Description
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da AmphibiaWeb articles
The snout-vent length for females of this frog species ranges from 39.5–49.9 mm, while males are smaller at 28.2–34.6 mm. It is relatively slender. Males have a broader, longer head, and thicker forearms. The snout is flat, subtriangular, extends beyond the lower jaw, and is obtusely pointed in dorsal view. The canthus is straight and angular. The interorbital space is flat. Eye diameter is equal to the distance between the eye and the nostril. The pupil is a mix between slit-shaped and round. No tympanic membrane, tympanic ring, or ostia pharyngea are present. The thumb is half the length of the hand and has two phalanges. Finger III is long. The tips of fingers II, III, and IV are broadened. There is basal webbing between fingers II and III, but the webbing is either absent or extremely minimal between fingers III and IV. This species has long hind limbs and feet. Toes have swollen tips and are 50-75% webbed. There are outer and inner metacarpal and metatarsal tubercles. The palm may have a few faint, round, supernumerary tubercles, and there are distinct subarticular tubercles at most phalangeal joints of all toes, and fingers II, III, and IV. In males, finger I has a nuptial excrescence. There are small, rounded, glandular warts on the dorsolateral and lateral head surfaces behind the eye. The warts continue in a row down the dorsal surface to the groin and onto the dorsal surfaces of the arms and legs, and partly onto the hand and tarsus (Lötters et al. 2004). This species was redescribed after it was noted that the original type material actually represented a related species from Central America, Atelopus varius (Lötters et al. 2004). The dorsal surface is yellowish-green to olive green. The ventral surface fades into yellowish-cream on the belly and throat. There is a dark brown or black lateral stripe that passes all the way from the snout to the groin. Black stippling and marbling is present on all dorsal surfaces. Also present is a more or less defined cross-pattern behind the head (sometimes described as an "X" at the nape of the neck) and sometimes a chevron mark in the sacral region. The ventral surfaces of the limbs and flanks are widely marked with dark brown or black (Lötters et al. 2004). Tadpoles of the genus Atelopus have large abdominal suckers that enables them to cling to rocks in rushing stream waters (Lötters 2007). Atelopus cruciger tadpoles have longer tails (61% of the body length) than other Atelopus species (Mebs 1980).This species was first described by Lichtenstein and von Martens (1865).The genus Atelopus, with 113 described and putative species, appears to be the most threatened clade of amphibians (La Marca et al. 2005). At least 30 species appear to be extinct, having been missing from all known localities for at least 8 years (La Marca et al. 2005). Only 52 of the surviving species have sufficient data with which to evaluate population trends; of these, 81% (42 of 52) have population sizes that have been reduced by at least half (La Marca et al. 2005). Only 10 of the 52 species appear to have stable populations (La Marca et al. 2005). Higher-elevation species (those living at least 1000 m asl) have been hit the worst, with 75% (21 of 28) having disappeared entirely (La Marca et al. 2005). In Venezuela there are ten endemic Atelopus species (La Marca and Reinthaler 1991); nine are classified as Critically Endangered and one is thought extinct (Rodríguez and Rojas-Suárez 1995; Rodríguez-Contreras et al. 2008; Stuart et al. 2008). Chytridiomycosis is thought to be a primary factor in the decline and disappearance of species in this genus (La Marca et al. 2005). Most Atelopus species are restricted to very limited areas (no more than two localities) and occur along mid- to high-elevation streams (1500-3000 m asl, though the maximum vertical range is from sea level to permanent snow; Lötters 2007), a habitat preference frequently associated with the co-occurrence of chytridiomycosis (La Marca et al. 2005). Habitat loss has occurred within the ranges of many Atelopus species, but does not appear to be a major factor in the decline of most Atelopus species; 22 species declined despite occurring in protected areas (La Marca et al. 2005). Many Atelopus species are local endemics, putting them at particular risk of extinction, with at least 26 species known only from a single population inhabiting a narrow altitudinal range (La Marca et al. 2005). Due to their restricted ranges, they are thought to have limited ability to adapt to warming climatic conditions (Lötters 2007). Defenders of Wildlife and SSN recommended in 2009 to the United States that Atelopus cruciger should be included in Appendix II in CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species), during COP15 (the UN Climate Change Conference 2009). Since a small population of this species is only found in Northern and Southern versants of the Corillera de la Costa of Venezuela, submitting this species into Appendix II would enact recommendations for controlling commercial trade. However, the Dept. of U. S. Fish and Wildlife noted that unless Venezuela requested assistance or "significant additional information is received" pertaining to the species trade or population status, Atelopus cruciger would not be submitted into Appendix II.
- Brown, G. B., Kim, Y. H., Küntzel, H., Mosher, H. S., Fuhrman, G. J. and Fuhrman, F. A. (1977). ''Chemistry and pharmacology of skin toxins from the frog Atelopus zeteki (atelopidtoxin: zetekitoxin).'' Toxicon, 15, 115-128.
- Bonaccorso, E., Guayasamin J. M., Méndez, D., and Speare, R. (2003). ''Chytridiomycosis in a Venezuelan amphibian (Bufonidae: Atelopus cruciger). .'' Herpetological Review, 34, 331-334.
- Cocroft, R. B., McDiarmid, R. W., Jaslow, A. P., and Ruiz-Carranza, P. M. (1990). ''Vocalization of eight species of Atelopus (Anura: Bufonidae) with comments on the communication in the genus.'' Copeia, 1990, 631-643.
- Crump, M. L. (1986). ''Homing and site fidelity in a neotropical frog, Atelopus varius (Bufonidae).'' Copeia, 1986, 438-444.
