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Comments ( Anglèis )

fornì da eFloras
Pinus attenuata , mostly a chaparral species, bears cones at an early age. Its seed crops are heavy, and a hot fire permits the seeds to be released. It forms hybrids with P . muricata and P . radiata .
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
sitassion bibliogràfica
Flora of North America Vol. 2 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Description ( Anglèis )

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Shrubs or trees to 24m; trunk to 0.8m diam., usually straight; crown mostly narrowly to broadly conic. Bark purple-brown to dark brown, shallowly and narrowly fissured, with irregular, flat, loose-scaly plates, on upper sections of trunk nearly smooth. Branches ascending; twigs slender, red-brown. Buds ovoid to ovoid-cylindric, dark red-brown, aging darker, ca. 1.5cm, resinous; scale margins fringed, apex attenuate. Leaves 3 per fascicle, spreading or ascending, persisting 4--5 years, (8--)9--15(--20)cm ´ (1--)1.3--1.8mm, straight or slightly curved, twisted, yellow-green, all surfaces with fine stomatal lines, margins serrulate, apex abruptly conic-subulate; sheath (1--)1.5--2cm, base persistent. Pollen cones ellipsoid-cylindric, 10--15mm, orange-brown. Seed cones maturing in 2 years, serotinous, long-persistent, remaining closed for 20 years or more, or opening on burning, in whorls, hard and heavy, very asymmetric, lanceoloid before opening, ovoid-cylindric when open, 8--15cm, yellow- or pale red-brown, stalks to 1cm; apophyses toward outside base increasingly elongate, mammillate or raised-angled-conic, downcurved near base, scarcely raised on branchlet side, rhombic; umbo central, low-pyramidal, sharp, upcurved. Seeds compressed-oblique-obovoid; body ca. 6--7mm, nearly black; wing narrow, to 20mm. 2 n =24.
licensa
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
sitassion bibliogràfica
Flora of North America Vol. 2 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
sorgiss
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
editor
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
proget
eFloras.org
original
visité la sorgiss
sit compagn
eFloras

Habitat & Distribution ( Anglèis )

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Fire successional on dry slopes and foothills of Sierra Nevada and the Cascade and Coast ranges; 300--1200m; Calif., Oreg.; Mexico in Baja California.
licensa
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
sitassion bibliogràfica
Flora of North America Vol. 2 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
sorgiss
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
editor
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
proget
eFloras.org
original
visité la sorgiss
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eFloras

Synonym ( Anglèis )

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Pinus tuberculata Gordon 1849, not D.Don 1836
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cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
sitassion bibliogràfica
Flora of North America Vol. 2 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
sorgiss
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
editor
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
proget
eFloras.org
original
visité la sorgiss
sit compagn
eFloras

Common Names ( Anglèis )

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knobcone pine
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Howard, Janet L. 1992. Pinus attenuata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Description ( Anglèis )

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More info for the terms: seed, tree

Knobcone pine is a rapidly growing, native tree from 20 to 40 feet (6-12
m) tall and 13.5 to 23 inches (34-58 cm) in d.b.h. [13,41]. The crown
is dense and broad when young, becoming open when mature. Trees
typically have multiple trunks with thin bark [36,42]. Excavation of
knobcone pine roots in the Santa Ana Mountains showed that vertical
roots grew to bedrock in the shallow soil. Average root depth was 10.4
inches (26.2 cm) [41]. Roots in less restrictive sites are reported as
"wide and deep" [36].

Trees produce female cones in groups of four or five, all firmly
attached to stout branches in a tight whorl. The asymmetrical cones are
arched in configuration, as are the individual ovuliferous scales.
Cones remain closed and attached to the tree for life [40,48]. The
enclosed seeds are small and light, with thin seed coats and long seed
wings [15,41]. The lifespan of knobcone pine is relatively short. Some
trees reach ages of 75 to 100 years [14], but in a typical 60-year-old
stand, over half the pines are dead [41].
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cc-publicdomain
sitassion bibliogràfica
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Pinus attenuata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Distribution ( Anglèis )

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Knobcone pine is the most widely distributed of the West Coast
closed-cone species. Discontinuous populations occur from southwestern
Oregon south through the Klamath, Cascade, and Coast ranges and the
Sierra Nevada. Stands in the South Coast Ranges are widely disjunct,
occurring in the Santa Ana and west San Bernardino mountains, at Cuesta
Pass, San Luis Obispo County, and near Ensenada, Baja California
[14,21,32,44].
licensa
cc-publicdomain
sitassion bibliogràfica
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Pinus attenuata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Fire Ecology ( Anglèis )

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More info for the terms: cover, crown fire, fire regime, forest, litter, natural, seed, tree

Knobcone pine is an obligate fire type with a strict closed-cone habit.
This adaptation, along with the general absence of animal agents that
might open cones, leaves the species dependent upon stand-replacing
crown fire for reproduction. Continued production and accumulation of
cones throughout the life of a tree assures that large quantities of
seed are released when fire opens cones. The open, multitrunked growth
form of knobcone pine promotes fire crowning [41].

Fire creates seedbed conditions favorable for germination and seedling
recruitment. It temporarily raises soil pH and increases soil nutrient
content, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen. A longer-term benefit of
fire to the species is the retrogressive role it plays in soil genesis.
By removing litter and ground cover vegetation, fire contributes to soil
erosion. Wind-felling of fire-killed trees results in further churning
up of nutrient-deficient soils. Most plant species cannot compete with
knobcone pine on such poor sites. The discontinuous nature of
serpentine prevents all the pines in an area from being killed by any
one fire [41].

Natural fires are probably less frequent in knobcone pine forests than
in other western closed-cone communities [25]. The infertile sites
where knobcone pine occurs support little undercover. Litter layers
are usually moderate [13]. A 20-year-old plantation in the San Dimas
Experimental Forest, southern California, produced 10.9 tons of forest
floor per acre (24.5 t/ha) [17]. The average interval between fires is
undocumented.

FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
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cc-publicdomain
sitassion bibliogràfica
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Pinus attenuata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Fire Management Considerations ( Anglèis )

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More info for the term: litter

Fire is essential for the completion of knobcone pine's life cycle.
Cones of senescent or dead trees must be opened by fire to perpetuate
the groves before trees succumb and add the unopened cones to the
decomposing litter [40].
licensa
cc-publicdomain
sitassion bibliogràfica
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Pinus attenuata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification) ( Anglèis )

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More info on this topic.

More info for the term: phanerophyte

Phanerophyte
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sitassion bibliogràfica
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Pinus attenuata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat characteristics ( Anglèis )

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More info for the terms: cover, fresh, serpentine soils, shrub

The climate in which knobcone pine grows is mediterranean, characterized
by wet, mild winters and hot, dry summers. Fog drip often precipitates
heavily beneath pines during summer months in coastal regions,
ameliorating the effects of hot weather [41]. The pines grow at
elevations between sea level and 5,500 feet (1,676 m) [44].

