Scotophilus és un gènere de ratpenats de la família dels vespertiliònids.
Es troben a tota l'Àfrica subsahariana,[1][2] la Reunió, Madagascar,[3] àrees del sud i de sud-est asiàtic i les illes de la zona indomalaia.[4]
Scotophilus borbonicus, Scotophilus celebensis, Scotophilus collinus, Scotophilus dinganii, Scotophilus heathii, Scotophilus kuhlii, Scotophilus leucogaster, Scotophilus marovaza, Scotophilus nigrita, Scotophilus nucella, Scotophilus nux, Scotophilus robustus, Scotophilus tandrefana i Scotophilus viridis en són les úniques espècies que apareixen a la Llista Vermella de la UICN.[6]
Die Hausfledermäuse (Scotophilus) sind eine Gattung von Fledermäusen aus der Familie Glattnasen (Vespertilionoidea). Die Arten leben in Afrika und Asien.
Die Vertreter der Gattung sind durch einen stämmigen Körperbau sowie kräftige Kiefer und Zähne gekennzeichnet. Sie erreichen eine Kopf-Rumpf-Länge von 60 bis 117 mm sowie eine Schwanzlänge von 40 bis 65 mm. Das Gewicht liegt meist zwischen 15 und 22 g.[1] Eine Ausnahme bildet die Riesen-Hausfledermaus (Scotophilus nigrita), die mit einem Gewicht von etwa 89 g deutlich schwerer ist.[2] Die Arten haben 42 bis 89 mm lange Unterarme. Bei den Scotophilus-Arten kommen verschiedene Fellfarben vor, die auch zwischen den Populationen einer Art variieren können. Am häufigsten sind gelbbraune Farbtöne auf der Oberseite, während die Unterseite meist bleicher bis weißlich ist. Bei der Kleinen Asiatischen Hausfledermaus (Scotophilus kuhlii) wurden jahreszeitliche Wechsel der Fellfarbe registriert.[1]
Der Lebensraum ist abhängig von Art und Population. Einige Vertreter halten sich vorwiegend in Wäldern auf, wogegen andere Savannen bevorzugen. Viele Arten haben sich als Kulturfolger an urbanisierte Landschaften angepasst.[3]
Als Ruheplatz werden häufig Hausdächer gewählt, unter denen hohe Temperaturen entstehen können. Weiterhin nutzen diese Fledermäuse Baumhöhlen oder ausgehöhlte Stiele großer Palmenblätter als Unterschlupf. Individuen von Scotophilus kuhlii wurden 1989 in zeltartigen Konstruktionen aus Blättern beobachtet. Diese Behausungen sind eher für die südamerikanische Gattung Uroderma (Fruchtvampire) typisch. Afrikanische Arten übernehmen gelegentlich verlassene Nester von Spechten.[1]
Mit der Dämmerung beginnen die Fledermäuse ihre Jagd auf Insekten wie Käfer, Nachtfalter oder Termiten.[1]
Meist bilden sich am Ruheplatz Gruppen mit weniger als 20 Mitgliedern. Gelegentlich kommen Kolonien mit etwa hundert Individuen vor. Für Scotophilus kuhlii sind Wochenstuben mit mehreren hundert Weibchen bekannt, in denen die Jungtiere aufgezogen werden. Allgemein werden nicht mehr als zwei Jungtiere pro Wurf geboren.[1]
Folgende Arten zählen zur Gattung Scotophilus. Von diesen wurden mehrere in den 2000er Jahren neu beschrieben oder von anderen Arten als eigenständiges Taxon getrennt.[4][3]
Die Hausfledermäuse (Scotophilus) sind eine Gattung von Fledermäusen aus der Familie Glattnasen (Vespertilionoidea). Die Arten leben in Afrika und Asien.