- Daly, J. W. (2004). ''Marine toxins and nonmarine toxins: convergence or symbiotic organisms?'' Journal of Natural Products, 67, 1211-1215.
- Daly, J. W., Garraffo, H. M., and Spande, T. F. (1993). ''Amphibian Alkaloids.'' The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Pharmacology. Volume 43. G. A. Cordell, eds., Academic Press.
- Fuhrman, F. A., Fuhrman, G. J., and Mosher, H. S. (1969). ''Toxin from skin of frogs of the genus Atelopus: differentiation from dendrobatid toxins.'' Science, 165(3900), 1376-1377.
- La Marca, E., and Reinthaler, H. P. (1991). ''Population changes in Atelopus species of the Cordillera de Merida, Venezuela.'' Herpetological Review, 22, 125-128.
- Lampo, M., Rodríguez-Contreras, A., La Marca, E., and Daszak, P. (2006). ''A chytridiomycosis epidemic and a severe dry season precede the disappearance of Atelopus species from the Venezuelan Andes.'' Herpetological Journal, 16, 395-402.
- Lichtenstein, M. H. C., and Von Martens, E. C. (1856). Nomenclator Reptilium et Amphibiorum Musei Zoologici Berolinensis. Königlich Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Berlin.
- Lynch, J. D. (1986). ''Notes on the reproductive biology of Atelopus subornatus.'' Journal of Herpetology, 20, 126-129.
- Lötters, S., La Marca, E., and Vences, M. (2004). ''Redescriptions of two toad species of the genus Atelopus from coastal Venezuela.'' Copeia, 2004, 222-234.
- Manzanilla, J., and La Marca, E. (2004). ''Population status of the Rancho Grande Harlequin Frog (Atelopus cruciger Lichtenstein and Martens 1856), a proposed critically endangered species from the Venezuelan Coastal Range.'' Memoria de la Fundacion La Salle de Ciencias Naturales, Caracas, 62, 5-29.
- Mebs, D. (1980). ''Zur Fortpflanzung von Atelopus cruciger (Amphibia: Salientia: Bufonidae).'' Salamandra, 16(2), 65-81.
- Mebs, D., Yotsu-Yamashita, M., Yasumoto, T., Lötters, S., and Schluter, A. (1995). ''Tetrodotoxin in South American Atelopus species (Bufonidae).'' Toxicon, 33(3), 299.
- Rivas Fuenmayor, G. (1998). ''Geographic distribution. Anura. Atelopus cruciger.'' Herpetological Review, 29, 172.
- Rodríguez, J.P. and Rojas-Suárez, F. (1995). Libro Rojo De La Fauna Venezolana. PROVITA, Caracas.
- Rodríguez-Contreras, A., Celsa Señaris, J., Lampo, M., and Rivero, R. (2008). ''Rediscovery of Atelopus cruciger (Anura: Bufonidae): current status in the Cordillera de La Costa, Venezuela.'' Oryx, 42, 301-304.
- Sexton, O. (1958). ''Observations of the life history of a Venezuelan frog, Atelopus cruciger.'' Acta Biological Venezuelica, 2, 235-242.
- Yotsu-Yamashita, M., Kim, Y.H., Dudley, Jr., S.C., Choudhary, G., Pfahnl, A., Oshima, Y., and Daly, J.W. (2004). ''The structure of zetekitoxin AB, a saxitoxin analog from the Panamanian golden frog Atelopus zeteki: a potent sodium-channel blocker.'' Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101(13), 4346-4351.
- autor
- Kellie Whittaker
- autor
- Rachel Wagley
Distribution and Habitat
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da AmphibiaWeb articles
This species is restricted to several localities in the northern and southern versants of the Cordillera de la Costa of Venezuela (Estadoes Aragua, Carabobo, Miranda, Vargas, Yaracuy and the Distrito Federal). It has also been found in the Cerro Azul, Estado Cojedes (Rivas Fuenmayor 1998) which suggests that the species might be present throughout the entire mountainous area of the central coastal range (Lötters et al. 2004; Stuart et al. 2008). It occurs at elevations of 30 to 2,200 m, in montane and lowland humid forest (La Marca et al. 2005). It breeds along swift-flowing streams. One tiny population was found by a cascading mountain stream in cloud forest at 600m asl, within the Parque Nacional Henri Pittier (Manzanilla and La Marca 2004). Two other small populations were found in 2004-2005 at lower elevations (220m and 322m asl) on the northern slopes of the Parque Nacional Henri Pittier, along with another reported observation from Río El Duro, Edo, Aragua in 2006 (Rodríguez-Contreras et al. 2008).
- autor
- Kellie Whittaker
- autor
- Rachel Wagley
Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da AmphibiaWeb articles
Atelopus cruciger has undergone a rapid decline, with most of the population having disappeared, despite many of the known localities falling within national parks (Parque Nacional Henri Pittier, Parque Nacional Rancho Grande and Parque Nacional San Esteban; Stuart et al. 2008). Museum records indicate that A. cruciger was formerly abundant, with 627 records from 33 localities, widely distributed over most of the Cordillera de La Costa (Rodríguez-Contreras et al. 2008). This species was thought to be extinct after only two specimens were collected in 1986 and no individuals were discovered in the years immediately post-1986. For nearly 20 years, no sightings were reported. However, after 8 years of intensive surveys, a small population was found in 2004 near a cascading mountain stream in the Parque Nacional Henri Pittier cloud forest, south of Cata at an elevation of 600m asl (Manzanilla and La Marca 2004), and a small number of others have since been reported (Rodríguez-Contreras et al. 2008). Atelopus cruciger is listed as Critically Endangered (Stuart et al. 2008). Of the last two specimens collected in 1986, one of the two was retrospectively examined by histology and reported to have been infected with chytrid fungus (Bd) (Bonaccorso et al. 2003). Chytridiomycosis, with an epidemic possibly triggered by a severe drought in 1988, is also thought to be the primary factor in the rapid decline of several other Venezuelan Andean members of this genus (A. carbonerensis, A. mucubajiensis, and A. sorianoi; Lampo et al. 2006). The existing Atelopus cruciger populations in the Parque Nacional Henri Pittier are infected with Bd, and one adult male was found morbid and heavily infected (Rodríguez-Contreras et al. 2008). Another possible threat is industrial pollution, particularly in the Valencia-Maracay area where many industries are emitting gases (Stuart et al. 2008).
