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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Observations: Little is known about the longevity of these animals, but one captive specimen lived 10.7 years (Richard Weigl 2005).
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Esquirol volador de Hodgson ( Catalan; Valensian )

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L'esquirol volador de Hodgson (Petaurista magnificus) és una espècie de rosegador de la família dels esciúrids. Viu al Bhutan, la Xina, l'Índia i el Nepal. Els seus hàbitats naturals són els boscos perennifolis tropicals i subtropicals i els boscos de frondoses. Està amenaçat per la destrucció del seu entorn per l'agricultura, la tala d'arbres a petita escala, els incendis forestals i la caça.[1]

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Esquirol volador de Hodgson Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
  1. Molur, S. Petaurista magnificus. UICN 2008. Llista Vermella d'espècies amenaçades de la UICN, edició 2008, consultada el 21 setembre 2015.
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Esquirol volador de Hodgson: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valensian )

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L'esquirol volador de Hodgson (Petaurista magnificus) és una espècie de rosegador de la família dels esciúrids. Viu al Bhutan, la Xina, l'Índia i el Nepal. Els seus hàbitats naturals són els boscos perennifolis tropicals i subtropicals i els boscos de frondoses. Està amenaçat per la destrucció del seu entorn per l'agricultura, la tala d'arbres a petita escala, els incendis forestals i la caça.

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Hodgson-Riesengleithörnchen ( Alman )

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Das Hodgson-Riesengleithörnchen (Petaurista magnificus) ist ein Gleithörnchen aus der Gattung der Riesengleithörnchen (Petaurista). Es ist im Himalaya im nördlichen Indien, Bhutan, Nepal sowie im südlichen Tibet verbreitet.

Merkmale

Das Hodgson-Riesengleithörnchen erreicht eine Kopf-Rumpf-Länge von 36 bis 42 Zentimetern sowie eine Schwanzlänge von 41,5 bis 48 Zentimetern. Die Hinterfußlänge beträgt 72 bis 78 Millimeter, die Ohrlänge 41 bis 43 Millimeter.[1] Die Art ist damit innerhalb der Gattung relativ groß. Die Rückenfärbung ist braun bis rötlich-braun mit einem dunkelbraunen bis schwarzen Streifen, der vom Kopf über den Rücken bis zum Schwanzansatz verläuft. Auf den Schultern befinden sich gelblich-braune Flecken, die rotbraun eingefasst sind, auch die Oberseite der Flughaut ist rotbraun gefärbt. Der Bauch und die Kehle sowie die Füße sind heller rotbraun. Die Schwanzbasis ist dunkelbraun, danach ist der Schwanz über den größten Teil der Länge rotbraun und hat eine schwarze Spitze.[1][2] Im Vergleich zum Gefleckten Riesengleithörnchen (Petaurista elegans), mit dem es teilweise sympatrisch vorkommt, ist es etwa 25 % größer.[1]

Wie alle Riesengleithörnchen hat es eine große und behaarte Flughaut, die Hand- und Fußgelenke miteinander verbindet und durch eine Hautfalte zwischen den Hinterbeinen und dem Schwanzansatz vergrößert wird. Die Flughaut ist muskulös und am Rand verstärkt, sie kann entsprechend angespannt und erschlafft werden, um die Richtung des Gleitflugs zu kontrollieren.

Die Gesamtlänge des Schädels beträgt 65 bis 74 Millimeter.[1]

Verbreitung

 src=
Verbreitungsgebiet des Hodgson-Riesengleithörnchens (rötliche Bereiche)

Das Hodgson-Riesengleithörnchen kommt am Südrand des Himalaya im nördlichen Indien im Bundesstaat Sikkim, weiterhin in Nepal und Bhutan sowie im südlichen Tibet in der Volksrepublik China (Provinz Xizang) vor.[2][1] Zudem ist die Art wahrscheinlich im nördlichen und nordwestlichen Myanmar heimisch.[3]

Lebensweise

Das Hodgson-Riesengleithörnchen lebt in immergrünen Wäldern und Laubwäldern des Himalaya von den Tälern bis in Höhen von 3000 Metern, eine Bevorzugung von sommergrünen Wäldern wird angenommen. Es ist strikt baumlebend sowie weitgehend nachtaktiv und ernährt sich von Blättern, Knospen und Blüten der Rhododendren und anderen Bäumen sowie von Früchten und Gräsern. Wie alle anderen Flughörnchen ist auch diese Art in der Lage, weite Strecken gleitend zurückzubringen, indem sie von einem Baum abspringt. Dabei wurden Individuen der Art beobachtet, wie sie 60 bis 100 Meter gleitend zurücklegen und zur Landung einen leichten Bogen nach oben vollziehen.

