Weight: Males-48 to 67 kg.
Females-30 to 45 kg.
The average length of a male Florida panther is 2.13 m (7 ft.) from nose to tail. Females measure approximately 1.83 m (6 ft.) nose to tail. Puma concolor coryi has a short, stiff dark brown pelage. The mid-dorsal region is particularly rich in color, and has irregular white flecking on the head, nape, and shoulders. On the middle of the back, Florida panthers usually have a whorl of hair, or cowlick, which differs from the pattern of the rest of the hair. The limbs are long with small feet, and a right angle crook at the end of the tail. The tail crook, whorl of hair, and white flecking are not found in other subspecies of P. concolor coryi.
Range mass: 30 to 57 kg.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry
Florida panthers are most often found in mixed swamp forests and hammock forests. Habitats can vary over a home range, but generally are heavily vegetated. Other common habitats are slash pine-saw palmetto woodlands and oak-pine woodlands. Their daytime habitat tends to be in dense vegetation and covered wet prairies, while at night they use more open prairies and marshes. Panthers are good swimmers and can cross canals, swamps and marshes easily. They also commonly uses human paths as travel lanes and routinely cross highways.
Terrestrial Biomes: forest ; scrub forest
Southeastern United States. The Florida panther's range is limited to small pockets in southern Florida. It originally ranged from eastern Texas through Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, and parts of Tennessee and South Carolina
Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )
Florida panthers are predatory carnivores, with white-tailed deer being the most important prey species. Other significant prey species include rabbit, raccoon, wild hog, armadillo, and birds. They forage using stalk and pounce methods common among cats. Prey is approached slowly and attacked with short, high speed bursts. Large prey like deer are killed by biting the spinal cord on the top of the neck where the neck and head join. Kills are dragged to a concealed place for the panther to feed. The forequarters of the carcass are eaten first, and the rest is buried with grass and fed upon later. Florida panthers will spend approximately three to four days at a kill site.
Primary Diet: carnivore (Eats terrestrial vertebrates)
The Florida panther has been listed as an endangered species under the Endangered Species Act since its passage in 1973. The Florida panther is in grave danger of becoming extinct. They have an estimated population of 20-50 animals. They are relegated to small habitat pockets, and the only areas they can be predictably found are in Everglades National Park and Big Cypress National Preserve. Most panther populations were eliminated before 1900 by settlers who hunted them because they killed livestock as well as out of fear. Other historical factors leading to the panther's decline were habitat loss due to human encroachment and a subsequent reduction in prey species. Added threats today include low population numbers resulting in little genetic variability and disease and parasites. Conservation and recovery efforts are headed by the Florida Panther Record Clearinghouse, established in 1976 by the Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission.
US Federal List: endangered
CITES: appendix i
Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical
Florida panthers are seasonal breeders, with the season starting in October and continuing through March. The majority of conceptions occur from November to March. Males reach sexual maturity at three years of age, while females become sexually mature between two and three years old. The gestation period is 90-95 days. Litters consist of between one to three kittens. Kittens become independent after one and-a-half years. As a result, females tend to breed every other year.
Key Reproductive Features: gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual
Parental Investment: altricial ; post-independence association with parents; extended period of juvenile learning
The Eastern Cougar was at one time a top of the line predator with a range stretching through northeastern United States and eastern Canada. Cougars prefer habitat with ample coverage for stalking and ambushing, along with sustainable populations of prey (Laundré, 2013). Prey consists of just about anything that can be caught, including porcupines, but the food of choice is white-tailed deer for this eastern predator. Development and expansion by humans led to an increase in contact with cougars, with the big cats getting the raw end of the deal. Conflicts with farmers, and depredation by hunters rapidly diminished cougar populations east of the Mississippi. To date, cougar signs are scarce, even non-existent in some regions. In 2011 the US Fish and Wildlife Service declared the subspecies extinct, although many cougar watch groups insist that there are hidden pockets of cougars in the remaining patches of protected wilderness.
Cougars are solitary creatures, and their territories can cover hundreds of square kilometers (Grigione et al., 2002). Today, only a fraction of the lands once inhabited by cougars is still wilderness. This reduction in population and hunting grounds for Puma concolor couguar has had far reaching effects on other species. White-tailed deer, a favorite meal of cougars, have reproduced to astounding numbers with the elimination of natural predators. They have become a nuisance, causing car accidents and heavy damage to trees and shrubs through over foraging.
By habit, cougars hunt using stealth and surprise. Their native territories are abundant in trees and rocky outcroppings, as well as heavy underbrush from which to spring ambushes. Cougars cache larger prey that they cannot finish in one meal. They will remain in the vicinity until the stash is finished. In the event of a conflict with other top predators over a kill, the cougar will generally avoid confrontation and leave, even if it was their kill (Kortello et al., 2007). A cougar’s home turf will fluctuate depending on the seasonal movements of prey populations (Grigione, et al., 2002).