- autor
- Kellie Whittaker
- autor
- Rachel Wagley
Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da AmphibiaWeb articles
Atelopus cruciger is diurnal. During breeding season (the dry season), this species lives near freshwater streams, typically found on rocks within the stream, or streamside vegetation climbing up to 1.5 m above the ground (Stuart et al. 2008). Adults feed on ants and other insects (Lötters 2006).Although Atelopus cruciger lacks a tympanum and middle ear structures, this species exhibits three types of distinct calls: pulsed ("buzzes"), pure-toned ("whistles"), rising in frequency, and short ("chirps" or "twitters"), descending in frequency. A short, quiet, partially pulsed call, descending in frequency, is the characteristic vocalization for male frogs in the vicinity of other "non-interacting" individuals, males placed in a collecting bag with other males, and males in amplexus. An amplexing male will increase his call rate when another male approaches or touches him. In addition to the three distinct call types, one male was observed to give a series of variable calls before a series of pulsed calls (Cocroft et al. 1990).Breeding occurs at fast-moving, cascading streams, but during the dry season (around April) so the eggs and tadpoles do not wash away (Lötters 1996). Males tend to spend much more time alongside cascading streams whereas females usually only reside next to the streams during breeding periods. Females spend more time in the hillsides and in the forests (McDiarmid 1973). Crump (1986) theorized that there are resident and transient individuals in the A. cruciger communities on the basis of her work in A. varius and a study done by Sexton (1958). In these stream breeding areas, the males prefer damp, rocky surfaces, as opposed to the water which the breeding couples occupy (Sexton 1958). Often, males find females away from the streams and amplexus begins there, so by the time a female nears the stream, she is likely to be carrying a male (Sexton 1958). Other males wait at the stream for females, but the vast majority of females already have partners by the time they encounter these waiting males (Sexton 1958). Amplexus may last up to 19 days (Sexton 1958). The female lays around 150-270 eggs on a substrate in a cascading, fairly fast-moving stream, in several clutches. The eggs are tan in color. and each egg has a diameter of about 1 mm. Eggs can be seen through the venters of gravid females (Lynch 1986). Embryos hatch into free-living tadpoles. Tadpoles have large abdominal suckers, enabling them to cling to underwater rocks in rapidly-moving streams (Lötters 2007). Atelopus cruciger secretes toxins via its skin that dissuade predators, as do other atelopids (see account for Atelopus zeteki, the most toxic member of the genus. The toxins of Atelopus cruciger are 3-17 fold less potent than those of A. zeteki, though they cause the same sequence of symptoms when injected into mice: Fuhrman et al. 1969). These compounds were originally named atelopidtoxins (now called zetekitoxins) and affect the heart (Fuhrman et al. 1969). Although tetrodotoxin, a potent neurotoxin, has been found in the skin of the closely related species Atelopus varius from Costa Rica (Kim et al. 1975), skin extracts made from Atelopus cruciger museum specimens did not contain tetrodotoxin (Mebs et al. 1995). It has apparently not been established whether the Atelopus cruciger toxin is in fact the steroidal alkaloid zetekitoxin. This possibility was raised by Daly et al. (1993), and atelopidtoxin has been renamed to zetekitoxin (Kim et al. 1975; Brown et al. 1977), but zetekitoxin itself is thought to be unique to A. zeteki (Yotsu-Yamashita et al. 2004 and references therein). Zetekitoxin blocks voltage-dependent sodium-channels, with zetekitoxin C being a less potent form and zetekitoxin AB being a more potent form (Brown et al. 1977; Yotsu-Yamashita et al. 2004). This species is now exceedingly rare, following significant decline in its population. One small population was reported from 600 m asl (Manzanilla and La Marca 2004) and two other small populations were discovered during survey work in 2004-2005 at 220 m and 322 m asl, all on the northern slopes of the Parque Nacional Henri Pittier (Rodríguez-Contreras et al. 2008). Mostly males were found, but a few juveniles were also encountered at one location, indicating that at least one of the populations was breeding. Another population was found in Río El Duro, Edo, Aragua, in February 2006 (Valera and Frontado unpublished, cited in Rodríguez-Contreras et al. 2008).
- autor
- Kellie Whittaker
- autor
- Rachel Wagley
Relation to Humans
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da AmphibiaWeb articles
Before its disappearance, A. cruciger was occasionally collected for the pet trade (Stuart et al. 2008).