Die Art baut Nester aus Moos und anderem Weichmaterial mit einem runden Eingang in hohlen Bäumen oder im Geäst höherer Bäume in Höhen von 10 bis 15 Metern. Die Kommunikation erfolgt über verschiedene Töne, wobei ein monoton dröhnender Laut typisch für ihr abendliches Auftreten ist. Über das Fortpflanzungsverhalten liegen nur wenige Daten vor.[1]

Systematik

Das Hodgson-Riesengleithörnchen wird als eigenständige Art innerhalb der Gattung der Riesengleithörnchen (Petaurista) eingeordnet, die insgesamt acht[4] bis neun Arten[2] enthält. Die wissenschaftliche Erstbeschreibung stammt von Brian Houghton Hodgson aus dem Jahr 1836 anhand von Individuen aus dem zentralen und nördlichen Nepal.[4] Ursprünglich beinhaltete die Art auch das Bhutan-Riesengleithörnchen (Petaurista nobilis), das allerdings mittlerweile als eigene Art anerkannt wurde.[4]

Innerhalb der Art werden neben der Nominatform P. m. magnificus keine weiteren Unterarten unterschieden.[4]

Bestand, Gefährdung und Schutz

Das Hodgson-Riesengleithörnchen wird von der International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) aufgrund seines großen Verbreitungsgebietes und seiner angenommen großen Bestände als nicht gefährdet (least concern) eingestuft.[3] In Teilen des Verbreitungsgebietes wird es als selten betrachtet und man geht von einem Rückgang der Populationen vor allem aufgrund von Lebensraumverlusten durch die Umwandlung von ehemaligen Waldgebieten in Teepflanzungen und andere landwirtschaftliche Kulturen wie Kardamomfelder aus. Hinzu kommen der Holzeinschlag und Waldbrände sowie andere anthropogene Einflüsse als Gefährdungsursachen, darunter auch regional die Jagd nach den Tieren als Fleischlieferant. Im Bereich des Typenfundorts in Nepal ist das ursprüngliche Habitat bereits vollständig umgewandelt.[3]

Belege

  1. a b c d e f Hodgson's Giant Flying Squirrel. In: Andrew T. Smith, Yan Xie: A Guide to the Mammals of China. Princeton University Press, 2008; S. 178–179. ISBN 978-0-691-09984-2.
  2. a b c Richard W. Thorington Jr., John L. Koprowski, Michael A. Steele: Squirrels of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore MD 2012; S. 115. ISBN 978-1-4214-0469-1
  3. a b c Petaurista magnificus in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2010.4. Eingestellt von: S. Molur, 2008. Abgerufen am 14. Juni 2014.
  4. a b c d Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (Hrsg.): Petaurista magnificus in Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed).

Literatur

  • Richard W. Thorington Jr., John L. Koprowski, Michael A. Steele: Squirrels of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore MD 2012; S. 115. ISBN 978-1-4214-0469-1
  • Hodgson's Giant Flying Squirrel. In: Andrew T. Smith, Yan Xie: A Guide to the Mammals of China. Princeton University Press, 2008; S. 178–179. ISBN 978-0-691-09984-2.

Weblinks

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Hodgson-Riesengleithörnchen: Brief Summary ( Alman )

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Das Hodgson-Riesengleithörnchen (Petaurista magnificus) ist ein Gleithörnchen aus der Gattung der Riesengleithörnchen (Petaurista). Es ist im Himalaya im nördlichen Indien, Bhutan, Nepal sowie im südlichen Tibet verbreitet.

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Hodgson's giant flying squirrel ( Anglèis )

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Hodgson's giant flying squirrel (Petaurista magnificus) is a species of rodent in the family Sciuridae.[2] This large flying squirrel lives in Himalayan forests in Asia. Like other flying squirrels, it is nocturnal and able to glide (not actually fly like a bat) long distances between trees by spreading out its patagium, skin between its limbs.[3][4]

Distribution and habitat

The Hodgson's giant flying squirrel is native to the Himalayan region where found in Nepal, Bhutan, southern Xizang (Tibet) in China, and the Indian states of Sikkim, far northern West Bengal and much of Arunachal Pradesh.[3][5][6] Although also reported from Bangladesh,[7] Myanmar (Burma),[2] and the Indian states of Assam[8] and Meghalaya,[9] its presence south and east of the Indian part of the Brahmaputra (Siang) River is questionable and likely the result of misidentifications of other species of giant flying squirrels.[8][10] A taxonomic review of all flying squirrels did not include Bangladesh, Myanmar, Assam or Meghalaya as part of the range of the Hodgson's giant flying squirrel,[11] a checklist and distribution review of mammals of India did not include Assam or Meghalaya as part of its range,[6] and a guide to the mammals of Mainland Southeast Asia did not recognise the species as part of the fauna of Myanmar.[12]

