None.
The Spring Salamander is one of the largest species in the family of
lungless salamanders (Tenn. Aquarium, 1998), and can grow up to 21 cm in
length (Watkins-Colwell, 2001). The males often grow to be about 12-19 cm in length, and the females grow to be slightly smaller (Tenn. Aquarium, 1998).
As larvae, the Spring Salamander is 19 mm long when it hatches, and has the potential to grow to be 10.2 cm long, before it transforms into an adult. Larvae have a broad, elongated snout that is slightly upturned at the tip (Leary, 2001). The Spring Salamander has a stout body and a broad nose that ends abruptly. Its back and tail are light brownish-orange or salmon-red with small dark spots. The belly is a faded peach color, and the throat may be flecked with black. A light line, bordered below by a dark line, begins at the eye and extends to the nostril. As an adult, the Spring Salamander's tail has a prominent, knife-like keel on the top that enables it to swim in swift-moving water (Conn. Dep., 2000). Adults also have toxic, cutaneous secretions and red coloration that mimics more toxic species, for protection from terrestrial predators (Environment Canada, 2000).
Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; bilateral symmetry
Average lifespan
Status: captivity: 18.5 years.
Spring Salamanders are semi-aquatic, spending a majority of their time in springs, wet caves, and cool, clear mountain brooks (Tenn. Aquarium, 1998). Spring Salamanders can also be found under stones and logs near stream edges (Wild Portraits, 2000). Because they are lungless, and must obtain oxygen through their skin, Spring Salamanders are limited to areas where there is adequate oxygen and moisture. The Northern Spring Salamander is not confined to the water, however, and has been noted to, in a nighttime downpour, leave their aquatic habitats and venture onto land in search of food (Tenn. Aquarium, 1998). During the winter, Spring Salamanders spend their time in wet soil close to a source of water where they remain somewhat active in burrows. The Spring Salamander can also be found among leaf litter in forests surrounding a brook or stream (Conn. Dept., 2000).
Terrestrial Biomes: forest
Aquatic Biomes: lakes and ponds; rivers and streams
The Spring Salamander has an extensive range. It is found in and around the Applachian Mountains in eastern North America and north into the Adirondacks and just into Canada. Although it has the potential to be found anywhere within this range, its specific habitat requirements mean that actual distribution is spotty (Conant&Collins 1998).
Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )
The Spring Salamander consumes a wide variety of food consisting of insects, crustaceans, centipedes, millipedes, earthworms, snails, spiders, and occasionally small frogs and salamanders, including those of their own species (Conn. Dept., 2000).
None.
Development - Life Cycle: metamorphosis
The Spring Salamander is listed as a threatened species in the state of Connecticut (Conn. Dept., 2000). Threats to the Spring Salamander include pollution in the streams due to deforestation, agriculture, and the introduction of predatory fish such as trout (Environment Canada, 2000). Habitat modification and sedimentation in streams, because of stream bed and shore band alteration during road construction and canalization, is also a problem. In order to help save the habitat of the Spring Salamander, people can become involved in projects to restore shade trees and shrubs along stream banks that will help maintain water temperatures that are suitable for the salamander (Conn. Dept., 2000).
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern
The purple color of young Spring Salamanders led to its former name, the Purple Salamander (Conn. Dept., 2000). Spring Salamanders are occasionally eaten by northern water snakes (Nerodia sipedon) and common garter snakes (Thamnophis sirta) (L.E.O., 2000).
Unlike many of the other larger salamander species that breed in the spring, the Spring Salamander breeds from mid-October through the winter months. During this time of courtship, the male and female push each other and roll around in the water. The male deposits sperm which is then picked up and stored by the female until the eggs are laid in the spring of the following year (Conn. Dept., 2000). The female salamander lays 11-100 eggs and attaches each one individually under stones in cool, clear water. The 19 mm long aquatic larvae hatch during the late summer and are often found in the water carefully hidden among the rocks. The larvae can grow to be 10.2 cm long before it transforms into an adult, which may take two to three years (Behler, 1996).