- autor
- Kellie Whittaker
- autor
- Rachel Wagley
Atelopus cruciger
(
Catalan; Valensian
)
fornì da wikipedia CA
Atelopus cruciger és una espècie d'amfibi pertanyent a la família dels bufònids,[5][6] la qual va desaparèixer durant gairebé 20 anys fins que una petita població va ésser redescoberta el 2004.[7][8]
Descripció
Les femelles fan 39,5-49,9 mm de llargada i els mascles entre 28,2 i 34,6. És relativament esvelta, de color verd groguenc a verd oliva al dors i amb vetes o puntets de color negre. Les parts inferiors són de color groc crema i amb una franja negra o marró al llarg dels costats del cos des del musell fins al ventre. Presenta un patró en forma de creu ben definida darrere del cap. Extremitats posteriors i peus allargats. Superfícies internes de les extremitats de color marró fosc o negre. Musell triangular, pla i estès més enllà de la mandíbula inferior. Espai interorbital pla. Diàmetre ocular igual a la distància entre els ulls i els narius. El dit polze representa la meitat de la longitud de la mà i té dues falanges. Presència de tubercles metacarpians i metatarsians. Mascles amb una excrescència nupcial al dit número 1. Berrugues petites, arrodonides i glandulars a les superfícies lateral i dorsolateral de darrere dels ulls, les quals s'estenen en una filera vers la superfície dorsal, l'engonal i les àrees dorsals dels braços i cames, i, en part també, fins a les mans i els tarsos. Els capgrossos tenen cues més allargades (el 61% de la longitud del cos) que els de les altres espècies d'Atelopus[9] i presenten grans ventoses abdominals per aferrar-se a les roques dels rierols a semblança d'altres espècies del mateix gènere. El mascle té els avantbraços més gruixuts i el cap més llarg i ample que la femella.[10] Per a dissuadir els seus depredadors, segrega toxines a través de la seua pell que fan que tingui un sabor desagradable (són entre 3 i 17 vegades menys potents que les d'Atelopus zeteki,[11] tot i que poden causar la mateixa seqüència de símptomes quan són injectades en ratolins).[12][13]
Reproducció
Té lloc normalment durant l'estació seca perquè els capgrossos no siguin arrossegats durant les fortes pluges que s'esdevenen durant l'estació humida. Els mascles passen molt de temps cridant les femelles emprant tres tipus de raucs diferents.[14] L'aparellament pot durar fins a 19 dies i la femella pon al voltant de 150-270 ous sobre el substrat d'un rierol.[13]
Alimentació
És una granota activa durant el dia que es nodreix de formigues i d'altres insectes.[13]
Hàbitat i distribució geogràfica
Viu a diversos indrets de Veneçuela[15][16][17] ubicats entre 30 i 2.200 m d'altitud als vessants nord i sud de la Serralada de la Costa (el Distrito Capital[18] i els estats d'Aragua,[19][20] Carabobo,[20] Cojedes, Miranda,[18] Vargas i Yaracuy).[21] Es troba generalment als rierols de corrent ràpid (i els seus voltants) que travessen els boscos humits de muntanya i de planúria.[8][22]
Principals amenaces
Les seues principals amenaces són la quitridiomicosi,[23][24] la pluja àcida causada per la gran concentració d'indústries que hi ha al voltant de les ciutats de Valencia i Maracay,[25] les sequeres, les inundacions i la recol·lecció per a finalitats científiques o comercials.[26][8][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38]
Referències
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↑ Gray, 1825. Ann. Philos., Ser. 2, 10: 214.
-
↑ Duméril, A. M. C. i G. Bibron, 1841. Erpétologie Genérale ou Histoire Naturelle Complète des Reptiles. Vol. 8: 660. París: Librarie Enclyclopedique de Roret.
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↑ Lichtenstein, H. i E. v. Martens, 1856. Nomenclator Reptilium et Amphibiorum Musei Zoologici Berolinensis. Namenverziechniss der in der zoologischen Sammlung der Königlichen Universität zu Berlin aufgestellten Arten von Reptilien und Amphibien nach ihren Ordnungen, Familien und Gattungen. Berlín.
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↑ Catalogue of Life (anglès)
-
↑ Encyclopedia of Life (anglès)
-
↑ The Taxonomicon (anglès)
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↑ Rodríguez-Contreras, A., Celsa Señaris, J., Lampo, M. i Rivero, R., 2008. Rediscovery of Atelopus cruciger (Anura: Bufonidae): current status in the Cordillera de La Costa, Venezuela. Oryx, 42: 301-304.
-
↑ 8,0 8,1 8,2 UICN (anglès)
-
↑ Mebs, D., 1980. "Zur Fortpflanzung von Atelopus cruciger (Amphibia: Salientia: Bufonidae)." Salamandra, 16(2), 65-81.
-
↑ Lötters, S., La Marca, E. i Vences, M., 2004. Redescriptions of two toad species of the Genus Atelopus from coastal Venezuela. Copeia, 2004: 222-234.
-
↑ Brown, G. B., Kim, Y. H., Küntzel, H., Mosher, H. S., Fuhrman, G. J. i Fuhrman, F. A., 1977. Chemistry and pharmacology of skin toxins from the frog Atelopus zeteki (atelopidtoxin: zetekitoxin). Toxicon, 15, 115-128.
-
↑ Fuhrman, F. A., Fuhrman, G. J. i Mosher, H. S., 1969. Toxin from skin of frogs of the genus Atelopus: differentiation from dendrobatid toxins. Science, 165(3900), 1376-1377.
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↑ 13,0 13,1 13,2 AmphibiaWeb (anglès)
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↑ Cocroft, R. B., McDiarmid, R. W., Jaslow, A. P. i Ruiz-Carranza, P. M., 1990. Vocalization of eight species of Atelopus (Anura: Bufonidae) with comments on the communication in the genus. Copeia, 1990, 631-643.
-
↑ Yerena, E. i C. Rivero-Blanco, 2008 "2007". Extension of the known geographic distribution of Atelopus cruciger in northern Venezuela. Herpetotropicos. Mérida, Veneçuela, 4: 7–9.
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↑ Müller, L., 1934. Über eine neue Rasse von Atelopus cruciger (Licht. u. Marts.) von Venezuela. Zoologischer Anzeiger 108: 145–155.
