde leeftijd is 16 jaar.
Ictalurus punctatus is een zoetwatervis. De vis prefereert een gematigd klimaat. Het verspreidingsgebied beperkt zich tot Noord-Amerika. De diepteverspreiding is 0 tot 15 m onder het wateroppervlak.
Ictalurus punctatus is voor de visserij van groot commercieel belang. In de hengelsport wordt er weinig op de vis gejaagd. Tevens wordt de soort gevangen voor commerciële aquaria en particuliere vijvers.
De Kanaalmeerval (Ictalurus punctatus) is een straalvinnige vis uit de familie van de Noord-Amerikaanse katvissen (Ictaluridae) en behoort derhalve tot de orde van meervalachtigen (Siluriformes). De vis kan een lengte bereiken van 132 cm. De hoogst geregistreerde leeftijd is 16 jaar.
Sumik kanałowy[3], sum kanałowy[4] (Ictalurus punctatus) – gatunek ryby z rodziny sumikowatych (Ictaluridae). Poławiany jako ryba konsumpcyjna i akwariowa (zwłaszcza forma albinotyczna). Osiąga maksymalnie 132 cm długości i masę ciała do 26 kg.
W akwenach wschodnich i środkowych obszarów Ameryki Północnej. Preferuje głębokie, czyste, dobrze natlenione wody jezior i rzek nad piaszczystym lub skalistym dnem ale spotykany jest również w ciepłych, zarośniętych wodach kanałów, starorzeczy, stawów i wolno płynących rzek.
Introdukowany w kanałach południowej Anglii.
Sumik kanałowy, sum kanałowy (Ictalurus punctatus) – gatunek ryby z rodziny sumikowatych (Ictaluridae). Poławiany jako ryba konsumpcyjna i akwariowa (zwłaszcza forma albinotyczna). Osiąga maksymalnie 132 cm długości i masę ciała do 26 kg.
Ictalurus punctatus ou bagre-americano é uma espécie de bagre originária da bacia hidrográfica do rio Mississippi, nos Estados Unidos conhecido como peixe-gato-do-canal. Nos Estados Unidos, são as espécies de bagres mais pescadas com aproximadamente 8 milhões de pescadores que os caçam por ano. A popularidade do bagre-americano para alimentar tem contribuído para o rápido crescimento da aquacultura desta espécie nos Estados Unidos.[1][2]
O bagre-americano é nativo do neoártico, sendo bem distribuído no Canadá e no leste e norte dos Estados Unidos, bem como partes do norte do México. Eles também têm sido introduzidos em algumas águas da Europa sem costa marítima e partes da Malásia e quase tantas partes da Indonésia.[3] Eles prosperam em pequenos e grandes rios, represas, lagos naturais e lagoas. Bagre-americano nidificam cavidades, significando que eles depositam seus ovos em fendas, depressões, ou detritos, para protegê-los de correntes rápidas.[4] No Canadá, a espécie é, em grande parte, embora não exclusivamente, limitada a região dos Grandes Lagos de bacias hidrográficas do do lado sul do Lago Nipigon.
A primeira vez que se identificou o peixe na Península Ibérica foi na bacia do Ebro, em 1987, mas há indicações de que terá sido pela primeira vez introduzido em Espanha na albufeira da barragem de Castilseras, na região de Castela-La Mancha. Depois disso, pelo menos em quatro ocasiões, a espécie foi intencionalmente deslocada para outras bacias hidrográficas em Espanha, incluindo para a do Guadiana.
A chegada desta espécie às águas portuguesas do Guadiana ocorreu em 2011, no local da Ponte da Ajuda.[5]
O bagre têm capacidades de percepção gustativa reforçada, portanto, chamada de “língua de natação”, devido à presença de papilas gustativas em toda a superfície externa do corpo e no interior da cavidade orofaríngea.[6] Especificamente, eles têm uma elevada sensibilidade aos aminoácidos, o que explica os seus métodos de comunicação únicos. O bagre-americano tem um sistema de sabor facial que é extremamente sensível à L-alanina e L-arginina. Mais especificamente, o seu sistema de gosto facial detecta níveis elevados de L-aminoácidos em água doce. O comportamento alimentar de alimentos é devido aos aminoácidos liberados pelos alimentos. Relata-se que isso faz com que os movimentos superior e inferior se altere, que orientam a postura e alimentação do bagre-americano.[6]
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(ajuda) Ictalurus punctatus ou bagre-americano é uma espécie de bagre originária da bacia hidrográfica do rio Mississippi, nos Estados Unidos conhecido como peixe-gato-do-canal. Nos Estados Unidos, são as espécies de bagres mais pescadas com aproximadamente 8 milhões de pescadores que os caçam por ano. A popularidade do bagre-americano para alimentar tem contribuído para o rápido crescimento da aquacultura desta espécie nos Estados Unidos.