Female cougars give birth to young year round, although studies have indicated that the months of July-September tend to have higher birth rates. Cubs become independent after approximately 16 months (Laundré & Hernández, 2007). Young males will often travel vast distances, likely contributing to genetic diversity amongst more stable populations. Genetically North American cougars have been shown to be very similar, to the point where some studies have suggested that native North American cougars lack subspecies differentiation (Culver, et al., 2000). North American cougars are genetically distinct from their South American counterparts, and this difference has been a useful tool in identifying whether or not a particular animal is clearly an escaped captive import, or a wild native. This particular question is a large part of the mystery surrounding the current existence of eastern cougars. There is evidence of cougars inhabiting the eastern regions of the US and Canada, but whether they are natives, or immigrants, or escaped captives remains a topic of hot debate.
Florida puması (lat. Puma concolor coryi) — ABŞ-ın Florida ştatı üçün səciyyəvi olan və nəsilləri kəsilmək üzrə olan puma növünün bir yarımnövü.
Pişikkimilər dəstəsinə aid olan və adını yaşadığı Florida ştatından alan bu puma növü ABŞ-ın şərqində yaşayan yeganə puma növüdür. 70-dən az çoxala bilən üzvə sahib olan Florida pumalarının sayı hazırda 87-dir.[1] Florida puması ilk dəfə 1958-ci ildə Florida qanunlarında nəsli kəsilmək üzrə olan heyvan növü kimi qeydə alınmışdır.[2] Ən böyük təbii düşməni Amerika alliqatoru və Amerika timsahıdır.
Florida puması (lat. Puma concolor coryi) — ABŞ-ın Florida ştatı üçün səciyyəvi olan və nəsilləri kəsilmək üzrə olan puma növünün bir yarımnövü.
The Florida panther is a subspecies o cougar (Puma concolor) that lives in forests an swamps o soothren Florida in the Unitit States.
The Florida panther is a subspecies o cougar (Puma concolor) that lives in forests an swamps o soothren Florida in the Unitit States.
The North American cougar (Puma concolor couguar), is the cougar subspecies ance commonly foond in eastren North Americae an still prevalent in the wastren hauf o the continent.
As well as several previous subspecies o cougar o the western Unitit States an wastren Canadae, Puma concolor couguar encompasses the remainin populations o the eastren cougar, whaur the cat wis kent as the panther an aw, the anerly unequivocally kent o which is the creetically endangered Florida panther population. Mony extinct populations, such as the Wisconsin cougar, which wis extirpatit in 1925, are includit in the subspecies an aw.
The North American cougar (Puma concolor couguar), is the cougar subspecies ance commonly foond in eastren North Americae an still prevalent in the wastren hauf o the continent.
As well as several previous subspecies o cougar o the western Unitit States an wastren Canadae, Puma concolor couguar encompasses the remainin populations o the eastren cougar, whaur the cat wis kent as the panther an aw, the anerly unequivocally kent o which is the creetically endangered Florida panther population. Mony extinct populations, such as the Wisconsin cougar, which wis extirpatit in 1925, are includit in the subspecies an aw.
Puma concolor coryi es un subspecie de Puma concolor.
Le puma nord-american o cuguar nord-american (Puma concolor couguar) es un subspecie de puma que se distribue desde le sud-west de Canada usque al nord de Nicaragua.
Le pumas nord-american se alimenta de grande herbivoros, rodentes, primates, armadillos, aves, pisces, reptiles, amphibios e insectos. Occasionalmente illos mesmo attacca animales domestic. Illos pote abatter predas de usque a 500 kg. Alces e wapitis es su predas le plus grande. In le forestes del nord-west, le wapiti es le base de su alimentation, sequite per le cervo mulo; in le Montanias Roccose illos se alimenta principalmente de oves Bighorn, sequite per marmottas; sur le costa del Pacifico le procyones son su preda favorite, sequite per phocas commun e cervos mulo; in le sud de Florida illos ha le porco salvage como principal fonte de alimento, sequite per armadillos; in le desertos del sud del Statos Unite e nord de Mexico le cervo mulo es su preda preferite, sequite per lepores e conilios; in le junglas del sud le cervo a cauda blanc es su preda le plus consumite, sequite per agutis e un grande varietate de primates.
Capace de currer a 60 km/h e saltar 6 metros horizontalmente e 3 metros verticalmente, le puma es un predator de imboscada. Illo se approxima a su preda, 5 metros de distantia como maximo, lo perseque in sprints curte e finalmente salta super illo pro dar lo un potente morsura in le collo. Un animal adulte sole occider un cervo cata septimana o cata 2 septimanas, a exception del feminas con juvenes, que chassa cata tres dies.