Soil parent materials are usually of volcanic origin [43]; serpentine is
the most common substrate [18,29]. Soils are typically shallow, rocky,
infertile, ultramafic, acid, and/or dry. They may contain levels of
magnesium, chromium, nickel, and/or cobalt that are toxic to most plants
[44]. Calcium, nitrogen, and phosphorus are usually deficient [43].
Soil pH at a knobcone pine site in the Santa Ana Mountains was 5.0 [43].
Water-retaining capacity of knobcone pine soils are often favorable to
its growth. The average saturation percentage of serpentine soils is
nearly double that of adjacent chaparral [41]. Slope angles range
between 0 and 38 degrees but are most commonly steep and subject to
continual erosion. Knobcone pine communities often occur along fault
blocks where earthquake activity has produced fresh serpentine
escarpments [41].

Plant associates: Overstory associates not listed in Distribution and
Occurrence include Monterey pine, Coulter pine (Pinus coulteri), gray
pine (P. sabiniana), sugar pine (P. lambertiana), shore pine (P.
contorta spp. contorta), bigcone Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga macrocarpa),
Pacific madrone (Arbutus menziesii), tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflora),
giant chinkapin (Chrysolepis chrysophylla), incense-cedar (Calocedrus
decurrens), Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia), tecate cypress (Hesperocyparis
forbesii), Santa Cruz cypress (H. abramsiana), and MacNab cypress (H.
macnabiana) [26,27,28,44].

Some shrub associates are Eastwood manzanita (Arctostaphylos
glandulosa), pinemat manzanita (A. nevadensis), chamise, chaparral
whitethorn (Ceanothus leucodermis), wartleaf ceanothus (C. papillosus
var. rowaenus), wedgeleaf ceanothus (C. cuneatus), leather oak (Quercus
durata), chaparral currant (Ribes malvaceum var. viridifolium), Sargent
cypress (Cupressus sargentii), chaparral pea (Pickeringia montana), and
huckleberry (Vaccinium spp.) [6,14,42,44,46].

Ground cover associates include Carey balsamroot (Balsamorhiza
deltoidea), Hooker balsamroot (B. hookeri), fire reedgrass
(Calamagrostis koeleroides), houndstongue hawkweed (Hieracium
cynoglossoides var. nudicaule), big deervetch (Lotus crassifolius),
showy phlox (Phlox speciosa), and brome grasses (Bromus spp.) [14,41,46].
licensa
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sitassion bibliogràfica
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Pinus attenuata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Cover Types ( Anglèis )

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More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

215 Western white pine
229 Pacific Douglas-fir
231 Port-Orford-cedar
232 Redwood
233 Oregon white oak
234 Douglas-fir - tanoak - Pacific madrone
244 Pacific ponderosa pine - Douglas-fir
245 Pacific ponderosa pine
246 California black oak
247 Jeffrey pine
249 Canyon live oak
250 Blue oak - gray pine
255 California coast live oak
licensa
cc-publicdomain
sitassion bibliogràfica
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Pinus attenuata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Ecosystem ( Anglèis )

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More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES27 Redwood
FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES34 Chaparral - mountain shrub
licensa
cc-publicdomain
sitassion bibliogràfica
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Pinus attenuata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Plant Associations ( Anglèis )

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More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the terms: forest, shrub

K006 Redwood forest
K009 Pine - cypress forest
K010 Ponderosa shrub forest
K011 Western ponderosa forest
K012 Douglas-fir forest
K026 Oregon oakwoods
K028 Mosaic of K002 and K026
K029 California mixed evergreen forest
K030 California oakwoods
K033 Chaparral
K034 Montane chaparral
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cc-publicdomain
sitassion bibliogràfica
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Pinus attenuata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Immediate Effect of Fire ( Anglèis )

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More info for the terms: fuel, stand-replacing fire, surface fire

Crown fire kills knobcone pine of all size classes and vaporizes the
resin sealing their cones [13,41]. The effect of surface fires on
mature trees is undocumented. The thin bark, however, probably provides
little protection from all but low-severity surface fire. Saplings are
killed by surface fire. Fire is not a threat to young trees, however,
since the preceding stand-replacing fire has removed most of the fuel
load [30]. Cones are extremely fire resistant and are seldom consumed
by fire [41].
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sitassion bibliogràfica
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Pinus attenuata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Importance to Livestock and Wildlife ( Anglèis )

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More info for the term: seed

Knobcone pine is unpalatable browse [13]. The heavily spiked, closed
cones deter most seed predators, although the western grey squirrel
consumes some seed. Jays eat seeds of opened cones [41,48].
licensa
cc-publicdomain
sitassion bibliogràfica
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Pinus attenuata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Key Plant Community Associations ( Anglèis )

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More info for the terms: cover, forest, herbaceous, shrubs, woodland

The knobcone pine community occupies a transitional position between
chaparral and woodland and higher elevation forests. Because of its
patchy distribution, it is usually surrounded by other communities. At
lower elevations, it is most often associated with chamise (Adenostoma
fasciculatum)-manzanita (Arctostaphylos spp.) communities and various
oak (Quercus spp.) woodlands. At higher elevations, it is associated
with a variety of coniferous communities (see SAF Cover Types) [44].
Within the knobcone pine community, the pines are usually widely spaced.
The community is sometimes described as woodland rather than as forest
[24]. On favorable sites, knobcone pine forms dense, even-aged stands
or dwarfed thickets. Understory herbaceous species are usually
fire-followers and endemics. Shrubs occur individually or in small
patches between pines. Mosaics of chaparral, woodland, knobcone pine,
and other coniferous forests sometimes occur due to topographical and
substrate differences [32,41,44].

Publications listing knobcone pine as a dominant species are as follows:

Vegetational types of the San Bernardino Mountains [14]
Vegetation of the San Bernardino Mountains [31]
A vegetation classification system applied to southern California [34]
Mixed evergreen forest [38]
Vegetation of the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon and California [46]
An introduction to the plant communities of the Santa Ana and San
Jacinto Mountains [42]
The closed-cone pines and cypresses [44]
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sitassion bibliogràfica
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Pinus attenuata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Life Form ( Anglèis )

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More info for the term: tree

Tree
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cc-publicdomain
sitassion bibliogràfica
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Pinus attenuata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Management considerations ( Anglèis )

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More info for the terms: severity, tree

Knobcone pine populations are currently stable. The species is
apparently not subject to heavy insect or disease attack [44]. It may
become infected with dwarf-mistletoe (Arceuthobium campylopodum), but the
literature is inconsistent on severity of infection. Mathiasen and
Hawksworth [23] believe that it is immune to such infestation. Kimmey
[16] reported it as "rarely infested" with western dwarf mistletoe (A.
campylopodum f. campylopodum), while Hempel [12] stated that it is
"often infected" with dwarf-mistletoe. There are unconfirmed reports of
infestation in southwestern Oregon [10].

Feral pigs, which damage trees by tusking trunks with their canines,
commonly attack knobcone. Trees so tusked are often girdled for
distances of 3 to 4 inches (8-14 cm) up the trunk, resulting in death of
the tree. The motivation for this behavior in swine is unknown [4].
licensa
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sitassion bibliogràfica
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Pinus attenuata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Occurrence in North America ( Anglèis )

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CA OR MEXICO
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sitassion bibliogràfica
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Pinus attenuata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Phenology ( Anglèis )

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More info on this topic.