The Hodgson's giant flying squirrel occurs at altitudes of between 400 and 3,700 m (1,300–12,100 ft),[2] but it is mostly reported from 1,500 to 2,700 m (4,900–8,900 ft).[3][13] It is found in tropical forests, subtropical forests and temperate broadleaf forests.[2][14] Although found in both forests that are deciduous and evergreen, it appears to prefer the former.[15]

Taxonomy and description

The Hodgson's giant flying squirrel was named by Brian Houghton Hodgson in 1836 as Sciuropterus magnificus. It was later moved to the genus Petaurista, along with the other giant flying squirrels.[11] The English name was coined later to honour Hodgson.[16] Hodgson, who has been called the "father of Indian vertebrate zoology",[8] planned on making a major book covering mammals and birds of Nepal, but to his disappointment it was never published. However, the illustrations intended for the book, including one showing three Hodgson's giant flying squirrels, are in the collection of London's Natural History Museum.[1]

Two subspecies have been described: P. m. magnificus (at least in Nepal) and P. m. hodgsoni (at least in Darjeeling; scientific name also honouring Hodgson). The latter has somewhat darker fur and differs in certain cranial measurements.[8] Some authorities recognise both subspecies,[17][18][19] while others consider the species monotypic with P. m. hodgsoni being a synonym.[4][11][20]

Appearance

This large flying squirrel has a head-and-body length of about 36–51 cm (14–20 in), a tail length of 41.5–55 cm (16.5–21.5 in) and a weight of c. 1.35–1.8 kg (3.0–4.0 lb).[3][4][14] There are some variations in the proportions; some individuals have a longer tail than the head-and-body,[4] but it is shorter in others.[14]

The shoulders of the Hodgson's giant flying squirrel are creambuff or golden–yellowish. This contrasts clearly with the reddish–chestnut, maroon or russet upperparts, including flanks.[3][8][15] The "saddle" region of the back always appears overall dark and it is sometimes mixed with some black hairs, but it can also have some hairs that are white-tipped.[8] The top of the head is dark and connected by dark thin line or broad patch to the dark "saddle". There is typically no obvious light crown patch,[3][8] but if present it only consists of a yellowish spot that occasionally forms a streak.[19] The underparts are chestnut–orange or orange–buff.[8] The tail is dark brown at the base, the rest being reddish-brown, apart from the tip which is black. The feet are also black.[15]

Confusion with Bhutan giant flying squirrel

A Bhutan giant flying squirrel, a species often confused with the Hodgson's giant flying squirrel

Despite already being scientifically described by John Edward Gray in 1842, the Bhutan giant flying squirrel (Petaurista nobilis) has often been confused with the Hodgson's giant flying squirrel, which is found in the same general region. In 1863, Edward Blyth considered the Bhutan giant flying squirrel as a synonym of the Hodgson's giant flying squirrel.[11] Many—but not all—later sources followed this and William Thomas Blanford considered the two as seasonal variants of one species, with the Bhutan giant flying squirrel being the "summer form" and the Hodgson's giant flying squirrel being the "winter form". This was repeated by others, even authorities with access to museum specimens showing that neither colour pattern is restricted to a specific season.[8] The situation was further confused by mislabeled museum specimens, including a misidentified Bhutan giant flying squirrel that was recognised as a paratype for the Hodgson's giant flying squirrel in 1918.[8] This confusion was the source of the incorrect reports of "Hodgson's giant flying squirrels" with a light stripe along the mid-back,[8] a claim sometimes still repeated based on the original misunderstanding by Blanford.[13] Only in the late 1970s and early 1980s was it firmly established that the two species differ both in their colour patterns and size.[8][21] In addition to its larger average size (although its tail may be shorter) and differences in the skull, the Bhutan giant flying squirrel has flanks that are roughly the same colour as the shoulder patches, it often—but not always—has a light stripe along the mid-back, and it often—but not always—has a distinct pale fulvous or orange–buff band/patch on the crown (making the dark top of the head appear rather like a bandit mask).[4][8][13]

Behaviour

Hodgson's giant flying squirrel is a nocturnal species. At dusk its booming calls can be heard as it emerges from its daytime hiding place in the canopy. It then glides down from the treetops to the rhododendrons and bushes growing below; the glide may cover a distance of as much as 100 m (330 ft) and terminates with a short upward movement.[15] This squirrel feeds on fruits (especially nuts, chestnuts and acorns), young leaves, buds, flowers, grass, tree resin and insects.[3][15] It sleeps during the day in a tree hole 5–15 m (15–50 ft) above the ground, lined with soft vegetation and fur.[15][17] Little is known of its reproductive behaviour, but pregnant females have been recorded in November.[17] There is typically only one young in each litter (as typical of giant flying squirrels),[3] occasionally two.[17]