Key Reproductive Features: gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate)
El Gyrinophilus porphyriticus és una espècie de salamandra que pertany a la família de les Plethodontidae. El nom específic en llatí ve del grec, que vol dir color de pòrfir, una pedra porpra,[1] i aquesta salamandra també ha estat anomenada salamandra porpra.[2] Es troba al Canadà i als Estats Units. El seu hàbitat natural són els boscos temperats, rius, pantans, maresmes d'aigua dolça, en carsts de terra endins i coves. Encara que la desforestació és una amenaça potencial, es produeix en moltes àrees protegides i no està com a espècie amenaçada a la Llista Vermella de la IUCN[3]
Com tots els membres de la família Plethodontidae aquestes salamandres tenen un solc nasolabial. La subespècie G. p. porphyriticus i G. p. duryi són salamandres que poden arribar a fer de 12,1 a 19 cm de llargària. La longitud rècord és de 23,18 cm. La línia de llum de l'ull al nas està vorejat per sota de pigment gris, però les marques no sempre són visibles. La coloració dorsal varia de marró clar o salmó al rosa o vermellós. El color de fons té un aspecte tèrbol, i les marques més fosques són vagues. La subespècie G. p. danielsi i G. p. dunni són salamandres que poden arribar a fer de 13 a 19 cm. La longitud rècord és de 20,5 cm. La línia blanca dels ulls] a fossa nasal vorejat per una línia sota conspicu marró fosc o negre, és distintiu. També pot haver-hi una línia fosca per sobre de la línia blanca, sovint visible. La dorsal pot ser de coloració vermellosa clara, salmó, o amb marques ataronjats groguencs amb taques negres o marronosos o taques.
Aquesta espècie es troba en aigües fredes i fonts de muntanya, però també és probable que es trobi en qualsevol depressió humida sota troncs, Pedres, o a les fulles del bosc circumdant.
La seva distribució comprèn des del sud del Quebec al nord d'Alabama i l'extrem nord-est de Mississipí. També hi ha una colònia aïllada al Comtat de Hamilton, Ohio. El G. p. duryi és present al sud d'Ohio, a l'est de Kentucky, Virgínia Occidental i l'oest de Virgínia. L'Àrea de distribució del G. p. danielsi és el sud de les Muntanyes Apalatxes i l'adjacent Piemont de Carolina del Nord a Alabama. El G. p. dunni es distribueix a través de la porció sud de la Blue Ridge Província de Piemont i el sud-oest de Carolina del Nord a l'est fins al centre d'Alabama. La subespècie nominal, G. p. porphyriticus, ocupa la resta de l'àrea de distribució geogràfica d'aquesta espècie.
El Gyrinophilus porphyriticus és una espècie de salamandra que pertany a la família de les Plethodontidae. El nom específic en llatí ve del grec, que vol dir color de pòrfir, una pedra porpra, i aquesta salamandra també ha estat anomenada salamandra porpra. Es troba al Canadà i als Estats Units. El seu hàbitat natural són els boscos temperats, rius, pantans, maresmes d'aigua dolça, en carsts de terra endins i coves. Encara que la desforestació és una amenaça potencial, es produeix en moltes àrees protegides i no està com a espècie amenaçada a la Llista Vermella de la IUCN
The spring salamander (Gyrinophilus porphyriticus) is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae (lungless salamanders). It is found in Canada and the United States. The genus, Gyrinophilus, means "tadpole lover" and refers to the long period of time it spends as a gilled larva before maturing. The specific epithet, porphyriticus, is Latin from Greek, meaning the color of porphyry, a purple stone,[2] and this salamander has also been called the purple salamander.[3]
Its natural habitats are temperate forests, rivers, swamps, freshwater marshes, freshwater springs, inland karsts, and caves. In addition to insects, worms, and other small invertebrates, the fairly large spring salamander may also consume smaller stream dwelling salamanders such as two-lined and dusky salamanders. They are considered salamander specialists in some areas, such as the mountains of North Carolina, where between 40 and 50% of their adult diets may consist of other salamanders.[4]: 13 [5]
Although deforestation is a potential threat, the spring salamander occurs in many protected areas and is not listed as threatened in the IUCN Red List.[1]
Like all members of the family Plethodontidae these salamanders have a nasolabial groove. The subspecies G. p. porphyriticus and G. p. duryi can be 4.75–7.5 in (12.1–19.1 cm) long. The record length is 9.125 in (23.18 cm). The light line from eye to nostril is bordered below by gray pigment, but the markings are not always conspicuous. The dorsal coloration varies from salmon or light brownish to pink or reddish. The ground color has a cloudy appearance, and the darker markings are vague. The subspecies G. p. danielsi and G. p. dunni can be 5–7.5 in (13–19 cm). The record length is 8.06 in (20.5 cm). Adults reach larger sizes at higher elevations as a consequence of delay in development to maturity after metamorphosis in high-level populations.[6] The white line from eye to nostril, bordered below by a conspicuous black or dark brown line, is distinctive. There also may be a dark line above the white line, often conspicuous. The dorsal coloration can be clear reddish, salmon, or orange-yellow marked with black or brown spots or flecks. 17 to 19 costal grooves. Larvae are aquatic and have stream-type morphology. Juveniles are typically more brightly colored than adults.[7]