Seeds germinate from early February through late March, depending on
elevation [47]. Pollination occurs from March until May [33].
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sitassion bibliogràfica
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Pinus attenuata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Plant Response to Fire ( Anglèis )

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More info for the term: seed

Fire-opened cones remain attached to standing dead trees. Released seed
quickly germinates with late winter or early spring rains [47].
Seedlings continue to establish over a period of several years as cones
slowly open and release seeds. Aerial photographs taken at postfire
year 16 of a burn on Cerro Miracielo, Baja California, showed that
saplings had established throughout the burn [32].
licensa
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sitassion bibliogràfica
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Pinus attenuata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Post-fire Regeneration ( Anglèis )

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More info for the terms: crown residual colonizer, root crown

Tree without adventitious-bud root crown
Crown residual colonizer (on-site, initial community)
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sitassion bibliogràfica
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Pinus attenuata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Regeneration Processes ( Anglèis )

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More info for the terms: cone, seed, shrubs, stratification, tree

Knobcone pine reproduction is controlled exclusively by fire; trees
occur in even-aged stands dating back to the last fire [42,43]. Unlike
other closed-cone species whose cones open with hot weather, upon
falling, or with age, unburned knobcone pine cones remain closed even
after trees have decayed and fallen. Cones are sealed with a hard resin
that requires high temperatures (average: 397 degrees Fahrenheit [203
deg C]) to liquefy, boil, and vaporize. Cone scales open gradually
following heating. The first seeds fall within 1 to 12 hours after
fire, when the ground has cooled. The arched scales continue to slowly
expand and drop seed for at least 4 postfire years. Scales partially
contract during periods of rain or other high relative humidity, but
resume expansion when relative humidity drops [41]. The small, light
seeds are wind dispersed. Knobcone pine has the greatest seed wing
length:seed size ratio of all the California closed-cone pines, allowing
for seed dispersal well beyond the edges of a fire [15]. Santa Ana
foehn winds, which blow during periods of low relative humidity, spread
seed for great distances. Seed wings from charred or scorched cones
often have fire-seared tips, causing seeds to fall in a slower spin than
seeds with unburned wing tips. Seeds with burned wings fall closer to
the parent tree. Birds aid in disseminating some seed. Steller and
scrub jays, attracted to partially opened cones, pound them heavily to
extract seeds. This results in additional seed dropping to the ground.
Hairy and downy woodpeckers may also jar seed from cones as they work
over burned stems in search of insects [41]. Western grey squirrel are
sometimes able to chew through unopened cones and may disseminate small
amounts of seed [42].

Trees begin seed production between 10 and 12 years of age. Average
production of trees over 20 years old is 176 cones per tree [41].
Limited tests show seed viability does not decline with age. Seeds
enclosed in cones for 27 [45] and 60 [41] years have proved viable.
Following release, seeds require cold stratification for 60 days [3,19].
Germinative capacity of seeds from mechanically opened cones has varied
from 57 to 91 percent [19,41]. Hot fire probably kills some seed.
Laboratory tests show that germination rates of seed from mechanically
opened cones are greater than those of cones opened by oven heat
treatment. Seeds may require a rise from normally low soil pH for
germination, and fire creates such a condition [41]. Knobcone pine
germinates earlier than other pines. Tested against Coulter and sugar
pines, it was the first of the three species to germinate [47].
Seedlings require bare mineral soil for establishment. They are drought
tolerant, with a strong tendency toward deep rooting [47]. Seedlings
establishing on fertile sites compete poorly with chaparral shrubs and
other tree species. Knobcone pine seedlings, however, can tolerate
nutrient-deficient soils which restrict the growth of most competitors
[14,29,41]. Knobcone pine does not vegetatively reproduce [19].
licensa
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sitassion bibliogràfica
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Pinus attenuata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Regional Distribution in the Western United States ( Anglèis )

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More info on this topic.

This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):

1 Northern Pacific Border
2 Cascade Mountains
3 Southern Pacific Border
4 Sierra Mountains
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sitassion bibliogràfica
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Pinus attenuata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Successional Status ( Anglèis )

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More info on this topic.

More info for the terms: competition, cover, shrub

Obligate Initial Community Species

Knobcone pine is a shade-intolerant pioneer species [9,36,40]. Fire
creates the conditions necessary for its continued survival. Old
knobcone pine stands, undisturbed for 60 or more years, will show signs
of invasion and competition from surrounding communities because the
resultant soil genesis and organic matter deposition have begun to
reduce or cover the restrictive barriers produced by serpentine [41].
In the absence of fire, knobcone pine is replaced by chaparral shrub
species at lower elevations and other conifers at higher elevations
[1,41].
licensa
cc-publicdomain
sitassion bibliogràfica
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Pinus attenuata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Taxonomy ( Anglèis )

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The currently accepted scientific name of knobcone pine is Pinus
attenuata Lemm. [21,33,36]. There are no subspecies or varieties. The
distributions of knobcone and Monterey (P. radiata) pines overlap in
Santa Cruz County, where they produce the hybrid P. X attenuradiata
Stockw. & Right [21,33,35].
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sitassion bibliogràfica
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Pinus attenuata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites ( Anglèis )

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More info for the term: seed

Knobcone pine is planted for riparian and watershed rehabilitation in
areas with shallow, ultramafic, or sandy dry soils [8,13]. Survival and
growth rates are favorable. Plantation seedlings used for erosion
control in southern California attained heights of about 15 feet (4.6 m)
in 10 years. Trees are usually planted on-site from bareroot nursery
seedlings, although knobcone pine can be cloned if cuttings are taken
from trees less than 5 years of age. Seed collection and processing
techniques and details on seedling care are outlined in the literature
[13,19].
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Howard, Janet L. 1992. Pinus attenuata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Wood Products Value ( Anglèis )

fornì da Fire Effects Information System Plants
There is no commercial market for knobcone pine wood [11].
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Howard, Janet L. 1992. Pinus attenuata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Distribution ( Spagneul; Castilian )

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Physical Description ( Anglèis )

fornì da USDA PLANTS text
Tree, Shrub, Evergreen, Monoecious, Habit erect, Trees without or rarely having knees, Tree with bark rough or scaly, Young shoots 3-dimensional, Buds resinous, Leaves needle-like, Leaves alternate, Needle-like leaf margins finely serrulate (use magnification or slide your finger along the leaf), Leaf apex acute, Leaves > 5 cm long, Leaves < 10 cm long, Leaves yellow-green above, Leaves yellow-green below, Leaves not blue-green, Needle-like leaves somewhat rounded, Needle-like leaves twisted, Needle-like leaf habit erect, Needle-like leaves per fascicle mostly 3, Needle-like leaf sheath persistent, Twigs glabrous, Twigs viscid, Twigs not viscid, Twigs without peg-like projections or large fascicles after needles fall, Berry-like cones orange, Woody seed cones > 5 cm long, Seed cones bearing a scarlike umbo, Umbo with obvious prickle, Bracts of seed cone included, Seeds black, Seeds winged, Seeds unequally winged, Seed wings prominent, Seed wings equal to or broader than body.
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Pinus attenuata ( Aser )

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Pinus attenuata (lat. Pinus attenuata) - şamkimilər fəsiləsinin şam ağacı cinsinə aid bitki növü.