Status

The total number of Hodgson's giant flying squirrels is thought to be decreasing, but it is found in several protected areas and it is sufficiently widespread to be recognised as least concern by the IUCN.[2] The primary threat is habitat loss and degradation.[2][13] Secondary threats are hunting for bushmeat and its pelt,[5] and capture for the local pet trade.[16] Captives are generally short-lived.[22] Free-ranging dogs sometimes kill Hodgson's giant flying squirrels.[14]

References

  1. ^ a b Pethers, H. (11 July 2011). "Behind the scenes: the Hodgson project". Natural History Museum, London. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Molur, S. (2016). "Petaurista magnificus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T16721A22271868. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T16721A22271868.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Jackson, S.M. (2012). Gliding Mammals of the World. CSIRO Publishing. pp. 112–135. ISBN 9780643092600.
  4. ^ a b c d e Thorington, Jr., R.W.; J.L. Koprowski; M.A. Steele; J.F. Whatton (2012). Squirrels of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-4214-0469-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ a b Krishna, M.C.; A. Kumar; O.P. Tripathi; J.L. Koprowski (2016). "Diversity, Distribution and Status of Gliding Squirrels in Protected and Non-protected Areas of the Eastern Himalayas in India". Hystrix: The Italian Journal of Mammalogy. 27 (2): 1–9. doi:10.4404/hystrix-27.2-11688.
  6. ^ a b Sharma, G.; M. Kamalakannan; K. Venkataraman (2015). "A Checklist of Mammals of India with their distribution and conservation status". Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata.
  7. ^ Aziz, A. (2011). "Notes on the status of mammalian fauna of the Lawachara National Park, Bangladesh". Ecoprint. 18: 45–53. doi:10.3126/eco.v18i0.9398.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Ghose, R.K.; S.S. Saha (1981). "Taxonomic review of Hodgson's giant flying squirrel, Petaurista magnificus (Hodgson) (Sciuridae: Rodentia), with description of a new subspecies from Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India". The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 78 (1): 93–102.
  9. ^ Sclater, W.L. (1981). Catalogue of mammalia: Preserved in the Indian Museum Calcutta. Vol. II. Cosmo Publication.
  10. ^ Choudhury, A.U. (2013). The mammals of North East India. Gibbon Books & The Rhino Foundation with support from COA, Taiwan, Guwahati. ISBN 978-93-80652-02-3.
  11. ^ a b c d Jackson, S.M.; R.W. Thorington Jr. (2012). "Gliding Mammals – Taxonomy of Living and Extinct Species". Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 638 (638): 1–117. doi:10.5479/si.00810282.638.1.
  12. ^ Francis, C.M. (2008). A Guide to the Mammals of Southeast Asia. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13551-9.
  13. ^ a b c d Koli, V.K. (2016). "Biology and Conservation Status of Flying Squirrels (Pteromyini, Sciuridae, Rodentia) in India: An Update and Review". Proc Zool Soc. 69 (1): 9–21. doi:10.1007/s12595-015-0141-z. S2CID 255613233.
  14. ^ a b c d Koirala, S.; H.B. Katuwal; B. Achami; K.B. Shah (2016). "Parasites of Hodgson's Giant Flying Squirrel (Petaurista magnificus)". Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. 3 (7): 8–13.
  15. ^ a b c d e f Smith, A.T.; Xie, Y., eds. (2008). A Guide to the Mammals of China. Princeton University Press. pp. 178–179. ISBN 978-0-691-09984-2.
  16. ^ a b Thapa, S.; H.B. Katuwal; S. Koirala; B.V. Dahal; B. Devkota; R. Rana; H. Dhakal; R. Karki; H. Basnet (2016). Sciuridae (Order: Rodentia) in Nepal. Small Mammals Conservation and Research Foundation, Kathmandu, Nepal. pp. 24–26.
  17. ^ a b c d Datta, R.; R. Nandini (2015). "Sciurids". In A.J.T. Johnsingh; N. Manjrekar (eds.). Mammals of South Asia. Vol. 2. Universities Press, India. p. 536. ISBN 9788173715891.
  18. ^ Srinivasulu, C.; S. Chakraborty; M.S. Pradhan (2003). "Checklist of Sciurids (Mammalia: Rodentia: Sciuridae) of South Asia". Zoos' Print Journal. 19 (2): 1351–1360. doi:10.11609/JoTT.ZPJ.19.2.1351-60.
  19. ^ a b Menon, V. (2014). Indian Mammals. Hachette Book Publishing. ISBN 978-93-5009-760-1.
  20. ^ Thorington, R.W., Jr.; Hoffman, R.S. (2005). "Species Petaurista magnificus". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 754–818. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  21. ^ Saha, S.S. (1977). "A new subspecies of the flying squirrel, Petaurista nobilis (Gray), from Bhutan". Proc. Zool. Soc., Calcutta. 28 (1): 27–29.
  22. ^ Shrestha, T.K. (1997). Mammals of Nepal: With Reference to Those of India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Pakistan. R.K. Printers, Teku, Kathmandu. pp. 83–84. ISBN 978-0952439066.