Pumas coperi lor predas con terra, nive o folios o lo absconde inter le arbustos pro mangiar lo plus tarde. Es rar que illos se approxima a nucleos urban, ben que le pression demographic human sur le habitat traditional del specie e le manco de predas natural ha facite occurrer alcun casos.
Su situation es critic in le Statos Unite. Le puma de Wisconsin, pertinente a iste subspecie, dispareva in 1925. Precisemente le 14 de april 2008 un puma era abattite in le quartiero Roscoe de Chicago, citate proxime al stato de Wisconsin; secundo le expertos il poterea tractar se de un puma proveniente de alcun population distante, pois il non ha datos digne de fide que le specie ha retornate a popular le area.
In le est del pais le populationes de pumas pertinente al subspecie oriental ha essite tanto scarse desde le initio del 20me seculo que le 2 de martio 2011, le Servicio de Pisca e Vita Silvestre del Statos Unite (FWS) annunciava que le puma oriental es officialmente extincte.[1] Equalmente delicate es su situation in Florida, ubi, in despecto del protection que le autoritates essaya de dar lo, illes non succede a recuperar su population que traditionalmente habita en le Everglades e que recipe historicamente le supernomine de "panthera de Florida"; solmente circa 160 exemplares vive ancora in stato salvage. Recentemente ha essite liberate alcun exemplares capturate in altere statos como mesura que pote garantir su viabilitate in stato salvage. In le west del pais le populationes experimenta in le ultime decennios un certe recuperation. Nonobstante, illos occupa hodie solmente alcun 5% del territorio que habitava seculos retro.
Censos recente realisate in Canada parla de nu population proxime a 850 exemplares in le area de Ontario. Isto es le population le plus numerose del pais de un total de 3000 exemplares insimul. In le Statos Unite su population estimate al fin del annos 90 esserea proxime a 10.000 exemplares.
Le puma nord-american o cuguar nord-american (Puma concolor couguar) es un subspecie de puma que se distribue desde le sud-west de Canada usque al nord de Nicaragua.
The North American cougar (Puma concolor couguar) is a cougar subspecies in North America. It is the biggest cat in North America, with North American jaguars being fairly small.[4][5] It was once common in eastern North America, and is still prevalent in the western half of the continent. This subspecies includes populations in western Canada, the western United States, Florida, Mexico and Central America, and possibly South America northwest of the Andes Mountains.[6] It thus includes the extirpated eastern cougar and extant Florida panther populations.
As of 2017, P. c. cougar was recognised as being valid by the Cat Classification Taskforce of the Cat Specialist Group. P. c. costaricensis had been regarded as a subspecies in Central America.[6][7]
The North American cougar has a solid tan-colored coat without spots and weighs 25–80 kg (55–176 pounds).[8] Females average 50 kg (110 lb), about the same as a jaguar in the Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve on the Mexican Pacific coast.[5]
The North American cougar lives in various places and habitats.[8] Several populations still exist and are thriving in the Western United States, Southern Florida, and Western Canada, but the North American cougar was once commonly found in eastern portions of the United States. It was believed to be extirpated there in the early 1900s. In Michigan, it was thought to have been killed off and extinct in the early 1900s. Today there is evidence to support that cougars could be on the rise in Mexico and could have a substantial population in years to come. Some mainstream scientists believe that small relict populations may exist (around 50 individuals), especially in the Appalachian Mountains and eastern Canada.[9] Recent scientific findings in hair traps in Fundy National Park in New Brunswick have confirmed the existence of at least three cougars in New Brunswick.[9] The Ontario Puma Foundation estimates that there are currently 850 cougars in Ontario.
The Quebec wildlife services also considers cougars to be present in the province as a threatened species after multiple DNA tests confirmed cougar hair in lynx mating sites.[10] The only unequivocally known eastern population is the critically endangered Florida panther. There have been unconfirmed sightings in Elliotsville Plantation, Maine (north of Monson) and as early as 1997 in New Hampshire.[11]
Reported sightings of cougars in the eastern United States continue today, despite their status as extirpated.