Mənbə

Blue Pine (Pinus wallichiana) at Bhandakthathaatch (8000 ft) I IMG 7363.jpg İynəyarpaqlılar ilə əlaqədar bu məqalə qaralama halındadır. Məqaləni redaktə edərək Vikipediyanı zənginləşdirin. Etdiyiniz redaktələri mənbə və istinadlarla əsaslandırmağı unutmayın.
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Pinus attenuata: Brief Summary ( Aser )

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Pinus attenuata (lat. Pinus attenuata) - şamkimilər fəsiləsinin şam ağacı cinsinə aid bitki növü.

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Pinus attenuata ( Alman )

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Pinus attenuata ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Kiefern (Pinus) innerhalb der Familie der Kieferngewächse (Pinaceae). Das natürliche Verbreitungsgebiet liegt in den südwestlichen Vereinigten Staaten in Oregon und Kalifornien und erstreckt sich etwas über die Grenze hinaus bis nach Mexiko. Sie wird kaum wirtschaftlich oder gärtnerisch genutzt und ist nicht gefährdet.

Beschreibung

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Illustration
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Zweige und Nadeln
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Baumspitze mit Samenzapfen
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Reifer Samenzapfen

Erscheinungsbild

Pinus attenuata wächst als immergrüner Baum, der Wuchshöhen von meist 15 bis 20 Metern, selten auch bis 25 Metern erreicht. Auf besonders nährstoffarmen Böden kann diese Art auch strauchförmig wachsen.[1] Der Stamm ist gerade oder manchmal gebogen und erreicht einen Brusthöhendurchmesser von 40 bis 50 Zentimetern. Die Stammborke ist graubraun bis grau, dünn, schuppig und zerbricht in kleine, rechteckige Platten. Die Äste stehen waagrecht oder aufgerichtet und bilden eine unregelmäßige oder gerundete, offene Krone. Die Triebe sind dünn und rotbraun. Sie haben häufig mehrere Knoten und sind mit kurzen, herablaufenden und bleibenden Pulvini bedeckt.[2][3]

Knospen und Nadeln

Die Knospen sind eiförmig bis eiförmig-zylindrisch und harzig. Endständige Knospen sind 15 bis 30 Millimeter lang und 10 bis 15 Millimeter dick, seitenständige Knospen sind kürzer. Die Knospenschuppen sind braun, pfriemlich, trockenhäutig, mit unregelmäßig gezacktem, durchscheinendem Rand und spitz zulaufendem Ende. Die Nadeln wachsen zu dritt, seltener in Paaren in einer anfangs 10 bis 18 Millimeter langen sich später auf 3 bis 6 Millimeter verkürzenden Nadelscheide und bleiben zwei bis drei Jahre am Baum. Sie sind hellgrün und manchmal leicht bläulich überlaufen, unelastisch, gerade oder hängend, selten ab 8 meist 10 bis 12 und manchmal bis 14 Zentimeter lang und 1 bis 1,5 Millimeter breit. Der Nadelrand ist fein gesägt, das Ende spitz. Auf allen Nadelseiten gibt es Spaltöffnungslinien, auf der konvexen, abaxialen Seite sind es acht bis zwölf, auf den beiden adaxialen Seiten jeweils drei bis fünf.[2][3]

Zapfen und Samen

Die Pollenzapfen sind bei einer Länge von 15 bis 20 Millimetern sowie einem Durchmesser von 5 bis 7 Millimetern eiförmig-länglich bis zylindrisch und gelblich bis gelbbraun. Die Samenzapfen wachsen einzeln, in Paaren oder in Wirteln von drei bis fünf nahe den Zweigenden auf kurzen, kräftigen, gebogenen Stielen. Ausgewachsene Zapfen erscheinen sitzend, sie sind zurückgebogen, eiförmig länglich bis eiförmig-verschmälert, asymmetrisch geformt, 8 bis 15 Zentimeter lang, geschlossen mit Durchmessern von 3,5 bis 6 Zentimetern und geöffnet mit Durchmesser bis zu 8 Zentimetern. Die Samenschuppen sind dick, länglich, gerade oder etwas gebogen und purpurn- bis rötlichbraun. Die Apophyse hat einen rhombischen oder fünfeckigen Umriss, sie ist ockerfarben bis gelblich braun, leicht glänzend und verwittert grau. Auf der Unterseite des Zapfens ist sie nur leicht erhöht auf der Oberseite konisch und gebogen, zur Basis des Zapfens hin erreicht sie eine Länge 10 Millimeter. Der Umbo ist dunkler als die Apophyse, rhombisch, beinahe flach bis pyramiden- oder hakenförmig, unbewehrt und erreicht eine Größe von 5 Millimetern.[2] Die Samenzapfen reifen nach zwei Jahren, können aber noch weitere 20 Jahre oder mehr geschlossen bleiben, oder öffnen sich erst unter Feuereinwirkung.[1]

Die schwarzgrauen Samen sind bei einer Länge von 5 bis 7 Millimetern sowie einem Durchmesser von 2,3 bis 4,5 Millimetern schief eiförmig und abgeflacht. Der Samenflügel ist gelblich bis graubraun, länglich, auf einer Seite gebogen, 12 bis 18 Millimeter lang und 5 bis 7 Millimeter breit.[2]

Chromosomenzahl

Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt wie bei allen Kiefern 2n = 24.[3]

Vorkommen und Gefährdung

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Natürliches Verbreitungsgebiet

Das natürliche Verbreitungsgebiet von Pinus attenuata liegt in den Vereinigten Staaten im Südwesten von Oregon und in Kalifornien und im Nordwesten des mexikanischen Bundesstaates Baja California.[4] Pinus attenuatawächst im Chaparral und ähnlichen Vegetationstypen, aber auch auf sehr felsigem Untergrund. Sie hat äußerst beständige Zapfen und ist eine der ersten Bäume, die nach Bränden das zerstörte Gebiet wieder besiedeln. Im nördlichen Teil des Verbreitungsgebiets, in dem die Bäume auch etwas höher werden, wächst sie zusammen mit verschiedenen Eichenarten (Quercus spec.). In den Vereinigten Staaten wächst sie in Höhenlagen von 300 bis 1200 Metern und erreicht selten auch 1700 Meter. In Mexiko findet man sie meist in Höhenlagen von 250 bis 600 Metern oder nahe der Meeresküste.[2] Das Verbreitungsgebiet wird der Winterhärtezone 7 zugeordnet mit mittleren jährlichen Minimaltemperaturen von −17,7° und −12,2° Celsius (0 bis 10° Fahrenheit).[1]

In der Roten Liste der IUCN wird Pinus attenuata als „nicht gefährdet“ (= „Lower Risk/least concern“) eingestuft. Es wird jedoch darauf hingewiesen, dass eine Neubeurteilung notwendig ist.[5]

Systematik

Die Erstbeschreibung von Pinus attenuata erfolgte 1892 durch John Gill Lemmon in Garden and Forest; a Journal of Horticulture, Landscape Art and Forestry, Volume 64, Seite 45.[6][4] Das Artepitheton attenuata ist ein Lateinisches Wort, das „abgeschwächt“ oder „verschmälert“ bedeutet und sich auf die spitz zulaufende Form der Zapfen bezieht.[7][8] Synonyme für Pinus attenuata sind: Pinus californica Hook. & Arn., Pinus californica Hartw., Pinus tuberculata Gordon, Pinus tuberculata D.Don, Pinus tuberculata var. acuta Mayr.[6]

Die Art Pinus attenuata gehört zur Untersektion Australes aus der Sektion Trifoliae in der Untergattung Pinus innerhalb der Gattung Pinus.