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↑ Barrio Amorós, C. L., 2004. Amphibians of Venezuela Systematic List, Distribution and References, An Update. Review of Ecology in Latin America: 1-48.
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↑ 18,0 18,1 Solano de Chacín, H., 1968. Anfibios comunes del Valle de Caracas. Estudio de Caracas (Ecología Vegetal y Fauna), pp. 259-294. Univ. Central de Venezuela, Caracas.
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↑ Manzanilla, J., 2001. Clave ilustrada y descripción de los anfibios del noroeste del Estado Aragua, con comentarios sobre su historia natural. Trabajo de Ascenso. Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay.
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↑ 20,0 20,1 Manzanilla, J., Fernández-Badillo, A., La Marca, E. i Visbal, R., 1995. Fauna del Parque Nacional Henri Pittier, Venezuela. Composición y distribución de los anfibios. Acta Científica Venezolana: 294-302.
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↑ Rivas Fuenmayor, G., 1998. Geographic distribution. Anura. Atelopus cruciger. Herpetological Review, 29, 172.
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↑ GBIF (anglès)
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↑ Guayasamin, J. M., Bonaccorso, E. A., Speare, R. i Mendez, D., 2002. The roles of climatic variation and chytridiomicosis in declining populations of Atelopus cruciger (Anura: Bufonidae) in Venezuela. Abstract, ASIH Annual Conference.
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↑ Bonaccorso, E., Guayasamin, J. M., Méndez, D. i Speare, R. 2003. Chytridomycosis as a possible cause of population declines in Atelopus cruciger (Anura: Bufonidae). Herpetological Review: 331-334.
-
↑ www.atelopus.com (anglès)
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↑ UNEP-WCMC, 2008. Review of Non-CITES Amphibian species that are known or likely to be in international trade. Part II. A Report to the European Commission. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge. «PDF».
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↑ La Marca, E., 1995. Crisis de biodiversidad en anfibios de Venezuela: estudio de casos. A: Alonso-Amelot, M. E. (ed.). La Biodiversidad Neotropical y la Amenaza de las Extinciones, pp. 47-69. Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida.
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↑ La Marca, E. i Lötters, S., 1997. Monitoring of declines in Venezuelan Atelopus. A: Bohme,W., Bishoff, W. i Ziegler, T. (eds.). Herpetologia Bonnensis, pp. 207-213. Society European Herpetology, Bonn.
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↑ La Marca, E., Lips, K. R., Lötters, S., Puschendorf, R., Ibáñez, R., Rueda-Almonacid, J. V., Schulte, R., Marty, C., Castro, F., Manzanilla-Puppo, J., Garcia-Perez, J. E., Toral, E., Bolaños, F., Chaves, G., Pounds, J. A. i Young, B., 2005. Catastrophic population declines and extinctions in Neotropical harlequin frogs (Bufonidae: Atelopus). Biotropica: 190-201.
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↑ Manzanilla, J. i La Marca, E., 1999. Disminución de las poblaciones de Atelopus cruciger (Lichtenstein et Martens, 1856) (Anura: Bufonidae), Venezuela. Libro de Resúmenes, V Congreso Latinoamericano de Herpetología: 79.
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↑ Manzanilla, J. i La Marca, E., 2004. Museum records and field samplings as source of data pointing to population crashes for Atelopus cruciger, a proposed critically endangered species from the Venezuelan coastal range. Memoria de la Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales: 5-29.
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↑ Pounds, J. A., Bustamante, M. R., Coloma, L. A., Consuegra, J. A., Fogden, M. P. L., Foster, P. N., La Marca, E., Masters, K. L., Merino-Viteri, A., Puschendorf, R., Ron, S. R., Sánchez-Azofeifa, G. A., Still, C. J. i Young, B. E., 2006. Widespread amphibian extinctions from epidemic disease driven by global warming. Nature, 439: 161-167.
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↑ Rodríguez, J. P. i Rojas-Suárez, F., 1995. Libro Rojo de la Fauna Venezolana. Provita, Fundación Polar, Caracas.
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↑ La Marca, E. & Reinthaler, H. P., 1991. Population changes in Atelopus species of the Cordillera de Merida, Venezuela. Herpetological Review, 22 (4): 125-128.
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↑ Manzanilla, J. & La Marca, E., 2004. Population status of the Rancho Grande harlequin frog (Atelopus cruciger, Lichtenstein and Martens, 1856), a proposed critically endangered species from the Venezuelan Coastal Range. Memoria de la Fundacion La Salle de Ciencias Naturales. Caracas, 62: 5-29.
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↑ Young, B. E., Lips, K. R., Reaser, J. K., Ibáñez, R., Salas, A. W., Cedeno, J. R., Coloma, L. A., Ron, S., La Marca, E., & Meyer, J. R., 2001. Population declines and priorities for amphibian conservation in Latin America. Conservation Biology, 15 (5): 1213-1223.
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↑ Lampo, M., Rodríguez-Contreras, A., La Marca, E. i Daszak, P., 2006. A chytridiomycosis epidemic and a severe dry season precede the disappearance of Atelopus species from the Venezuelan Andes. Herpetological Journal, 16, 395-402.
-
↑ Stuart, S. N., M. Hoffmann, J. Chanson, N. Cox, R. Berridge, P. Ramani i B. Young, eds., 2008. Threatened Amphibians of the World. Barcelona, Catalunya; International Union for the Conservation of Nature, Gland, Suïssa; Conservation International, Arlington, Virgínia, els Estats Units: Lynx Editions.
Bibliografia
- Frank, N. i E. Ramus, 1995. Complete Guide to Scientific and Common Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of the World. Pottsville, Pennsilvània: N. G. Publishing Inc.