This species is found in cool springs and mountain springs, but is also likely to be found in any wet depression beneath logs, stones, or leaves in the surrounding forest. They require being in areas that provide them with adequate oxygen and moisture because they conduct cutaneous respiration. During the colder months of the year, the salamanders will spend their time in wet soil close to a source of water where they remain somewhat active in burrows, or in the leaf litter near a stream or other body of water.[8]
Its distribution ranges from southern Quebec to northern Alabama and extremely northeast Mississippi. There is also an isolated colony in Hamilton County, Ohio. G. p. duryi is present in southern Ohio, eastern Kentucky, West Virginia, and western Virginia. The distribution range of G. p. danielsi is the southern Appalachian Mountains and the adjacent Piedmont from North Carolina to Alabama. G. p. dunni is distributed through the southern portion of the Blue Ridge Province and the Piedmont from southwest North Carolina to eastern to central Alabama. The nominate subspecies, G. p. porphyriticus, occupies the remainder of the geographical range of this species.
Spring Salamanders commonly breed in late summer into fall.[9] The courtship begins with the male sliding his head over the female's body. From there, a tail-straddle walk begins. This walk entails the female straddling the male's tail while both walk forward. From there, the male deposits the spermatophore on the substrate. The female then picks it up and will store it until ready to fertilize eggs. Once the spermatophore is deposited, the male walks forward with his tail standing straight up. He then proceeds to undulate his tail while the base of the tail touches the chin of the female. This causes the tail's base to rub over most of the female's chin.[10]
The females will lay eggs in the summer following their mating. The eggs are sticky when laid and will allow the egg mass to adhere wherever applied. The egg mass can contain between 16-160 eggs. The females will protect this egg mass until they hatch, usually in late summer or early fall. The larvae may stay around the mother after hatching but do not directly depend on her.[9] Larvae for this species remain in this larval stage for multiple years, some up to four years.[11] It takes the post-metamorphosis individual another four years before reaching sexual maturity.
Fish are the main predators of the spring salamander, including the Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). Survival of the spring salamander is reduced by over 50% in the presence of fingerling brook trout with an even greater reduction in the presence of adult fish. The growth of spring salamanders is reduced by as much as 90% in areas where spring salamanders and brook trout coexist.[12] Enemies include the Ocoee salamander, who is more likely to flee when it encounters the spring salamander. Other predators of this species include the Eastern Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis) and the Northern Water Snake (Nerodia sipedon). Larger specimens of this species will also exhibit cannibalism of smaller individuals. This species will also put off a toxin through their skin to try and ward off predation.[9]
The IUCN Red List categorizes the Spring salamander as least concern, and the United States Federal list has no specific status noted for G. porphyriticus. However in the states of New Jersey, Connecticut, Mississippi, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Texas, G. porphyriticus is listed as threatened. These state populations are threatened primarily due to deforestation, agriculture, and introduction of fish for sport such as trout.[13] The Adirondack / Appalachian population in Québec, Canada has been listed as threatened on Schedule 1 of the Species at Risk Act since 2017.[14]
The spring salamander (Gyrinophilus porphyriticus) is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae (lungless salamanders). It is found in Canada and the United States. The genus, Gyrinophilus, means "tadpole lover" and refers to the long period of time it spends as a gilled larva before maturing. The specific epithet, porphyriticus, is Latin from Greek, meaning the color of porphyry, a purple stone, and this salamander has also been called the purple salamander.
