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Colorado Pinyon

Pinus edulis Engelm.

Distribución ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by Conabio
Actual

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA / CALIFORNIA

United States of America-California-San Bernardino Co.------1997. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-California-. ND en tipo de distribución.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA / WASHINGTON

United States of America-Washington-King--1999.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA / WYOMING

United States of America-Wyoming-Sweetwater Co.----Associates: Juniperus-Sastone outrappings-1981.
United States of America-Wyoming-Sweetwater Co.----With juniper &pinyon pine, occasional open sagebrush grassla on slopes--1981.

No endémica

MEXICO

Original

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

United States of America--1854 y 1853.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA / ARIZONA

United States of America-Arizona-Apache Co.----Pinyon-juniper woodla a grassla--1965. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Arizona-Apache Co.-----Red soil of foothills-1936. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Arizona-Coconino---2000. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Arizona-Coconino----1971, 1934, 1939, 1938, 1896. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Arizona-Coconino Co.----Pinyon-juniper woodla--1999. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Arizona-Coconino Co.----Pinyon-juniper woodla. Associated plants: Juniperus osteosperma a Juniperus monosperma-Soil rocky, shallow, from limestone-1968. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Arizona-Coconino Co.----Pinyon-juniper woodla--1973. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Arizona-Gila Co.----Pinyon woodla with scattered chaparral shrubs--1961. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Arizona-Gila Co.----Oak chaparral to pinyon-juniper--1990. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Arizona-Greenlee Co.----Oak hillside--1968. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Arizona-Maricopa Co.----Upla desert; Rhus oavta, Acacia greggii, Pinus edulis, Quercus turbinella--1997. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Arizona-Mohave Co.----In a Quercus/Rhus/Agave/Yucca community--2001. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Arizona-Mohave Co.------1921. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Arizona-Mohave Co.----a component of a mixed poerosa-pinyn-juniper-oak forest--1969. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Arizona-Mohave Co.----In pinyon-juniper--1952. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Arizona-Navajo----1973. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Arizona-Navajo Co.------1939. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Arizona-Yavapai--ND-3500---1980. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Arizona-Yavapai Co.----Pinyon-juniper community with Yucca, Quercus, Opuntia, a Bouteloua--1982. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Arizona-Yavapai Co.----Juniper-pinyon woodla. Associate plants: Juniperus osteosperma, Canotia, Forestiera--1968. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Arizona-Yavapai Co.------1934. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Arizona--1906, 1910, 1893, 1915, 1927, 1986, 1898, 1852, 1926, 1935, 1923, 1916, 1887, 1893, 1882, 1888, 1935, 1854. Su tipo de distribución es original y actual.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA / COLORADO

United States of America-Colorado-Chaffee--Salida-7010 pies---2003. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Colorado-Chaffee--2625msnm-2005. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Colorado-Chaffee Co.------2003. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Colorado-Denver--Denver-5342 pies--2003. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Colorado-Denver Co.------2003. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Colorado-Eagle Co.----Pinyon-juniper with Cercocarpus.--2000. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Colorado-Garfield Co.------1984. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Colorado-Larimer--Fort Collins-5868 pies--2003. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Colorado-Larimer Co.------2003. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Colorado-Larimer Co.------1938. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Colorado-Mesa--Colorado National Monument-6104 pies-2005. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Colorado-Mesa Co.----Weedy, cattle-grazed Chrysothamnus-grassla. Scattered juniper-Rocky snadstone soil, with massive sastone boulders-1999. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Colorado-Montezuma Co.------1959, 1937. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Colorado-Montrose--1970, 1966. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Colorado-Montrose Co.----Pinyon-juniper-Arteisia with yellow pine at high elevation--1970. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Colorado-Rio Blanco-1950---1991. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Colorado-1896, 1872, 1912, 1895, 1939, 1913, 1901, 1871, 1925, 1879, 1888, ,1905, 1898. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Colorado--Facies Pinus-Juniperus-xerophylio--1901. Su tipo de distribución es original.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA / NEW MEXICO