Scotophilus is a genus of vespertilionid bats commonly called yellow bats. They are found in southern Asia and Africa. They are the only members of the tribe Scotophilini.[1]
The African yellow house bat (Scotophilus dinganii) is larger than the lesser Asiatic yellow house bat but smaller than the giant yellow house bat. The average body length is 130 mm and the weight is about 27 grams. The African yellow house bat's face looks similar to that of a dog. The wings can be shades of either olive, grey or red. The back is covered with soft, short fur with a hint of brown, and the abdomen is covered with bright yellow fur. The color of the interfemoral membrane is brown and transparent.[3]
The lesser Asiatic yellow house bat (S. kuhlii) is smaller and leaner than the African yellow house bat. The total body length is about 120 mm and the average body weight is around 16 grams.[3] The forearm length can extend up to 52 mm. A unique physical characteristic of the lesser yellow house bat is the tail, which is long and covered with the interfemoral membrane between the hind legs. The lesser Asiatic yellow house bat has pointy ears and a dog-like face with a dull muzzle. The lesser Asiatic yellow house bat has soft dense yellowish-brown fur on the back. The abdomen fur is composed of either a white or off-white color.[4][5]
The greater Asiatic yellow house bat (Scotophilus heathii) is yellow-brown in color with a small hint of green on the back. The average forearm length is about 58 mm. The face of the greater Asiatic yellow house bat, like the other two, also resembles a dog's face. The belly is covered with bright yellow fur.[6]
Although an individual may roost singly, yellow house bats are grouping mammals. The amount of grouping yellow house bats varies depending on the capacity of a living place. A large cave can generate colonies of less than a hundred; otherwise, groups of 12 to 30 bats max is the common grouping amount in artificial habitats. Some yellow house bats may have more than just one roosting site around the foraging areas. This behavior serves as a mechanism of avoiding predation, interpreted by biologists. Yellow house bats are quite common in suburban areas. They live in nooks and crannies of houses, and are very quiet. Thus, it is difficult for humans to detect their movements nearby because they tend to fly very low at a steady speed, and they only go out for food when the sun sets. Once they go out for food, they continue to feast for approximately 2 hours to reach their full satiety, then rest during daytime. [3][5]
Like most other species of bats, yellow house bats give birth annually. A birth will often consist of two twin bats. The newborn bats are capable of flight at a very early age, allowing them to defend themselves and participate in the feeding frenzy.[3] Yellow house bats have a unique method of ensuring its pups' survival. When these bats breed, the female will postpone fertilization if necessary in order to time the birth so that the pups are born when prey is at its peak in numbers.[5] Yellow house bats are polygynous; they have multiple sexual partners during their mating season. The males of this species are competitive for female attention. They will defend the female if other males come into its territory.[7] The range of a male's territory depends on the resources that are readily available at the time.[7] The more abundant the food and shelter for the male, the smaller the territory it needs to defend. The female moves from roost-to-roost, usually in different male territories. Yellow house bats feed for about two hours a day.
Yellow house bats are fond of small insects. Depending on the habitats at the different regions, yellow house bats have different food preys. They prefer to feed on airborne insects, hymenopterans and dipterans, which can be found under the canopies of tall trees and riparian forests at nights. Small insects such as wasps, bees, moths, and beetles are all fearful of yellow house bats. Larger soft-bodied insects can also become yellow house bats' food.
Although secondary consumers such as owls, hawks, raccoons, snakes and gymnogene consume yellow house bats, these animals do not target bats as a primary food source due to the bats' nocturnal activity, while other predators tend to be diurnal.[8]
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Yellow house bats live in various habitats, ranging from woodland savannas, forests to mountains. However, they can also co-exist with humans in rural and urban areas. In the natural environments, they roost in dark caves, the dried leaves of palm trees, hollow tree trunks and so forth. In the vicinity of people, they live in crevices, cracks and holes in building walls, on the roofs of old houses and between overlapping corrugated iron sheets. Yellow house bats derive their name from their ease of adaptation to human presence. Whether they reside in natural surroundings or man-made constructions, they tuck themselves into narrow dark clefts. Some yellow house bats have a high tolerance for harsh weather; it is reported that African Yellow House Bats can live in both dry and moist Saharan habitats.[9][10][11][12][13]
The Sulawesi Yellow House Bat (Scotophilus celebensis) received its name from its location in Sulawesi, Indonesia. The population is currently unknown, as is the population trend. They tend to live in rather small colonies.[9]
The Sody's Yellow House Bat (Scotophilus collinus) can be found in western Java, Bali, Lombok, Flores, Timor, Semau and Rote islands in Indonesia, and Sabah in Malaysian Borneo. They have also been found on Lembata and the Aru Islands, possibly also on two islands in Indonesia. Like the Sulawesi Yellow House Bat, very little to nothing about its population is known.[10]
The African Yellow (House) Bat (Scotophilus dinganii) has a range in sub-Saharan Africa, from Senegal and the Gambia in the west to Ethiopia in the east, south to South Africa, Lesotho and Eswatini. There is no recording of this bat's population either.[11]
The Greater Asiatic Yellow House Bat (Scotophilus heathii), also known as the Common Yellow House Bat, is located in South and Southeast Asia, ranging throughout China, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. The bat has been documented from sea level to 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). The population is high and stable.[12]
The Lesser Asiatic Yellow House Bat (Scotophilu kuhlii) has a range similar to that of the Greater Asiatic Yellow House Bat's location, with the exception of some countries. The population trend is also the same as the Greater Asiatic Yellow House Bat.[13]
Scotophilus is a genus of vespertilionid bats commonly called yellow bats. They are found in southern Asia and Africa. They are the only members of the tribe Scotophilini.
