Čmelák zahradní (Bombus hortorum L.) je zástupce čeledi včelovitých. V České republice náleží mezi zákonem chráněné druhy.
Patří do druhové skupiny pocket makers, tzn. že při stavbě díla jsou pod larvami budovány zvláštní voskové kapsičky. Dělnice do nich ukládají pyl a med. Larvy nejsou krmeny, ale samy takto nashromážděnou potravu odebírají.
Jde o velký druh. Matka dorůstá 19 mm – 22 mm. Za letu vydává hluboký tón.
Černé zbarvení těla je na předohrudi a zadohrudi přerušeno světle žlutou páskou. Stejně tak první článek zadečku je žlutý. Páska na hrudi svým vykrojením připomíná měsíc v první čtvrti. Konec zadečku je bílý. Zbarvením se pohlaví od sebe neliší. Jen samečci mají poslední článek zadečku tmavý.
Vyletuje brzy zjara. Obecně rozšířený druh hnízdí v podzemí, ale i v nadzemních úkrytech. Rodiny jsou silné až o několika stovkách jedinců.
Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu čmelák zahradní ve Wikimedia Commons
Galerie čmelák zahradní ve Wikimedia CommonsČmelák zahradní (Bombus hortorum L.) je zástupce čeledi včelovitých. V České republice náleží mezi zákonem chráněné druhy.
Die Gartenhummel (Bombus hortorum) ist eine häufige Hummelart, die in Gärten, auf Wiesen, in Obstgärten und Parks vorkommt.
Die Gartenhummel trägt an der Vorder- und Hinterkante des Brustkorbs jeweils eine goldgelbe Binde mit einem breiten schwarzen Bereich dazwischen. Auch das erste Tergit des Hinterleibs ist goldgelb, die mittleren Glieder schwarz und das Hinterleibsende weiß behaart. Die Königin ist 18–26, die Arbeiterinnen 11–16 und die Drohnen 13–15 mm lang. Die Flügel der Königin sind groß, mit einer maximalen Spannweite von 40 mm, bei den Arbeiterinnen nur 30 mm. Ähnlich aussehende Arten sind die Dunkle Erdhummel, Heidehummel, die Feldhummel und die Tonerdhummel.
Die Gartenhummel kommt in ganz Europa vor. Ihr Lebensraum sind Waldränder, daran angrenzende Wiesen, Streuobstwiesen, Parkanlagen und Gärten im Siedlungsbereich sowie Hochwasserdämme.[1]
Die Gartenhummeln gehören zu den langrüsseligen Hummelarten und besuchen deshalb Pflanzen mit langer Blütenröhre, wie zum Beispiel Lippenblütler und Schmetterlingsblütler. So sind sie auf Wiesen-Klee, Eisenhut, Disteln, Ackerbohnen und Geißblatt zu finden.
Das Nest befindet sich auf oder oberflächennah in der Erde, kann aber auch in verlassenen Vogel- und Mäusenestern, Ställen, Scheunen, Schuppen und Dachböden gebaut werden. Ein ausgewachsenes Volk besteht aus etwa 50 bis 100 Arbeiterinnen. Die nistplatzsuchenden Königinnen können von März bis Mitte Mai beobachtet werden, die Arbeiterinnen von Anfang Mai bis Ende Juli, die Drohnen von Ende Juni bis Ende Juli, eine zweite Generation bis in den September. Die Königinnen aus dem ersten Nest beginnen noch im selben Jahr mit einem eigenen Nest. Aus diesem neuen Nest kommen die überwinternden Königinnen.
Gartenhummel auf Rotem Fingerhut
Gartenhummel-Königin (Bombus hortorum) auf Brombeere
Die Gartenhummel (Bombus hortorum) ist eine häufige Hummelart, die in Gärten, auf Wiesen, in Obstgärten und Parks vorkommt.
The gairy-bee (Bombus hortorum) is a bum-bee that’s black an yellae strippit.
Ògardowi pszmiél (Bombus hortorum) - to je ôrt òwada z rodzëznë pszczołowatëch (Apidae). Òn mô dosc dłudżi sysôcz, a żëje m. jin. na Kaszëbach.
Ògardowi pszmiél (Bombus hortorum) - to je ôrt òwada z rodzëznë pszczołowatëch (Apidae). Òn mô dosc dłudżi sysôcz, a żëje m. jin. na Kaszëbach.