United States of America-New Mexico-Bernalillo--1926. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-New Mexico-Catron Co.------1924, 1973. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-New Mexico-Dona Ana--7600 pies---1952. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-New Mexico-Dona Ana Co.--1897. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-New Mexico-Eddy Co.----With Nolina, Quercus grisea, a Opuntia--1998. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-New Mexico-Eddy Co.-----Limestone-1976. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-New Mexico-Grant--ND-1710---1992. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-New Mexico-Grant Co.------1934, 1904, 1934, 1905, 1903. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-New Mexico-Harding--ND-5425---1949. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-New Mexico-Lincoln Co.------1898, 1897. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-New Mexico-Otero Co.------1902 y 1949. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-New Mexico-Otero Co.----Poerosa pine-oak community-Say to gravelly soil-1977. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-New Mexico-San Miguel Co.----With scattered Pinus poerosa, Juniperus monosperma, Bouteloua gracilis, etc.--1957. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-New Mexico-San Miguel Co.----Pinyon pine-juniper-oak. With junipers-Rocky soil-1984. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-New Mexico-San Miguel Co.----Grassla--1982. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-New Mexico-San Miguel Co.----Pinyon-oak-juniper zone. Co-dominant with juniper a scrub oak-Say soil-1982. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-New Mexico-Santa Fe Co.------1897. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-New Mexico-Sierra Co.------1987. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-New Mexico-Socorro--Cibola National Forest-2020 msnm-1992. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-New Mexico-Socorro--6700 pies-1947. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-New Mexico-Socorro-6800 pies-1947. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-New Mexico-Socorro--1948. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-New Mexico-Taos--2300 msnm-1998. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-New Mexico-Taos Co.----With Juniperus monosperma--1973. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-New Mexico-Torrance--6900 pies y a 6800 pies - 1976 y 1949 respectivamente. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-New Mexico-Torrance Co.----In pinyon-juniper woodla, grassy areas with staghorn cactus, gramma grass--1976. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-New Mexico-1895, 1938, 1935, 1847, 1895, 1905, 1847, 1913. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-New Mexico--Mixed forest--1933. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-New Mexico--Wooded hills--1948. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-New Mexico- Lincoln National Forest.--Bosque de Pinus--1984. Su tipo de distribución es actual.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA / NEW YORK

United States of America-New York-Bronx Co.------1929, 1915

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA / OKLAHOMA

United States of America-Oklahoma-Cimarron Co.------1936 y 1913.
United States of America-Oklahoma-Cimarron Co.----Pinyon-juniper-oak zone with Yucca a grassla--1976.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA / TEXAS

United States of America-Texas-Brewster Co.----Pinyon-juniper-grassla slope with Agave, Dasylirion, Opuntia, Nolina, Rhus, Berberis, etc.--1975. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Texas-Culberson Co.------1931. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Texas-Hudspeth Co.------1943. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Texas-Jeff Davis--1710---1991. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Texas--Higher wooded slopes--1932. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Texas-1934, 1932, 1943, 1935. Su tipo de distribución es original.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA / UTAH

United States of America-Utah-Beaver Co.----Juniper-Pinyon pine, with Juniperus, Pinus, Erigeron, Artemisia, Opuntia--2000. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Utah-Cache Co.------1969. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Utah-Daggett Co.----Pinyon-juniper woodlas.-In small roued gravel mixed with say loam.-1995. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Utah-Duchesne Co.------1938. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Utah-Duchesne Co.----Assoc w/ Juniperus, Cercocarpus, Opuntia, Artemesia--1994. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Utah-Duchesne Co.----Associated with limber pine-Green River formation-1999. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Utah-Emery--ND----1971. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Utah-Emery Co.----Associated with Juniper--1969. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Utah-Emery Co.----Pinyon-juniper associates-Sastone-1971. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Utah-Emery Co.----With Juniperus, Artemisia, Purshia a Cercocarpus.--2004. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Utah-Garfield-7820 pies-1977. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Utah-Garfield Co.----Pinus longeva, Poerosa a Edulis-Pink Limestone member of the Wasatch formation-1984. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Utah-Garfield Co.----Poerosa pine community-Rocky clay soil-1977. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Utah-Garfield Co.------1998. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Utah-Grand Co.------1911. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Utah-Iron Co.------1928. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Utah-Kane Co.------1939. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Utah-Kane Co.-----Silty clay-1941. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Utah-Piute Co.----Associated with Pinus flexilis a Cercocarpus ledifolius--1960. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Utah-Rich Co.----With Douglas fir a mountain mahogany--1968. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Utah-San Juan--7100pies-1973. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Utah-San Juan Co.-----Cedar Mesa sastone-1963. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Utah-San Juan Co.----With Juniperus osteosperma a Quercus turbinella--1969. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Utah-San Juan Co.------1947. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Utah-San Juan Co.----Juniper, pinyon--1985. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Utah-Sevier--Fishlake National Forest-7143---2003. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Utah-Sevier Co.------2003. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Utah-Tooele Co.------1968. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Utah-Uintah Co.----Open pinyon-juniper woodla. Scattered Amelanchier utahensis; Cercocarpus montanus common in draws. Area rather heavily grazed-On barren shale pavement (Parachute member of the Green River Formation).-1999. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Utah-Uintah Co.----Utah juniper, mountain mahogany, sagebrush-Green River formation-1982. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Utah-Uintah Co.----Pinyon-juniper-grassla-Loam soil, Douglas Creek mem., Green River Form.-1982. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Utah-Uintah Co.----With Juniperus, Forsellesia, Bolophyta, Cryptantha grahamii, Penstemon grahamii &Cryptantha barnebyi-On shaley, silty soil-1979. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Utah-Uintah Co.----Pinyon-juniper woodla a sagebrush/rabbitbrush-grassla-Gravelly shale soil (Parachute a Evacualtion Creek members of Green River Formation), mostly barren-2000. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Utah-Uintah Co.------1979. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Utah-Utah Co.------1965. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Utah-Utah Co.----Juniperus osteosperma, Cryptantha humilis, Bromus tectorum-Igneous. Reywat very stony loam-1994. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Utah-Utah Co.----In pinyon-juniper association--1972. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Utah-Washington Co.----Poerosa pine, snowberry, grass, oak-brush community-On Carmel formation-1987. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Utah--1938, 1905, 1990. Su tipo de distribución es original.
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CONABIO
bibliographic citation
Musalem, M.A. y Lomas-Barrié, C.T. Mendoza, M. 2006. Ficha técnica de Pinus edulis. En: Musalem, M.A. (compilador). Fichas de 27 especies de coníferas incluidas en la NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2001. INIFAP-CIRCE-CEVAMEX. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. DK003. México, D.F.
author
Musalem, M.A.
author
Lomas-Barrié, C.T. Mendoza, M.
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Estado de conservación ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by Conabio
NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2001