Природний ареал розповсюдження канального сома плямистого — східні та центральні райони США, зокрема басейн Міссісіпі. З 1972 року акліматизований у південних районах колишнього СРСР. Досить інтенсивно застосовують інтродукції цього виду у водойми‐охолоджувачі енергетичних об'єктів та промислових підприємств України[1]. Також був акліматизований в Європі.
Тривалість життя — до 14 років. Вага може досягати понад 20 кг, але зазвичай трапляються екземпляри до 3 кг. Риба має видовжене тіло, голова та рот великі. Тіло голе, луска відсутня. Біля роту знаходяться 4 пари вусиків. Спинний та грудні плавці мають отруйні колючки, але для людини отрута не являє небезпеки. Забарвлення: верхня частина темна (чорний, коричневий, оливкрвий колір), черево біле.
Зустрічається у річках з повільною течією, озерах та водосховищах. Віддає перевагу глибоким місцям, де є укриття (коряги), з піщаним або кам'янистим ґрунтом. Активніший у нічний час. Живиться як рослинною, так і тваринною їжею, яку збирає біля дна. Під час розмноження самець будує гніздо та охороняє ікру від хижаків.
Канальний сом плямистий є об'єктом промислу, аматорського та спортивного рибальства. Крім того є об'єктом розведення у деяких рибних господарствах.
Cá nheo Mỹ (danh pháp hai phần: Ictalurus punctatus) là một loài cá thuộc chi Ictalurus. Nó là cá chính thức của Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, và Tennessee, và tên trong tiếng Anh không chính thức là "channel cat". Tại Hoa Kỳ chúng là đối tượng là đánh bắt loài cá da trơn với khoảng 8 triệu người đi câu nhắm vào nó mỗi năm. Sự phổ biến của cá da trơn kênh cho thực phẩm đã góp phần vào sự tăng trưởng nhanh chóng của nuôi trồng thủy sản của loài này tại Hoa Kỳ[1][2][3].
Cá nheo Mỹ là loài bản địa Tân bắc giới, phân bố ở hạ Canada và miền đông và miền bắc Hoa Kỳ, cũng như các khu vực miền bắc Mexico. Chúng cũng đã được du nhập vào một số vùng biển của lục địa châu Âu và các bộ phận của Malaysia và các bộ phận gần như Indonesia[4]. Chúng phát triển mạnh trong các con sông nhỏ và lớn, các hồ chứa, hồ tự nhiên, và ao. Chúng đẻ trứng ở các khe, hốc, hoặc các mảnh vỡ, để bảo vệ chúng khỏi dòng nước chảy nhanh cuốn đi[5]. Tại Canada, các loài chủ yếu là, mặc dù không phải là độc nhất, hạn chế trong lưu vực Đại Ngũ Hồ từ hồ Nipigon về phía nam. Nó là loài ăn tạp. Trọng lượng tối đa của nó là từ 18 đến 23 kg.
Cá nheo Mỹ (danh pháp hai phần: Ictalurus punctatus) là một loài cá thuộc chi Ictalurus. Nó là cá chính thức của Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, và Tennessee, và tên trong tiếng Anh không chính thức là "channel cat". Tại Hoa Kỳ chúng là đối tượng là đánh bắt loài cá da trơn với khoảng 8 triệu người đi câu nhắm vào nó mỗi năm. Sự phổ biến của cá da trơn kênh cho thực phẩm đã góp phần vào sự tăng trưởng nhanh chóng của nuôi trồng thủy sản của loài này tại Hoa Kỳ.
Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque, 1818)
Естественный ареалКанальный сомик[1] (лат. Ictalurus punctatus) — вид рыб из семейства икталуровых (Icataluridae). Самый многочисленный представитель сомообразных Северной Америки. Этот вид является наиболее добываемым из всех промысловых видов сома, его ловлей в США ежегодно занимается примерно 8 миллионов рыболовов. Канальный сом пользуется популярностью у многих рыболовов из-за быстрого роста и распространённости аквакультуры этого вида на всей территории Соединенных Штатов. Рацион представлен мелкими рыбами, ракообразными и моллюсками, реже пищей служат водные насекомые и мелкие млекопитающие[2].
Крупные рыбы, максимальная длина тела 132 см, но обычно не превышающие в длину 57 см и массы 4,5—9 кг. Самый крупный экземпляр весом в 26 кг выловлен в 1964 году из водохранилища компании Santee Cooper (англ.)русск. в Южной Каролине[3]. В Европе размеры акклиматизированных сомов много меньше: в Дону и Кубани ловятся особи не более 5 кг при средней массе 350—600 г возрастом 2—8 лет[1][4]. Спина и бока рыб окрашены в тёмные тона — голубовато-оливковые, серые или чёрные; брюхо белое. На боках часто имеются тёмные пятна; старые самцы темнее молодых особей. Крайне редко встречаются особи золотистого оттенка. В аквариумистике распространены альбиносные формы. На голове расположено четыре пары усиков: вблизи ноздрей и углов рта и две пары на подбородке[5].
