El llop d'Alaska (Canis lupus pambasileus) és una subespècie de llop, el qual fou classificat com a tal l'any 1905 pel zoòleg Daniel Elliot.[1]
Menja caribús, ants, muflons de Dall, llebres i marmotes.[1]
Es troba per tot l'interior d'Alaska i del Yukon, llevat de la costa àrtica.[1][2]
El llop d'Alaska (Canis lupus pambasileus) és una subespècie de llop, el qual fou classificat com a tal l'any 1905 pel zoòleg Daniel Elliot.
Vlk černý (Canis lupus pambasileus), nazývaný též yukonský vlk, je poddruhem vlka obecného (Canis lupus). Vlk černý byl popsán v roce 1905 zoologem Danielem Elliotem.[1]
Vlk černý žije v Severní Americe v oblasti Aljašky a Yukonu, kromě tundrovité oblasti na pobřeží Arktidy. Vlk černý má obvykle tmavou barvu, nejčastěji černou nebo hnědou, popř. černou ve směsi s hnědou, šedou nebo bílou. Vlk černý je v dospělosti poměrně velký, měří 150 až 210 cm na délku od špičky čenichu ke konci ocasu. Dospělý vlk váží 45 až 54 kg. Je to v současné době pravděpodobně největší vlk v Severní Americe.
Vlk černý loví především karibu, losy, bizony, divoké ovce, králíky a sysly. Pohybuje se ve smečkách, které čítají pět až osm dospělých členů.
Vlci byli řadu let loveni místním obyvatelstvem, především kvůli kožešině. Po příchodu Evropanů do Severní Ameriky byla populace vlků postupně zdecimována. Jenom částečný podíl na úbytku vlků mají nemoci jako psinka nebo vzteklina. V očích veřejnosti má vlk negativní obraz „velkého zlého vlka“.
Na počátku roku 2009 vláda Aljašky schválila lov vlků a dalších zvířat z helikoptér. Jako důvod uvedla, že je nutné kontrolovat jejich populaci. Původně dokonce byla navržena za každé zabité zvíře odměna 150 dolarů. Odměna nakonec nebyla schválena. Ale i tak začalo zabíjení vlků v oblasti Horního Yukonu. A to i těch, kteří měli na krku malé vysílače z důvodu vědeckého pozorování. Zástupce ochránců přírody Aljašky Wade Willis proti tomu protestoval s tím, že takový postup nelze rozumně odůvodnit. [2]
Vlk černý (Canis lupus pambasileus), nazývaný též yukonský vlk, je poddruhem vlka obecného (Canis lupus). Vlk černý byl popsán v roce 1905 zoologem Danielem Elliotem.
The Interior Alaskan wolf[3][4] (Canis lupus pambasileus), also known as the Yukon wolf, is a subspecies of gray wolf native to parts of British Columbia, the Northwest Territories,[5] Interior Alaska and Yukon.[4]
It is recognized as a subspecies of Canis lupus in the taxonomic authority Mammal Species of the World (2005).[6] It was first described in 1905 by the American zoologist Daniel Elliot as Canis pambasileus and with the name "autocrat timber wolf", based on a specimen from the Susitna River, Mount McKinley region, Alaska. Elliot distinguishes this wolf by the teeth in both jaws being large and heavy, and along with the skull exceed those of C. l. occidentalis (the Northwestern wolf) of a comparable body size. This wolf's coat ranges from black to white or a mix of both.[2] In 1944, the American zoologist Edward Goldman recognized this wolf as Canis lupus pambasileus Elliot, 1905 and with the name "Interior Alaskan wolf".[3]
The wolf has a height of 85 cm (33.5 in) and a length between 150 and 196 cm with an average male weight of 56.3 kilograms (124 lb) and for females 38.5 kilograms (85 lb). Individual weights can vary from 32 kilograms (71 lb) to 60 kilograms (130 lb).[5] In Yukon-Charley Rivers National Preserve male wolves average 56.3 kg (111 lb) and females 44 kg (97 lb); in Denali National Park and Preserve male wolves average 52.6 kg (105 lb).[7] One specimen weighed 81.4 kilograms (179 lb).[8][9] It was killed on 70 Mile River in east-central Alaska on July 12, 1939.[10] One wolf was purported to weigh 212 pounds (96 kg), however large Alaskan wolves are known to hold up to 20 pounds (9.1 kg) of moose meat in their stomachs.[11] The most common color for this subspecies is tawny grey or tan, but can also range from white to black. The lifespan ranges from 4 to 10 years, the oldest being 12 years.[5]
Average pack size is 7 to 9 wolves, but can vary; like other wolves, the pack consists of a mated pair and their offspring. The pair is usually the only ones that breed. A wolf that has left its pack may travel up to 500 km (310.7 mi) to breed. The minimum breeding age is 1 year, and the average litter size is 4–6 pups.[12]