Bombus hortorum, the garden bumblebee or small garden bumblebee, is a species of bumblebee found in most of Europe north to 70°N, as well as parts of Asia and New Zealand.[2] It is distinguished from most other bumblebees by its long tongue used for feeding on pollen in deep-flowered plants.[3] Accordingly, this bumblebee mainly visits flowers with deep corollae, such as deadnettles, ground ivy, vetches, clovers, comfrey, foxglove, and thistles.[4] They have a good visual memory, which aids them in navigating the territory close to their habitat and seeking out food sources.[5]
Bombus hortorum belongs to the Bombus, or bumblebee, genus. It is one of the six most common bumblebees throughout Europe.[3] Of the six commonest species, only two are long-tongued: B. hortorum and B. pascuorum.[6]
Its close relative Bombus ruderatus also has a long tongue, but is much less common. Bombus hortorum and Bombus ruderatus are nearly identical in appearance, but DNA sequence data distinguishes them as clearly-separate species.[7]
This bumblebee has an oblong head and a very long tongue, about 15 mm (0.59 in), and in some cases even 20 mm (0.79 in). The tongue is so long that the bee often flies with it extended when collecting nectar.[8] The queen is variable in size, with body lengths between 19 and 22 mm (0.75 and 0.87 in), and wing spans from 35 to 38 mm (1.4 to 1.5 in). The workers are almost as large, the larger ones overlapping the smaller queens. Their color is black with a yellow collar, a narrow yellow band on the scutellum, and a third yellow band on terga (abdominal segments) 1 and 2. The tail is white. Darker forms, with little yellow in their fur, are common.[4]
The compound eyes of Bombus hortorum are two dark, oval structures situated on the dorsal-ventral axis of their head.[5] They lack interfacetal hairs and feature a relatively thick cornea and large retinal cells. Three types of spectrally sensitive cells were identified: UV with peak sensitivity to light of 353 nm wavelength, blue and green sensitive receptors with peak sensitivities to wavelengths of 430 nm and 548 nm, respectively. The ratios of these three cell types were 1:1:6. Polarization sensitivity occurred mostly in the UV cell types. The median ocellus was found to possess a much wider acceptance angle and a higher UV : green receptor cell ratio than the compound eye.[5]
This species is found in Europe as far north as 70ºN (in Scandinavia, south of the tundra). In the west, its distribution reaches Iceland, where it probably has been introduced. In the south, it extends to the middle of the Iberian Peninsula, to southern Italy (Calabria), northern Turkey, and to the Mediterranean islands except Corsica, Sicily, and (probably) Sardinia. It continues in northern and central Asia through Siberia to the Altai Mountains, and, in the southeast, to northern Iran.[2] In 1885, it was introduced in New Zealand, where it still exists, but without being particularly common.[9]: 219–220 It is also found in America, particularly Florida. It is found throughout the British Isles, including Orkney and Shetland.[4] Bombus hortorum are commonly found in grassland environments with abundant flowers that they can feed on.[3]
In a study analyzing spatial patterns of Bombus in different habitats, it was discovered that B. hortorum are most abundant in recently cattle-grazed grasslands, as compared to arable, sheep-grazed, unmanaged, and disturbed land plots. Cattle play an important role in the habitat of Bombus species because their feeding actions in grasslands cause a more diverse floral environment, which is preferred by the bumblebees for their own foraging behavior.[10]
Due to their localized lifestyle and the destruction and loss of grassland habitats, Bombus hortorum populations are expected to decline in the future.[3] In order to address the conservation of Bombus hortorum, it is important that large areas of foraging plant diversity and nesting sites either receive no intervention as to foster a natural habitat, or are extensively grazed by cattle during the summer in order to promote plant diversity and create an environment rich in favored flowers for Bombus.[10]
Bombus hortorum queens searching for locations to build a nest are most frequently found along forest and field boundaries and in open uncultivated fields.[11] B. hortorum usually build their nests under the ground. They need moss and dried grass to be present in their habitats in order to successfully build their homes. Thus, they prefer grassland habitats with ample sunlight reaching the land in order to ensure secure and warm nests beneath the ground.[10] Both this species and Bombus pratorum are known to build their nests in unusual places.[12]
A single queen starts a new colony in the springtime. B. hortorum is usually the last of the common Bombus species in Europe to emerge after hibernation. The queens carry out all necessary duties by themselves for over a month until the first batch of workers develops from larvae. In late summer and early fall, new breeding females and males emerge. The males do not return to the nest after they have developed. Instead, they care for themselves independently.[6] The colony size of Bombus hortorum is small compared to other bumblebee colonies.[3] A large bumblebee colony is considered to be several hundred individuals. The typical season of bumblebees lasts from mid-March to October, with summer showing the largest population size.[6]
