The eggs of Junonia coenia are a dark green.
The larva that hatch from the eggs are nearly black and have two rows of orange-cream spots along the middorsal. There are two lateral rows of cream spots and the larva has many bluish-black spines. The prolegs are orange. The head is black with an orange spot toward the anterior and two short black spines on top, and orange on the top and sides.
Pupa color varies from light color with brownish-orange blotches, to entirely brownish-orange, to nearly black.
The adult stage of the butterfly has brown wings with three eyespots per wing, one on the upper and two on the hindwing. There are characteristic orange bands on the forewing. They have a particularly large eyespot on the hindwing that is reddish to purple. Adult coloration varies, with a form called "rosa," (with red under-hindwings) that appears late in the fall in eastern U.S., and may be a result of short daylength or lower temperatures.
Range wingspan: 4 to 6 cm.
Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; heterothermic ; bilateral symmetry ; polymorphic
Junonia coenia tends to like more open areas such as fields, parks, pastures, meadows, and coastal dunes. You can also find them along roadsides and in other disturbed, weedy places. They are often near their food plants, and may also feed or drink around mud puddles.
Habitat Regions: temperate ; tropical ; terrestrial
Terrestrial Biomes: desert or dune ; chaparral ; scrub forest
Other Habitat Features: urban ; suburban ; agricultural
This species occurs in southern Canada east of Saskatchawan, and throughout the United States except for Montana, Idaho, Washington, and western Wyoming. From there it ranges south and east to Bermuda, the Bahamas, Cuba, nearly all of Mexico except southern Baja California.
Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )
Other Geographic Terms: island endemic
Adults feed mainly on nectar, and occasionally on mud from the edge of puddles (probably for salts and other minerals).
Caterpillars feed on a wide variety of host plants, nearly all herbaceous (see partial list below). Females may be stimulated to oviposit by the presence of iridoid glycosides (Kluts, 1951, Scott, 1986).
Foods eaten: plantains (Plantago), gerardia, toadflax (Linaria), wild snapdragons (Antirrhinum), false loosestrife (Ludvigia), stonecrop (Sedum).
Plant Foods: leaves; nectar
Primary Diet: herbivore (Folivore , Nectarivore )
Buckeyes, like most butterflies, can be important pollinators.
Ecosystem Impact: pollinates
Female buckeyes lay eggs individually on buds and leaves of host plants. The larvae (caterpillars) emerge and feed and grow on the host plant, molting several times. Larvae transform into pupae, and spend the winter in this stage in the northern part of the range. Metamorphosis is completed in the pupal case, and fully developed adult butterflies emerge. They can take flight after their wings dry. In the southern half of the range, this species may develop and reproduce continually with no diapause or winter dormancy.
Development - Life Cycle: metamorphosis ; diapause
Due to their large abundance, J. coenia is currently not on any endangered species list.
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
State of Michigan List: no special status
In older texts, buckeyes were known as Precis coenia. However, the binonimal nomenclature has been altered and it is currently referred to as Junonia coenia.
Junonia coenia does not live a long time. Adults live about ten days in nature, and about a month in a lab. Larvae and adults may overwinter in warm climates (California lowlands, and regions with similar climate).
Males perch on the ground or low plants and watch for passing females. They pursue any likely object. Females inclined to mate will land, and the male will follow. Courtship behavior is variable. Sometimes they land, fold their wings, and mate. On other occasions females have been observed fluttering their wings after landing. The male responds by hovering over her and fluttering his wings as he lands behind her. The male will then pursue her by nudging her from behind. They will then mate, or if she chooses not to mate, she will flap her wings with a high intensity, spread her wings and lift her abdomen to deny him access, or just fly away.
Mating System: polygynous
After mating, female buckeyes lay their eggs on the leaves of host plants that their larvae will eat. In the northern part of the range there may only be one or two generations a year, and it's unlikely that adults can survive the winter. Further south (Florida, Texas, California and beyond), there are adults flying nearly all year.
Breeding season: Year-round in southern range, narrowing to summer in the north.
Key Reproductive Features: semelparous ; seasonal breeding ; year-round breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization (Internal ); oviparous
There is no parental care in this species.
Parental Investment: no parental involvement
Junonia coenia ye una caparina perteneciente a la familia de los ninfálidos. Puede atopase en Manitoba, Ontario, Québec y Nueva Escocia, amás de la gran mayoría de los Estaos Xuníos, quitando'l noroeste, América Central y Colombia. La subespecie Junonia coenia bergi ye un endemismu de les islles Bermudes. Los sos hábitats son árees abiertes con vexetación baxa y daqué de suelu descubiertu.