- Guibé, J., 1950 "1948". Catalogue des Types d'Amphibiens du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. París: Imprimerie Nationale.
- Günther, A. C. L. G., 1859 "1858". Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia in the Collection of the British Museum. Londres: Taylor and Francis.
- Lötters, S., 1996. The Neotropical Toad Genus Atelopus. Checklist - Biology - Distribution. Vences, M. and Glaw, F. Verlags GbR. Colònia, Alemanya.
- Lötters, S. i E. La Marca, 2001. Phrynidium crucigerum Lichtenstein & Martens, 1856 (currently Atelopus cruciger; Amphibia, Anura): proposed conservation of the specific name by the designation of a neotype. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 58: 119–121.
- Sexton, O., 1958. Observations on the life history of a Venezuelan frog, Atelopus cruciger. Acta Biologica Venezuelica, 2, 235–242.
Enllaços externs
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Atelopus cruciger: Brief Summary
(
Catalan; Valensian
)
fornì da wikipedia CA
Atelopus cruciger és una espècie d'amfibi pertanyent a la família dels bufònids, la qual va desaparèixer durant gairebé 20 anys fins que una petita població va ésser redescoberta el 2004.
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Atelopus cruciger
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da wikipedia EN
Atelopus cruciger, also known as the Veragua stubfoot toad or Rancho Grande harlequin frog, is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to Venezuela and is known from the central Venezuelan Coastal Range.[1][2] The species was already suspected to be extinct because, despite considerable effort, none had been found since 1986. However, in 2003, a small population was found,[1][3] with few other locations discovered later.[4] It is mainly threatened by chytridiomycosis.[1][5] It is locally called sapito rayado.[1]
Description
Adult males measure 28–35 mm (1.1–1.4 in) and adult females 40–50 mm (1.6–2.0 in) in snout–vent length. The body is slender. The snout is pointed in dorsal view. No tympanum is visible, but the supratympanic crest is well developed. There are small rounded warts present on the dorsolateral surfaces, most prominently around the arm insertions and as a dorsolateral row. The fingers have basal webbing while the toes are slightly more webbed. The hind limbs are relatively long. Preserved specimens have greenish tan color that is lighter on the ventral side. The dorsal surfaces have dense brown vermiculation as well as a X-pattern behind the head.[3][6]
Diet
The main sources of food for these frogs are ants and other small insects.[6]
Habitat and conservation
Atelopus cruciger was historically abundant and widely spread in the Venezuelan Coastal Range at elevations up to 2,400 m (7,900 ft) above sea level, although most records were from gallery, cloud, and semi-deciduous forests at 500–2,000 m (1,600–6,600 ft) above sea level.[4] Atelopus cruciger usually occurs near streams and rivulets. These frogs are diurnal and often found on stones, but can also climb to vegetation up to 1.5 meters above the ground. Breeding takes place along swift-flowing streams.[1]
However, the species has undergone a dramatic decline,[1] and only few populations are known to persist. These are all at low altitudes (220–500 m (720–1,640 ft)) on the northern slope of the Henri Pittier National Park.[4][6] The main reason for the decline is believed to be chytridiomycosis. Many of the historic collections came from protected areas. Air pollution (acid rain) could also be a contributing factor, given the proximity to the industries in the Valencia-Maracay area.[1][4][6]
In culture
- The frog appears on the reverse side of the Venezuelan Bs.S 5 banknote.
References
-
^ a b c d e f g h Manzanilla, J.; La Marca, E.; Heyer, R. & Fernández-Badillo, E. (2004). "Atelopus cruciger". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004: e.T54502A11152124. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T54502A11152124.en.
-
^ a b Frost, Darrel R. (2017). "Atelopus cruciger Müller, 1934". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
-
^ a b Lötters, Stefan; La Marca, Enrique & Vences, Miguel (2004). "Redescriptions of two toad species of the genus Atelopus from coastal Venezuela". Copeia. 2004 (2): 222–234. doi:10.1643/CH-03-045R1. JSTOR 1448560.
-
^ a b c d Rodríguez-Contreras, Argelia; Señaris, J. Celsa; Lampo, Margarita; Rivero, Ramón (2008). "Rediscovery of Atelopus cruciger (Anura: Bufonidae): current status in the Cordillera de La Costa, Venezuela". Oryx. 42 (2): 301–304. doi:10.1017/S0030605308000082.
-
^ Bonaccorso, E.; Guayasamin, J.M.; Méndez, D. & Speare, R. (2003). "Chytridomycosis as a possible cause of population declines in Atelopus cruciger (Anura: Bufonidae)". Herpetological Review. 34: 331–334.
-
^ a b c d "Atelopus cruciger - Rancho Grande Harlequin Frog". AmphibiaWeb. University of California, Berkeley. 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
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Atelopus cruciger: Brief Summary
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da wikipedia EN
Atelopus cruciger, also known as the Veragua stubfoot toad or Rancho Grande harlequin frog, is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to Venezuela and is known from the central Venezuelan Coastal Range. The species was already suspected to be extinct because, despite considerable effort, none had been found since 1986. However, in 2003, a small population was found, with few other locations discovered later. It is mainly threatened by chytridiomycosis. It is locally called sapito rayado.
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Atelopus cruciger
(
Spagneul; Castilian
)
fornì da wikipedia ES
Atelopus cruciger, conocido como sapito rayado del centro, rana arlequín de Rancho Grande, sapo arlequín de Rancho Grande, es un anfibio endémico de Venezuela. El sapito rayado se encuentra en la categoría de Peligro Crítico (CR) tanto por la Lista Roja de Especies Amenazadas de la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza (UICN) como por El Libro Rojo de la Fauna Venezolana.