While exact data is not available, it is suspected that various types of diseases, such as rabies and distemper, affect this subspecies, sometimes to the point that the stability of the subspecies is changed in parts of its region.[13]
This wolf is native to the interior of Alaska, United States, and the Yukon, Canada save for the tundra region of the Arctic Coast.[4] Yukon wolves' main habitats are boreal forests, alpine, subalpine, and Arctic tundra. The population in Canadian Yukon is estimated to be 5,000, which ranges in all of Yukon except for Kluane National Park. The population density depends on prey, with the densest population being in Teslin, Yukon, Canada where there are 9 wolves per 1,000 square kilometers (386.1 sq mi), while the least dense is in Northern Yukon, with 3 wolves per 1,000 square kilometers.[12]
The diet of this wolf varies by region – moose is the main prey in southern Yukon, followed by boreal woodland caribou and Dall sheep. Barren-ground caribou is main prey in the North Slope. When hunting moose, wolves mainly kill calves and old moose when fleeing. Usually the hunting success rate for moose is 10% in one hunt, and a pack usually kill a moose every 5 to 6 days to eat for 2 – 3 days. Moose are more likely to stand their ground than caribou, which tend to flee, decreasing their survival rate. Wolves usually kill a caribou every 3 days during winter and eat for a day. Dall sheep are common prey in Kluane Game Sanctuary and National Park when moose and caribou are not available.[12]
In pre-colonial Canada, the local Aboriginal population hunted this wolf for its fur. This continued into the 1800s, with colonists selling wolf furs to Aboriginal tribes in the area, who used them to line their clothing.[14]
The first true mapping of the wolf population in the Yukon began in the 1950s and, subsequently, a program of wolf-poisoning began. This came about because of the public stigma regarding wolves during the time.[15]
A plan known as the Yukon Wolf Conservation and Management Plan was created in the 1980s by the Yukon government in order to determine a method to control the population of wolves in Yukon. The studies that would be conducted under it were composed of two points. The first was that a reduction in the wolf population would only occur in one specified testing area at a time, of which no two could be occurring simultaneously in Yukon. The second point was that no hunting whatsoever would be allowed within the testing area, in order to have a strict control and understanding of the results of any study. The studies would also be conducted in only 7 of the 23 ecoregions in Yukon.[16]
The aftereffects of the plan in the 2000s involved continued study and the creation of "rigid guidelines for ensuring long-term wolf conservation" and limited the amount of wolf control enacted by decreasing the scope and length of any future studies. The planning group also set forth methods of increasing public awareness of the importance of wolves and making more strict wolf hunting laws. The plan was eventually, however, opposed by environmental groups who did not wish for wolf control in any form.[17][18]
The first control program was started because of observations and complaints by the people of Ross River that the Filayson herd of caribou has been declining in size. In response, the government, from the beginning of the program to 1989, reduced the number of wolf packs in the area from 25 to 7, which involved reducing the number of individual members from 215 to 29. In order to test if a concurrent effort would have a greater effect, hunting any caribou in the herd was also limited and controlled by a strict permit system.[19]
The result was that the number of caribou more than doubled and the number of wolves returned to their previous count before the control period. However, since the end of the program, the number of caribou has once again begun to steadily decline, though the health of the herd has remained stable regardless. While the government has wished to continue efforts at wolf control in the area, an agreement could not be made with the First Nation peoples of Ross River, so the effort was eventually abandoned.[19]