La so coloración ye principalmente marrón, con tonalidaes que van del colloráu al mariellu. La especie carauterízase pol so diseñu de llurdios qu'asemeyen güeyos y en forma de barres.
Los güevos son esferoidales y son asitiaos nel meristemo o sobre la parte inferior de la fueya.
La crisálida tien una coloración marrón, con partes escures y puntiaes de negru. Suspéndese nun robustu cremáster.
Les canesbes aliméntense d'una variedá de plantes qu'inclúin miembros de la familia Scrophulariaceae, tamién Plantago, Acanthus y Ruellia nodiflora.
Los individuos adultos aliméntense de néctar y tamién tomen fluyíos de la folla y el sable húmedu. Los machos posen sobre'l suelu ensin yerba o con plantes baxes, xixilando y buscando a les femes, anque s'hai de dicir qu'esta especie nun ye territorial. Los adultos aliméntense del néctar d'estes flores:
.Junonia coenia ye una caparina perteneciente a la familia de los ninfálidos. Puede atopase en Manitoba, Ontario, Québec y Nueva Escocia, amás de la gran mayoría de los Estaos Xuníos, quitando'l noroeste, América Central y Colombia. La subespecie Junonia coenia bergi ye un endemismu de les islles Bermudes. Los sos hábitats son árees abiertes con vexetación baxa y daqué de suelu descubiertu.
Junonia coenia (Syn. Precis coenia), zuweilen auch als Nordamerikanisches Pfauenauge bezeichnet,[1] ist ein Schmetterling (Tagfalter) aus der Familie der Edelfalter (Nymphalidae).
Die Flügelspannweite der Falter beträgt 45 bis 70 Millimeter, wobei die Weibchen größer als die Männchen werden.[2] Die Grundfarbe ist ocker- oder hellbraun. Auf den Vorderflügeln befinden sich ein sehr kleiner, bläulich gekernter Augenfleck nahe am Apex sowie ein großer, dunkler Augenfleck nahe am Tornus. Dieser ist von einem hellbraunen Ring eingefasst und zeigt einen kleinen hellblauen Fleck im Zentrum. Der Bereich um diesen Augenfleck ist weißlich bis hell gelbbraun und reicht bis zum Vorderrand. In der Mittelzelle (Diskoidalzelle) heben sich zwei längliche, rötliche, schwarz eingefasste Flecke ab. Auf den Hinterflügeln sind zwei weitere Augenflecke nahe am Außenrand zu erkennen, wobei der hintere etwas kleiner ist. Nach außen werden diese von einer orange gefärbten Binde begrenzt. Am Saum befinden sich braune, leicht gewellte Linien. Auf der zeichnungsarmen, braunen Flügelunterseite schimmert der große Augenfleck der Vorderflügel deutlich dunkel hindurch.
Das dunkelgrüne Ei hat helle Streifen und wird einzeln oder in kleinen Gruppen an der Nahrungspflanze abgelegt. Die Raupen sind schwärzlich und auf jedem Segment mit weißlichen und orangen Streifen versehen. Sie weisen am ganzen Körper zahlreiche feine weißliche Punkte und schwarze Dornen auf. Die helle, cremefarbene Stürzpuppe zeigt einige rotbraune Zeichnungselemente.[3]
Das Verbreitungsgebiet der Art umfasst die südlichen Staaten der USA, mit einem isolierten Vorkommen in Kalifornien, sowie Mexiko, Kuba, die Bahamas und die Bermuda-Inseln.[3] Von Junonia coenia sind mehrere Massenmigrationen bekannt. Die endemische Unterart Junonia coenia bergi[4] auf Bermuda stammt von migrierten Faltern ab. Von Juni bis Oktober wandern die Falter auch in die mittleren und nördlichen US-Bundesstaaten und bis in den Süden Kanadas. Sie besiedeln bevorzugt offenes Gelände.[3]
Die Falter fliegen in Florida, Texas und Kalifornien in mehreren Generationen das ganze Jahr hindurch. Im Flug gleiten sie oft zwischen den Flügelschlägen. Sie besuchen Blüten um Nektar zu saugen und feuchte Bodenstellen um Mineralien aufzunehmen. Am Boden sitzend sonnen sie sich mit offenen Flügeln und zeigen damit deutlich ihre Augenflecken. Nur bei großer Hitze schließen sie ihre Flügel. In freier Natur leben die Falter etwa 10 Tage, unter Laborbedingungen bis zu einem Monat. Die Raupen leben an einer Vielzahl verschiedener Pflanzen, dazu zählen Wegerichgewächse (Plantaginaceae), Braunwurzgewächse (Scrophulariaceae), Eisenkrautgewächse (Verbenaceae) und Akanthusgewächse (Acanthaceae).[3] Diese Pflanzen enthalten oft giftige Iridoide, die sich sowohl in der Raupe als auch der Puppe, jedoch nicht im genießbaren Falter, nachweisen lassen.[5]
Junonia coenia gab dem Virus Junonia coenia Densovirus JcDNV aus der Gattung Densovirus seinen Namen. Neben Junonia coenia befällt es auch viele andere Insekten und ist damit für einen Genaustausch über Artgrenzen hinweg verantwortlich.[6][7]
Junonia coenia (Syn. Precis coenia), zuweilen auch als Nordamerikanisches Pfauenauge bezeichnet, ist ein Schmetterling (Tagfalter) aus der Familie der Edelfalter (Nymphalidae).