Scotophilus es un género de murciélagos microquirópteros de la familia Vespertilionidae. Sus especies se distribuyen por África, Madagascar y el sur de Asia.
Se han descrito las siguientes especies:
Scotophilus es un género de murciélagos microquirópteros de la familia Vespertilionidae. Sus especies se distribuyen por África, Madagascar y el sur de Asia.
Scotophilus est un genre de chauves-souris de la famille des Vespertilionidae.
Le genre comprend essentiellement des chauves-souris trapues à tête aplatie et long tragus (auriculaire) effilé. Elles possèdent des glandes enflées aux coins de la bouche. Leur coloration est variable, du vert olive et jaune, au brun foncé et blanc cassé (surtout pour les zones ventrales)[1].
Scotophilus est un genre de chauves-souris de la famille des Vespertilionidae.
Scotophilus (Leach, 1821) è un genere di pipistrelli della famiglia dei Vespertilionidi.[1]
L'epiteto generico deriva dalla combinazione delle due parole greche σκοτος-, oscurità e -φίλος, amico.
Al genere Scotophilus appartengono pipistrelli di medie dimensioni, con lunghezza della testa e del corpo tra 60 e 117 mm, la lunghezza dell'avambraccio tra 42 e 88 mm, la lunghezza della coda tra 40 e 65 mm e un peso fino a 22 g.[2]
Il cranio è robusto, con una cresta sagittale ben sviluppata. Gli incisivi superiori sono grandi e ben sviluppati. I molari hanno la disposizione delle cuspidi a W incompleta.
Sono caratterizzati dalla seguente formula dentaria:
3 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 2 1 3 3 1 2 3 Totale: 30 1.Incisivi; 2.Canini; 3.Premolari; 4.Molari;Il corpo è robusto. Le parti superiori sono generalmente bruno-giallastre, mentre quelle ventrali possono variare dal giallo-brunastro al bianco. In alcune forme esistono due fasi distinte della colorazione. La testa è grande, il muso è largo, con due masse ghiandolari sui lati. Le narici sono semplici e si aprono leggermente verso l'esterno. Le orecchie sono corte, triangolari, ben separate tra loro e smussate. Il trago è grande, lungo e falciforme, l'antitrago è ben sviluppato. I piedi sono relativamente grandi, mentre il calcar è robusto e provvisto di un lobo terminale spesso poco sviluppato. La coda è lunga e si estende leggermente oltre il margine esterno dell'uropatagio.
Il genere è diffuso in gran parte dell'Africa subsahariana, in Madagascar e nelle Isole Mascarene (Riunione), in Asia dal Medio Oriente fino alle Filippine e all'isola di Sulawesi.[3]
Il genere comprende 18 specie:[1]
Scotophilus (Leach, 1821) è un genere di pipistrelli della famiglia dei Vespertilionidi.
Scotophilus is een geslacht van zoogdieren uit de familie van de Vespertilionidae (Gladneuzen).
De wetenschappelijke naam van het geslacht werd voor het eerst gepubliceerd door William Elford Leach in 1821.[1] In 1875 publiceerde George Edward Dobson een nieuwe beschrijving van Scotophilus.[2] Volgens hem was de beschrijving van Leach ontoereikend; ze was gebaseerd op een onvolwassen specimen van een vleermuis, waarvan de soort moeilijk te bepalen was.
De soorten komen voor in tropische en subtropische streken in het oostelijk halfrond, in Afrika, Azië en Australië.
Scotophilus is een geslacht van zoogdieren uit de familie van de Vespertilionidae (Gladneuzen).
De wetenschappelijke naam van het geslacht werd voor het eerst gepubliceerd door William Elford Leach in 1821. In 1875 publiceerde George Edward Dobson een nieuwe beschrijving van Scotophilus. Volgens hem was de beschrijving van Leach ontoereikend; ze was gebaseerd op een onvolwassen specimen van een vleermuis, waarvan de soort moeilijk te bepalen was.
De soorten komen voor in tropische en subtropische streken in het oostelijk halfrond, in Afrika, Azië en Australië.
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Ciemnolubek[4] (Scotophilus) – rodzaj ssaka z podrodziny mroczków (Vespertilioninae) w rodzinie mroczkowatych (Vespertilionidae).
Rodzaj obejmuje gatunki występujące w Afryce i Azji[5].
Do rodzaju należą następujące gatunki[5][4]:
Ciemnolubek (Scotophilus) – rodzaj ssaka z podrodziny mroczków (Vespertilioninae) w rodzinie mroczkowatych (Vespertilionidae).