A five-year control program created as a part of the Yukon Wolf Plan ended in 1997 that detailed the extermination of around 80% of the Yukon wolf population within southwest Yukon, specifically around the Aishihik area. This was accomplished by aerial wolf hunting and through the use of snares[15] and traps. Numerous wolves were also neutered in the years between 1994 and 1997. After recovering the bodies of slain wolves, the pelts were removed and sold.[16][20]
The program was a test on whether decreased wolf population would cause the population of caribou, moose, and Dall sheep to increase.[16][21] Subsequently, it could be decided that the major limiting factor in terms of the population growth of these species is attributed to predation by the Yukon wolf. The resulting evidence showed that, while the Yukon wolf greatly affected and controlled the population of moose, the survival rate of adult caribou was not affected by the decrease in the number of wolves in the area, nor was the Dall sheep population affected at all. Thus, the study concluded that the Yukon wolf, along with hunting by humans, was one of the greatest controlling factors for the moose population and for the caribou population as a whole.[16]
The study also concluded that, in future testing areas, lethal methods of reducing wolf populations would be minimized, as it was clearly found during the study that sterilization was far more effective in controlling the population and it also did not affect wolf behavior.[16]
In 1994, during the study, a big game outfitter was convicted in court of attempting to convince guides in the area to place poison on the ground. Some poisoned Yukon wolves and birds were found in the Aishihik testing area and 4 of the packs in the area lowered from 38 individual members to 8 members.[16]
The third study and control program under the Yukon Wolf Plan began under the insistence of the White River and the Kluane First Nation in regards to the Chisana caribou herd that roamed around the Saint Elias Mountains in the area. They had observed that caribou numbers has dropped from over 3000 in the early 1960s to around 400 by the 1990s. The Yukon government's first response was to inactivate all hunting permits in the area. Afterwards, various studies were conducted on the herd in order to determine what could be causing it to continuously decline.[19]
Both the government and the local community were against enacting another aerial wolf hunting program and, so, the Yukon wolves were left alone in the area. Instead, a process of helping breed caribou was enacted that has, thus far, been fairly successful. Further breeding attempts and studies are still ongoing.[19]
In early 2009, the US Board of Game passed through a plan by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game that allowed " the state to hire private helicopters to kill wolves." The plan itself had been given to the Board of Game after the period of public comment has passed, which made it so that the public had no say in the plan or its workings. The Alaska division of the Defenders of Wildlife was outraged over these actions, stating that "the Palin administration and the Board of Game are acting with complete disregard for scientific wildlife management."[22]
A few days later, an abrupt government-sanctioned aerial wolf hunt began in Alaska. It was initiated within only a few hours after the Alaska Department of Fish and Game told the National Park Service that such an effort was going to be undertaken in the area around Tanana. With about 200 wolves being the goal stated for the hunt, more than 30 were killed within the first day, including those that had been radio-collared for research purposes. The National Park Service was greatly displeased with the loss of collared wolves, as they had been part of a 20-year study.[22]
Before the hunt began, the National Park Service released a statement that said that, if the hunting plan was continued to completion, "this would leave one-to-two wolves per 1,000 square kilometers in the Upper Yukon Wolf Control Area, approximating the lowest known wolf population densities in Alaska."[22]
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{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) The Interior Alaskan wolf (Canis lupus pambasileus), also known as the Yukon wolf, is a subspecies of gray wolf native to parts of British Columbia, the Northwest Territories, Interior Alaska and Yukon.