Junonia coenia, known as the common buckeye or buckeye, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains and in Mexico. Its habitat is open areas with low vegetation and some bare ground. Its original ancestry has been traced to Africa, which then experiences divergence in Asia.[2] The species Junonia grisea, the gray buckeye, is found west of the Rocky Mountains and was formerly a subspecies of Junonia coenia.[3][4]
Caterpillars of these butterflies appear to prefer plants that produce iridoid glycosides, which are bitter compounds that release a hormone called gastrin that activates the digestive system (i.e. hunger); therefore, iridoid glycoside producing plants stimulate and attract their appetites particularly when found in plants like Plantago lanceolata.[5][6] In fact, the presence of these metabolites may trigger oviposition behaviors in female butterflies so that descendant larval bodies may better incorporate iridoid glycosides.[7] Iridoid glycolyside metabolites appear to have a growth-stimulating effect on caterpillars but a growth-reducing effect on predators. Predators like ants, wasps, birds, and small animals prefer to feed on iridoid glycoside poor caterpillars rather than iridoid glycoside rich larvae, potentially due to these effects.[8][9] Therefore, immunity of J. coenia larvae to predators like ants appears to be strongly related to the concentration of iridoid glycosides sequestered in their bodies.[10] However, too much iridoid glycosides in the diet can negatively affect the immune response of these larvae and lead to increased susceptibility to parasitism.[11]
Adult butterflies feed on flowers with certain pollinator cues: yellow flowers that are 'pre-change', or flowers whose color has not been changed due to insect visitation or other factors.[12] Common buckeye caterpillars feed in isolation rather than relying upon grouping behaviors.[13] Vulnerability to the Junonia coenia densovirus is another concern for survivorship of common buckeye larvae.[14]
Common buckeye butterflies are colored mostly brown with some orange, black, white, blue, and magenta. The forewing features two proximal orange bars and a postmedian white band, which surrounds a prominent black eyespot and borders a smaller, more distal eyespot; both eyespots have a bluish center and each border a distal orange mark. The hindwing is mostly brown with an orange band towards the edge and a brown and white margin. It also has two eyespots, one larger and one smaller, each with a black and white outline, and a center consisting of black, blue, magenta, and orange. They also exhibit blue-green overtones on their front and sometimes hind wings. Their wingspan is typically between 2 and 2.5 inches (5 - 6.5 cm).[15]
These caterpillars have a beautiful and complex color pattern. Their backs are mostly black with light-colored markings (white, gray, beige, or brownish, varying among individuals—see picture below), their sides have white markings and red-orange spots, and they have a brown underside. They have a mostly red-orange head with black markings on the face. They have spines running lengthwise along their back and sides, as many as 7 per segment. There is also a pair of small spines on the top of their head. These spines branch out (have smaller spines coming out of them) and appear a bit shiny-blue at the base. They also have 2 pairs of tiny white spines on each segment, near the bottom. The color patterns and spine forms are less pronounced in earlier instars. There are several other species that resemble these caterpillars in appearance, such as the painted lady, the Glanville fritillary, and the red admiral, which can be easily confused by an untrained observer. They can reach 4 cm (1 5/8 inches) in length.[15]
Dorsal variation
Ventral variation
Larva variation
Chrysalis
Plate accompanying Jacob Hübner's 1822 description
Like the more familiar monarchs, these caterpillars pupate by spinning a silk pad on a downward facing horizontal surface, attaching themselves with their rear end, and hanging in the form of the letter J for a day or so before shedding their skin to reveal the chrysalis. The chrysalis is mostly brown with beige markings, and has a prickly texture. It has a beige band near the top, another one at the "waist" (border between thorax and abdomen), and 4 pairs of beige dots running down its dorsal side. It is 18 mm long and 8 mm wide. When touched or handled excessively, it has a habit of wiggling its abdomen.