Scotophilus é um gênero de morcegos da família Vespertilionidae, encontrado na África e Ásia.
Scotophilus é um gênero de morcegos da família Vespertilionidae, encontrado na África e Ásia.
Scotophilus[1] är ett släkte av fladdermöss som ingår i familjen läderlappar (Vespertilionidae).[1][2]
Arterna når en kroppslängd (huvud och bål) av 60 till 117 mm och en svanslängd av 40 till 65 mm. De väger cirka 15 till 22 g och har 42 till 89 mm långa underarmar.[3] Ett undantag är Scotophilus nigrita som blir med en vikt av cirka 89 g mycket tyngre.[4] Scotophilus kännetecknas av en robust kropp samt kraftiga käkar och tänder. Pälsens färg varierar mellan olika arter och populationer. Oftast förekommer gulbruna färger på ovansidan och blek gula till vitaktiga färger på undersidan. Scotophilus kuhlii och kanske även andra arter byter pälsfärg under årets lopp.[3]
Dessa fladdermöss förekommer i varma regioner av Afrika och södra Asien inklusive tillhörande öar.[3] Arterna kan anpassa sig till olika habitat. Vissa hittas främst i skogar och andra lever i savanner. I släktet finns även kulturföljare.[5]
Individerna vilar ofta i byggnader, främst under tak där höga temperaturer uppstår. Andra viloplatser som används är håligheter i träd och ihåliga stjälkar av stora palmblad. Individer av arten Scotophilus kuhlii hittades även i tältliknande konstruktioner av blad. Liknande konstruktioner byggs av det sydamerikanska släktet Uroderma. I Afrika används övergivna bon som skapades av hackspettar.[3]
Viloplatsen lämnas under skymningen för att jaga flygande och marklevande insekter som skalbaggar, nattfjärilar och termiter. Gruppernas storlek vid viloplatsen varierar. Vanligast är mindre flockar med upp till 20 individer. Ibland bildas större kolonier med hundra eller några fler medlemmar. Hos Scotophilus kuhlii observerades under fortplantningstiden kolonier med endast honor.[3]
Fortplantningssättet är beroende på art. Allmänt föds en till två ungar per kull.[3]
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Scotophilus.
Wikispecies har information om Scotophilus.
Scotophilus är ett släkte av fladdermöss som ingår i familjen läderlappar (Vespertilionidae).
Середня довжина тіла становить 130 мм, а вага становить близько 27 грамів. Крила можуть бути відтінків оливкового, сірого або червоного кольору. Спина покрита м'якою, короткою шерстю відтінків коричневого кольору, черево вкрите яскраво-жовтим хутром.
Загальна довжина тіла становить близько 120 мм, а середня маса тіла становить близько 16 грамів. Довжина передпліччя може доходити до 52 мм. Має м'яке щільне жовтувато-коричневе хутро на спині. Черевне хутро білого або брудно-білого кольору.
Жовто-коричневого кольору з невеликим натяком на зелений на спині. Черево вкрите яскраво-жовтим хутром. Середня довжина передпліччя становить близько 58 мм.
Хоча деякі особини можуть спочивати окремо, загалом Scotophilus гуртові тварини. У природному середовищі, вони ночують у темних печерах, висушеному листі пальм, порожнистих деревах і так далі. Досить часто зустрічаються в приміських районах. Вони живуть в затишних куточках і тріщинах будинків, і поводяться дуже тихо. Літають дуже низько з постійною швидкістю, і виходять тільки за їжею, коли сонце сідає. Люблять дрібних комах.
Народжують щороку, часто двох близнюків. Новонароджені кажани здатні до польоту в дуже ранньому віці.
Scotophilus là một chi động vật có vú trong họ Dơi muỗi, bộ Dơi. Chi này được Leach miêu tả năm 1821.[1] Loài điển hình của chi này là Scotophilus kuhlii Leach, 1821.
Chi này gồm các loài:
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Phương tiện liên quan tới Scotophilus tại Wikimedia Commons
Bài viết họ Dơi muỗi này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Scotophilus là một chi động vật có vú trong họ Dơi muỗi, bộ Dơi. Chi này được Leach miêu tả năm 1821. Loài điển hình của chi này là Scotophilus kuhlii Leach, 1821.
노랑박쥐속 또는 구대륙노랑박쥐속(Scotophilus)은 애기박쥐과에 속하는 박쥐 속이다. 남아시아와 아프리카에서 발견된다.
다음은 애기박쥐아과의 계통 분류이다.[1]
애기박쥐아과 흰배박쥐족 문둥이박쥐족 저녁박쥐족 애기박쥐족