At the end of the species’ season in the winter, mated queens search for hibernation sites underground while the rest of the colony dies off.[6]
The modernization of agriculture and demand for crops to feed the human population has brought about a significant increase in pesticide use. This has an adverse effect on the genus Bombus. Pesticides can impact the B. hortorum colonies by reducing brood development and also negatively impacting their memory, preventing them from remembering the locations of their foraging sites and nests. When a single queen first establishes her colony at the beginning of the season, pesticide risks could pose consequences for colony development and size, therefore resulting in colony decline. However, this species overall is not in danger of extinction, despite this use of pesticides.[13]
Bombus hortorum do not readily communicate with others when foraging.[6] Instead, they collect food independently using a method called ‘trap-lining', in which individuals follow a regular route and visit the same flowers each time they forage.[6]
Bombus hortorum females mate once only; this increases the overall relatedness of individuals in their colony. At the end of the season in late summer, females mate and then store the sperm in spermatheca during their hibernation period. Then, at the start of the season when the queen emerges to start her colony, she uses the stored sperm to fertilize her eggs and produce workers. The average ejaculate size in B. hortorum is 6,800 sperm, which is relatively small compared to other Bombus species.[14] As with most bumblebees, the males of this species patrol a fixed circuit, marking objects along the route, about a meter above ground, with a pheromone to attract queens. This behaviour was noted by Darwin 1886 in his own garden.[9]: 47
Bombus hortorum have been found to forage on plants in the genus Aquilegia; specifically the species A. vulgaris in Belgium and A. chrysantha in North America and Belgium. In regards to Aquilegia foraging, Bombus hortorum do not show any preference in color of the flowers.
When Bombus workers set out to forage, they typically restrict themselves to either pollen collection or nectar foraging on one specific plant species. On the other hand, queens combine both pollen and nectar foraging in one expedition and visit multiple plant species.[15] The queens use their tongue and jaws to grasp the stamen and petals of the flowers and collect food. While several other Bombus species perforate the flowers when foraging, Bombus hortorum do not perforate the flowers they feed on.[15] This lack of perforation is thought to be attributed to the species' extremely long tongue length, which sufficiently reaches the nectar without any trouble.
Bombus individuals forage in small areas of several square meters for many days. Small areas they have been found to feed in are commonly separated by brush from neighboring spaces. In a study examining diet preferences of Bombus hortorum, it was determined that foraging behavior of individual bumblebees affects isolation and hybridization of flowering plants. In comparing choices of Rhinanthus plant species, B. hortorum queens and workers showed a strong preference for R. serotinus which has a long corolla length, but it easily reached with B. hortorum’s long tongue length.[16] Observations of B. hortorum foraging patterns reveal that they are nototribic, or upright pollinators. Thus, when feeding, pollen is deposited on their head and thorax rather than on their legs and the underside of their abdomen as seen in sternotribic, or inverted foragers. When feeding on plants in quick continuation, bumblebees have their proboscis extended as they approach the flower. Data from this study reveals that when pollinating, Bombus hortorum visit eighteen flowers per minute, which is more than other species. This large quantity is most likely due to the greater efficiency B. hortorum experience by having longer tongues. B. hortorum play a prominent role in causing cross-pollination in Rhinanthus flowers and thus, make hybridization possible.[16]
The majority of the pollen they collect comes from the flowers of plants of the Fabaceae family. Bombus hortorum are especially fond of one species of Fabaceae, red clover, Trifolium pratense.[3] The preference for Trifolium pratense is related to the very long tongue of B. hortorum.[10] Because T. pratense is a flower species with a long corolla tube depth, B. hortorum can easily reach the nectar and pollen within the tube.[10]
Bumblebees tend to favor perennial flowers, which tend to produce more nectar than annual species.[6]
B. hortorum compete for nectar with honeybees, which bite holes in the flowers of red clover so that their short tongues can reach the nectar. Because B. hortorum has better visual sensitivity compared to other bees, they can start foraging earlier in the morning and return to their nests later in the day.[5] Direct competition is thus avoided; bumblebees forage early in the morning and evening while honeybees forage during the afternoon.[6]