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Hodgson's giant flying squirrel: Brief Summary ( Anglèis )

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Hodgson's giant flying squirrel (Petaurista magnificus) is a species of rodent in the family Sciuridae. This large flying squirrel lives in Himalayan forests in Asia. Like other flying squirrels, it is nocturnal and able to glide (not actually fly like a bat) long distances between trees by spreading out its patagium, skin between its limbs.

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Petaurista magnificus ( Spagneul; Castilian )

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Petaurista magnificus es una especie de roedor de la familia Sciuridae.

Distribución geográfica

Se encuentran en India y Nepal.

Hábitat

Su hábitat natural son: los bosques templados.

Estado de conservación

Se encuentra amenazada de extinción por la pérdida de su hábitat natural

Referencias

  1. Molur, S. (2008). «Petaurista magnificus». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2008 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 6 de enero de 2009.
  • Thorington, R. W. Jr. and R. S. Hoffman. 2005. Family Sciuridae. Pp. 754-818 in Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
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Petaurista magnificus: Brief Summary ( Spagneul; Castilian )

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Petaurista magnificus es una especie de roedor de la familia Sciuridae.

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Petaurista magnificus ( Basch )

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Petaurista magnificus Petaurista generoko animalia da. Karraskarien barruko Sciurinae azpifamilia eta Sciuridae familian sailkatuta dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. Hodgson (1836) Sciuridae J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 231. or..

Kanpo estekak

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Petaurista magnificus: Brief Summary ( Basch )

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Petaurista magnificus Petaurista generoko animalia da. Karraskarien barruko Sciurinae azpifamilia eta Sciuridae familian sailkatuta dago.

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Petaurista magnificus ( Italian )

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Il petaurista di Hodgson (Petaurista magnificus Hodgson, 1836), noto in cinese come Lihe Wushu, è uno scoiattolo volante originario della regione himalayana.

Descrizione

Con una lunghezza testa-corpo di 35,9-42 cm, una coda di 41,5-48 cm e un peso di circa 1350 g, il petaurista di Hodgson è una delle specie più grandi del genere Petaurista. Il colore marrone scuro o rossiccio del dorso, con una striscia di colore marrone scuro o nerastro che va dalla testa alla base della coda, contrasta nettamente con le macchie gialle presenti sulle spalle, contornate ai lati dal colore ruggine scuro dei fianchi e del patagio; le regioni inferiori e le zampe sono di colore rossiccio chiaro, mentre la coda, di colore rossiccio scuro alla base, è quasi del tutto rossiccia, con una piccola macchia nera all'estremità; i piedi sono neri.

Distribuzione e habitat

Il petaurista di Hodgson è diffuso nelle regioni meridionali del Tibet, in Nepal, Sikkim e Bhutan. Vive nelle foreste sempreverdi e di latifoglie, dalle pianure fino a 3000 m di quota; sembra prediligere le foreste decidue. È più grande di circa il 25% di P. elegans, che vive nello stesso habitat.

Biologia

Il petaurista di Hodgson ha abitudini prevalentemente notturne e arboricole, e si nutre di foglie, gemme, fiori di rododendri e di altri alberi, frutta e perfino erbe. È altamente vocale e quando esce dal nido, al crepuscolo, emette sempre un profondo e monotono richiamo rimbombante. La sera può essere visto planare per distanze di 60-100 m dagli alberi di quercia fino a quelli di rododendro sottostanti. Occupa nidi con un'entrata circolare situati a 5-15 m dal suolo, imbottiti con muschio e altro materiale morbido. Le abitudini riproduttive sono sconosciute, ma si sa che le madri condividono lo stesso nido con i piccoli.

Conservazione

La distruzione e il degrado dell'habitat per far posto a coltivazioni di cardamomo e , la raccolta del legname, altre attività umane e gli incendi boschivi sono le principali minacce per questa specie, che ha già perso gran parte del proprio areale originario. In alcune aree viene anche cacciato a scopo alimentare. Tuttavia, è ancora molto diffuso e la IUCN lo colloca tra le specie a rischio minimo.

Note

  1. ^ (EN) D.E. Wilson e D.M. Reeder, Petaurista magnificus, in Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3ª ed., Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
  2. ^ (EN) Molur, S. 2010, Petaurista magnificus, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.