While the origins of these animals are unknown, some cougar experts believe some are captive animals that have been released or escaped.[20]
The North American cougar usually hunts at night and sometimes travels long distances in search of food. Its average litter size is three cubs.[8] It is fast, and can maneuver quite easily and skillfully.[7] Depending on the abundance of prey such as deer, it shares the same prey as the jaguar in Central or North America.[21] Other sympatric predators include the grizzly bear and American black bears.[22] Cougars are known to prey on bear cubs.[23] Cougars in the Great Basin have been recorded to prey on feral horses,[24] as well as feral donkeys in the Sonoran and Mojave Deserts.[25]
Rivalry between the cougar and grizzly bear was a popular topic in North America. Fights between them were staged, and those in the wilderness were recorded by people, including native peoples.[26]
Even though conservation efforts of the cougar have decreased against the "more appealing" jaguar, it is hunted less frequently because it has no spots, and is thus less desirable to hunters.[7]
In Oregon, a healthy population of 5,000 was reported in 2006, exceeding a target of 3,000.[27] California has actively sought to protect the cat and has an estimated population of 4,000 to 6,000.[28] With the increase of human development and infrastructure growth in California, the cougar populations in the state are becoming more isolated from one another.[29]
A 2012 study using 18 motion-sensitive cameras in Río Los Cipreses National Reserve counted a population of two males and two females (one of them with at least two cubs) in an area of 600 km2 (0.63 cougars per 100 km2).[30] The Bay Area Puma Project aims to obtain information on cougar populations in the San Francisco Bay area and the animals' interactions with habitat, prey, humans, and residential communities.[31] A study on wildlife ecologists showed that urban cougar populations exist around the Los Angeles metropolitan area, with individuals of these populations having the smallest home ranges recorded for any cougars studied, and being primarily nocturnal and not crepuscular (most likely adaptations to avoid humans in high-density areas).[32]
The North American cougar (Puma concolor couguar) is a cougar subspecies in North America. It is the biggest cat in North America, with North American jaguars being fairly small. It was once common in eastern North America, and is still prevalent in the western half of the continent. This subspecies includes populations in western Canada, the western United States, Florida, Mexico and Central America, and possibly South America northwest of the Andes Mountains. It thus includes the extirpated eastern cougar and extant Florida panther populations.
La Florida pumo estas endanĝerita subspecio de pumo. Ĝi loĝas en la arbaroj kaj marĉoj de suda Florido. Ĝia nuna taksonomia statuso (Puma concolor coryi aŭ Puma concolor couguar) estas disputata. Oni iam nomis ĉi tiun subspecion de pumo en la angla cougar, mountain lion, puma kaj catamount (ĉiuj estas nomoj de pumo), sed en la sudorienta Usono, precipe en Florido, ĝi nomiĝis ekskluzive panther (la angla por pantero aŭ leopardo) aŭ Florida panther por distingi de aliaj subspecioj de pumo en aliaj regionoj de Usono. Floridaj pumoj ordinare troviĝis en pinarbaroj, durlignaj hamokoj kaj miksitaj marĉarbaroj.
Viroj povas pesi ĝis 73 kg-ojn (160 funtojn) kaj vivas en vivteritorio kiu inkluzivas la Big Cypress National Preserve, Everglades National Park kaj la Florida Panther National Wildlife Refuge. Ĉi tiu populacio, la sola certa puma taksono en la orienta Usono, nune enspacas 5% de ĝia historia vivteritorio. Estis taksitaj 20 floridaj pumoj en natura medio dum la 1970-aj jaroj kaj iliaj nombroj kreskis al taksitaj 100 ĝis 160 en 2011. Oni raportis en 2013 ke estis 160 floridaj pumoj en natura medio.
La florida pumo elektiĝis en 1982 por la florida ŝtata besto.
El puma de Norteamérica (Puma concolor couguar) es una subespecie de puma que se distribuye desde el suroeste de Canadá hasta el norte de Nicaragua.
Los pumas norteamericanos se alimentan de grandes herbívoros, roedores, primates, armadillos, aves, peces, reptiles, anfibios e insectos. En ocasiones llegan a atacar a animales domésticos. Pueden abatir presas de hasta 500 kg, siendo los alces y los wapitíes sus mayores presas. En los bosques del noroeste el wapití es la base de su alimentación, seguido del ciervo mulo; en las montañas Rocosas se alimentan principalmente de borregos cimarrones, seguidos de marmotas; en la costa del Pacífico los mapaches son su presa favorita, seguidos de focas comunes y ciervos mulos; en el sur de Florida tienen a los jabalíes como principal fuente de alimento, seguido de los armadillos; en los desiertos del sur de Estados Unidos y norte de México el ciervo mulo es su presa predilecta, seguida de liebres y conejos; en las selvas del sur el ciervo de cola blanca es su presa más cosumida, seguida de agutíes y gran variedad de primates. Es capaz de correr a 60 km/h y saltar seis metros horizontalmente y tres metros verticalmente. El puma es un depredador de emboscada, se acerca a su presa, cinco metros de distancia como máximo, la persigue en carreras cortas y finalmente salta sobre ella para propinarle una poderosa mordedura en el cuello. Un animal adulto suele matar un ciervo cada semana o cada dod semanas, a excepción de las hembras con crías, que cazan cada tres días. Los pumas cubren a sus presas con tierra, nieve u hojas o la esconden entre los arbustos para comérsela más tarde. Excepcionalmente, como el puma mencionado en el siguiente epígrafe en Chicago, se acercan a núcleos urbanos, si bien la presión demográfica que ejerce el ser humano sobre el hábitat tradicional de la especie y la falta de presas naturales ha hecho que se den algunos casos, pero siguen siendo poco habituales.