B. hortorum exhibit buzz pollination, a foraging behavior in which they generate vibrations that are transmitted onto the anthers of flowers, thus ejecting the pollen that they gather and then consume. In a study comparing other Bombus species, B. hortorum was found to create higher buzz amplitudes, thus making more efficient at collecting pollen.[17]
B. hortorum exhibit traplining, a foraging behavior in which they visit the same feeding areas using regular routes that they repeat over several days. The routes are unique to individual bees. Using their preferred routes, Bombus individuals move between plant groups and forage patches as they search for pollen and nectar to consume. The flight direction among these routes is often irreversible, unless environmental factors like wind interfere.[18]
B. hortorum have been found to fly distances up to 2.5 kilometers in a relatively short period of time, approximately one to four days. Queens in particular travel long distances in dispersal flights; this increases gene flow within the species. When traveling longer distances, bumblebees occasionally stop to rest, often resting on prominent structures in their landscape, such as trees.[19]
In a study assessing the movement behavior and flight distances of Bombus hortorum, radio tracking was used as a method to gather data on the bee's routes. To carry out this research, transmitters were attached to the bumblebee's bodies, directly on their abdomen. The bees took unusually long periods of rest and cleaning in the middle of their flight - one individual took breaks longer than forty-five minutes - in response to the extra weight and disturbance.[19]
B. hortorum use defensive buzzes as warning signs and to show aggression. They are louder, produced with much more power than other buzzes.[17]
In 1988, a new pathogen was discovered to be affecting B. hortorum workers and queens, causing the appearance of unusual spores on the bumblebees. Research confirmed that a new parasitic protozoan that belongs to the order Neogregarinida caused the infection; this was attributed to the type of spores and the life cycle associated with the protozoan. It is presumed that the parasite is widely distributed throughout Europe.[13]
Bombus hortorum serve as hosts for Crithidia bombi, a widespread gut parasite that is present in many bumblebee species. The pathogens negatively impact reproductive fitness of Bombus queens, as they affect their ovarian development as well as early colony establishment after the queens emerge from hibernation. Queens hibernating underground during the winter are not directly affected by the parasite. C. bombi’s dominant route of infection into Bombus individuals is by ingestion of the infectious agents by larvae from the workers that feed them. This process is known as vertical transmission and is greatly influenced by the number of available individuals who can serve as potential vectors. Horizontal transmission also occurs, in which foraging worker bees catch infections left on flowers by other bees. While inside their host bodies, Crithidia bombi have been discovered to reproduce clonally as well as sexually. After being ingested, the genotype of the host can play a prominent role in the development of the parasite. Bumblebee colonies that exhibit little variety in their gene pool, as a result of inbreeding, tend to have a higher occurrence of C. bombi as compared to Bombus populations with high levels of heterozygosity. Furthermore, the host genotype may affect the response to the parasite by triggering the bee's innate immune system, up-regulated effector genes that defend the host.[20]
Bombus hortorum are frequent pollinators of many crops, including sunflowers, strawberries, apples, and tomatoes.
The modernization of agriculture and demand for crops to feed the human population has brought about a significant increase in pesticide use. This has an adverse effect on the genus Bombus. The bees are directly exposed to the chemicals in two ways: by consuming nectar that has been directly treated with pesticide, or through physical contact with treated plants and flowers. Pesticides can impact the B. hortorum colonies by reducing brood development and also impairs their memory, preventing them from remembering the locations of their foraging sites and nests. Furthermore, when a single queen is first establishing her colony at the beginning of the season, pesticide risks could pose consequences for colony development and size.[13]
Queen on blackberry flower Queen on flower of Echium vulgare (Viper’s Bugloss or Blueweed) Queen on Linaria purpurea (Purple Toadflax) Melanistic (all-black) garden bumblebee on oregano Bombus hortorum, the garden bumblebee or small garden bumblebee, is a species of bumblebee found in most of Europe north to 70°N, as well as parts of Asia and New Zealand. It is distinguished from most other bumblebees by its long tongue used for feeding on pollen in deep-flowered plants. Accordingly, this bumblebee mainly visits flowers with deep corollae, such as deadnettles, ground ivy, vetches, clovers, comfrey, foxglove, and thistles. They have a good visual memory, which aids them in navigating the territory close to their habitat and seeking out food sources.