Pr sujeta a protección especial
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cc-by-nc-sa-2.5
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CONABIO
bibliographic citation
Musalem, M.A. y Lomas-Barrié, C.T. Mendoza, M. 2006. Ficha técnica de Pinus edulis. En: Musalem, M.A. (compilador). Fichas de 27 especies de coníferas incluidas en la NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2001. INIFAP-CIRCE-CEVAMEX. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. DK003. México, D.F.
author
Musalem, M.A.
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Lomas-Barrié, C.T. Mendoza, M.
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Comments

provided by eFloras
Pinus edulis var. fallax Little ( P . californiarum subsp. fallax (Little) D.K.Bailey) appears to combine features of P . edulis and P . monophylla . More study is needed.

Seeds of Pinus edulis , the commonest southwestern United States pinyon, are much eaten and traded by Native Americans.

Pinyon ( Pinus edulis ) is the state tree of New Mexico.

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of North America Vol. 2 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
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Flora of North America Editorial Committee
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Description

provided by eFloras
Shrubs or trees to 21m; trunk to 0.6m diam., strongly tapering, erect; crown conic, rounded, dense. Bark red-brown, shallowly and irregularly furrowed, ridges scaly, rounded. Branches persistent to near trunk base; twigs pale red-brown to tan, rarely glaucous, aging gray-brown to gray, glabrous to papillose-puberulent. Buds ovoid to ellipsoid, red-brown, 0.5--1cm, resinous. Leaves (1--)2(--3) per fascicle, upcurved, persisting 4--6 years, 2--4cm ´ (0.9--)1--1.5mm, connivent, 2-sided (1-leaved fascicles with leaves 2-grooved, 3-leaved fascicles with leaves 3-sided), blue-green, all surfaces marked with pale stomatal bands, particularly the adaxial, margins entire or finely serrulate, apex narrowly acute to subulate; sheath 0.5--0.7cm, scales soon recurved, forming rosette, shed early. Pollen cones ellipsoid, ca. 7mm, yellowish to red-brown. Seed cones maturing in 2 years, shedding seeds and falling soon thereafter, spreading, symmetric, ovoid before opening, depressed-ovoid to nearly globose when open, ca. (3.5--)4(--5)cm, pale yellow- to pale red-brown, resinous, nearly sessile to short-stalked; apophyses thickened, raised, angulate; umbo subcentral, slightly raised or depressed, truncate or umbilicate. Seeds mostly ellipsoid to obovoid; body 10--15mm, brown, wingless. 2 n =24.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of North America Vol. 2 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
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Flora of North America Editorial Committee
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Habitat & Distribution

provided by eFloras
Dry mountain slopes, mesas, plateaus, and pinyon-juniper woodland; 1500--2100(--2700)m; Ariz., Calif., Colo., N.Mex., Okla., Tex., Utah, Wyo.; Mexico in Chihuahua.
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cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of North America Vol. 2 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
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Flora of North America Editorial Committee
project
eFloras.org
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Synonym

provided by eFloras
Caryopitys edulis (Engelmann) Small; Pinus cembroides Zuccarini var. edulis (Engelmann) Voss
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cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of North America Vol. 2 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
editor
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
project
eFloras.org
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Broad-scale Impacts of Fire