Junio probably arose from one African colonizing ancestor. In Asia, this diverged into J. atlites, J. iphita, and J. hedonia that resembled the African ancestor. These species then diverged into J. almanac, J. lemonias, and J. villida that began to differ morphologically from African ancestors. The Taxon Pulse Hypothesis is invoked to explain the vicariance as well as dispersal exhibited by this species where there is dispersal as the species expands until they find appropriate habitats. This then allows for speciation to occur in several isolated habitats. In Junonia the species may have expanded from Africa into Asia and then from Asia throughout “Australasia, Africa, and South America.”[2] In the 1930s established populations were recognized in Cuba and the Florida Keys. In the 1940s populations migrated inland from the coast of Florida and further into the southern United States.[16]
Caterpillars feed on a variety of plants including the narrowleaf plantain (Plantago lanceolata), the common greater plantain (Plantago major), blue toadflax, false foxglove, Mexican petunia (Ruellia species), the firecracker plant, and Cudweed.
Iridoid glycosides trigger feeding behaviors of J. coenia larvae in northern California, serving as attractants and as stimulants. It also allows for higher growth and survival rates that appear to be best promoted in the plant Plantago lanceolata, an invasive plant in California. In fact, leaves from this plant were preferred over artificial diets with just the iridoid glycosides, indicating the presence of additional sources in P. lanceolata that might play a role in food preferences. Naturally, J. coenia consider iridoid glycosides in the host plant selection for larvae. This inclination for iridoid glycosides may also reflect its role in oviposition and microhabitat selection.[5] Aucubin and catalpol are two other chemicals that can be stimulants and attractants for larval feeding behaviors.[7]
In the case of Lantana camara flowers, J. coenia preferentially feed on flowers in the yellow stage at a significantly higher rate that suggests associative learning. During early life stages, the butterfly feeds upon yellow and red flowers almost equally but over time focuses only on those flowers that are yellow and 'pre-change.' This is especially advantageous because the flower's color can be linked to its viability as well as the nectar reward that it can provide the pollinator. With this signal the pollinator can visit the right plant at the right time maximizing both its reproductive advantage as well as that of the flower. Moreover, the amount of nectar found within the flower can also influence the duration of a pollinator's visit to the plant.[12]
In the process of oviposition, contact chemoreception is an important sense used to detect allelochemicals on individual leaves that promote or discourage oviposition. Females detect iridoid glycosides found in plants like P. lanceolata as oviposition cues. Similarly, a mix of catalpol and aucubin, as well as catalpol alone, also promotes oviposition. In addition, the quantity of catalpol also seems to play a role in oviposition because females choose to lay eggs in regions that are most concentrated with catalpol. Just one iridoid glycoside molecule is enough to promote oviposition to the same degree that would be seen on a hostplant leaf. However, with that said, females did prefer plants with more iridoid glycosides. Larvae concentrate large amounts of iridoid glycosides, and theoretical explanations for this include protection from predators. Therefore, evolution would favor female J. coenia that can detect more iridoid glycosides on host plants so that larvae can incorporate that into their diet and thus gain better protective mechanisms for survival.[7]
Caterpillars tend to feed individually and in isolation. For example, even in the case that multiple caterpillars are feeding upon the same plant, they will not be doing so cooperatively or based in a group dynamic.[13] Caterpillars are generally not aggressive: they do not mind each other's presence and tend to abstain from fighting when running into one another.