Aedkimalane (Bombus hortorum) on mesilaslaste sugukonda kuuluv putukas.
Ta on Eestis arvatud III kaitsekategooriasse.[1]
Eestis on ta tavaline[2].
Oma pesad teevad nad maa alla või maa peale[2].
Aedkimalane (Bombus hortorum) on mesilaslaste sugukonda kuuluv putukas.
Ta on Eestis arvatud III kaitsekategooriasse.
Eestis on ta tavaline.
Oma pesad teevad nad maa alla või maa peale.
Tarhakimalainen (Bombus hortorum) on kimalaisten sukuun kuuluva mesipistiäislaji.
Tarhakimalainen on musta, mutta keskiruumiin etu- ja takaosa sekä koko takaruumiin tyviosa ovat laajalti kirkkaan keltaiset. Lisäksi takaruumiin kärki on valkoinen. Pää on hyvin pitkulainen ja imukärsä kimalaisen kokoon nähden erittäin pitkä, jopa yli 20 mm. Koiraat eroavat kuningattarista ja työläisistä pitempien tuntosarvien perusteella. Lentäessään kukasta kukkaan tarhakimalainen pitää pitkää imukärsäänsä ojennettuna. Koko 10–22 mm.[2]
Tarhakimalaista tavataan lähes koko Manner-Euroopan poikki Anatolian pohjoisosiin ja idässä koko Siperiaan. Pohjois-Afrikassa sitä ei tavata. Myös Euroopassa se puuttuu Azoreilta, useimmilta Välimeren saarilta sekä pohjoiselta tundralta. Laji on tavattu Islannista, jonne se lienee levinnyt ihmisen toimesta. Se on myös viety Uuteen-Seelantiin 1880-luvulla.[3]. Suomessa tarhakimalainen esiintyy koko maassa ollen etelässä melko yleinen mutta harvinaistuu pohjoista kohti.[2]
Tarhakimalainen viihtyy puistoissa, puutarhoissa ja sekametsissä. Kuningatar perustaa pesän usein puun juurakkoon tai kiven alle, lähelle maanpintaa. Erittäin pitkän imukärsänsä vuoksi tarhakimalainen pystyy vierailemaan pitkätorvisissa kukissa, joiden meteen muut hyönteiset eivät pääse helposti käsiksi. Se on puna-apilan tärkeimpiä pölyttäjiä. Koiraat houkuttelevat nuoria, parittelemattomia kuningattaria luokseen merkiten puiden ja pensaiden oksia tuottamallaan feromonilla.[2]
Tarhakimalainen (Bombus hortorum) on kimalaisten sukuun kuuluva mesipistiäislaji.
Bombus hortorum, le bourdon des jardins, est une espèce d'insectes hyménoptères du genre Bombus et du sous-genre Megabombus.
Le bourdon des jardins reste une espèce commune en Europe. Il atteint l'Islande, la Russie, la Turquie.
Bombus hortorum, le bourdon des jardins, est une espèce d'insectes hyménoptères du genre Bombus et du sous-genre Megabombus.
Le bourdon des jardins reste une espèce commune en Europe. Il atteint l'Islande, la Russie, la Turquie.
Il bombo degli orti (Bombus hortorum Linnaeus, 1761) è un insetto imenottero della famiglia delle Apidae.
È un bombo di notevoli dimensioni: la regina raggiunge lunghezze di 17-20 mm con una apertura alare di 35-38 mm; le operaie e i maschi sono leggermente più piccoli; i maschi sono privi di pungiglione. La loro livrea è nera con una banda gialla tra capo e torace, una stretta banda gialla sullo scutello, e una terza banda gialla su primo e secondo tergite; la coda è bianca. Possiede una lingua molto lunga, oltre 15 mm, con la quale raccoglie il nettare.[1]
Sono insetti sociali che formano colonie di alcune decine di esemplari, suddivisi in tre "caste": una regina (la femmina riproduttiva), le operaie (femmine non riproduttive) e i maschi.
È l'insetto impollinatore di numerose specie floreali tra cui l'orchidea Himantoglossum robertianum, una specie non nettarifera che però ospita numerose colonie dell'afide Dysaphis tulipae, la cui melata funge da attrattiva per il bombo [2].