Pinus attenuata bildet keine natürlichen Hybride. Kreuzungsversuche mit Pinus radiata und Pinus muricata waren jedoch erfolgreich. Diese drei Arten werden manchmal als eine Gruppe zusammengefasst, die als California closed-cone pines bezeichnet wird.[2]

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Habitus im Habitat im Big Basin Redwoods State Park, Kalifornien

Verwendung

Das Holz von Pinus attenuata wird kaum wirtschaftlich verwendet. Durch die geringe Größe und die unregelmäßige Form ist die Qualität des Holzes niedrig. Das Wachstum unter den trockenen Bedingungen ist langsam, außer beim Wiederbesiedeln von durch Feuer zerstörten Wäldern. Polierte Stammquerschnitte mit eingewachsenen Zapfen werden jedoch manchmal als Kuriosität zum Kauf angeboten. Die Art wird auch gärtnerisch kaum genutzt und ihre Kultivierung beschränkt sich auf Arboreten in Gebieten mit mediterranem oder ähnlichem Klima.[2]

Quellen

Literatur

  • Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers. Band 2. Brill, Leiden-Boston 2010, ISBN 90-04-17718-3, S. 634–635.
  • Robert Kral: Pinus.: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Hrsg.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 2: Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford u. a. 1993, ISBN 0-19-508242-7 (englisch).

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b c Christopher J. Earle: Pinus attenuata. In: The Gymnosperm Database. www.conifers.org, 27. November 2012, abgerufen am 21. April 2013 (englisch).
  2. a b c d e f g Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers, Band 2, S. 635.
  3. a b c Robert Kral: Pinus.: Pinus attenuata Lemmon - textgleich online wie gedrucktes Werk, In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Hrsg.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 2: Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Oxford University Press, New York und Oxford, 1993, ISBN 0-19-508242-7.
  4. a b Pinus attenuata im Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Abgerufen am 21. April 2013.
  5. Pinus attenuata in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2012. Eingestellt von: Conifer Specialist Group, 1998. Abgerufen am 7. April 2013.
  6. a b Pinus attenuata bei Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis Abgerufen am 20. April 2019.
  7. Helmut Genaust: Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 3., vollständig überarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7, S. 86 (Nachdruck von 1996).
  8. Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers, Band 2, S. 634.

Weblinks

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Pinus attenuata: Brief Summary ( Alman )

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Pinus attenuata ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Kiefern (Pinus) innerhalb der Familie der Kieferngewächse (Pinaceae). Das natürliche Verbreitungsgebiet liegt in den südwestlichen Vereinigten Staaten in Oregon und Kalifornien und erstreckt sich etwas über die Grenze hinaus bis nach Mexiko. Sie wird kaum wirtschaftlich oder gärtnerisch genutzt und ist nicht gefährdet.

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Pinus attenuata ( Komi )

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Pinus attenuata
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Pinus attenuata

Pinus attenuata (лат. Pinus attenuata) – быдмассэзлӧн пожум котырись пожум увтырын (Pinus субувтырын) торья вид. Пожумыс быдмӧ 8–24 метра вылына да овлӧ 80 см кыза диаметрын. Пожум пантасьӧ Америкаись Ӧтлаасьӧм Штаттэзын.

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Pinus attenuata ( Udmurt )

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Pinus attenuata
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Pinus attenuata

Pinus attenuata (лат. Pinus attenuata) – Pinaceae семьяысь шунды пуксён пал Америкалэн Огазеяськем Штатъёсаз будӥсь пужым. Ӝуждалаез ог 8–24 м, модослэн диаметрез 80 см.

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Knobcone pine ( Anglèis )

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The knobcone pine, Pinus attenuata (also called Pinus tuberculata),[2] is a tree that grows in mild climates on poor soils. It ranges from the mountains of southern Oregon to Baja California with the greatest concentration in northern California and the Oregon-California border.[3]

Description

Individual specimens can live up to a century.[4] The crown is usually conical with a straight trunk. It reaches heights of 8–24 meters (26–79 feet),[5] but can be a shrub on especially poor sites. The bark is thin and smooth, flaky and gray-brown when young, becoming dark[4] gray-red-brown and shallowly furrowed into flat scaly ridges in age. The twigs are red-brown and often resinous. Its wood is knotty and of little interest for lumber.[4]

The leaves are in fascicles of three,[6] needle-like, yellow-green, twisted, and 9–15 centimeters (3+12–6 in) long. The cones are resin-sealed and irregularly shaped,[4] 8–16 cm (3+146+14 in) long and clustered in whorls of three to six on the branches. The scales end in a short stout prickle. Cones can sometimes be found attached to the trunk and larger branches.[4]

Distribution

The knobcone pine can be found growing in the dry, rocky soils of southern Oregon and northern California, between 300 and 750 m (980 and 2,460 ft) above sea level.[4] It forms nearly pure stands, preferring to grow where there is no competition.[4]

Ecology

On the coast, the knobcone pine may hybridize with bishop pine (Pinus muricata), and Monterey pine (Pinus radiata).

In the western foothills of the Sierra Nevada, knobcone pine is often a co-dominant with blue oak (Quercus douglasii).[7]

The species is susceptible to fire, but this melts the cone resin, releasing seeds for regrowth.[4] The species seems to be shade intolerant.[4]

See also

References

  1. ^ Farjon, A. (2013). "Pinus attenuata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T42343A2974092. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42343A2974092.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ Chase, J. Smeaton (1911). "Pinus tuberculata, Also called P. attenuta (Knob-cone-pine, Scrub-pine)". Cone-bearing Trees of the California Mountains. Eytel, Carl (illustrations). Chicago: A.C. McClurg & Co. pp. 32–34. LCCN 11004975. OCLC 3477527.
  3. ^ Moore, Gerry; Kershner, Bruce; Craig Tufts; Daniel Mathews; Gil Nelson; Spellenberg, Richard; Thieret, John W.; Terry Purinton; Block, Andrew (2008). National Wildlife Federation Field Guide to Trees of North America. New York: Sterling. p. 85. ISBN 978-1-4027-3875-3.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i Arno, Stephen F.; Hammerly, Ramona P. (2020) [1977]. Northwest Trees: Identifying & Understanding the Region's Native Trees (field guide ed.). Seattle: Mountaineers Books. pp. 58–61. ISBN 978-1-68051-329-5. OCLC 1141235469.
  5. ^ Earle, Christopher J., ed. (2018). "Pinus attenuata". The Gymnosperm Database.
  6. ^ eNature Field Guides (2007) Knobcone Pine
  7. ^ Hogan, C. Michael (2008). Blue Oak: Quercus douglasii, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. Nicklas Stromberg
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Knobcone pine: Brief Summary ( Anglèis )

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The knobcone pine, Pinus attenuata (also called Pinus tuberculata), is a tree that grows in mild climates on poor soils. It ranges from the mountains of southern Oregon to Baja California with the greatest concentration in northern California and the Oregon-California border.