Common buckeyes move to the south along with tailwinds directed to the north or northwest after the cold fronts from September or October. They are sensitive to the cold and cannot spend the winter in northern regions that will experience extreme cold temperatures. However, they will migrate back from the south during the spring. It was spotted in California in late summer, early fall of 2022. [15]
J. coenia appears to readily migrate on a local scale between patches that are connected by corridors over those that are not connected by corridors. They could also affect large scale immigration by making patches more accessible to immigrating butterflies if they are connected by corridors as opposed to if they are unconnected. As a result, this would play a role in increasing the population densities of these habitats, which would then affect resource availability for affected individuals. [17]
Predators for these organisms include ants, wasps, birds, and small animals. Predators appear to select larvae that feed on artificial diets deprived of iridoid glycoside (iridoid glycoside poor) rather than those that consume organic leaf material (iridoid glycoside rich larvae), which may indicate the role of iridoid glycoside consumption. This selection then favors larvae that have diets including iridoid glycosides as well as females who oviposition on those sites by providing offspring with necessary defense mechanisms.[9]
Prey which contain iridoid glycosides can affect invertebrate predators differently. Chemical differences as a result of leaf age can affect the development of these butterflies, which can then affect the quality of these butterflies as food sources for spiders. One such observation indicated that iridoid glycosides may diminish growth of predators so that predators select for caterpillars that do not feed on iridoid glycoside-rich substrates. Iridoid glycosides have been shown to stimulate growth in prey while decreasing growth in predators, which may then be responsible for its role in providing chemical protection to butterflies.[8]
The densovirus Junonia coenia infects the common buckeye larvae by focusing on targeting dividing cells in order to propagate. It consists of single stranded DNA genomes with a smooth, sphere-shaped capsid. It is from the family Parvoviridae and has been considered a potential insecticide, as is hypothesized for other one-species densoviruses. The Junonia coenia densovirus is unique in its separation of DNA strands for structural proteins versus nonstructural proteins.[14]
High intake of iridoid glycosides by J. coenia can have a negative effect on their immune response. This can then lead to higher susceptibility to parasitoids as well as a decreased ability to resist parasitism. Therefore, it is necessary to balance the chemical defense provided by these secondary metabolites with their immunological cost that correlates with increased risk of parasitism. Specifically, secondary metabolites may be hindering the immune response by operating through decreased melanization. This becomes even more problematic since parasitism is a prominent cause of mortality for caterpillars. This relationship exemplifies the vulnerable host hypothesis.[11]
Common predators of J. coenia larvae are ants, and chemical defense appears to be a strong survival mechanism for these organisms against predation. The concentration of iridoid glycoside sequestered by larvae seems to be a strong predictor for the decreased likelihood that they will be predated.[10]
In order to find a host plant for oviposition, females search for appropriate concentrations of catalpol or iridoid glycosides. Therefore, they practice drumming, which allows them to pierce the plant exterior and ‘taste’ the variety of allelochemicals that are present within its structure. This can be detected through the female J. coenia foretarsal chemoreceptors.[7]
Larvae also appear to weakly adopt automimicry as a survival strategy. In the presence of caterpillars that have sequestered iridoids (making them unpalatable to predators) and those that have not sequestered iridoids (making them palatable to predators), unpalatable caterpillars are able to escape predation. However, this trend is a weak example because it also may be the consequence of predators entirely avoiding this species of caterpillars rather than predators rejecting caterpillars.[10]
The common buckeye was featured on the 2006 United States Postal Service 24-cent postage stamp.[18]
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{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) Junonia coenia, known as the common buckeye or buckeye, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains and in Mexico. Its habitat is open areas with low vegetation and some bare ground. Its original ancestry has been traced to Africa, which then experiences divergence in Asia. The species Junonia grisea, the gray buckeye, is found west of the Rocky Mountains and was formerly a subspecies of Junonia coenia.
Caterpillars of these butterflies appear to prefer plants that produce iridoid glycosides, which are bitter compounds that release a hormone called gastrin that activates the digestive system (i.e. hunger); therefore, iridoid glycoside producing plants stimulate and attract their appetites particularly when found in plants like Plantago lanceolata. In fact, the presence of these metabolites may trigger oviposition behaviors in female butterflies so that descendant larval bodies may better incorporate iridoid glycosides. Iridoid glycolyside metabolites appear to have a growth-stimulating effect on caterpillars but a growth-reducing effect on predators. Predators like ants, wasps, birds, and small animals prefer to feed on iridoid glycoside poor caterpillars rather than iridoid glycoside rich larvae, potentially due to these effects. Therefore, immunity of J. coenia larvae to predators like ants appears to be strongly related to the concentration of iridoid glycosides sequestered in their bodies. However, too much iridoid glycosides in the diet can negatively affect the immune response of these larvae and lead to increased susceptibility to parasitism.
_anterior_view.jpg)
Common Buckeye - wings in closed position Adult butterflies feed on flowers with certain pollinator cues: yellow flowers that are 'pre-change', or flowers whose color has not been changed due to insect visitation or other factors. Common buckeye caterpillars feed in isolation rather than relying upon grouping behaviors. Vulnerability to the Junonia coenia densovirus is another concern for survivorship of common buckeye larvae.
Junonia coenia es una mariposa perteneciente a la familia de los ninfálidos. Se puede encontrar en Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec y Nueva Escocia, además de la gran mayoría de los Estados Unidos, exceptuando el noroeste, América Central y Colombia. La subespecie Junonia coenia bergi es un endemismo de las islas Bermudas. Sus hábitats son áreas abiertas con vegetación baja y algo de suelo descubierto.
