Bromus pumpellianus Scribn.

The stiff hairs of the spikelets are the only consistent and easily interpreted character by which this species can be separated from Bro-mus inermis. However, this is generally not a very reliable character in Bromus.

This species has been incorrectly named Bromus richardsonii Link by some authors.

Perennial, with creeping stolons. Culms erect, 60–120 cm tall, 4–6-noded, with dense, reflexed hairs. Leaf sheaths glabrous or sparsely reflexed pubescent; leaf blades ca. 15 cm × 6–7 mm, adaxial surface sparsely pubescent, abaxial surface and margin scabrid; ligule ca. 1 mm, apex erose. Panicle spreading, ca. 20 cm; branches 2–4 per node, 2–6 cm, each bearing 1 or 2 spikelets. Spikelets 25–40 × 5–8 mm wide, florets 9–13; rachilla internodes 2–2.5 mm, pubescent or spinulose; lower glume 7–9 mm, 1-veined, upper glume 9–11 mm, 3-veined, margins membranous, apex acuminate; lemmas lanceolate, 10–14 × ca. 1.5 mm in side view, 7-veined, intermediate and marginal veins short or inconspicuous, margins membranous, keel and margins often proximally stiffly pubescent, hairs 1–2 mm, awned from apex; awn 2–5 mm; palea slightly shorter than lemma, keels stiffly ciliate. Anthers 4–6 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun–Aug. 2n = 28.

Heilongjiang, Nei Mongol, Shanxi [Russia; W North America].

Mid-mountain meadows, thickets, grassy areas in river valleys; 1000–2500 m.

Bromopsis pumpelliana (Scribner) Holub; Bromus inermis (Leysser) Holub subsp. pumpellianus (Scribner) Wagnon; B. uralensis Govoruchin; Zerna pumpelliana (Scribner) Tzvelev.

arctic brome
Pumpelly brome
Pumpelly's brome
Rocky Mountain brome

More info for the terms: caryopsis, culm, fruit, graminoid

Arctic brome is a native, perennial graminoid [15]. Culms are 20 to
47 inches (50 to 120 cm) tall [1,15]. Leaves are 0.16 to 0.39 inches
(4-10 mm) wide [1,17] and 4 to 8 inches (10-20 cm) long [1]. There are
generally two to four culm leaves [16]. The inflorescence is a narrow
panicle 2 to 8 inches (5-20 cm) long [14,15,16]. Spikelets are seven to
eleven flowered [1,15]. The lemma is 0.39 to 0.47 inches (10-12 mm)
long [14] and is generally short-awned [1,17]. The fruit is a caryopsis
[12]. Arctic brome has well-developed creeping rhizomes [15,16] and
forms colonies [16].

Arctic brome occurs from Alaska and northwestern Canada south through
the Rocky Mountains to Colorado and east to the Black Hills of South
Dakota [1,14,15,16]. There are disjunct populations in southern Ontario
and in Michigan at the northern end of Lake Michigan [16,31].

More info for the term: fire regime

Since arctic brome can reproduce vegetatively [15,17], it probably
sprouts from rhizomes after aerial portions are burned.

FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".

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More info for the terms: geophyte, hemicryptophyte

Hemicryptophyte
Geophyte

More info for the terms: hardwood, permafrost, tundra

Arctic brome occurs on moist to dry sites. It is found in woods [9],
meadows, and on grassy slopes [14,15]. In interior Alaska it occurs on
warm, dry sites on steep, south-facing slopes in young mixed hardwood
and white spruce (Picea glauca) stands [33]. In Michigan it grows on
sandy shores and dunes at the northern edge of Lake Michigan [31]. In
western Montana it occurs in moist montane or subalpine meadows [20,22].
In Colorado it is found on dry rocky slopes [14].

Arctic brome grows on a variety of soil types. It occurs on gravelly
sandy clay loam on arctic alluvial fan tundra in the central Brooks
Range [8]. It is found on rocky, shallow, poorly developed soil on
bluffs in the upper Yukon valley in east-central Alaska [10]. It occurs
on deep, well-drained mineral loess soils that are rich in organics and
are underlain by permafrost on pingos near Prudhoe Bay, Alaska. Pingo
permafrost thaws more deeply in summer than that of surrounding land
[32]. Arctic brome grows on marine deltas and eroding sandy seashores
of Amundsen Gulf [7]. It occurs on shallow, well-drained sandy loam
soil on a wind-disturbed butte top in southeastern Montana [25] and on
sandy loam on the Palliser winter range in Banff National Park, Alberta
[26].

Arctic brome occurs on soils with pH 7.0 to 8.0 in north-central
Alaska. These soils are wind-deposited from calcareous sediments [32].
It was grown successfully on silty loam soil with pH 6.2 near Palmer,
Alaska [23].

In the Rocky Mountains arctic brome is abundant up to about 11,000
feet (3,353 m) elevation, depending on latitude and other conditions
[15]. In Banff National Park it occurs from 6,204 to 7,205 feet
(1,891-2,196 m). It was found at 3,700 feet (1,128 m) in northwestern
Montana [20]. In east-central Alaska it was recorded at 2,297 feet (700
m) elevation [10], and in the Northwest Territories it was found at sea
level [7].

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This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

25 Sugar maple - beech - yellow birch
201 White spruce
202 White spruce - paper birch
210 Interior Douglas-fir
237 Interior ponderosa pine
251 White spruce - aspen

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This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

FRES18 Maple - beech - birch
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES23 Fir - spruce
FRES29 Sagebrush
FRES36 Mountain grasslands
FRES37 Mountain meadows
FRES44 Alpine

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This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the term: forest

K012 Douglas-fir forest
K015 Western spruce - fir forest
K017 Black Hills pine forest
K050 Fescue - wheatgrass
K051 Wheatgrass - bluegrass
K052 Alpine meadows and barren
K055 Sagebrush steppe
K106 Northern hardwoods

The native perennial species of brome (Bromus spp.) form a considerable
portion of the forage in open woods of the mountain regions of the
western United States. Arctic brome is abundant, good forage for all
classes of livestock [15].

Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep in Jasper National Park, Alberta, ate
arctic brome during July and early August 1968-70. However, its
utilization was less than its availability. Though available, it was
not recorded as being utilized in Waterton Lakes or Banff national parks
[26].

Arctic brome has been crossed with smooth brome to produce the
cultivar "Polar" bromegrass. It is a long-lived and productive forage
crop in south-central Alaska [18].

More info for the terms: forest, tundra

Arctic brome is listed as a stand type in the following published
description of plant communities:

Steppe vegetation on south-facing slopes of pingos, central arctic
Coastal Plain, Alaska, U.S.A. [32]

Species associated with arctic brome are listed for arctic alluvial
fan tundra in the central Brooks Range of Alaska [8], for steppe
communities on bluffs within the boreal forest of east-central Alaska
[10], and for forest vegetation in young, mixed stands in uplands near
Fairbanks, Alaska [33]. Associates are listed for the northwestern
Northwest Territories on the coast of Amundsen Gulf [7] and on the
MacKenzie River Delta [6]. Associates are also listed for relatively
undisturbed mountain grasslands in Wyoming [28], for an undisturbed dry
butte site in southeastern Montana [25], and for a prairie in
northwestern Montana that reflects past agricultural use and the present
effects of grazing disturbance [20].

More info for the term: graminoid

Graminoid

More info for the term: seed

In Wyoming arctic brome decreases with grazing pressure [28].

Arctic brome seed should be planted at shallow depth. It grows best
on moderately moist soil [12].

At the Matanuska Research Farm in south-central Alaska, arctic brome
planted May 24, 1984, and harvested in 1984, 1985, and 1986, produced a
3-year total of 7.69 tons of forage per acre. Seeding rate was 22
pounds per acre; commercial fertilizer was applied. Arctic brome
compared favorably with 29 other strains of grasses tested for forage
production. It also showed excellent winter survival and spring vigor [19].

Arctic brome had a higher mean Nutritive Value Index for five tested
stages of growth than did any of the other 20 native and cultivated
grasses studied at Lethbridge, Alberta. Arctic brome had 12.7 percent
protein in the leaf stage of growth. Protein, phosphorus, and carotene
decreased with advancing maturity; calcium and crude fiber increased [5].

Arctic brome, native to the Matanuska Valley near Palmer, Alaska, was
1 of 17 indigenous and introduced grass species evaluated for forage
yield and quality in that area . It was grown over a 3-year period, and
harvested twice each year. Of the two arctic brome accessions, one
ranked fourteenth out of 38 accessions in 3-year average yield; the
other was not as successful. Arctic brome had good nutritional
quality, with sufficient percentages of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium,
calcium, and magnesium to produce moderate gain on a growing 440-pound
(200-kg) steer [23].

AK CO ID MI MT SD WY AB ON YT

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In Colorado arctic brome seeds mature from August 10 to September 10
at higher elevations and somewhat earlier at lower elevations [12].

More info for the terms: herb, rhizome

Rhizomatous herb, rhizome in soil

More info for the term: seed

Arctic brome sprouts from perennating buds at the base of the culms
[16] and from rhizomes [15]. It also reproduces by seed [17].

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This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):

8 Northern Rocky Mountains
9 Middle Rocky Mountains
10 Wyoming Basin
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
15 Black Hills Uplift

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More info for the term: tundra

Facultative Seral Species

Arctic brome occurs on some recently disturbed sites, and is also
present in seral and undisturbed stands. Arctic brome is occasionally
found in disturbed sites and on sandy banks in the Caribou Hills, near
Eskimo Lakes, and on the Arctic coast in the McKenzie River Delta region
of the northwestern Northwest Territories [6].

In the central Brooks Range, arctic brome did not appear 4 or 11 years
after disturbance on tundra alluvial fans. It was present on undisturbed
sites [8].

Bromus inermis Leyss. ssp. pumpellianus (Scribn.) Wagnon [2,16,22]

The currently accepted scientific name of arctic brome is Bromus
pumpellianus Scribn. [14,17,31,34]. It is in the family Poaceae.
Recognized subspecies and varieties are as follows:

B. p. subsp. dicksonii Mitchell & Wilton (a tetraploid) [3]
B. p. subsp. pumpellianus (an octoploid) [3]
B. p. var. arcticus (Shear) Pors. [7,17]
B. p. var. villosissimus Hult. [17]

Arctic brome hybridizes readily with smooth brome (Bromus inermis)
where their ranges overlap [14,16,17].

More info for the terms: seed, selection, tundra

Arctic brome was evaluated for revegetation potential in the
Richardson Mountains of the northeastern Yukon Territory. Seeding was
done June 7, 1979. Seedling emergence was 96.7 percent in that year.
In 1980 survival was 63.3 percent, in 1981 it was 40.0 percent, and by
1985 there were no surviving plants. There was no seed production by
arctic brome in any year. The arctic brome selection was a northern
type, but it was apparently not adapted for survival at this severe
northern Yukon site [30].

Arctic brome did not establish on scarified arctic tundra sites of a
construction-disturbed alluvial fan in the central Brooks Range. Some
sites were planted with grasses (other than arctic brome) and others
were not; 4 and 11 years after treatments arctic brome occurred only
on undisturbed control plots [8].

Bromus pumpellianus là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Hòa thảo. Loài này được Scribn. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1888.

耐酸草（学名：Bromus pumpellianus）为禾本科雀麦属下的一个种。