I nidi di B. hortorum sono spesso parassitati da Bombus barbutellus che vi depone le proprie uova[1].
Altri parassiti sono le larve di Physocephala rufipes e Sicus ferrugineus (Diptera: Conopidae).
La specie ha un ampio areale che abbraccia l'ecozona paleartica[3]; è stato introdotto in Nuova Zelanda e in Florida.
Il bombo degli orti (Bombus hortorum Linnaeus, 1761) è un insetto imenottero della famiglia delle Apidae.
De tuinhommel (Bombus hortorum) komt algemeen voor in tuinen, weiden, boomgaarden, parken en lijkt op de aardhommel, maar zowel het voorste als het achterste deel van het borststuk zijn geel behaard. (Bij de aardhommel is alleen het voorste deel geel). Het voorste stuk van het achterlijf is geel, het tussenstuk zwart en het einde is wit behaard. Een enkele keer ontbreken de gele banden en is de hommel op het witte achterlijfspuntje na zwart behaard. De veenhommel (Bombus jonellus) lijkt veel op de tuinhommel, maar is kleiner, heeft een bollere vorm, een kortere kop en een veel kortere tong. De tuinhommel heeft een lange tong. Het nest zit op of net in de grond, maar ze nestelen ook graag in vogel- en muizennesten, stallen, schuren en zolders. Een volgroeide kolonie bestaat uit zo'n 50 tot 100 werksters. De tuinhommel is te vinden op planten met een diepe bloemkroon (lipbloemen en vlinderbloemen), zoals rode klaver, monnikskap, distel, tuinboon en kamperfoelie. De koningin is 18-26, de werkster 11-16 en het mannetje 13-15 mm lang. De vleugels van de koningin zijn groot met een maximale spanwijdte van 40 mm. De spanwijdte van de werksters is 30 mm. De nestzoekende koninginnen zijn te zien van maart tot midden mei, de werksters van begin mei tot eind juli en de jonge koninginnen en mannetjes van eind juni tot eind juli met een tweede generatie tot september. De koninginnen uit het eerste nest beginnen hetzelfde jaar nog met een nieuw nest. Uit dit nieuwe nest komen de koninginnen die gaan overwinteren.
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De tuinhommel (Bombus hortorum) komt algemeen voor in tuinen, weiden, boomgaarden, parken en lijkt op de aardhommel, maar zowel het voorste als het achterste deel van het borststuk zijn geel behaard. (Bij de aardhommel is alleen het voorste deel geel). Het voorste stuk van het achterlijf is geel, het tussenstuk zwart en het einde is wit behaard. Een enkele keer ontbreken de gele banden en is de hommel op het witte achterlijfspuntje na zwart behaard. De veenhommel (Bombus jonellus) lijkt veel op de tuinhommel, maar is kleiner, heeft een bollere vorm, een kortere kop en een veel kortere tong. De tuinhommel heeft een lange tong. Het nest zit op of net in de grond, maar ze nestelen ook graag in vogel- en muizennesten, stallen, schuren en zolders. Een volgroeide kolonie bestaat uit zo'n 50 tot 100 werksters. De tuinhommel is te vinden op planten met een diepe bloemkroon (lipbloemen en vlinderbloemen), zoals rode klaver, monnikskap, distel, tuinboon en kamperfoelie. De koningin is 18-26, de werkster 11-16 en het mannetje 13-15 mm lang. De vleugels van de koningin zijn groot met een maximale spanwijdte van 40 mm. De spanwijdte van de werksters is 30 mm. De nestzoekende koninginnen zijn te zien van maart tot midden mei, de werksters van begin mei tot eind juli en de jonge koninginnen en mannetjes van eind juni tot eind juli met een tweede generatie tot september. De koninginnen uit het eerste nest beginnen hetzelfde jaar nog met een nieuw nest. Uit dit nieuwe nest komen de koninginnen die gaan overwinteren.
Hagehumlen (Bombus hortorum) (Linnaeus) er en generalist som man kan finne på nesten alle slags trekkplanter. Imidlertid foretrekker den planter med lange kronrør på grunn av den lange tunga. Den tilhører underslekten Megabombus sammen med lushatthumle. Denne humlearten har den nest lengste tunga av våre humlearter. Hagehumla er en av de vanligste humlene i våre hager på planter som riddersporer, hjelmslekta, akeleier, blomkarse, kantkonvall og sibirert.