Its natural habitats are temperate forests, rivers, swamps, freshwater marshes, freshwater springs, inland karsts, and caves. In addition to insects, worms, and other small invertebrates, the fairly large spring salamander may also consume smaller stream dwelling salamanders such as two-lined and dusky salamanders. They are considered salamander specialists in some areas, such as the mountains of North Carolina, where between 40 and 50% of their adult diets may consist of other salamanders.: 13
Although deforestation is a potential threat, the spring salamander occurs in many protected areas and is not listed as threatened in the IUCN Red List.
Gyrinophilus porphyriticus Gyrinophilus generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Plethodontidae familian sailkatuta dago, Caudata ordenan.
Gyrinophilus porphyriticus Gyrinophilus generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Plethodontidae familian sailkatuta dago, Caudata ordenan.
Gyrinophilus porphyriticus est une espèce d'urodèles de la famille des Plethodontidae[1].
Cette espèce est endémique de l'Est de l'Amérique du Nord[1]. Elle se rencontre :
On en retrouvait autrefois en Ontario, mais elle a complètement disparu de la province à l’état sauvage[2].
Elle a obtenu le statut d’espèce vulnérable en 2010 au niveau provincial du Québec. Au Canada, elle a le statut d’espère préoccupante[2].
Cette salamandre est de coloration rosée ou tirant sur l'orangé avec des mouchetures plus foncées. La queue possède une carène et est compressée latéralement. Une ligne pâle relie l'œil à la narine. Le ventre est pâle. Elle peut atteindre plus de 20 cm[3].
La salamandre pourpre est une grande salamandre de ruisseau qui peut atteindre 23 cm de long. Son corps est cylindrique, sa queue est fortement compressée latéralement et son museau est plutôt carré. Elle se distingue par sa coloration plutôt rosée dont la teinte varie selon la région, l’âge, et le stade de vie (plus foncée au moment de la métamorphose). Elle a également une ligne pâle entre l’œil et la narine et son ventre est crème. Elle fait partie de la famille des pléthodontidés, les salamandres sans poumons[4].
L’espèce, principalement nocturne, demeure cachée et immobile durant le jour. Les déplacements au sol se produisent surtout lors de nuits pluvieuses[2].
Les salamandres pourpres peuvent vivre au moins 10 ans[2].
La fraie a lieu au printemps et à l’automne. Les œufs sont pondus dans une zone de courant, ils sont adhésifs et se fixent sur la face inférieure des roches ou des débris ligneux. Leur nombre est positivement corrélé à la taille de la femelle. La période larvaire dure de 3 à 6 ans, et la maturité sexuelle peut être atteinte juste après la métamorphose[5].
La quantité d’œufs peut varier entre 9 et 132, en fonction de l’environnement[6].
Le régime de la salamandre pourpre se compose principalement d’insectes aquatiques, de vers et de crustacés. Elle peut également faire preuve de cannibalisme envers les larves et les spécimens plus petits de sa propre espèce ou d’autres espèces de salamandre[2].
Les principaux prédateurs de cette salamandre sont les poissons, comme la truite mouchetée, les différentes espèces de couleuvres qui vivent près des cours d’eau, les écrevisses de ruisseaux ainsi que les membres de leur propre espèce ou d’autres espèces de salamandre plus grandes. Les larves sont souvent les proies de leurs aînés plus grands[2].
Ses principaux moyens de défense sont sa vitesse ainsi que les différentes cachettes qui sont à sa portée[2].
La salamandre pourpre est une espèce de torrents aux eaux claires, à courant moyen et à fond habituellement rocheux ou graveleux. Elle habite les ruisseaux permanents, mais aussi dans certains cours d’eau intermittents qui conservent des marelles de taille suffisante. Elle vit surtout à l’amont des ruisseaux montagneux et préfère ceux bordés de roches plates. Les adultes demeurent habituellement dans le ruisseau ou à moins de 2 m de l’eau, mais ils peuvent s’aventurer en forêt. L’espèce passe probablement l’hiver au fond des ruisseaux ou bien à l’abri dans des cavités sous la berge, en eau courante et à l’abri du gel. Elle n’a été trouvée qu’à plus de 100 m d’altitude au Québec à ce jour[2].