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Pinus attenuata ( Spagneul; Castilian )

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Pinus attenuata, el pino de Eldorado, es una especie arbórea de la familia de las pináceas. Crece en los climas suaves en suelos pobres. Su área de distribución va desde las montañas del sur de Oregón hasta Baja California con la mayor concentración en el norte de California y la frontera entre Oregón y California.[2]

Este pino alcanza alturas de 8-24 m;[3]​ sin embargo, puede ser un arbusto en lugares especialmente pobres. Prefiere suelos de montaña rocosos secos.

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Vista general del árbol

Morfología

La corona del pino de Eldorado es normalmente cónico con un tronco recto. La corteza es suave, escamosa y de color pardo grisáceo cuando son jóvenes, haciéndose marrón rojo grisáceo oscuro y arrugado superficialmente con crestas escamosas planas. Las ramillas son de color pardo rojizo y a menudo resinosas.

Las hojas están en fascículos de tres,[4]​ aciculares, verde amarillento, retorcido y 9-15 cm de largo. Los conos tienen 8-16 cm de largo y concentrado en racimos de 3 a 6 en las ramas. Las escamas acaban en una espina robusta corta. Los conos permanecen cerrados durante muchos años hasta que un incendio las abre y permite la resiembra. Como resultado, los conos pueden incluso quedar alojadas en el tronco conforme el árbol crece.

Ecología

El pino de Eldorado forma grupos casi puros, sin embargo puede hibridar con el pino obispo - Pinus muricata y con el pino insigne - Pinus radiata en la costa. Al pie de las colinas occidentales de Sierra Nevada, el pino de Eldorado es a menudo dominante junto con Quercus douglasii.[5]

Taxonomía

Pinus attenuata fue descrita por John Gill Lemmon y publicado en Mining Sci. Press 64: 45. 1892.[6]

Etimología

Pinus: nombre genérico dado en latín al pino.[7]

attenuata: epíteto latino que significa "débil".[8]

Sinonimia
  • Pinus californica Hartw.
  • Pinus californica Hook. & Arn.
  • Pinus tuberculata Gordon
  • Pinus tuberculata var. acuta Mayr[9][10]

Referencias

  1. Conifer Specialist Group (1998). «Pinus attenuata». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2006 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 12 de mayo de 2006.
  2. Moore, Gerry; Kershner, Bruce; Craig Tufts; Daniel Mathews; Gil Nelson; Spellenberg, Richard; Thieret, John W.; Terry Purinton; Block, Andrew (2008). National Wildlife Federation Field Guide to Trees of North America. Nueva York: Sterling. p. 85. ISBN 1-4027-3875-7.
  3. Gymnosperm Database, 2008
  4. eNature Field Guides, 2007
  5. C. Michael Hogan, 2008
  6. «Pinus attenuata». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultado el 7 de abril de 2013.
  7. En Nombres Botánicos
  8. En Epítetos Botánicos
  9. «Pinus attenuata». World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Consultado el 7 de abril de 2013.
  10. Pinus attenuata en PlantList

Bibliografía

  1. Abrams, L. 1923. Ferns to Birthworts. 1: 1–557. In L. Abrams (ed.) Ill. Fl. Pacific States. Stanford University Press, Stanford.
  2. CONABIO. 2009. Catálogo taxonómico de especies de México. 1. In Capital Nat. México. CONABIO, Mexico City.
  3. Farjon, A. K. & B. T. Styles. 1997. Pinus (Pinaceae). Fl. Neotrop. 75: 1–291.
  4. Farjon, A. K., J. A. Pérez de la Rosa & B. T. Styles. 1997. Field Guide Pines Mexico Central America 1–147. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  5. Flora of North America Editorial Committee, e. 1993. Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Fl. N. Amer. 2: i–xvi, 1–475.
  6. Munz, P. A. 1974. Fl. S. Calif. 1–1086. University of California Press, Berkeley.
  7. Munz, P. A. & D. D. Keck. 1959. Cal. Fl. 1–1681. University of California Press, Berkeley.
  8. Perry, J. P. 1991. Pines Mex. Centr. Amer. 1–231. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon.

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Pinus attenuata: Brief Summary ( Spagneul; Castilian )

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Pinus attenuata, el pino de Eldorado, es una especie arbórea de la familia de las pináceas. Crece en los climas suaves en suelos pobres. Su área de distribución va desde las montañas del sur de Oregón hasta Baja California con la mayor concentración en el norte de California y la frontera entre Oregón y California.​

Este pino alcanza alturas de 8-24 m;​ sin embargo, puede ser un arbusto en lugares especialmente pobres. Prefiere suelos de montaña rocosos secos.

 src= Vista general del árbol
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Pinus attenuata ( Fransèis )

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Pinus attenuata est une espèce de conifères de la famille des Pinaceae.

Notes et références

Références taxinomiques

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Pinus attenuata: Brief Summary ( Fransèis )

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Pinus attenuata est une espèce de conifères de la famille des Pinaceae.

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Hnúðfura ( Islandèis )

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Hnúðfura (fræðiheiti: Pinus attenuata)(einnig nefnd Pinus tuberculata[3]) er furutugund sem vex í mildu veðurfari í mögrum jarðvegi. Hún vex frá suðurhluta Oregon til Baja California með mesta þéttleikann í norður Kaliforníu og á landamærum Oregon-Kaliforníu.[4]

Lýsing

Króna hnúðfuru er yfirleitt keilulaga með beinum stofni. Hún verður 8 til 24m há.[5] Hinsvegar getur hún verið runni á sérstaklega erfiðum stöðum. Hýn kýs þurran, grýttan fjallajarðveg. Börkurinn er sléttur, flagnandi og grábrúnn á yngri hlutum trésins, og verður grárauðbrúnn með grunnum sprungum og hreistruðum hryggjum á eldri hlutum. Árssprotarnir eru rauðbrúnir og oft klístraðir.

Barrnálarnar eru 3 saman í búnti,[6] gulgrænar og undnar, 9 til 15 sm langar. Könglarnir eru 8 til 16 sm langir, 3 til 6 saman á greinunum. Köngulskeljarnar enda á stuttum, stífum gaddi. Þeir haldast lokaðir í mörg ár þar til eldur opnar þá og þeir losa fræin. Fyrir vikið geta könglarnir orðið eftir í viðnum þegar tréð stækkar.

Hnúðfura vex í nær hreinum skógum en getur myndað blendinga við Pinus muricata, og Geislafuru (Pinus radiata) (P. x attenuradiata) við ströndina. Litningatalan er 2n=24.[7]

Tilvísanir

  1. Farjon, A. (2013). Pinus attenuata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2013: e.T42343A2974092. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42343A2974092.en. Sótt 10. nóvember 2017.
  2. Lemmon, 1892 In: Mining Sci. Press 64: 45.
  3. Chase, J. Smeaton (1911). Cone-bearing Trees of the California Mountains. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co. bls. 99. LCCN 11004975. OCLC 3477527. Snið:LCC, with illustrations by Carl Eytel - Kurut, Gary F. (2009), "Carl Eytel: Southern California Desert Artist", California State Library Foundation, Bulletin No. 95, pp. 17-20 retrieved Nov. 13, 2011
  4. Moore, Gerry; Kershner, Bruce; Craig Tufts; Daniel Mathews; Gil Nelson; Spellenberg, Richard; Thieret, John W.; Terry Purinton; Block, Andrew (2008). National Wildlife Federation Field Guide to Trees of North America. New York: Sterling. bls. 85. ISBN 1-4027-3875-7.
  5. Gymnosperm Database.
  6. eNature Field Guides, 2007
  7. Robert Kral: Pinus attenuata in Flora of North America, Band 2

Viðbótarlesning

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Hnúðfura: Brief Summary ( Islandèis )

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Hnúðfura (fræðiheiti: Pinus attenuata)(einnig nefnd Pinus tuberculata) er furutugund sem vex í mildu veðurfari í mögrum jarðvegi. Hún vex frá suðurhluta Oregon til Baja California með mesta þéttleikann í norður Kaliforníu og á landamærum Oregon-Kaliforníu.