El lobo del Yukón (Canis lupus pambasileus) también conocido como lobo negro de Alaska es una subespecie de lobo que habita en el Yukón y alrededores. En edad adulta alcanza un peso medio de entre 45 y 70 kilos, lo que convierte a esta subespecie en una de las de mayor tamaño de lobo del mundo, siéndolo probablemente de América.[2] Vive en manadas en torno a los 8 ejemplares, en itinerancia, en ocasiones siguiendo a sus presas habituales. Estudios recientes confirman que en algunas zonas de su hábitat está afectado por enfermedades como el moquillo o la rabia que repercute en su población.[3]
Antes de la llegada de los europeos a Norteamérica los aborígenes cazaban a esta especie por su apreciada piel, algo que los colonizadores siguieron practicando, incluso con el fin de vender la piel a las poblaciones autóctonas, si bien más tarde ante el aumento de la población humana se sumó el envenenamiento como uso para diezmar a las poblaciones de lobos en parte por los conflictos surgidos, en parte por el estigma que esta especie suele tener. Hasta la década de los 50 del siglo XX no se realizaron censos sobre la población y estado de la especie.[4]
En la actualidad existe cierta polémica dado que el gobierno de Alaska presidido por Sarah Palin ha incentivado la caza aérea de lobos y otras especies como osos, aludiendo que es necesario controlar su población proponiendo pagos por cada ejemplar cazado, algo que finalmente no pudo aprobarse dado que las recompensas a cazadores están prohibidas desde la década de los 90 del siglo XX. Grupos ecologistas, de ciudadanos e incluso personajes famosos han protestado por tal decisión y cuestionan que estas especies presenten superabundancia. Otros alegan razones políticas a tales críticas.[5]
Esta especie está reconocida como una subespecie de Canis lupus por la autoridad taxonómica Mammal Species of the World (2005).[6] Fue descrito por primera vez en 1905 por el zoólogo estadounidense Daniel Elliot como Canis pambasileus y con el nombre de "lobo autócrata maderero", basándose en un ejemplar del río Susitna, región del monte Denali (Alaska). Elliot distingue a este lobo por los dientes de ambas mandíbulas que son grandes y pesados, y junto con el cráneo superan a los de C. l. occidentalis (el lobo del Mackenzie) de un tamaño corporal comparable. Su pelaje va del negro al blanco o una mezcla de ambos.[7] En 1944, el zoólogo americano Edward Goldman reconoció a este lobo como Canis lupus pambasileus Elliot, 1905 y con el nombre de "lobo de Alaska interior".[8]
Datos: Q430115
Especies: Canis lupus pambasileus
El lobo del Yukón (Canis lupus pambasileus) también conocido como lobo negro de Alaska es una subespecie de lobo que habita en el Yukón y alrededores. En edad adulta alcanza un peso medio de entre 45 y 70 kilos, lo que convierte a esta subespecie en una de las de mayor tamaño de lobo del mundo, siéndolo probablemente de América. Vive en manadas en torno a los 8 ejemplares, en itinerancia, en ocasiones siguiendo a sus presas habituales. Estudios recientes confirman que en algunas zonas de su hábitat está afectado por enfermedades como el moquillo o la rabia que repercute en su población.
Antes de la llegada de los europeos a Norteamérica los aborígenes cazaban a esta especie por su apreciada piel, algo que los colonizadores siguieron practicando, incluso con el fin de vender la piel a las poblaciones autóctonas, si bien más tarde ante el aumento de la población humana se sumó el envenenamiento como uso para diezmar a las poblaciones de lobos en parte por los conflictos surgidos, en parte por el estigma que esta especie suele tener. Hasta la década de los 50 del siglo XX no se realizaron censos sobre la población y estado de la especie.