Su coloración es marrón o también azul,(si es azul sus tonalidades son del marrón al anaranjado en cambio si es marrón sos tonalidades que van del rojo al amarillo). La especie se caracteriza por su diseño de manchas que asemejan ojos y en forma de barras. Miden de 5 a 6,4 cm.
Los huevos son esferoidales y son colocados en el meristemo de las plantas o sobre la parte inferior de la hoja.
Las orugas son negras con manchas amarillas. Tienen espinas ramificadas a todo su largo que aparecen azules en la base. Miden hasta 3,8 cm. inches in length.[1]
La crisálida tiene una coloración marrón, con partes oscuras y punteadas de negro. Se suspende en un robusto cremáster.
Las larvas se alimentan de una variedad de plantas que incluyen miembros de la familia Scrophulariaceae, también Plantago, Acanthus y Ruellia nudiflora.
Los individuos adultos se alimentan de néctar y también toman fluidos del barro y la arena húmeda. Los machos se posan sobre el suelo sin hierba o con plantas bajas, vigilando y buscando a las hembras, aunque se ha de decir que esta especie no es territorial. Los adultos se alimentan del néctar de estas flores:
J. coenia migra hacia el sur ayudada por los vientos predominantes después de un frente de frío en septiembre y octubre. No pueden permanecer en esas regiones norteñas cuando llega el frío, por eso emigran al sur y retornan en la primavera. Aprovechan los vientos estacionales para su migración especialmente los frentes fríos de septiembre y octubre. No resisten el frío y necesitan emigrar a regiones de temeraturas más moderadas. La primavera siguiente regresan al norte.[1]
J. coenia se traslada con frecuencia en una escala local a lo largo de corredores que conectan grupos de plantas hospederas o nectaríferas.[2]
Vista dorsal, variaciones
Vista ventral, variaciones
Larva, variaciones
Crisálida
Lámina en Jacob Hübner's 1822.
Datos: Q1257151
Multimedia:
Especies: Junonia coenia
Junonia coenia es una mariposa perteneciente a la familia de los ninfálidos. Se puede encontrar en Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec y Nueva Escocia, además de la gran mayoría de los Estados Unidos, exceptuando el noroeste, América Central y Colombia. La subespecie Junonia coenia bergi es un endemismo de las islas Bermudas. Sus hábitats son áreas abiertas con vegetación baja y algo de suelo descubierto.
Junonia coenia
Le Papillon ocellé (Junonia coenia) est un insecte lépidoptère de la famille des Nymphalidae, de la sous-famille des Nymphalinae et du genre Junonia.
Junonia coenia a été nommé par Jakob Hübner en 1822.
Synonymes : Junonia weidenhameri ; Polacek, 1925[1]..
Le Papillon ocellé se nomme en anglais Buckeye ou Common Buckeye.
Le Papillon ocellé est un papillon marron orné d'orange et de blanc, reconnaissable à ses ocelles: deux sur chaque aile postérieure et antérieure. En face dorsale, l'aile antérieure présente le petit ocelle à l'apex et le gros dans une bande blanche, deux bandes orange marquent la base du côté de la costa. L'aile postérieure comporte une bande submarginale orange, puis le très gros ocelle et celui de taille moyenne en limite de cette bande.
La face ventrale présente les mêmes patrons, en plus pâle. Il est d'une teinte plus marron durant la saison humide et plus rose durant la saison sèche. La femelle est plus grande que le mâle et leur envergure varie entre 37 et 70mm[2],[3],[4].
La chenille grise tachée de blanc et de jaune est ornée d'épines ramifiées[2].
Chenille
Chrysalide
C'est un migrateur pouvant effectuer des migrations massives vers le nord et y rester de la fin du printemps à la fin de l'été.
Il vole toute l'année dans la partie la plus au sud de son aire, en deux ou trois générations entre mai et octobre plus au nord[4].
Les imagos et les chenilles hibernent dans leur aire de résidence dans le sud[4].
Ses plantes hôtes sont des Crassulaceae, des Plantaginaceae, des Scrophulariaceae et des Verbenacea[1], Antirrhinum, Linaria, Plantago et des Ruellia dont Ruellia nodiflora suivant d'autres sources[4].
Le Papillon ocellé est résident dans le sud de l'Amérique du Nord, dans le sud des États-Unis et le long des côtes de la Californie à la Caroline du Nord. Il est aussi résident au Mexique à Cuba et aux Bermudes.