Su situación es crítica en EE. UU., el puma de Wisconsin, perteneciente a esta subespecie, desapareció en 1925. Precisamente el 14 de abril de 2008 un puma era abatido en el barrio Roscoe de Chicago, ciudad cercana al estado de Wisconsin; para los expertos podría tratarse de un puma proveniente de alguna población lejana, pues no se tienen datos fiables de que la especie haya vuelto a poblar la zona. En el este del país las poblaciones de pumas pertenecientes a la subespecie oriental han sido tan escasas desde principios del siglo XX que el 2 de marzo de 2011, el Servicio de Pesca y Vida Silvestre de los Estados Unidos (FWS) anunció que el puma oriental está oficialmente extinto.[2] Igualmente delicada es su situación en Florida, donde, a pesar de la protección que las autoridades tratan de darle, no logran recuperar su población que tradicionalmente habita en los Everglades y que recibe históricamente el sobrenombre de "pantera de Florida", calculándose en torno a 160 los ejemplares que viven en estado salvaje. Como medida que pueda garantizar su viabilidad en estado salvaje se liberaron algunos ejemplares capturados en otros estados. En el oeste del país las poblaciones experimentaron en las últimas décadas cierta recuperación pero en la actualidad[¿cuándo?] ocupa únicamente un 5% del territorio que habitó hace siglos.
Censos recientes[¿cuándo?] realizados en Canadá hablan de una población cercana a los 850 ejemplares en la zona de Ontario, siendo la población más numerosa del país de un total de 3000 ejemplares en su conjunto. En EE. UU. su población estimada a finales de los años 90 estaría cercana a los 10 000 ejemplares.
El puma de Norteamérica (Puma concolor couguar) es una subespecie de puma que se distribuye desde el suroeste de Canadá hasta el norte de Nicaragua.
Ipar Amerikako puma (Puma concolor cougar) Ipar Amerika osotik hedatzen den puma azpiespeziea da. Batez ere Ipar Amerikako mendebaldetik barreiatuta dago, ekialdeko populazio gehienak iraungituak daudelarik (Floridan apur batzuk geratzen dira).
Nikaraguatik Kanadaraino hedatzen da, eta Floridako puma azpiespeziea honen barruan sailkatuta dago, azpiespezie honetako ekialdeko aldaera bat izanik.
Ipar Amerikako puma (Puma concolor cougar) Ipar Amerika osotik hedatzen den puma azpiespeziea da. Batez ere Ipar Amerikako mendebaldetik barreiatuta dago, ekialdeko populazio gehienak iraungituak daudelarik (Floridan apur batzuk geratzen dira).
Nikaraguatik Kanadaraino hedatzen da, eta Floridako puma azpiespeziea honen barruan sailkatuta dago, azpiespezie honetako ekialdeko aldaera bat izanik.
Le Puma d'Amérique du Nord, Puma concolor couguar, ou Cougar d'Amérique du Nord, est la sous-espèce de pumas communément rencontrée autrefois dans l'Est de l'Amérique du Nord et qui prédomine encore dans la moitié ouest du continent[3].
La sous-espèce englobe les couguars que l'on trouve aux États-Unis, dans l'ouest du Canada, la population en danger critique d'extinction des panthères de Floride, et celle éteinte des pumas de l'Est (en)[3]. Les populations occidentales du couguar sont parfois observées dans l'ancienne aire de répartition de la population orientale disparue.
À partir de 2017, le P. c. cougar a été reconnu comme étant valide par le groupe de travail sur la classification des félins (Cat Classification Taskforce) du Cat Specialist Group[3].
Plusieurs populations existent encore et prospèrent dans l'Ouest des États-Unis ainsi que dans l'Ouest du Canada, mais le puma d'Amérique du Nord était autrefois communément trouvé dans l'Est des États-Unis. Il y aurait été extirpé au début des années 1900. Les cougars du Michigan auraient été exterminés et seraient disparus eux-aussi au début des années 1900.
Depuis 2015, il est prouvé que la population de pumas pourrait être en hausse au Mexique et avoir une population importante dans les années à venir. Certains scientifiques de référence pensent qu'il peut exister de petits reliquats de populations (environ 50 individus), surtout dans les Appalaches et dans l'Est du Canada[4]. Des découvertes scientifiques récentes sur des pièges à poils dans le parc national de Fundy au Nouveau-Brunswick ont confirmé l'existence d'au moins trois couguars dans la province. Certaines théories postulent que les observations modernes et les données scientifiques (échantillons de poils) proviennent d'une population reproductrice féralisée d'anciens animaux de compagnie, qui pourraient s'hybrider avec les restes de pumas indigènes nord-américains. D'autres prétendent que les couguars de l'Ouest des États-Unis ont rapidement étendu leur aire de répartition vers l'Est. La Fondation du puma de l'Ontario (Ontario Puma Foundation) estime qu'il y a actuellement 850 pumas en Ontario.