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Petaurista magnificus: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Il petaurista di Hodgson (Petaurista magnificus Hodgson, 1836), noto in cinese come Lihe Wushu, è uno scoiattolo volante originario della regione himalayana.

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Petaurista magnificus ( olandèis; flamand )

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Petaurista magnificus is een zoogdier uit de familie van de eekhoorns (Sciuridae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Hodgson in 1836.

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05-08-2012
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Petaurista magnificus ( svedèis )

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Petaurista magnificus[2][3][4] är en däggdjursart som först beskrevs av Hodgson 1836. Den ingår i släktet jätteflygekorrar och familjen ekorrar.[5][6] Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.[5]

Beskrivning

En stor flygekorre med en rödbrun till mörkbrun ryggpäls med ett mörkare band längs ryggen och ljusare, gula partier på skuldrorna. Undersidan är ljust rödbrun, medan svansen är mörkbrun vid roten, rödbrun till den större delen och svart i spetsen. Mellan fram- och bakben har arten en flygmembran. Kroppslängden är 36 till 42 cm, ej inräknat den 41,5 till 48 cm långa svansen. Vikten är omkring 1,35 kg.[7]

Utbredning

Denna flygekorre förekommer i bergstrakter i norra Sydasien, södra Kina och västra Sydostasien. En population lever i östra Nepal, i angränsande, södra delen av provinsen Xizang i södra Kina, nordöstra Indien (delstaten Sikkim[7]) och Bhutan. Två andra populationer finns i västra och norra Burma.[1]

Ekologi

Utbredningsområdet sträcker sig från låglänta områden upp till bergstrakter 3 000 meter över havet. I Sydasien (Indien, Bhutan och Nepal) håller den sig inom 1 500 till 2 250 meters höjd. Habitatet utgörs av tropiska, städsegröna eller lövfällande skogar, av vilka arten förefaller föredra de senare.[1]

Ekorren är en nattaktiv, trädlevande art, som tillbringar dagen i bon med en rund ingång, som den bygger av mossa och andra mjuka material i träd cirka 5 till 15 meter över marken. Födan utgörs av blad, knoppar och blommor av rododendronarter och träd, frukt och gräs. Individerna glidflyger 60 till 100 meter från träden till rododendronbuskarna nedanför. Arten är mycket ljudlig, med ett djupt, monotomt, genljudande rop som den ger ifrån sig i skymningen.[7]

Litet är känt om fortplantningen, utom att det endast är honan som tar hand om avkomman.[7]

Bevarandestatus

IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig. Populationerna minskar emellertid; som troliga anledningar anges habitatförlust genom skogsavverkning till förmån för kardemumma- och teplantager och även för småskalig timmerindustri samt mänskligt nybyggande. Skogsbränder och jakt kan också vara lokala orsaker.[1]

Källor

  1. ^ [a b c d] Molur, S. 2010 Petaurista magnificus Från: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2 <www.iucnredlist.org>. Läst 24 april 2016.
  2. ^ Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. (2005) , Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3rd ed., Petaurista magnificus
  3. ^ Wilson, Don E., and F. Russell Cole (2000) , Common Names of Mammals of the World
  4. ^ (2001) , website, 2000 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
  5. ^ [a b] Roskov Y., Abucay L., Orrell T., Nicolson D., Kunze T., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., DeWalt R.E., Decock W., De Wever A. (red.) (2015). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2015 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Naturalis, Leiden, Nederländerna. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2015/search/all/key/petaurista+magnificus/match/1. Läst 24 april 2016.
  6. ^ ITIS: The Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Orrell T. (custodian), 2011-04-26
  7. ^ [a b c d] Andrew T. Smith och Yan Xie (2013) (på engelska). Mammals of China. Princeton University Press. sid. 64–65. ISBN 978 0 691 15427 5. https://books.google.se/books?id=sgQsHR-WnTUC&pg=PA64&lpg=PA64&dq=%22Petaurista+magnificus%22&source=bl&ots=gD0LRNsHHU&sig=ibZ7UdK7pVOSRVqlALBGNwLqqwo&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjdhKGLhoTMAhXBVSwKHfFnBBQ4FBDoAQhNMAg#v=onepage&q=%22Petaurista%20magnificus%22&f=false

Externa länkar

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Petaurista magnificus: Brief Summary ( svedèis )

fornì da wikipedia SV

Petaurista magnificus är en däggdjursart som först beskrevs av Hodgson 1836. Den ingår i släktet jätteflygekorrar och familjen ekorrar. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

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Sóc bay khổng lồ Hodgson ( vietnamèis )

fornì da wikipedia VI

Sóc bay khổng lồ Hodgson (Petaurista magnificus) là một loài gặm nhấm trong họ Sóc. Loài này có ở Ấn ĐộNepal. Nơi sinh sống của nó là các khu rừng ôn đới. Loài này bị đe dọa bởi sự mất môi trường sinh sống tự nhiên.