En la actualidad existe cierta polémica dado que el gobierno de Alaska presidido por Sarah Palin ha incentivado la caza aérea de lobos y otras especies como osos, aludiendo que es necesario controlar su población proponiendo pagos por cada ejemplar cazado, algo que finalmente no pudo aprobarse dado que las recompensas a cazadores están prohibidas desde la década de los 90 del siglo XX. Grupos ecologistas, de ciudadanos e incluso personajes famosos han protestado por tal decisión y cuestionan que estas especies presenten superabundancia. Otros alegan razones políticas a tales críticas.
Il lupo dello Yukon (Canis lupus pambasileus) è una sottospecie nordamericana di lupo grigio, diffuso nell'entroterra settentrionale dell'Alaska (esclusa la regione della tundra costiera, abitata dal lupo della tundra d'Alaska, mentre nell'entroterra meridionale vi abita il lupo nordoccidentale) e nello Yukon.[1]
Dal 2005, la Mammal Species of the World lo considera una sottospecie valida.[2] Il primo a riconoscerlo come sottospecie distinta fu David Elliot nel 1905, basandosi sul cranio e soprattutto sui denti, entrambi più grandi di quelli del lupo nordoccidentale.[3]
Il lupo dello Yukon può arrivare ad un'altezza di 85 cm. Il peso medio dei maschi è di 43 kg, mentre quello delle femmine è di 37 kg. La maggior parte dei lupi dello Yukon rientra in un range di massa che va dai 21 ai 55 kg.[4] Nella riserva nazionale dei fiumi Yukon-Charley il peso medio dei maschi è di 50,3 kg, mentre quello delle femmine 44 kg; invece, nel Parco nazionale di Denali, mediamente i lupi maschi pesano 47,6 kg.[5] Il lupo dello Yukon più pesante mai registrato fu un enorme maschio pesante 79,6 kg:[6][7] venne ucciso presso il fiume 70 Miles, nell'Alaska centro-orientale, il 12 luglio 1939.[8] Si racconta anche di un lupo che ha raggiunto i 96 kg; tuttavia, i lupi dello Yukon possono contenere nel loro stomaco fino a 9,1 kg di carne.[9] Il colore della pelliccia è solitamente grigio scuro o marrone chiaro, ma può variare dal bianco al nero. La vita media del lupo dello Yukon è compresa tra i 4 e i 10 anni, ma un esemplare raggiunse i 12.[4]
In media, un branco di lupi dello Yukon è composto dai 7 ai 9 esemplari, ma il numero di animali può variare. Come per le altre sottospecie, anch'esso consiste in una coppia di genitori (la cosiddetta coppia alpha) seguita dalla loro prole. Un lupo alla ricerca di un nuovo branco può percorrere fino a 500 km. L'età riproduttiva è raggiunta ad un anno, è la cucciolata media è composta da 4-6 lupacchiotti.[4]
Anche se non esistono studi scientifici al riguardo, si pensa che malattie come la rabbia o il cimurro possano influenzare le popolazioni di lupo dello Yukon, al punto che in alcune regioni mettono a repentaglio la stabilità della sottospecie.[10]
Il lupo dello Yukon è nativo della regione canadese dello Yukon e delle regioni interne settentrionali dell'Alaska.[1] Evita le zone di tundra costiera dell'Alaska (patria del lupo della tundra d'Alaska), i territori del nord-ovest canadesi (dove vive il lupo del fiume Mackenzie) e le regioni interne meridionali dell'Alaska (abitate dal lupo nordoccidentale). Come habitat predilige le foreste boreali, le foreste subalpine, le foreste alpine e le tundre. Nello Yukon la popolazione è di 5.000 esemplari, sparsi in tutta la regione. La densità di lupi nelle varie zone dipende dalla concentrazione di prede ivi presenti: la più alta si trova a Teslin, in Canada, dove ci sono in media 9 lupi ogni 1000 km2, mentre la più bassa si trova nello Yukon settentrionale, con 3 lupi ogni 1000 km2.[4]