Hagehumlen er sort med normalt tre gule bånd, to på ryggsiden av brystet et på de første bakkroppsleddene. Bakkroppsspissen er normalt hvit. Melanisme opptrer i alle varianter fra helt sorte til normalfargede individer.
Målene kan variere, og særlig lengden er unøyaktig da bakkroppen kan trekkes sammen eller strekkes ut.
Dronninger: Lengde 17-22 mm, Vingespenn: 35-40 mm
Arbeidere: Lengde 11-16 mm, Vingespenn: 28-32 mm
Hanner: Lengde 13-15 mm, Vingespenn: 28-32 mm
Bolet til hagehumlen ligger nesten alltid under bakken i gamle musebol. Noen ganger kan man finne humlebolet i enden av en 4-5 meter lang musegang. Hagehumlen tilhører pocket-makers som lager lommer på larvekamrene. (Se humler)
Vi finner hagehumla over hele landet, men bare sporadisk i Finnmark.
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Hagehumlen (Bombus hortorum) (Linnaeus) er en generalist som man kan finne på nesten alle slags trekkplanter. Imidlertid foretrekker den planter med lange kronrør på grunn av den lange tunga. Den tilhører underslekten Megabombus sammen med lushatthumle. Denne humlearten har den nest lengste tunga av våre humlearter. Hagehumla er en av de vanligste humlene i våre hager på planter som riddersporer, hjelmslekta, akeleier, blomkarse, kantkonvall og sibirert.
Trzmiel ogrodowy (Bombus hortorum) – owad z rodziny pszczołowatych.
Żyje w większej części Europy w ogrodach i na terenach otwartych. Także w Australii. Gatunek liczny.
Trzmiel ogrodowy jak i pozostałe trzmiele w Polsce podlega częściowej ochronie gatunkowej[1][2].
Trzmiel ogrodowy (Bombus hortorum) – owad z rodziny pszczołowatych.
Vrtni zemeljski čmrlj (znanstveno ime Bombus hortorum) je evropska vrsta čmrljev, ki je razširjena po večini Evrope, do 70° severne zemljepisne širine, pa tudi po delih Azije in na Novi Zelandiji.[2]
Vrtni zemeljski čmrlj ima enega najdaljših jezičkov za srkanje medičine med vsemi čmrlji,[3] zaradi česar se najpogosteje hrani predvsem na mrtvi koprivi, bršljanasti grenkuljici, grašici, detelji, gabezu, naprstecu in osatu.[4] Jeziček je dolg okoli 15 mm, lahko pa doseže dolžino celo do 20 mm. Zaradi izjemne dolžine jezička včasih med letanjem od cveta do cveta sploh v celoti ne potegne vase.[5] Matice v dolžino dosežejo med 19 in 22 mm in imajo premer kril med 35 in 38 mm. Delavke so približne enake velikosti. Osnovna barva telesa je črna, oprsje je rumeno. Na sredini telesa je drugi rumeni pas, tretji pa je na prvem in drugem členu zadka. Konica zadka je bela. Pogosti so tudi primerki, ki nimajo tako izrazitih rumenih pasov.[4]
Matice vrtnega zemeljskega čmrlja začnejo spomladi iskati ustrezen kraj za izgradnjo gnezda. Običajno gnezda gradijo ob gozdnih obronkih ali ob neobdelanih kmetijskih površinah[6] in sicer pod zemljo. Za izgradnjo gnezd uporabljajo mah in posušeno travo.[7]
Matica sprvi mesec do dva sama skrbi za gnezdo, nato pa se izležejo prve delavke in troti. Troti takoj zapustijo gnezdo in postanejo samotarji,[8] delavke pa skrbijo za gnezdo. Kolonije vrtnih zemeljskih čmrljev so manjše od kolonij drugih vrst čmrljev.[3]
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|access-date= zahteva |url= (pomoč) Vrtni zemeljski čmrlj (znanstveno ime Bombus hortorum) je evropska vrsta čmrljev, ki je razširjena po večini Evrope, do 70° severne zemljepisne širine, pa tudi po delih Azije in na Novi Zelandiji.
Trädgårdshumla (Bombus hortorum) är en insekt i överfamiljen bin (Apoidea).