Естественный ареал канального сомика — Северная Америка к востоку от Кордильер: юг Канады, центральные районы США, север Мексики. Вид широко распространён в реках, озёрах и водохранилищах — преимущественно в субтропическом поясе, хотя встречается от 27 до 51° с. ш.[6] Разводится в прудах. Канальный сомик был завезён в Европу, а с 1972 года разводится на территории России — в прудах бассейна Кубани. Проник оттуда в речную систему Кубани и Дона, где отмечены стабильные популяции в водоемах с теплыми сточными водами при ГРЭС и ТЭЦ. Разводится в прудовых хозяйствах Подмосковья[1] и на многих уральских водохранилищах с тёплой водой.
Канальный сом является хищником и ловится на различную приманку, в том числе сверчков, пузанков, раков, лягушек и моллюсков[7]. Другой способ ловли сома предполагает использование наживок, которые готовятся в виде приманки из таких продуктов, как мертвые рыбы, мясо, сыр, тесто. Иногда эти приманки готовятся в виде пюре на крючке, иногда их помещают в специальные трубки, чтобы установить эти приманки на дно. Канальный сом обладает очень чувствительными органами обоняния и вкуса. На ямках их ноздрей расположены органы с очень высокой концентрацией обонятельных рецепторов. У канального сома они обладают чувствительностью, достаточной для обнаружения нескольких аминокислот при концентрации около 1 часть на 100 млн в воде. Кроме того канальные сомы имеют вкусовые почки, распределенные по всей поверхности тела. Эти вкусовые почки особенно сконцентрированы в 4 парах усов вокруг рта — около 25 шт. на квадратный миллиметр. Такое сочетание исключительного чувства вкуса и запаха позволяет легко находить пищу в темноте и мутной воде.
Канальный сомик (лат. Ictalurus punctatus) — вид рыб из семейства икталуровых (Icataluridae). Самый многочисленный представитель сомообразных Северной Америки. Этот вид является наиболее добываемым из всех промысловых видов сома, его ловлей в США ежегодно занимается примерно 8 миллионов рыболовов. Канальный сом пользуется популярностью у многих рыболовов из-за быстрого роста и распространённости аквакультуры этого вида на всей территории Соединенных Штатов. Рацион представлен мелкими рыбами, ракообразными и моллюсками, реже пищей служат водные насекомые и мелкие млекопитающие.
钳鱼(channel catfish) ,又名斑点叉尾鮰 (Ictalurus punctatus)、,是北美洲主要的一种鲶鱼。它的官方产地为美国的密苏里州、爱荷华州、内布拉斯加州、堪萨斯州和田纳西州,它的俗称是“钳猫(channel cat)”。在美国,钳鱼是当地人们最喜爱捕捉的一种鱼,每年约有800万人捕捉它,因而其在水产业的知名度很大。[1][2]