Miêu tả

Loài sóc bay lớn này có chiều dài đầu và thân 360–420 mm và đuôi dài 415–480 mm. Cân nặng khoảng 1.350 g. Các lông trên lưng là màu nâu sẫm với một sọc đốt sống đen và các mảng màu nâu vàng trên vai. Sườn và màng trượt có màu nâu đỏ trong khi các phần dưới và chân tay nhợt nhạt là màu nâu đỏ. Đuôi có màu nâu sẫm ở gốc, phần còn lại là màu nâu đỏ, ngoài những đầu mút đuôi có màu đen. Bàn chân cũng có màu đen[2].

Hành vi

Sóc bay khổng lồ Hodgson là một loài hoạt động về đêm. Vào lúc chạng vạng cuộc gọi lớn của chúng có thể được nghe thấy khi chúng ra khỏi nơi ẩn nấp vào ban ngày trong tán lá. Sau đó chúng lướt xuống từ ngọn cây đến bụi cây mọc ở dưới; chúng có thể lượn một khoảng cách lên tới 100 m và chấm dứt với một chuyển động lên ngắn. Chúng ăn lá, nụ, các loại cỏ, hoa và trái cây. Chúng làm tổ trong lỗ tròn lên đến 15 m (50 ft) so với mặt đất, lót bằng thảm thực vật mềm. Người ta ít biết hành vi sinh sản của loài này.

Chú thích

  1. ^ Molur, S. (2008). Petaurista magnificus. 2008 Sách đỏ IUCN. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế 2008. Truy cập ngày 6 tháng 1 năm 2009.
  2. ^ Smith, Andrew T.; Xie, Yan; Hoffmann, Robert S.; Lunde, Darrin; MacKinnon, John; Wilson, Don E.; Wozencraft, W. Chris (2010). A Guide to the Mammals of China. Princeton University Press. tr. 178. ISBN 1-4008-3411-2.

Tham khảo


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến Họ Sóc này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Sóc bay khổng lồ Hodgson: Brief Summary ( vietnamèis )

fornì da wikipedia VI

Sóc bay khổng lồ Hodgson (Petaurista magnificus) là một loài gặm nhấm trong họ Sóc. Loài này có ở Ấn ĐộNepal. Nơi sinh sống của nó là các khu rừng ôn đới. Loài này bị đe dọa bởi sự mất môi trường sinh sống tự nhiên.

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栗褐鼯鼠 ( cinèis )

fornì da wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Petaurista magnificus
(Hodgson, 1836)

栗褐鼯鼠學名Petaurista magnificus)是松鼠科鼯鼠屬的一種動物,分佈於印度北部、尼泊爾不丹緬甸中華人民共和國西藏自治區南部等山區。這種鼯鼠的自然棲息地為熱帶亞熱帶森林,其物種數量則因為棲息地破壞而受到威脅。

簡介

栗褐鼯鼠的身體長度為360毫米至420毫米(14英寸至17英寸),而尾巴長度則有415毫米至480毫米(16英寸至19英寸),其重量約為1350克(48安士)。這種鼯鼠擁有深棕色的背毛、黑色脊椎條紋和足部、深棕紅色的脅腹與滑翔膜以及淺棕紅色的下體和四肢,而肩上則有棕黃色斑點。另一方面,栗褐鼯鼠的尾巴頂端與末端分別為黑色和深棕色,而其餘部分則是棕紅色。[2]

分佈和棲息地

栗褐鼯鼠分佈在印度北部、尼泊爾不丹中華人民共和國西藏自治區南部等海拔1500米至3000米(4900至9800英尺)的喜馬拉雅山脈地區以及緬甸西部,而其自然棲息地則是位於熱帶亞熱帶的常綠和落葉森林。[1]

習性

栗褐鼯鼠是一種夜行動物,他們會在黃昏時離開於日間逗留與隱藏的樹冠區域,並因而發出響亮的聲音。隨後栗褐鼯鼠會利用皮膚上的小型襟翼從樹梢滑翔至杜鵑花以及生長在杜鵑花下方的灌木叢,其滑翔距離可以達到最多100米(330英尺)並能夠透過短暫的上升動作來停止。這種鼯鼠以樹葉、花蕾、草、花朵和果實為糧食,並於距離地面最高15米(50英尺)的圓形洞穴築巢,以及使用柔軟的植被予以填塞洞穴;而現時動物學家仍未完全了解其繁殖習性。[2]

