Flavoparmelia soredians (Nyl.) Hale

Pseudoparmelia soredians

Pseudoparmelia soredians (Nylander) Hale, 1974:191.

Parmelia soredians Nylander, 1872:426 [type collection: Força, Reale, Spain, Nylander (H, Nylander herbarium number 34690, lectotype)].

Parmelia conspersa var. polyphylla f. sorediosa Müller Argoviensis, 1891:378 [type collection: San Miguel, Azores, Godman (G, lectotype)].

Parmelia san-miguelii Gyelnik, 1931b:288 [type collection: based on P. conspersa var. polyphylla f. sorediosa Müller Argoviensis].

Parmelia halmaiana Gyelnik, 1935:47 [type collection: Bergues, France, Bouly de Lesdain, in Zahlbruckner Lichenes Rariores Exsiccati 236 (BP, holotype; BM, BPI, MICH, UPS, isotypes)].

DESCRIPTION.—Thallus adnate on branches and trunks of trees, rarely on rocks, yellowish green, 6–15 cm broad; lobes subirregular, apically rotund, 2–5 mm wide; upper surface plane, shiny, becoming rugose toward the center, sorediate, soralia orbicular, coalescing, often occurring along ridges and wrinkles; lower surface black except for a marginal brown zone, sparsely rhizinate, the rhizines black. Apothecia rare, adnate; spores not seen.

CHEMISTRY.—Cortex K−, medulla K+ yellow turning red, C−, KC−, P+ orange; usnic acid and salazinic acid.

DISTRIBUTION.—Europe, Central and South Africa, Argentina, Chile, and New Zealand.

HABITAT.—On trees and rarely on rocks in open forests.