Vitreorana eurygnatha (Lutz 1925)

Vitreorana eurygnatha is a small glass-frog (SVL 17-23 mm). The snout is rounded, short and truncated, not spatulated, lacking an upper lip ridge, nostrils near terminal; vomerine teeth are absent. Eyes directed forward, and prominently elevated. The tympanum is usually partially hidden to almost entirely hidden, diameter about 1/2 eye diameter. A single vocal sac, males with vocal slits. The finger and toe discs are large, truncate or rounded-truncate, and larger than tympanum; glandular pad on inner side of thumb. Dorsal texture smooth or very finely granular with regularly spaced pigment cells; belly smooth with transparent ventral skin through which the internal organs are visible. Tarsal fold is absent. Cloacal flap rather broad, notched mesially, flanked behind by indefinite, flattened, cloacal pads, with some few enlarged granules on ventral surface. The bones are green in life (Taylor and Cochran 1955; Heyer 1978; Heyer et al. 1990; Cisneros-Heredia and McDiarmid 2007). Cisneros-Heredia and McDiarmid (2007) provided a brief description of the internal morphology.The larval oral apparatus is anteroventral, oral disc with a single row of marginal papillae, without denticles. The body is ovoid in dorsal view with a narrow and muscled tail, almost 2 times and a half the body length. Fins low, dorsal fin origin at the body-tail juncture. The eyes and nostrils are dorsal and very small. Spiracle sinistral, mid-way on side, extremely posterior almost at the end of the body. Length at Gosner stage 42: 50.4 mm. The color in life varies from light red to yellowish (Heyer 1985; Altig and McDiarmid 1999).The epithet eurygnathum probably comes from the junction of two greek words: eurus, meaning "wide" and gnathos, meaning "jaw" or "mouth", that is, wide mouth.

The species is distributed along the Atlantic Rain Forest in the Serra do Mar and Serra da Mantiqueira in the States of Bahia, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, eastern Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Parana and Santa Catarina, in eastern Brazil, above 1,700 m. Vitreorana eurygnatha lives associated with forest streams on primary forests (Heyer 1985; Freitas et al. 2004, 2007).

Its range is within protected areas, like the Parque Estadual Nova Baden, at Lambari-MG, Parque Estadual de Ibitipoca, at Lima Duarte-MG, Parque Nacional da Serra da Bocaina, São José do Barreiro-SP, Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, Ubatuba-SP, Parque Nacional da Tijuca, in Rio de Janeiro-RJ. There are reports of population decline of H. eurygnathum in several mountain environments in southeastern Brazil, including the Serra do Japi, the Estación Biologica de Boracéia, Santa Teresa and Tijuca, where this species has not been seen since the 1980s. These declines are likely due to pollution and/or drastic climate changes (Heyer et al. 1988; Weygoldt 1989; Izecksohn and Carvalho-e-Silva 2001; Eterovick et al. 2005), but recent analysis did not detect infection by the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Carnaval et al. 2006).

Vitreorana eurygnatha lives inside forests near small streams (usually 1-2 m in wide). Males call at night on low vegetation and shrubs in the rainy season from August to January (Heyer et al. 1990; Haddad and Sazima 1992; Ribeiro et al. 2005). The advertisement call was described by Heyer et al. (1990) and can be heard in Haddad et al. (2003). The call is given sporadically; call duration 0.04-0.1 s.This species lays a few eggs directly on the surface of leaves hanging above swift streams. On hatching, the tadpoles fall into the streams where they complete metamorphosis (mode 25 of Haddad and Prado, 2005; Izecksohn and Carvalho-e-Silva 2001). The adults frequently occur at low densities, usually one or two per linear meter of stream (Heyer et al. 1988; pers. obs). The tadpoles typically live in brooks where they are found burrowing in the leaf litter, mud, sticks and sand at the stream bottom, usually near turbulent waters (Haddad and Sazima 1992).

Occurs up to 1,700m asl in southeastern Brazil from the States of Espirito Santo and southern Minas Gerais south to the State of Santa Catarina.

Diagnosis A small and delicate species green in life and whitish, lavender, purple or pale blue in preservative. Lacks vomerine teeth. The pupils are horizontally elliptical. Has a rounded snout lacking an upper lip ridge and a dorsal pattern of rather regularly spaced pigment cells.