On compte deux populations canadiennes dans les basses terres du Saint-Laurent dans le Sud du Québec, endroit qui constitue la limite nord-ouest de l’aire de répartition de l’espèce : l’une dans les Adirondacks et l’autre dans les Appalaches[6].
Gyrinophilus porphyriticus est une espèce d'urodèles de la famille des Plethodontidae.
Gyrinophilus porphyriticus é um anfíbio caudado da família Plethodontidae endémica dos Estados Unidos da América.
Gyrinophilus porphyriticus é um anfíbio caudado da família Plethodontidae endémica dos Estados Unidos da América.
Загальна довжина досягає 12—19 см, іноді 23,18 см. За своєю будовою схожа на інших представників свого роду. Має червоне, помаранчево—жовте забарвлення з чорними чи коричневими цяточками або плямочками.
Полюбляє струмки, гірські джерела. Вдень ховається під колодами, камінням, листям. Вночі полює на безхребетних.
Розмноження відбувається з квітня по серпень. Самиця відкладає під каміння від 44 до 132 яєць діаметром 3,5 мм. Личинки живуть у воді близько 3 років, після чого відбувається метаморфоз, вони залишають водойму.
Мешкає у горах Аппалачах у США та Канаді.
Gyrinophilus porphyriticus (tên tiếng Anh: Spring Salamander) là một loài kỳ giông thuộc họ Plethodontidae. Loài này có ở Canada và Hoa Kỳ. Môi trường sống tự nhiên của chúng là rừng ôn đới, sông ngòi, đầm nước, đầm nước ngọt, suối nước ngọt, carxtơ nội địa, và hang. Chúng hiện đang bị đe dọa vì mất môi trường sống.
Phương tiện liên quan tới Gyrinophilus porphyriticus tại Wikimedia Commons
Bài viết Bộ Có đuôi này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Gyrinophilus porphyriticus (tên tiếng Anh: Spring Salamander) là một loài kỳ giông thuộc họ Plethodontidae. Loài này có ở Canada và Hoa Kỳ. Môi trường sống tự nhiên của chúng là rừng ôn đới, sông ngòi, đầm nước, đầm nước ngọt, suối nước ngọt, carxtơ nội địa, và hang. Chúng hiện đang bị đe dọa vì mất môi trường sống.
Gyrinophilus porphyriticus Green, 1827
Охранный статус
Родниковая саламандра (лат. Gyrinophilus porphyriticus) — вид хвостатых земноводных из семейства безлёгочных саламандр.
Общая длина достигает 12—19 см, максимальная длина 23,18 см. По своему строению похожа на других представителей своего рода. Имеет красную, оранжево-жёлтую окраску с чёрными или коричневыми крапинками или пятнышками.
Любит ручьи, горные источники. Днём скрывается под брёвнами, камнями, листьями. Ночью охотится на беспозвоночных.
Размножение происходит с апреля по август. Самка откладывает под камни от 44 до 132 яиц диаметром 3,5 мм. Личинки живут в воде около 3 лет, после чего происходит метаморфоз, и они покидают водоём.
Родниковая саламандра обитает в горах Аппалачи в США и Канаде.
Родниковая саламандра (лат. Gyrinophilus porphyriticus) — вид хвостатых земноводных из семейства безлёгочных саламандр.
Общая длина достигает 12—19 см, максимальная длина 23,18 см. По своему строению похожа на других представителей своего рода. Имеет красную, оранжево-жёлтую окраску с чёрными или коричневыми крапинками или пятнышками.
Любит ручьи, горные источники. Днём скрывается под брёвнами, камнями, листьями. Ночью охотится на беспозвоночных.
Размножение происходит с апреля по август. Самка откладывает под камни от 44 до 132 яиц диаметром 3,5 мм. Личинки живут в воде около 3 лет, после чего происходит метаморфоз, и они покидают водоём.
Родниковая саламандра обитает в горах Аппалачи в США и Канаде.