C'est un migrateur qui est observé dans toute l'Amérique du Nord sauf les états du nord-ouest limitrophes du Canada et à l'est jusqu'au Québec et dans le sud de l'Ontario[1],[2],[3].
Il est présent dans les milieux ouverts[3].
Pas de statut de protection particulier[3].
Junonia coenia
Le Papillon ocellé (Junonia coenia) est un insecte lépidoptère de la famille des Nymphalidae, de la sous-famille des Nymphalinae et du genre Junonia.
Junonia coenia Hübner, [1822] è un lepidottero appartenente alla famiglia Nymphalidae, diffuso in America Settentrionale e Centrale.[1]
La colorazione di base è marrone, con tonalità che possono andare dal rosso-brunastro fino al grigio carico; la specie si contraddistingue infatti per una rilevante variabilità nella forma e nella colorazione delle macchie delle ali.
Nella pagina superiore dell'ala anteriore è presente , in prossimità del tornus, una vistosa macchia ocellata scura, bordata di marrone, con una lieve campitura azzurra al centro. Si può inoltre notare, anche se non sempre è chiaramente visibile, una seconda macchia ocellata più piccola, sita in posizione subapicale, di colorazione affine alla precedente. La biologia evolutiva attribuisce alla forma di tali macchie la probabile funzione di spaventare o distrarre i predatori, soprattutto gli uccelli giovani, imitando per esempio il capo di un gufo o una civetta.[2] In prossimità del terzo prossimale del margine costale, si possono osservare due piccole bande trasversali arancioni, bordate di nero, mentre un'ampia fascia chiara corre diagonalmente dal terzo distale della costa fino a circa metà del termen.[3] La pagina inferiore riprende grosso modo i motivi di quella superiore, seppure con tonalità lievemente meno vivaci.[4]
Nell'ala posteriore si evidenziano altre due macchie ocellate, site nella zona postdiscoidale: una anteriore, più grande ed articolata, ha doppia bordatura gialla e nera, ed è campita di violetto e nero; l'altra, più piccola e posteriore, è situata in prossimità dell'angolo anale, e si mostra quasi completamente nera, con doppia bordatura gialla e nera. L'area submarginale rivela una fascia irregolare arancione, ed il termen risulta lievemente dentellato.[3] La pagina inferiore assume un colore bruno o bruno-rossiccio nella stagione umida, e rosso-rosato in quella secca.[4]
Le antenne sono clavate, ed hanno una lunghezza pari a circa la metà della costa.[3]
Il torace e l'addome variano tra il rossiccio ed il grigio-brunastro, con tonalità lievemente più scure rispetto a quelle delle ali.[3]
Le zampe anteriori sono fortemente ridotte, ed inutili ai fini della locomozione.[5]
L'apertura alare varia tra 42 e 70 mm.[4]
Le uova sono sferoidali, e vengono deposte singolarmente presso i meristemi o sulla pagina inferiore delle foglie della pianta ospite.[4]
Il bruco ha, così come lo stadio adulto, una marcata variabilità cromatica; di regola appare scuro, con bande longitudinali biancastre lungo la linea spiracolare. Sul dorso si possono notare due linee longitudinali bianche o arancioni, interrotte ad ogni segmento. Sono ben visibili diverse file di tubercoli, azzurri dorsalmente ed arancioni latero-ventralmente, ciascuno dei quali è provvisto di setole primarie e secondarie. Il capo è prevalentemente arancione, con zampe nerastre e pseudozampe più chiare. Queste larve sono di regola solitarie e, nella parte meridionale dell'areale, possono rappresentare la forma di resistenza con cui la specie supera l'inverno.[4]
La crisalide è di colorazione marroncina, con parti più scure e punteggiate di nero; si rinviene sospesa ad un robusto cremaster.[5]
L'areale della specie si estende a cavallo tra l'Ecozona neartica e quella neotropicale, comprendendo le Bermuda (locus typicus della sottospecie J. c. bergi), il Canada meridionale (Manitoba, Nuova Scozia, Ontario, Québec), la Colombia, Cuba, il Messico, gli Stati Uniti (ad eccezione del nord-ovest).[3][4][6]
L'habitat è rappresentato da zone aperte con vegetazione bassa e un terreno non lavorato.[4]
Questa specie è stata impiegata come organismo modello in studi di biologia evolutiva dello sviluppo.