Adult morphology Snout outline nearly rounded to semicircular from above, rounded to vertically rounded in profile; no cranial crests; no upper eyelid decoration; tympanum usually partially hidden to almost entirely hidden, diameter about 1/4 eye diameter; male vocal sac single, externally expanded or not; males with vocal slits; no vomerine teeth; finger lengths I < II < IV < III; finger disks large, truncate or rounded-truncate. larger than tympanum, disks on fingers III and IV largest. disk on finger I smallest, disk on finger II about equal in size to disk on finger I. or to disk on fingers III and IV, or intermediate in size; finger subarticular tubercles small to moderate size, rounded, not pungent: glandular pad on inner side of thumb in males, either tan or same color as thumb: forearm ridge present or absent; no prepollex development; pair of rightangle folds, one on either side of vent, no other body glands or folds; dorsal texture smooth or very finely granular; belly granular; toe lengths I < II< III < V < IV; toe disks large, truncate or rounded-truncate, just smaller than or equal in size to finger disks; ovoid inner metatarsal tubercle, no outer metatarsal tubercle; no heel decoration; tarsus with or without an outer ridge; outer tarsus and sole of foot smooth. Eyelids with concentration of purple pigment dots, rest of dorsum rather evenly profused with purple pigment dots. forearm and tarsal ridges. when present, white outlined. seat patch white highlighted: side of face with a suffusion of purple pigment dots. upper lip either immaculate or white outlined; dorsal pattern extending to middle of flanks from above. lower half of flanks immaculate; venter immaculate: posterior surface of thigh immaculate. Snout-vent lenght 19.1-21.7, mean 20.4 mm (males). 20.9 mm (female); mean head length 33% snout-vent lenght: mean head width 36% SVL; mean thigh length 54% snout-vent lenght; mean shank length 55% snout-vent lenght; mean foot length 46% snout-vent lenght. Life colors: Iris variable, including white with a black reticulum and a green stripe through the eye, faint bronze with a light green reticulum, gold with a black reticulum, or silver-green; dorsum green, ranging from transparent green, light jade green, to bright grass green, very fine black dots may or may not be scattered on dorsal surfaces, hands and feet either a lighter green than dorsal color or yellow, fingers and toes yellowish; venter mostly transparent but skin aqua, lime green, or bluish-green, white peritoneum surrounding heart, liver, and digestive tract; posterior surface of thigh translucent yellow green; no flash colors. Larval Morphology Larvae well muscled, almost cylindrical, maximum length, stage 42 (Gosner, 1960), 50.4 mm; head-body slightly depressed, length (HBL) 25-29 [range] (27.2) [mean] % total length; nostrils small, barely noticeable, about midway between eye and tip of snout; eyes dorsal, very small in stage 25-28 specimens, 3-5% HBL, moderate in stage 37-42 specimens, 9-13% HBL; snout length (tip of snout to point mid-way between eyes) 24-35 (28.9) % HBL; spiracle sinistral, mid-way on side, extremely posterior, almost at end of body; mouth parts subterminal, almost terminal, oral disk emarginate, width 24-35 (32.0) % HBL; oral disk without denticles, anterior oral disk of a large fleshy pad; lower disk with a single row of circumferential papillae, either of uniform shape or posterior papillae elongate; either a single or partial double row of bulbous papillae in posterior denticle row position: upper jaw wide, jaw teeth large; anus median; tail strongly muscled, tail fins low, maximum depth of either upper or lower fin less than 1/2 maximum tail muscle depth, dorsal fin origin at body-tail juncture in small specimens, posterior to body-tail juncture in large specimens; pattern light, nondescript in preservative; irregularly dispersed pigment cells, usually denser dorsally, sometimes limited to dorsal tail musculature, but ventral head-body with a few scattered pigment cells.

EUA

LC. Least Concern.

Hyalinobatrachium eurygnathum és una espècie de granota que viu al Brasil.

Es troba amenaçada d'extinció per la pèrdua del seu hàbitat natural.

Vitreorana eurygnatha is a species of frog in the family Centrolenidae. It is endemic to Brazil. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, and rivers. It is threatened by habitat loss.

Vitreorana eurygnatha es una especie de anfibio anuro de la familia de las ranas de cristal (Centrolenidae). Se distribuye por el este y sudeste de Brasil hasta los 1700 m de altitud.

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Vitreorana eurygnatha Vitreorana generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Centrolenidae familian sailkatuta dago, Anura ordenan.

Vitreorana eurygnatha est une espèce d'amphibiens de la famille des Centrolenidae.

Vitreorana eurygnatha é uma espécie de anfíbio da família Centrolenidae. Endêmica do Brasil, pode ser encontrada nos estados da Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo e Santa Catarina. Não há registro para o estado do Paraná. Existe um registro isolado em Goiás. Em 2017, foi classificado como em perigo na Lista do grau de ameaça das espécies de Flora e Fauna do estado da Bahia, mas como pouco preocupante na Lista Vermelha do Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameaçada de Extinção de 2018 do Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio).

Vitreorana eurygnatha là một loài ếch trong họ Centrolenidae. Chúng là loài đặc hữu của Brasil. Các môi trường sống tự nhiên của chúng là các khu rừng ẩm ướt đất thấp nhiệt đới hoặc cận nhiệt đới, các khu rừng vùng núi ẩm nhiệt đới hoặc cận nhiệt đới, và sông. Loài này đang bị đe dọa do mất môi trường sống.