Psilocybe caerulescens Murrill 1923

Psilocybe caerulescens, also known as landslide mushroom ("derrumbe" in Spanish), is a psilocybin mushroom having psilocybin and psilocin as main active compounds. Along with Psilocybe mexicana and Psilocybe aztecorum, it is one of the mushrooms likely to have been used by the Aztecs and is currently used by Mazatec shamans for its entheogenic properties.

Description

The taste and smell of Psilocybe caerulescens are strongly farinaceous, reminiscent of cucumber, though the smell lessens with age or when dry.

Psilocybe caerulescens spores

Cap

The cap is (1)3–7(10) cm broad. Convex to obtusely campanulate with an incurved margin at first, rarely becoming plane, and often are umbonate or with a slight depression in the center. It is viscid when moist from a separable gelatinous pellicle. The margin is slightly translucent-striate when moist. The cap is hygrophanous, yellowish brown to reddish brown with a silvery-blue metallic luster, paler at the margin, and drying to a beige or straw yellow. It readily bruises blue when handled, the younger specimens bruising bluish olivaceous or even blackish. The cap often has a great variation in color and form.

Gills

The gills are adnate to sinuate and close to subclose. They are whitish, yellowish grey when young, becoming dark violaceous brown to sepia brown with age; the edges remain slightly whitish.
Psilocybe caerulescens spores are dark violaceous brown.

Stipe

The stipe is (2)5–9(13) cm long and (5)8–10(12) mm thick. It is equal or enlarging slightly at the base, and is somewhat flexuous, hollow, and subpruinose to floccose. The stipe is whitish to reddish brown or blackish and readily bruises blue. Rhizomorphs are sometimes attached to the base. The veil is well-developed but does not form a permanent annulus.

Microscopic features

The spores are hexagonal to subrhomboid in frontal view and ellipsoid in side view, (5.6)6.7–8(9) x (4) 4.8–6.4 (7.2) x 4–4.8 (5.5) μm. The basidia each produce four spores, and occasionally only two larger spores. The cheilocystidia are 16–27(29) x 4.5–8 μm and lageniform to narrowly lageniform, with a flexuous neck that is 1–2.5 μm broad and sometimes bifurcate. Basidia 18.5–22.5 × 5.5–6.5 μm, cylindrical, four spored, hyaline and thin-walled. Pleurocystidia 12–20 (–32) × 4.5–9 (‒10) μm, fusiform, occasionally conical, clavate or utriform, occasionally bifurcate, hyaline, thin-walled. The subhymenium is ramose-inflated. Pileus trama is radial, with hyphae 5–32 μm, yellowish to yellowish brown, thick walled (0.5–1 μm). Pileipellis an ixocutis, (9–) 12–54 μm wide, hyphae 1.5–4 (–5.5) μm diameter, hyaline and thin-walled. Pileocystidia (10–) 12–28 × 4–9.5 μm, globose, cylindrical, clavate, flexuose or pyriform and thin-walled. Stipitipellis a cutis, hyphae 1.5–9.5 μm diameter, yellowish brown, thin-walled (up to 0.5–0.8 μm thick). Caulocystidia (19–) 22.5–49.5 (–56) × 4–8 (–9.5) μm, cylindrical, lageniform, fusiform or, utriform, or lageniform, hyaline and, thin-walled.

Habitat and formation

Psilocybe caerulescens is found growing gregariously or cespitosely, rarely solitarily, from June through October on disturbed ground often devoid of herbaceous plants. It often grows in sunny locations, preferring muddy orangish brown soils with much woody debris. Psilocybe caerulescens was first reported from near Montgomery, Alabama, by Murrill in 1923 on sugarcane mulch, not re-documented from that locality since. It was recently found in South Carolina in September 2008. Psilocybe caerulescens is common and widespread throughout northern Georgia. Found in N. Georgia in 2000.

See also

• List of Psilocybin mushrooms

• 

  Psilocybe caerulescens

• 

  Psilocybe caerulescens

• 

  Psilocybe caerulescens

• 

  Psilocybe caerulescens from grassland

• 

  Psilocybe caerulescens from forest floor

• 

  Cluster of Psilocybe caerulescens

References

• "Psilocybe caerulescens". Species Fungorum. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
• Murrill, William A. (1923). "Dark-Spored Agarics: V. Psilocybe". Mycologia. 15 (1): 1–22. doi:10.2307/3753647. JSTOR 3753647. Retrieved 9 July 2021.

Psilocybe caerulescens es una especie de hongo psilocibio de la familia Hymenogastraceae. Contiene los alcaloides triptamínicos psilocibina y psilocina. Se lo encuentra en Costa Rica, Trinidad, Estados Unidos y México.^[1]​ Ha sido utilizado como embriagante enteogénico por los mazatecos en el sur de México.^[2]​^[3]​

Taxonomía

Psilocybe caerulescens fue descrita como nueva para la ciencia por el micólogo estadounidense William Alphonso Murrill y publicada en la revista científica Mycologia 15 (1): 20 en 1923.

Etimología

caerulescens: epíteto latino compuesto por dos palabras: caeruleus que significa 'azul' y escens que significa 'tornarse'. Juntas, las dos palabras significan: 'que se torna azul'.^[4]​

Sinonimia

• Psilocybe caerulescens var. caerulescens Murrill 1923
• Psilocybe caerulescens var. mazatecorum R.Heim 1957
• Psilocybe caerulescens var. nigripes R.Heim 1957
• Psilocybe caerulescens var. albida R.Heim 1973
• Psilocybe caerulescens var. ombrophila R.Heim 1973

Nombres comunes

Se le conoce en los países latinoamericanos con el nombre común de "derrumbe", que concuerda con su nombre tradicional en la lengua mazateca de 'ntí ki so, que se traduciría como «deslizamiento de tierra». María Sabina explicó que este hongo surge sobre el bagazo de la caña de azúcar pero que en el pasado lo encontraban en los lugares en donde la tierra se había derrumbado.^[5]​

Para denominar a la seta de la especie P. mexicana los mazatecas utilizan el término 'ntí si tho ni se, que se traduce como «el pajarito que surge».^[6]​ En cambio, para P. yungensis el nombre vernáculo es 'ntí si tho ta' a ya que significa «lo que surge con el árbol». ^[7]​

Véase también

• Anexo:Especies de Psilocybe

Referencias

Bibliografía

• Heim, Roger; Wasson, R. Gordon (1958). «Les champignons hallucinogènes du Mexique; études ethnologiques, taxinomiques, biologiques, physiologiques et chimiques». Archives du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle. 7ème série (Muséum national d'histoire naturelle): 123, 126, 171-176.
• Murrill, W.A. 1923. «Dark-spored Agarics: 5. Psilocybe». Mycologia 15(1): 1-22. DOI: 10.2307/3753647.

Psilocybe caerulescens je grzib^[1], co go ôpisoł Murrill 1923. Psilocybe caerulescens nŏleży do zorty 'Psilocybe' i familije Strophariaceae.^[2][3] Żŏdne podgatōnki niy sōm wymianowane we Catalogue of Life.^[2]

Przipisy

Galeryjŏ fotografiji