钳鱼源于新北界,分布在魁北克和美国的东部和北部,在墨西哥北部亦有其分布。后来这个品种被引进到欧洲的内陆湖和马来西亚的一些地方。[3] 它们生长在溪流、江河、水库、天然湖和池塘里。由于它们习惯把卵放置在裂缝、洞穴和碎片里,以防止它们被大风冲走,因而也被称为“钳猫”。[4]加拿大的钳鱼数量很大,不仅栖息在五大湖,尼皮贡湖一带也有广泛分布。中国的南方广泛养殖,作为经济鱼类。
钳鱼有着十分灵敏的嗅觉和味觉。在钳鱼的鼻腔中的小坑是个高灵敏的嗅觉器官,这些器官能让钳鱼的嗅觉更灵敏,以至于它可以在一部分水里发现一亿个氨基酸。另外,在它们的全身有很多的味蕾。在钳鱼嘴附近的4条胡须上,每平方毫米就有约25个味蕾。这个特殊的味蕾结构和它的嗅觉使它可以在黑暗、有色或浑浊的水域里相对容易觅食。
钳鱼很容易被天然物质做成的饵料捉住,比如蟋蟀、爬行动物、小鱼、鲱鱼、小龙虾、蛙、 鲇鱼、翻车鱼和吸管。钳鱼可以被象牙皂做成的饵料抓住,还可以用有臭味的饵料来抓它,比如死鱼、死龙虾、大蒜、血液、肝脏、肉、奶酪、面团,甚至酷爱粉都可以。[5] 有时这些臭饵料可以改制成面粉球或粉末状的物品,挂在钓鱼钩上。还可以把制好的这些挂在管子底部,慢慢地拴在钓鱼钩上。像鸡肝、小虾、狗食、鱿鱼和泡泡糖这些能在杂货商店买到的东西也可以抓住许多鱼。
用细颈绳、曳钓绳、树枝绳和田埂绳钓钳鱼,都是除了传统杆子和卷筒之外的流行的捕捉钳鱼的方式。还有的方法就是用圈子套,也叫“板条套子”,是一种有角度的入口的木圈子,再加上金属套。特有的饵料是变质的奶酪和狗食。用钳鱼套子捕到的钳鱼一天在100个左右。
没有安装钓鱼钩的垂钓者要特别小心钳鱼胸部的尖刺及它锋利的鳍。
钳鱼的长度和重量的关系用左图表示(縱座標單位公斤,橫座標單位厘米)。
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(帮助) 钳鱼(channel catfish) ,又名斑点叉尾鮰 (Ictalurus punctatus)、,是北美洲主要的一种鲶鱼。它的官方产地为美国的密苏里州、爱荷华州、内布拉斯加州、堪萨斯州和田纳西州,它的俗称是“钳猫(channel cat)”。在美国,钳鱼是当地人们最喜爱捕捉的一种鱼,每年约有800万人捕捉它,因而其在水产业的知名度很大。
アメリカナマズ (学名:Ictalurus punctatus) は、ナマズ目アメリカナマズ科の淡水魚類の一種。英名はチャネルキャットフィッシュ。
カナダ、アメリカとメキシコの一部に生息。また、チェコやルーマニアなどの東ヨーロッパや、マレーシアなどに移入されている[1] 。湖沼や河川に生息。
日本には1971年(1974年説あり[2])に食用目的で移入され、1981年霞ヶ浦にも導入されて定着し、1982年には江戸川の自然水域での増殖が確認された[3]後、利根川水域を中心に分布を拡大した。1994年以降に個体数が激増している[4]。琵琶湖でも捕獲された記録がある[5]。2010年までには霞ヶ浦水系、利根川水系、阿武隈川水系、岐阜県下小鳥ダム、宮川[6]、矢作川[7]、庄内川[8]など。
体長は最大132cm[4]。口ひげは8本。脂鰭を備え、尾びれは中央が切れ込み長大で、横V字型。ニホンナマズ等の属するSilurus属に比べると、口がやや小さく、体型は流線型で各鰭が大きく遊泳力に富んでおり、総じてその姿はギギ等のPelteobagrus のそれに近い。背鰭と胸鰭の主条が極めて硬質かつ丈夫な鋭い棘として発達[4]しているのもPelteobagrus と同様の特徴である。
湖沼や流れの緩い河川の中流〜汽水域に生息する。溶存酸素の不足や水質の急激な変化には耐性が低いが、水質汚濁そのものには大変強い。おおむね夜行性。夕刻から夜間にかけて活動的となり、盛んに遊泳して摂食行動等をおこなう。
食性は雑食で、底生魚類(ヌマチチブ)だけでなくブルーギルや同一環境に生息する魚類全般、両生類(カエル)、底生甲殻類(ザリガニなど)、半底生甲殻類、直翅目(コオロギ、バッタ類)、貝類など[3]を捕食する他、それらの死骸なども積極的に見つけ出して摂食対象とする。こういった食性の幅広さからブラックバス、マナマズ、ライギョといった捕食性肉食魚にも増して非常に貪欲であり、釣り餌として付けられた石鹸に食いつくこともあることが知られている[9]。水深30cmの浅場まで侵入して採餌行動をしている可能性[3]が報告されている。
魚粉として肉骨粉の代わりに畜産(養鶏・養豚など)飼料や魚類の養殖飼料や有機肥料として利用される。外来魚駆除の取り組みとして地産地消品として有効利用されている。なお、日本では水産庁の「魚介類の名称のガイドラインについて」によって消費者に分類学上無関係であるにもかかわらず高級魚類の類縁種であるような誤認(いわゆる優良誤認)を防ぐため[10]、アメリカナマズについて「シミズダイ」や「カワフグ」の名称を使用しないことと定められている[11]。
養殖池や釣り場から逃げ出すなどして野外に定着したと考えられている。一部の河川では、本種が特定外来生物に指定される直前になって処分する目的で意図的に放流された疑いも指摘されている[12]。
日本など移入された地域では、さまざまな在来の生物を捕食することで、絶滅危惧種などに悪影響を与える例が知られている[4]。アメリカでも、在来種の魚類に悪影響を与えている[5]。また、テナガエビやイサザアミ、ハゼ類を捕食したり、混獲された本種を漁師が網から取り除く際、棘によって傷つけたりといった漁業被害を引き起こす[12]。
そのため日本では、特定外来生物に指定されており、基本的に捕獲や飼育が制限されている。ドイツやニュージーランドでは本種の持ち込みが禁止されている[5]。
] 環境省