Características
El sapito rayado como su nombre lo indica tiene líneas y manchas marrones o negras que sobresalen de la coloración amarilla de su espaldar. Cada adulto es único, ya que sus manchas sobre la cabeza y su cuerpo dorsal varían, lo que permite que este animalito sea característico del otro, haciéndolo exclusivo.
Por lo general, el vientre es amarillo; las palmas y planta de los pies del mismo color o naranja, los que poseen estas tonalidades principalmente son los machos reproductores activos. Los machos miden de 2,2 a 3,5 centímetros, mientras que la hembra podría alcanzar los 5 centímetros.
Alimentación
Los sapitos son de hábitos diurnos, se alimentan de insectos como hormigas y coleópteros; gracias a su alimentación son colaboradores de un equilibrio en el ciclo ambiental.
Reproducción
Su máxima actividad reproductiva ocurre durante la sequía cuando los cauces de los ríos disminuyen. Los machos han alcanzado su madurez sexual porque se puede observar una almohadilla oscura ubicada en la parte superior de la base de los dedos pulgares. Las hembras, colocan sus huevos en hileras sobre rocas ubicadas en los cauces.
Distribución
El sapito es una especie endémica de Venezuela. Se encuentra entre los 30 y 2.200 m sobre el nivel del mar. Los podemos ubicar en la costa central del Estado Aragua, Carabobo, Miranda, Sucre, Yaracuy y Cojedes. En la actualidad habitan en escenarios donde se encuentran protegidos por Parques Nacionales tal es el caso del Parque Nacional Henri Pittier, mejor conocido como Rancho Grande. Otros terrenos arbolados que entran en la lista son Guatopo, San Esteban, Macarao y Waraira Repano.
Amenazas
La población del sapito rayado colapsó por una enfermedad llamada quireidiomicosis cutánea, la cual es producida por el hongo Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) y consiste en debilitar la piel del anfibio. En 1986 se detectó dicho hongo en los dos últimos ejemplares silvestres recolectados.
Hoy día el 10% de la población del sapito adulto se ve afectada por dicha infección. Otra causa de amenaza es la alteración o degradación ambiental debido a la agricultura. Adicional a esto se le suman los asentamientos humanos, el turismo, incendios, contaminación y cambio climático.
Historia
El sapito rayado es endémico de Venezuela y entra en la categoría de Peligro de Extinción en 1996 bajo decreto N° 1486, el 11 de septiembre de 1996 durante el gobierno de Rafael Caldera ya que en el año 1980 esta especie era uno de los anfibios más abundantes de los bosques montanos.
Conservación
El sapito rayado se encuentra distribuido en distintos parques nacionales como el Henri Pittier, Guatopo, San Esteban, Macarao y Waraira Repano. Sin embargo, se redescubrió una población en el río Cata. Con este grupo de anfibios se inició un programa de seguimiento desde octubre de 2005 hasta el presente, del cual se ha obtenido resultado sobre parámetros demográficos, epidemiológicos, ecológicos y aspectos de su vida.
Publicación original
- Lichtenstein & Martens, 1856: Nomenclator reptilium et amphibiorum Musei Zoologici Berolinensis. Namenverzeichniss der in der zoologischen Sammlung der Königlichen Universität zu Berlin aufgestellten Arten von Reptilien und Amphibien nach ihren Ordnungen, Familien und Gattungen. Königliche Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin, p. 1-48
Referencias bibliográfica
•Rodríguez J, Rojas F (2008). Libro Rojo de la fauna venezolana. (3). (s.l). Provita https://web.archive.org/web/20170227192524/http://animalesamenazados.provita.org.ve/content/sapito-rayado
•Díaz F. Sapito Rayado (atelopus cruciger). (17 de agosto de 2012) https://gestion-ambiental-biblioteca.blogspot.com/2012/08/sapito-rayado-atelopus-acruciger.html
•Sistema Venezolano de Información sobre Diversidad Biológica. Sapito Rayado de Rancho Grande https://web.archive.org/web/20170612132908/http://diversidadbiologica.minamb.gob.ve/especies/ficha/6/13847/
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Atelopus cruciger: Brief Summary
(
Spagneul; Castilian
)
fornì da wikipedia ES
Atelopus cruciger, conocido como sapito rayado del centro, rana arlequín de Rancho Grande, sapo arlequín de Rancho Grande, es un anfibio endémico de Venezuela. El sapito rayado se encuentra en la categoría de Peligro Crítico (CR) tanto por la Lista Roja de Especies Amenazadas de la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza (UICN) como por El Libro Rojo de la Fauna Venezolana.
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Atelopus cruciger
(
Basch
)
fornì da wikipedia EU
(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Atelopus cruciger: Brief Summary
(
Basch
)
fornì da wikipedia EU
Atelopus cruciger Atelopus generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Bufonidae familian sailkatuta dago, Anura ordenan.
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Atelopus cruciger
(
Fransèis
)
fornì da wikipedia FR
Atelopus cruciger est une espèce d'amphibiens de la famille des Bufonidae[1].
Répartition
Cette espèce est endémique de la cordillère de la Costa au Venezuela[1]. Elle se rencontre entre 30 et 2 200 m d'altitude dans les États :
Description
Les mâles mesurent de 28,2 à 24,6 mm et les femelles de 33,5 à 39,5 mm.
Publication originale
- Lichtenstein & Martens, 1856 : Nomenclator reptilium et amphibiorum Musei Zoologici Berolinensis. Namenverzeichniss der in der zoologischen Sammlung der Königlichen Universität zu Berlin aufgestellten Arten von Reptilien und Amphibien nach ihren Ordnungen, Familien und Gattungen. Königliche Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin, p. 1-48 (texte intégral).