Humlan förekommer från Island i väster (där den möjligen blivit införd) över Brittiska öarna österut genom Europa och Asien till Altaj i Sibirien. Söderut når den Iberiska halvön i höjd med Madrid, och sydöst till norra Iran. Den saknas däremot i Nordafrika. Den har dessutom inplanterats i Nya Zeeland 1885.[1] I Sverige är den allmän i hela landet upp till skogsgränsen[2]. I Finland förekommer den främst i de södra och sydöstra delarna av landet, men flera fynd har gjorts så långt norrut som strax söder om Uleåborg.[3]
Trädgårdshumlan är en stor, påtagligt slank, mycket långtungad humla.[2] Drottningen blir 19–21 millimeter lång med en vingbredd av 35–38 mm. Även arbetarna är stora, om än mer variabla i storlek; de största kan bli större än små drottningar.[4] Också hanarna är större än vanligt.[2] Humlan är svart med bred, gul krage och ett gult band som sträcker sig från slutet av mellankroppen till början av bakkroppen, samt med vit bakkroppsspets. Det gula kan ibland ha ett rödaktigt inslag. Melanistiska (helsvarta) exemplar förekommer.[2] Mandiblerna (käkarna) har svart behåring.[4] Humlan liknar ljunghumla, men till skillnad från denna har den långsträckt huvud.[2]
Arten är vanlig i parker, trädgårdar och skogar[5] där den gärna flyger med utsträckt tunga. Näringsväxter är djupkalkade blommor som ärtväxter, stormhatt, lejongap, fingerborgsblomma, rödklöver, getväppling och oxtunga[2] [5]. Boet, som innehåller 50–120 individer[4], inrättas ofta i övergivna smågnagarbon i murkna stubbar eller på mörka, fuktiga platser nära eller ovan jord[5].
De övervintrande drottningarna kommer fram från mars till juni, arbetarna börjar visa sig från slutet av april, medan könsdjuren (ungdrottningar och drönare) är aktiva mellan juli till oktober (ungdrottnigarna övervintrar därefter).[6]
Redan Darwin konstaterade på grundval av observationer gjorda i sin egen trädgård 1886 att hanarna är typiska "patrullerare"; de flyger fram och tillbaka längs en bestämd bana för att locka till sig unga, parningsvilliga drottningar, ett beteende som är vanligt bland många humlearters hanar. Numera vet man att de attraherar drottningarna genom att tidigt på morgonen avsätta feromoner på platser i terrängen, och upprepa det om deponeringarna skulle sköljas bort av regn.[7]
Arten parasiteras av trädgårdssnylthumlan, som tränger in i boet, dödar drottningen, och låter arbetarna ta hand om sin egen avkomma.[4]
Trädgårdshumla på fingerborgsblomma
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Melanistisk trädgårdshumla på oregano
Європа, Кавказ, Закавказзя, Казахстан, Сибір і Далекий Схід, на півночі зустрічається до підзони середньої тайги. Інтродукований в Новій Зеландії та Ісландії[2]. Вид поширений по всій території України[3].
Довгохоботковий. Великі джмелі довжиною тіла 18-24 мм[4].
Широкий полілект. Гніздиться підземно в старих норах гризунів, охоче заселяє штучні підземні порожнини. Будує гніздо пізньою весною і на початку літа[2]. Збирає пилок на рослинах з родин бобові, жовтецеві та губоцвіті, а також на деяких рослинах з родин шорстколисті, березкові, розові, складноцвіті, маслинові[5].
Bombus hortorum là một loài ong trong họ Apidae. Loài này được Linnaeus miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1761.[1]
Bài viết phân họ Ong mật này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
Bombus hortorum là một loài ong trong họ Apidae. Loài này được Linnaeus miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1761.
Садовый шмель[1] (лат. Bombus hortorum) — вид шмелей.
Длина 18—24 мм (размах крыльев 35—40 мм). Рабочие 11—16 мм (размах крыльев 28—32 мм). Самцы 13—15 мм. По окраске спинки и брюшка похож на красноватого шмеля (Bombus ruderatus), отличаясь тем, что у садового шмеля светлые перевязи на спинке и 1-м тергите брюшка желтоватого цвета, а ширина перевязи из чёрных волосков между основаниями крыльев почти вдвое шире пятна из желтоватых волосков на щитике.
Европа, Кавказ, Закавказье, Урал, Сибирь, Дальний Восток. Интродуцирован в Новую Зеландию и Исландию.
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