Les observations de pumas dans l'est des États-Unis se poursuivent aujourd'hui, bien que le puma soit considéré comme une espèce disparue.
L'analyse génétique de l'ADN d'un puma aperçu dans le Wisconsin en 2008 a indiqué qu'un puma se trouvait dans le Wisconsin et qu'il ne s'agissait pas d'un animal en captivité. On pense que le puma a migré à partir d'une population indigène dans les Black Hills du Dakota du Sud ; cependant, l'analyse génétique n'a pas pu confirmer cette hypothèse. On ne sait pas non plus si d'autres pumas, peut-être reproducteurs, sont présents. Une deuxième observation a été rapportée et des traces ont été documentées dans une communauté voisine du Wisconsin. Malheureusement, aucune analyse génétique ni détermination n'a pu être réalisée[5]. Ce puma s'est ensuite dirigé vers le sud, dans la banlieue nord de Chicago, à Wilmette.
Le 3 juin 2013, une observation vérifiée a été faite dans le comté de Florence, Wisconsin. Le puma a été photographié par une caméra automatique et confirmé par les biologistes du Département des ressources naturelles du Wisconsin (Wisconsin DNR) en octobre 2013.
En décembre 2020, deux observations, dont une vérifiée, ont été faites dans le comté de Dane, dans et autour de Stoughton (Wisconsin). Le puma a été photographié par un individu, et confirmé par le Wisconsin DNR.
Le 26 septembre 2015, un échantillon de poils a été soumis par un chasseur du comté de Carroll (Tennessee) ; l'analyse ADN a indiqué qu'il s'agissait d'une femelle dont la génétique était similaire à celle des pumas du Dakota du Sud[6],[7]. Les lynx roux de cet État résident actuellement dans des régions qui étaient autrefois parcourues par des pumas.
Le 14 avril 2008, un puma a déclenché une vague de signalements avant d'être capturé et tué dans le quartier de North Center (Chicago), alors que des agents tentaient de le contenir. Le puma était le premier animal aperçu dans les limites de la ville de Chicago depuis sa fondation en 1833[8].
Le 22 novembre 2013, un puma a été repéré dans une ferme près de Morrison, dans le comté de Whiteside, en Illinois. Un agent du département des ressources naturelles de l'Illinois l'a ensuite abattu après avoir déterminé qu'il représentait un risque pour le public[9].
En 2011, un puma a été aperçu à Greenwich (Connecticut), puis tué par un SUV à Milford après avoir parcouru 2 400 km depuis le Dakota du Sud[10].
Si l'origine de ces animaux est inconnue, certains experts en puma pensent que certains sont des animaux captifs qui ont été relâchés ou se sont échappés[11].
Les prédateurs sympatriques comprennent le grizzli, l'ours noir américain et le jaguar[12]. Les pumas sont connus pour s'attaquer aux oursons[13].
La rivalité entre le couguar et le grizzli était un sujet populaire en Amérique du Nord. Les combats entre eux ont été mis en scène, et ceux qui se sont déroulés dans la nature ont été retranscrits par des gens, y compris des Amérindiens[14].
Le Puma d'Amérique du Nord, Puma concolor couguar, ou Cougar d'Amérique du Nord, est la sous-espèce de pumas communément rencontrée autrefois dans l'Est de l'Amérique du Nord et qui prédomine encore dans la moitié ouest du continent.
La sous-espèce englobe les couguars que l'on trouve aux États-Unis, dans l'ouest du Canada, la population en danger critique d'extinction des panthères de Floride, et celle éteinte des pumas de l'Est (en). Les populations occidentales du couguar sont parfois observées dans l'ancienne aire de répartition de la population orientale disparue.
Il puma nordamericano (Puma concolor couguar (Kerr, 1792)) è una sottospecie di puma originaria dell'America settentrionale.[1] Un tempo comune anche nella parte orientale del continente, è oggi diffuso prevalentemente nella sua metà occidentale. A questa sottospecie appartengono le popolazioni diffuse nel Canada occidentale, negli Stati Uniti occidentali, in Florida, in Messico, in America centrale e, forse, quelle dell'America meridionale a nord-ovest della Cordigliera delle Ande.[2] È il felino più grande dell'America settentrionale, in quanto il giaguaro nordamericano è leggermente più piccolo.[3][4] La sottospecie comprende anche il puma orientale, ormai scomparso, e la cosiddetta «pantera della Florida», un tempo considerate sottospecie a sé.