現況

由於現今人類不斷破壞森林棲息地以種植茶葉與豆蔻籽等農作物,因此不少學家均認為栗褐鼯鼠的總數量正在減少。但是因為這種鼯鼠擁有廣大的分佈地域以及其數量現時依然比較多,所以世界自然保育聯盟仍把栗褐鼯鼠評為無危物種[1]

參考資料

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Molur, S. Petaurista magnificus. 國際自然保護聯盟瀕危物種紅色名錄 (世界自然保育聯盟). 2010年, 2010: e.T16721A6315419 [2018年6月9日]. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T16721A6315419.en (英语).
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Smith, Andrew T.; Xie, Yan; Hoffmann, Robert S.; Lunde, Darrin; MacKinnon, John; Wilson, Don E.; Wozencraft, W. Chris. A Guide to the Mammals of China. Princeton University Press. 2010年: 第178頁 [2018年6月9日]. ISBN 1-4008-3411-2 (英语).
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栗褐鼯鼠: Brief Summary ( cinèis )

fornì da wikipedia 中文维基百科

栗褐鼯鼠(學名:Petaurista magnificus)是松鼠科鼯鼠屬的一種動物,分佈於印度北部、尼泊爾不丹緬甸中華人民共和國西藏自治區南部等山區。這種鼯鼠的自然棲息地為熱帶亞熱帶森林,其物種數量則因為棲息地破壞而受到威脅。

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호지슨자이언트날다람쥐 ( Corean )

fornì da wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

호지슨자이언트날다람쥐(Petaurista magnificus)는 다람쥐과에 속하는 설치류의 일종이다.[2] 인도 북부와 네팔, 부탄, 미얀마, 중국 남부 지역의 산악 지대에서 발견된다. 자연 서식지는 열대와 아열대 숲이고 서식지 파괴로 위협을 받고 있다.

특징

대형 날다람쥐로 머리부터 몸까지 길이가 360~420mm, 꼬리 길이가 415~480mm이다. 몸무게는 약 1350g이다. 등 쪽의 털은 짙은 갈색이고 등 가운데를 따라 검은색 줄무늬가 있고, 어깨에는 누르스름한 갈색 반점이 나 있다. 옆구리와 활강 비막은 불그스레한 짙은 갈색을 띠는 반면에 배 쪽과 다리는 불그스레한 연한 갈색이다. 몸 쪽 꼬리는 짙은 갈색이고, 나머지 부분은 붉은 갈색을 띠며 끝은 검다. 다리도 검다.[3]

분포 및 서식지

호지슨자이언트날다람쥐는 네팔과 인도 북부, 부탄, 중국 티베트 자치구 등의 해발 1500~3000m 히말라야 지역의 토착종이다. 미얀마 서부 지역에서도 발견된다. 자연 서식지는 열대와 아열대 기후 지역의 상록수림과 낙엽수림이다.[1]

습성

호지슨자이언트날다람쥐는 야행성 동물이다. 날이 저물면 낮동안에 머물던 수관층 은신처에서 빠져 나오며 내는 요란한 소리를 들을 수 있다. 그런 다음 나무 꼭대기에서 진달래와 덤불이 자라는 아래로 활강한다. 활강 거리는 최대 100m에 이르기도 하며, 윗쪽으로 이동은 짧게 끝난다.[3] 먹이는 식물 잎과 새싹, 풀, 꽃, 열매 등이다. 땅으로부터 최대 15m 위에 부드러운 식물을 쌓아 둥근 구멍 속에 둥지를 만든다. 번식 행동은 잘 알려져 있지 않다. 비행을 위해 피부의 작은 덮개를 이용한다.[3]

보전 상태

카다멈과 같은 농작물을 재배하기 위해 숲 서식지가 파괴되고 있기 때문에 호지슨자이언트날다람쥐의 전체 개체수가 감소 추세를 보이는 것으로 간주되고 있다. 그러나 분포 지역이 넓고, 전체 개체수가 많기 때문에 국제 자연 보전 연맹(IUCN)이 보전 등급을 "관심대상종"으로 분류하고 있다.[1]

각주

  1. Molur, S. (2010). Petaurista magnificus. 《IUCN 적색 목록》 (IUCN) 2010: e.T16721A6315419. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T16721A6315419.en. 2016년 8월 27일에 확인함.
  2. Thorington, R.W., Jr.; Hoffman, R.S. (2005). 〈Family Sciuridae〉 [다람쥐과]. Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. 《Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference》 (영어) 3판. 존스 홉킨스 대학교 출판사. 754–818쪽. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  3. Smith, Andrew T.; Xie, Yan; Hoffmann, Robert S.; Lunde, Darrin; MacKinnon, John; Wilson, Don E.; Wozencraft, W. Chris (2010). 《A Guide to the Mammals of China》. Princeton University Press. 178쪽. ISBN 1-4008-3411-2.
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