La dieta del lupo dello Yukon varia da zona a zona: nello Yukon meridionale la preda preferita è l'alce, seguito dal caribù e dalla pecora di Dall, mentre nel North Slope la preda principale è il caribù. Quando cacciano le alci, i lupi uccidono principalmente i cuccioli e gli esemplari anziani, quando fuggono. Generalmente, il tasso di successo del lupo dello Yukon nella caccia all'alce è del 10%. Un branco di lupi uccide mediamente un alce ogni 5-6 giorni, sfamandosi con esso per 2-3 giorni. Solitamente, un alce sana e adulta non fugge di fronte ai lupi, a differenza dei caribù che, così facendo, diminuiscono le loro possibilità di sopravvivenza (i lupi preferiscono cacciare le prede che fuggono). In media, un branco di lupi in inverno uccide un caribù ogni tre giorni, sfamandosi con le sue carni per una sola giornata. Le pecore di Dall sono una preda frequente per il lupo dello Yukon nel Parco nazionale e riserva di Kluane, quando alci e caribù sono scarsi o assenti.[4]
Il lupo dello Yukon (Canis lupus pambasileus) è una sottospecie nordamericana di lupo grigio, diffuso nell'entroterra settentrionale dell'Alaska (esclusa la regione della tundra costiera, abitata dal lupo della tundra d'Alaska, mentre nell'entroterra meridionale vi abita il lupo nordoccidentale) e nello Yukon.
Serigala Yukon (Canis lupus pambasileus), juga dikenali sebagai serigala balak autokrat[3] atau serigala Alaska pedalaman[4] ialah satu subspesies mungkin bagi serigala kelabu yang asli di Pedalaman Alaska, kecuali rantau tundra Pinggir Laut Artik.[4] Ia pertama kali diperihalkan sebagai subspesies tersendiri pada 1905 oleh Daniel Elliot, yang memerihalkannya bertengkorak dan berkadaran gigi lebih besar daripada C. l. occidentalis, dan berwarna daripada hitam hingga putih atau campuran kedua-duanya.[3] Setakat 2005[update],[5] ia dianggap sebagai subspesies sah oleh MSW3, tetapi ia dikelaskan sebagai sinonim bagi C. l. occidentalis oleh Perkhidmatan Ikan dan Hidupan Liar Amerika Syarikat.[6]
Serigala Yukon (Canis lupus pambasileus), juga dikenali sebagai serigala balak autokrat atau serigala Alaska pedalaman ialah satu subspesies mungkin bagi serigala kelabu yang asli di Pedalaman Alaska, kecuali rantau tundra Pinggir Laut Artik. Ia pertama kali diperihalkan sebagai subspesies tersendiri pada 1905 oleh Daniel Elliot, yang memerihalkannya bertengkorak dan berkadaran gigi lebih besar daripada C. l. occidentalis, dan berwarna daripada hitam hingga putih atau campuran kedua-duanya. Setakat 2005[update], ia dianggap sebagai subspesies sah oleh MSW3, tetapi ia dikelaskan sebagai sinonim bagi C. l. occidentalis oleh Perkhidmatan Ikan dan Hidupan Liar Amerika Syarikat.
分類 界 : 動物界 Animalia 門 : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata 綱 : 哺乳綱 Mammalia 上目 : ローラシア獣上目 Laurasiatheria 目 : ネコ目（食肉目） Carnivora 亜目 : イヌ亜目 Caniformia 下目 : イヌ下目 Cynoidea 科 : イヌ科 Canidae 亜科 : イヌ亜科 Caninae 属 : イヌ属 Canis 種 : タイリクオオカミ C. lupus 亜種 : ユーコンオオカミ C.l.pambasileus 学名 Canis lupus pambasileus 和名 ユーコンオオカミ 英名 Yukon wolf ユーコンオオカミ（アラスカオオカミ、学名:Canis lupus pambasileus [1][2]）とは、ユーコン準州に棲息するオオカミである。
成獣のオオカミの体重は45～54kg
頭数維持のために空中からクマと同様に射殺されている。
ユーコンオオカミの毛皮
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