P. c. cougar è stata riconosciuta come sottospecie valida dalla Cat Classification Taskforce del Cat Specialist Group della IUCN nel 2017. In passato gli esemplari dell'America centrale venivano trattati come una sottospecie distinta, denominata P. c. costaricensis.[2][5]
Il puma nordamericano ha un mantello uniforme color marrone chiaro e un peso che varia tra 25 e 80 kg.[6] Le femmine pesano in media 50 kg, quanto i giaguari della riserva della biosfera di Chamela-Cuixmala sulla costa pacifica del Messico.[4]
Il puma nordamericano occupa un areale molto vasto ed è presente in vari tipi di habitat.[6] Ne esistono ancora diverse popolazioni che prosperano negli Stati Uniti occidentali, nella Florida meridionale e nel Canada occidentale, ma in passato era presente anche in gran parte delle regioni orientali degli Stati Uniti, da dove è scomparso agli inizi del XX secolo. Negli stessi anni il puma scompariva anche dal Michigan. Attualmente le prove indicano che la specie sia in aumento in Messico, dove la popolazione potrebbe divenire florida negli anni a venire. Alcuni scienziati ritengono che possano esistere piccole popolazioni relitte (circa 50 individui in tutto) sugli Appalachi e nel Canada orientale.[7] Il recente ritrovamento di campioni in trappole per peli posizionate nel parco nazionale di Fundy nel Nuovo Brunswick ha confermato l'esistenza di almeno tre puma nella regione.[7] La Ontario Puma Foundation stima che ci siano attualmente 850 puma nell'Ontario.
Gli avvistamenti di puma negli Stati Uniti orientali si susseguono tuttora, nonostante la specie sia stata ufficialmente dichiarata estinta nella regione.
Sebbene il luogo di provenienza degli esemplari in questione sia sconosciuto, alcuni esperti di puma ritengono che si tratti, almeno in alcuni casi, di animali in cattività appositamente liberati o fuggiti.[14]
Il puma nordamericano di solito caccia di notte e talvolta percorre lunghe distanze in cerca di cibo. La femmina dà alla luce una cucciolata composta in media da tre piccoli.[6] È un predatore veloce, in grado di cambiare facilmente direzione con grande abilità durante gli inseguimenti.[5] A seconda dell'abbondanza di prede, come i cervi, condivide le stesse prede del giaguaro in America centrale o settentrionale.[15] Altri predatori presenti nel suo areale sono il grizzly e l'orso nero.[16] È noto che i puma predano i cuccioli di orso.[17] I puma del Gran Bacino danno anche la caccia ai cavalli inselvatichiti.[18]
La rivalità tra il puma e il grizzly è da sempre un argomento popolare nel folklore nordamericano. In passato furono addirittura organizzati dei combattimenti tra di loro, mentre scontri avvenuti in natura sono stati segnalati da osservatori occasionali, nativi compresi.[19]
Anche se i programmi di conservazione del puma sono diminuiti a favore di quelli del giaguaro, «più attraente», esso viene cacciato meno frequentemente, perché la sua pelliccia è priva di macchie ed è quindi meno desiderabile agli occhi dei cacciatori.[5]
Il puma nordamericano (Puma concolor couguar (Kerr, 1792)) è una sottospecie di puma originaria dell'America settentrionale. Un tempo comune anche nella parte orientale del continente, è oggi diffuso prevalentemente nella sua metà occidentale. A questa sottospecie appartengono le popolazioni diffuse nel Canada occidentale, negli Stati Uniti occidentali, in Florida, in Messico, in America centrale e, forse, quelle dell'America meridionale a nord-ovest della Cordigliera delle Ande. È il felino più grande dell'America settentrionale, in quanto il giaguaro nordamericano è leggermente più piccolo. La sottospecie comprende anche il puma orientale, ormai scomparso, e la cosiddetta «pantera della Florida», un tempo considerate sottospecie a sé.
O puma-norte-americano[1] (Puma concolor couguar) era a subespécie de puma mais comummente encontrada no leste da América do Norte, tendo sido declarada extinta em julho de 2015 pelos Serviços de Vida Selvagem dos Estados Unidos[2].
Além de várias subespécies anteriores de puma do oeste dos Estados Unidos, como o puma concolor couguar, englobava as populações remanescentes da puma do leste.[3] Muitas outras populações extintas, como a puma do Wisconsin, que desapareceu em 1925, também estão incluídas nesta subespécie.[2]
Dava ainda pelos seguintes nomes comuns: cuguar[4], cuguardo, onça-parda[5], leão-americano[6] ou simplesmente puma[7].
Existiram e prosperaram diversas populações desta espécie no oeste dos Estados Unidos, pese embora o puma-norte-americano tivesse sido, outrora, comum em partes mais a leste dos Estados Unidos e do Canadá.[8] Chegou a pensar-se que os pumas do Michigan (estado do nordeste americano) afinal não teriam sido extintas, no início da década de 1900, quando surgiram indícios nos finais do século XX que promoviam a ideia de que a população desses pumas poderia estar a recuperar no Michigan.[2] Alguns cientistas acreditavam que algumas pequenas populações-relíquia poderiam ainda existir nas Montanhas Apalaches e no leste do Canadá. Contudo, em Julho de 2015 esta subespécie foi declarada oficialmente extinta.[9]
O puma-norte-americano (Puma concolor couguar) era a subespécie de puma mais comummente encontrada no leste da América do Norte, tendo sido declarada extinta em julho de 2015 pelos Serviços de Vida Selvagem dos Estados Unidos.