Notes et références
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Atelopus cruciger: Brief Summary
(
Fransèis
)
fornì da wikipedia FR
Atelopus cruciger est une espèce d'amphibiens de la famille des Bufonidae.
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Kruisklompvoetkikker
(
olandèis; flamand
)
fornì da wikipedia NL
Herpetologie De kruisklompvoetkikker[2] (Atelopus cruciger) is een kikker uit de familie padden (Bufonidae). De soort werd voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door Hinrich Lichtenstein en Eduard Carl von Martens in 1856.[3]
Verspreiding en habitat
De soort komt voor in delen van Midden-Amerika en komt endemisch voor in Venezuela. De soort komt in een relatief klein gebied voor en is hierdoor kwetsbaar. De kikker werd jarenlang niet gezien en was officieel uitgestorven, maar in 2003 werd in Venezuela een populatie waargenomen. De soort heeft één ravijn als verspreidingsgebied, maar waarschijnlijk zijn er meer onontdekte populaties.[4] De kruisklompvoetkikker komt voor in bergstreken op een hoogte van 100 tot 2200 meter boven zeeniveau. Door de internationale natuurbeschermingsorganisatie IUCN wordt de soort beschouwd als 'Kritiek'.[1]
Uiterlijke kenmerken
Mannetjes worden ongeveer 2,4 tot 2,8 centimeter lang, de vrouwtjes bereiken een lichaamslengte tot bijna vier centimeter. De meeste klompvoetkikkers uit het geslacht Atelopus zijn al erg slank maar deze soort wordt omschreven als bijzonder dun. De lichaamskleur is groen tot geel; met een zwarte complexe nettekening. Bij de meeste exemplaren is een kruisachtige X-vormige vlek aanwezig in de nek. Hieraan is de Nederlandstalige naam te danken en ook de wetenschappelijke soortnaam cruciger betekent 'kruisdragend'.
Levenswijze
De kruisklompvoetkikker is een echte bodembewoner die soms in een lage struik klimt om te rusten. Het biotoop bestaat uit de strooisellaag van het bos onder stukken schors of omgevallen bomen. Overdag zit de kikker verstopt want het is een schemeractieve soort die pas 's avonds tevoorschijn komt om te jagen. Het voedsel bestaat uit insecten en met name vliegen.
- Referenties
- Bronnen
-
(en) - Darrel R. Frost - Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference - Version 6.0 - American Museum of Natural History - Atelopus cruciger - Website Geconsulteerd 5 februari 2017
-
(en) - University of California - AmphibiaWeb - Atelopus cruciger - Website
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Kruisklompvoetkikker: Brief Summary
(
olandèis; flamand
)
fornì da wikipedia NL
De kruisklompvoetkikker (Atelopus cruciger) is een kikker uit de familie padden (Bufonidae). De soort werd voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door Hinrich Lichtenstein en Eduard Carl von Martens in 1856.
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Atelopus cruciger
(
portughèis
)
fornì da wikipedia PT
Atelopus cruciger é uma espécie de sapo da família Bufonidae. Ele é endêmico na Venezuela. Seu habitat natural são as florestas úmidas de montanhas e das terras baixas, em áreas tropicais e subtropicais, e rios. Está ameaçado pela perda do seu habitat e à quitridiomicose.[3]
Referências
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Atelopus cruciger: Brief Summary
(
portughèis
)
fornì da wikipedia PT
Atelopus cruciger é uma espécie de sapo da família Bufonidae. Ele é endêmico na Venezuela. Seu habitat natural são as florestas úmidas de montanhas e das terras baixas, em áreas tropicais e subtropicais, e rios. Está ameaçado pela perda do seu habitat e à quitridiomicose.
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Atelopus cruciger
(
vietnamèis
)
fornì da wikipedia VI
Atelopus cruciger là một loài cóc trong họ Bufonidae. Nó là loài đặc hữu của Venezuela. Trong nhiều năm, loài này được xem là đã tuyệt chủng dù đã có nỗ lực đáng kể tìm kiếm chúng nhưng người ta không phát hiện ra con nào. Tuy nhiên năm 2003 thì người ta đã phát hiện ra một quần thể nhỏ.
Các môi trường sống tự nhiên của chúng là các khu rừng ẩm ướt đất thấp nhiệt đới hoặc cận nhiệt đới, rừng vùng núi ẩm cận nhiệt đới hoặc nhiệt đới và sông. Nó chủ yếu bị đe dọa do nhiễm nấm Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.[1]
Nguồn
-
^ Bonaccorso, E., Guayasamin, J.M., Méndez, D. và Speare, R. 2003. Chytridomycosis as a possible cause of population declines in Atelopus cruciger (Anura: Bufonidae). Herpetological Review: 331-334.
Liên kết ngoài
![src=]()
Phương tiện liên quan tới Atelopus cruciger tại Wikimedia Commons
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Atelopus cruciger: Brief Summary
(
vietnamèis
)
fornì da wikipedia VI
Atelopus cruciger là một loài cóc trong họ Bufonidae. Nó là loài đặc hữu của Venezuela. Trong nhiều năm, loài này được xem là đã tuyệt chủng dù đã có nỗ lực đáng kể tìm kiếm chúng nhưng người ta không phát hiện ra con nào. Tuy nhiên năm 2003 thì người ta đã phát hiện ra một quần thể nhỏ.
Các môi trường sống tự nhiên của chúng là các khu rừng ẩm ướt đất thấp nhiệt đới hoặc cận nhiệt đới, rừng vùng núi ẩm cận nhiệt đới hoặc nhiệt đới và sông. Nó chủ yếu bị đe dọa do nhiễm nấm Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.
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