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Pinus attenuata ( Italian )

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Pinus attenuata Lemmon, 1892, è una specie di pino, appartenente alla famiglia delle Pinaceae, originaria degli Stati Uniti (California e Oregon) e del Messico (Penisola di Bassa California).[1]

Etimologia

Il nome generico Pinus, utilizzato già dai latini, potrebbe, secondo un'interpretazione etimologica, derivare dall'antica radice indo-europea *pīt = resina.[2] Il nome specifico attenuata fa riferimento alla forma affusolata delle pigne.[3]

Descrizione

Portamento

Albero, talvolta arbusto, alto fino a 25 m con tronco monopodiale, prevalentemente diritto più raramente ricurvo , che può raggiungere 80 cm di diametro, a chioma aperta, arrotondata e irregolare; i rami sono assurgenti, con germogli spesso multinodali, di colore marrone-rosso, dai pulvini corti e decorrenti. I catafilli sono subulati, scariosi, affusolati e con apici caudati.[3][4]

Foglie

Le foglie sono aghiformi, fascicolate in gruppi di 3 (raramente 2), di colore verde-giallo o verde-glauco, lunghe 9-15 cm, con margini seghettati e punte acute; gli stomi sono presenti su tutte le facce degli aghi, disposti in 8-12 linee sulla faccia abassiale convessa e in 3-5 linee sulle facce adassiali. Le gemme sono acute e ovoidali, quelle terminali lunghe fino a 3 cm, quelle laterali più piccole, marroni e resinose, con perule a margine eroso e ialino.[3][4]

Fiori

Sono strobili maschili inizialmente giallastri, poi giallastri-marroni, ovoidali-oblunghi o cilindrici, lunghi 1-1,5 cm.[3]

Frutti

Le pigne sono persistenti anche per 20 anni e si aprono durante gli incendi boschivi; sono subterminali, solitarie o disposte a coppie di 3-5 su corti, robusti e ricurvi peduncoli. Lunghe 8-15 cm e larghe 3,5-6 cm quando non ancora aperte, sessili, riflesse, estremamente serotinose e di colore dal giallo-marrone al marrone pallido, sono ovoidali-oblunghe o ovoidali-cilindriche, leggermente ricurve e asimmetriche. Presentano apofisi da rombiche a pentagonali, lievemente sollevate nella parte inferiore della pigna, ricurve e coniche nella parte superiore, specialmente vicino alla base, di colore ocraceo o marrone-giallastro, con l'età grigio. Gli umboni sono dorsali e rombici, lunghi 5 mm, di colore più scuro rispetto alle apofisi. I semi sono obliqui-ovoidali, con apice lievemente acuto, lunghi 6-7 mm, nerastri-marroni, con parte alata di circa 20 mm, oblunga, da giallastra a grigio-marrone.[4][3]

Corteccia

La corteccia è sottile, di colore inizialmente marrone-porpora, poi con il tempo marrone-scuro, superficialmente e strettamente solcata, con irregolari e piatte placche, nella parte superiore del tronco più liscia.[4]

Distribuzione e habitat

Vegeta fino ad altitudini di 1700 m nella parte americana dell'areale, mentre nella parte messicana raggiunge altitudini di 200-600 m; è considerata una specie pioniera nella ricolonizzazione di territori devastati da incendi boschivi, e pertanto frequenta aridi pendii o affioramenti rocciosi di serpentino dove la vegetazione caratteristica è quella del chaparral. Nella parte più settentrionale del suo areale, può associarsi a specie dei generi Quercus e Cupressus.[1][3]

Usi

Di dimensioni contenute, a lenta crescita per l'habitat secco e con un legno di qualità non eccelsa, P. attenuata è una specie di poca importanza economica. Nei locali negozi di artigianato in legno si possono trovare delle curiosità realizzate con le pigne e i rami. Anche in orticoltura la sua presenza è limitata in arboreti ubicati in zone a clima mediterraneo; in California si sperimenta la sua ibridizzazione artificiale con P. radiata e P. muricata.[1][3]

Conservazione

Questa specie risiede in un areale molto vasto e in molte zone la popolazione è ancora numerosa, specialmente nella parte settentrionale della California. In alcune zone più urbanizzate il rischio di un declino prossimo è concreto, ma attualmente viene ancora classificata come specie a rischio minimo (least concern) nella Lista rossa IUCN.[1]

Note

  1. ^ a b c d e (EN) Farjon, A. 2013, Pinus attenuata, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ Pinus, su American Conifer Society. URL consultato il 23 settembre 2020.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g (EN) Aljos Farjon, A Handbook of the World's Conifers (2 vols.): Revised and Updated Edition, Brill, 2017, p. 653. URL consultato il 27 ottobre 2020.
  4. ^ a b c d Pinus attenuata Lemmon 1892, su The Gymnosperm Database. URL consultato il 30 ottobre 2020.

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Pinus attenuata: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Pinus attenuata Lemmon, 1892, è una specie di pino, appartenente alla famiglia delle Pinaceae, originaria degli Stati Uniti (California e Oregon) e del Messico (Penisola di Bassa California).

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Sosna sękata ( polonèis )

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Sosna sękata[2] (Pinus attenuata Lemmon) – gatunek drzewa iglastego z rodziny sosnowatych (Pinaceae). Występuje w Meksyku (Baja California) i USA (Kalifornia, Oregon).

Morfologia

Pokrój
Drzewo lub krzew (na ubogich stanowiskach). Korona drzewa zazwyczaj stożkowata.
Pień
Przeważnie prosty, dorasta do 24 m wysokości i 80 cm średnicy. Kora czerwonobrązowa do ciemnobrązowej, płytko i wąsko spękana.
Liście
Igły zebrane po 3 na krótkopędzie, o długości (8)9–15(20) cm i grubości 1,3–1,8 mm, wyprostowane lub delikatnie wygięte, skręcone, żółtozielone, brzegiem drobnoząbkowane.
Szyszki
Szyszki męskie cylindryczne, pomarańczowobrązowe, długości 10–15 mm. Szyszki żeńskie asymetryczne, lancetowate przed otwarciem, jajowato-cylindryczne po otwarciu. Długości 8–16 cm, żółtobrązowe lub blado brązowe. Siedzące lub na szypułce długości 1 cm. Nasiona prawie czarne, długości 6–7 mm, z wąskim skrzydełkiem o długości do 20 mm.

Biologia i ekologia

Drzewo wiatropylne. Szyszki nasienne dojrzewają w ciągu 2 lat. Pozostają zamknięte na drzewie nawet 20 lat lub otwierają się pod wpływem wysokich temperatur w czasie pożaru. Igły pozostają na drzewie przez 4–5 lat[3].