La specie è bi- o trivoltina, con voli da maggio ad ottobre nella parte settentrionale dell'areale, mentre nella fascia tropicale gli adulti sono rinvenibili tutto l'anno.[4]
Gli adulti si alimentano suggendo il nettare dai fiori di specie appartenenti a varie famiglie, tra cui:[4]
I bruchi si accrescono su essenze appartenenti alle famiglie Acanthaceae, Crassulaceae, Plantaginaceae, Scrophulariaceae e Verbenaceae tra cui:[4][7]
Allo stato attuale vengono riconosciute due sottospecie:[8]
Sono stati riportati sette sinonimi:[10]
Junonia coenia Hübner, [1822] è un lepidottero appartenente alla famiglia Nymphalidae, diffuso in America Settentrionale e Centrale.
Common Buckeye atau Buckeye (Junonia coenia) ialah sejenis kupu-kupu yang tergolong dalam famili Nymphalidae. Ia ditemui di selatan Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, dan Nova Scotia, Kanada, dan seluruh Amerika Syarikat kecuali barat laut, dan agak banyak ditemui di rantau selatan, pantai California, dan seluruh Amerika Tengah dan Colombia. Subspesies Junonia coenia bergi adalah endemik di pulau Bermuda.
Habitatnya merupakan kawasan terbuka dengan vegetasi yang rendah serta tanah yang terdedah. Spesies ini dan saudara-saudaranya pernah digolongkan dalam genus Precis.
Variasi dorsal
Variasi ventral
Variasi beluncas
Kepompong
Kategori berkenaan Junonia coenia di Wikimedia Commons
Common Buckeye atau Buckeye (Junonia coenia) ialah sejenis kupu-kupu yang tergolong dalam famili Nymphalidae. Ia ditemui di selatan Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, dan Nova Scotia, Kanada, dan seluruh Amerika Syarikat kecuali barat laut, dan agak banyak ditemui di rantau selatan, pantai California, dan seluruh Amerika Tengah dan Colombia. Subspesies Junonia coenia bergi adalah endemik di pulau Bermuda.
Habitatnya merupakan kawasan terbuka dengan vegetasi yang rendah serta tanah yang terdedah. Spesies ini dan saudara-saudaranya pernah digolongkan dalam genus Precis.
Junonia coenia is een vlinder uit de familie Nymphalidae, de vossen, parelmoervlinders en weerschijnvlinders. De vlinder komt voor in het Nearctisch gebied. De spanwijdte varieert tussen de 42 en 70 millimeter.
In het noordelijk deel van het verspreidingsgebied komen twee tot drie generaties per jaar voor tussen mei en oktober. Zuidelijker is de vlinder het hele jaar door actief.
Waardplanten van de rupsen komen uit de geslachten leeuwenbek en vlasleeuwenbek. De favoriete voedselplanten voor de vlinders zijn Aster, cichorei, centaurie en zonnebloem.
Junonia coenia is een vlinder uit de familie Nymphalidae, de vossen, parelmoervlinders en weerschijnvlinders. De vlinder komt voor in het Nearctisch gebied. De spanwijdte varieert tussen de 42 en 70 millimeter.
In het noordelijk deel van het verspreidingsgebied komen twee tot drie generaties per jaar voor tussen mei en oktober. Zuidelijker is de vlinder het hele jaar door actief.
Waardplanten van de rupsen komen uit de geslachten leeuwenbek en vlasleeuwenbek. De favoriete voedselplanten voor de vlinders zijn Aster, cichorei, centaurie en zonnebloem.
Castanheira (Junonia coenia) é uma espécie de borboleta pertencente à família Nymphalidae.
Castanheira (Junonia coenia) é uma espécie de borboleta pertencente à família Nymphalidae.
Вид поширений у Північній Америці. Зустрічається на півдні США, в Мексиці, на Кубі, Багамських та Бермудських островах. Як залітний вид трапляється на сході Канади.
Метелик середніх розмірів. Розмах крил — 45-70 мм. Основне забарвлення жовте або світло-коричневе.
Кормовими рослинами гусені є товстолисті, подорожникові, ранникові, вербенові.
分類 界 : 動物界 Animalia 門 : 節足動物門 Arthropoda 綱 : 昆虫綱 Insecta 目 : チョウ目(鱗翅目) Lepidoptera 上科 : アゲハチョウ上科 Papilionoidea 科 : タテハチョウ科 Nymphalidae 亜科 : タテハチョウ亜科 Nymphalinae 属 : タテハモドキ属 Junonia 種 : アメリカタテハモドキ J. coenia 学名 Junonia coeniaアメリカタテハモドキ (Junonia coenia) は、チョウ目（鱗翅目）・アゲハチョウ上科・タテハチョウ科に分類されるチョウの一種。
開長5cm。翅には大きな眼状斑紋がいくつかある。
さまざまな植物を食草とする。夏に北方に移動する。
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