Além de várias subespécies anteriores de puma do oeste dos Estados Unidos, como o puma concolor couguar, englobava as populações remanescentes da puma do leste. Muitas outras populações extintas, como a puma do Wisconsin, que desapareceu em 1925, também estão incluídas nesta subespécie.
Kuzey Amerika puması (Puma concolor couguar), Kuzey Amerika kıtasında yaşayan, pumanın bir alt türü. Şu an 50 civarında bireyinin hayatta kalabildiği düşünülmektedir.
Kuzey Amerika puması (Puma concolor couguar), Kuzey Amerika kıtasında yaşayan, pumanın bir alt türü. Şu an 50 civarında bireyinin hayatta kalabildiği düşünülmektedir.
Puma concolor cougar (Kerr, 1792)
Исчезнувший подвид
Восточная пума[1] (лат. Puma concolor cougar) — подвид пум из семейства кошачьих. Животное обитало на территории США (штаты Мэн, Мичиган, Иллинойс, Кентукки и Южная Каролина), а также в Канаде (юго-восток Онтарио, юг Квебека, Нью-Брансуик).
В США официально признана[2][3] вымершим подвидом, согласно распоряжению[4], опубликованному в Федеральном регистре ежедневного журнала правительства США[5]. Почти все восточные пумы вымерли к концу XIX века. Их убивали, чтобы сохранить скот. Кроме того, пумы были главным конкурентом людей в охоте на оленей. В последний раз их видели в 1930-х годах в штате Мэн и в провинции Нью-Брансуик на востоке Канады.
Восточную пуму внесли в список животных, которым грозит вымирание, в 1973 году. Признать её вымершим подвидом американские чиновники предложили в 2015 году. Численность пум резко сократилась после того, как на территории Южной и Северной Америке поселились европейцы. Под угрозой исчезновения находится ещё один подвид этих хищников — флоридская пума.
Это заготовка статьи по зоологии. Вы можете помочь проекту, дополнив её. Восточная пума (лат. Puma concolor cougar) — подвид пум из семейства кошачьих. Животное обитало на территории США (штаты Мэн, Мичиган, Иллинойс, Кентукки и Южная Каролина), а также в Канаде (юго-восток Онтарио, юг Квебека, Нью-Брансуик).
В США официально признана вымершим подвидом, согласно распоряжению, опубликованному в Федеральном регистре ежедневного журнала правительства США. Почти все восточные пумы вымерли к концу XIX века. Их убивали, чтобы сохранить скот. Кроме того, пумы были главным конкурентом людей в охоте на оленей. В последний раз их видели в 1930-х годах в штате Мэн и в провинции Нью-Брансуик на востоке Канады.
Восточную пуму внесли в список животных, которым грозит вымирание, в 1973 году. Признать её вымершим подвидом американские чиновники предложили в 2015 году. Численность пум резко сократилась после того, как на территории Южной и Северной Америке поселились европейцы. Под угрозой исчезновения находится ещё один подвид этих хищников — флоридская пума.
北美山獅（Puma concolor couguar），又名美洲獅東部亞種，是散佈在北美洲的美洲獅亞種。北美山獅其實是一個包含了所有美國西部及北美洲東部美洲獅的亞種，當中唯一仍有爭議的是正處極危的佛羅里達山獅。很多已滅絕的種群都被列入此亞種中。
北美山獅曾一度分佈至美國及加拿大東部地區，但現只有一些群族在美國西部生存。一般相信牠們是於1900年代初被完全滅絕。一些學者相信在如阿巴拉契亞山脈及東加拿大等地仍有一些殘餘的群族。有指一些貓科群族正與北美山獅混種，另外北美山獅亦有可能曾由美國西部急速向東擴展。
北美山獅（Puma concolor couguar），又名美洲獅東部亞種，是散佈在北美洲的美洲獅亞種。北美山獅其實是一個包含了所有美國西部及北美洲東部美洲獅的亞種，當中唯一仍有爭議的是正處極危的佛羅里達山獅。很多已滅絕的種群都被列入此亞種中。
北美山獅曾一度分佈至美國及加拿大東部地區，但現只有一些群族在美國西部生存。一般相信牠們是於1900年代初被完全滅絕。一些學者相信在如阿巴拉契亞山脈及東加拿大等地仍有一些殘餘的群族。有指一些貓科群族正與北美山獅混種，另外北美山獅亦有可能曾由美國西部急速向東擴展。