Jest gospodarzem rośliny pasożytniczej Arceuthobium siskiyouense (pasożyt pędowy)[4].

Systematyka i zmienność

Synonimy: Pinus tuberculata Gordon not D.Don, P. tuberculata var. acuta Mayr.

Pozycja gatunku w obrębie rodzaju Pinus[5]:

  • podrodzaj Pinus
    • sekcja Trifoliae
      • podsekcja Attenuatae
        • gatunek P. attenuata

Zagrożenia

 src=
Las P. attenuata, Park stanowy Big Basin Redwoods, Kalifornia

Międzynarodowa organizacja IUCN przyznała temu gatunkowi kategorię zagrożenia w skali całego świata LC (least concern), uznając go za gatunek najmniejszej troski, nie spełniający kryteriów gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN 2.3[6], IUCN 3.1[7]). Liczebność populacji może lokalnie znacznie się wahać, w związku z obumieraniem drzew po pożarze oraz następującym po nim masowym odnawianiem z nasion. Pożary nie obejmują równocześnie całego zasięgu, więc ogólna liczebność jest stabilna. Część stanowisk jest objęta różną formą ochrony. Zagrożeniem dla gatunku jest zapobieganie pożarom lasu, w konsekwencji prowadzące do jego zanikania ze zbiorowisk, w których zastępują go gatunki drzew mniej przystosowane do pożarów. Potencjalnym zagrożeniem dla siedlisk jest także postępująca urbanizacja w części zasięgu gatunku[7].

Przypisy

  1. P. F. Stevens: PINACEAE. W: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website [on-line]. 2001–.
  2. Tony Russell, Catherine Cutler, Martin Walters: Drzewa świata. Piotr Nowakowski (tłum.), Małgorzata Frazik-Adamczyk (kons. nauk.). Kraków: TAiWPN, 2008. ISBN 978-83-242-0842-5.
  3. Christopher J. Earle: Pinus attenuata (ang.). W: Gymnosperm Database [on-line]. [dostęp 2013-07-30].
  4. F.G. Hawksworth, D. Wiens. Dwarf mistletoes: Biology, pathology and systematics. „Agriculture Handbook”. 709, 1996. Washington, DC: U.S.D.A. Forest Service. [dostęp 2009-09-18].
  5. Christopher J. Earle: Pinus (ang.). W: Gymnosperm Database [on-line]. [dostęp 2009-09-18].
  6. Conifer Specialist Group (1998): Pinus attenuata (ang.). W: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.1 [on-line]. [dostęp 2009-09-18].
  7. a b A. Farjon: Pinus attenuata (ang.). W: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1 [on-line]. [dostęp 2013-07-30].
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Sosna sękata: Brief Summary ( polonèis )

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Sosna sękata (Pinus attenuata Lemmon) – gatunek drzewa iglastego z rodziny sosnowatych (Pinaceae). Występuje w Meksyku (Baja California) i USA (Kalifornia, Oregon).

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Pinus attenuata ( portughèis )

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Pinus aristata é uma espécie de pinheiro originária do Novo Mundo. Faz parte do grupo de espécies de pinheiros com área de distribuição no Canadá e Estados Unidos (com excepção das áreas adjacentes à fronteira com o México).[1]

Extrai-se madeira e uso comercial do pinhão.

Ver também

Referências

  1. «Pinus attenuata» (em inglês). ITIS (www.itis.gov)

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Pinus attenuata: Brief Summary ( portughèis )

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Pinus aristata é uma espécie de pinheiro originária do Novo Mundo. Faz parte do grupo de espécies de pinheiros com área de distribuição no Canadá e Estados Unidos (com excepção das áreas adjacentes à fronteira com o México).

Extrai-se madeira e uso comercial do pinhão.

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Pinus attenuata ( ucrain )

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Опис

Сосна струнка як правило має конічну крону з прямим стовбуром. Досягає до висоти 8-24 метрів (26-79 футів). Кора гладка, і сіро-бура (коли молода), стає темно-сіра. Гілочки червоно-коричневий і часто смолисті. Хвоїнки зібрані три в пучку, зберігається 4-5 роки, довжина хвої (8-) 9-15 (-20) см × ширина (1 -) 1,3-1,8 мм, прямі або злегка зігнуті, викривлені, жовто-зеленого забарвлення.

Ґрунти

Віддає перевагу сухим скелястим гірським ґрунтам, помірних та субтропічних поясів.

Поширення

Країни зростання: Мексика, США (Каліфорнія, Орегон).

Джерела


Соснові Це незавершена стаття про родину Соснові.
Ви можете допомогти проекту, виправивши або дописавши її.
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Pinus attenuata ( vietnamèis )

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Pinus attenuata là một loài thực vật hạt trần trong họ Thông. Loài này được Lemmon miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1892.[1]

Chú thích

  1. ^ The Plant List (2010). Pinus attenuata. Truy cập ngày 9 tháng 8 năm 2013.

Liên kết ngoài


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến Bộ Thông này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Pinus attenuata: Brief Summary ( vietnamèis )

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Pinus attenuata là một loài thực vật hạt trần trong họ Thông. Loài này được Lemmon miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1892.

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Сосна стройная ( russ; russi )

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Царство: Растения
Подцарство: Зелёные растения
Отдел: Хвойные
Класс: Хвойные
Порядок: Сосновые
Семейство: Сосновые
Род: Сосна
Вид: Сосна стройная
Международное научное название

Pinus attenuata Lemmon

Ареал

изображение

Охранный статус Wikispecies-logo.svg
Систематика
на Викивидах
Commons-logo.svg
Изображения
на Викискладе
ITIS 183315NCBI 71624EOL 1014252GRIN t:28415IPNI 196914-2TPL kew-2575422

Сосна́ стройная (лат. Pīnus attenuāta) — вид хвойных деревьев рода Сосна.

Распространение

Произрастает на северо-западе Мексики в штате Нижняя Калифорния, на западе США в штатах Калифорния и южной части штата Орегон.

Ботаническое описание

Дерево конической формы с прямым стволом, достигающее 24 м в высоту, с диаметром ствола до 0,8 м.

Кора гладкая, серо-бурая в молодости, в зрелости темнеет, становясь тёмно-серой либо тёмно-бурой.

Ветви красновато-коричневые, смолистые.

Хвоя желтовато-зелёная, в пучках по три иглы, длиной 9—15 см.

Шишки золотисто-бурые 8—16 см длиной. Семена чёрные, длиной 6—7 мм и узким крылышком длиной до 20 мм.

Экология

Сосна стройная может формировать как чистые леса, так и смешанные с другими соснами (такими как Сосна мягкоигольная и Сосна лучистая), при этом образуя с ними гибриды.

У западных подножий Сьерра-Невады образует сообщества с дубом Дугласа (Quercus douglasii).

Ботаническая классификация

Синонимы

По данным The Plant List на 2013 год, в синонимику вида входят[1]:

Примечания

  1. Pinus attenuata Lemmon is an accepted name (англ.). The Plant List (2013). Version 1.1. Published on the Internet; http://www.theplantlist.org/. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden (2013). Проверено 3 апреля 2015.
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Сосна стройная: Brief Summary ( russ; russi )

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Сосна́ стройная (лат. Pīnus attenuāta) — вид хвойных деревьев рода Сосна.

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