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: surface fire

Colorado pinyon 6 feet (1.8 m) tall or more may be somewhat resistant to surface fire because foliage is high enough above the ground to avoid damage [29,172]. In communities where Colorado pinyon has reached 4 feet (1 m) or more in height, the tress are often less susceptible to fire due to an absence of fine fuels to carry fire [175]. Young Colorado pinyon are generally killed by fire [86,172]. Research in New Mexico [172] showed that Colorado pinyons less than 4 feet (1.2 m) tall experienced more damage than taller trees after tebuthiuron application and fire, even though saplings were more readily defoliated by herbicide treatments than seedlings [162].
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bibliographic citation
Anderson, Michelle D. 2002. Pinus edulis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/pinedu/all.html

Common Names

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Colorado pinyon

pinyon pine

Rocky Mountain pinyon

nut pine

two-needle pinyon
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cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Anderson, Michelle D. 2002. Pinus edulis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/pinedu/all.html

Description

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: cone, density, tree, woodland

Colorado pinyon often grows as a low, bushy tree [166] with an irregularly rounded, spreading crown [26,85,109,133]. Crowns of young trees are broadly conical, and those of old trees are spreading or flat-topped [5,64]. The trunk is generally short and crooked [26,64,85,109,133], with several large, crooked branches [64]. It may grow to 40 inches (1 m) in diameter [5,26,64,126]. Height is typically 26 to 56 feet (8-17 m) [5,26,64,85,109,133,147,164].

The needles are 2.7 to 4.3 inches (6-11 cm) long [167] and in fascicles of 2 [126]. Needles remain on the tree for approximately 9 years. Bark thickness of Colorado pinyon ranges from 0.5 to 0.87 inch (1.3-2.2 cm) [64], with young trees having smoother and thinner bark than older trees. Cones are 1.5 to 2 inches (3.5-5) cm long and are borne singly or in groups of 2 to 4 [126]. The average cone contains 10 to 20 soft-shelled seeds [59,61,108,133,139]. The Flora of North America provides a morphological description and identification key for Colorado pinyon.

Colorado pinyon's root system consists of a taproot and shallow lateral roots occurring more than 1 inch (3 cm) below the soil surface [59,71]. Taproots extend to soil depths of at least 20 feet (6 m) [50]. Laterals are generally found at depths of 6 to 16 inches (15-40 cm) and can extend from the tree up to twice the crown radius [59,139,159].

Colorado pinyon is a slow-growing, long-lived tree [59,64,105]. It can survive more than 500 years [9,32,44,64,155] and may reach 800 to 1,000 years of age [118,139]. The density of Colorado pinyon in woodland communities ranges from none or few to several hundred stems per hectare [139].

license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Anderson, Michelle D. 2002. Pinus edulis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/pinedu/all.html

Distribution

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Colorado pinyon is primarily a species of the southwestern United States and Colorado Plateau, extending to the eastern rim of the Great Basin [98,167]. It occurs abundantly in Utah, Arizona, Colorado, and New Mexico [26,73,84,85,109,120,133,164,166,167], though its range extends to extreme southern Wyoming, eastern Nevada and California, western Oklahoma, the Trans-Pecos region of Texas, and northern Mexico [98,109,120,126,133,147,164,167]. Colorado pinyon occurrence is generally rare or localized on the edges of its distribution [73,84,120,133,149,164]. The Flora of North America provides a distributional map of Colorado pinyon.
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Anderson, Michelle D. 2002. Pinus edulis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/pinedu/all.html

Fire Ecology

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: competition, cover, crown fire, density, fire frequency, fire interval, fire occurrence, fire regime, fire-free interval, forest, frequency, fuel, fuel loading, grassland, habitat type, herbaceous, natural, point fire interval, seed, shrub, shrubs, succession, surface fire, tree, woodland

Fire opens pinyon-juniper stands, increases diversity and productivity in understory species, and creates a mosaic of stands of different sizes and ages across the landscape. In addition, fire maintains the boundaries between the woodlands and adjacent shrub- or grasslands [14,25].

Fire adaptations: Mature Colorado pinyon trees are short with open crowns, but they do not self-prune their dead branches [14,25,117]. The accumulated fuel in the crowns, thin bark, and the relative flammability of the foliage make individual trees susceptible to fire [14,86,117]. Stand structure also impacts fire susceptibility; open stands of trees with large amounts of fine grass fuel or dense, mature trees capable of carrying crown fire during dry, windy conditions are the most flammable [14,67,117]. With sparse fuels, Colorado pinyon survives fire because it is seldom exposed to lethal heat [67].

Where stand-replacing fires do occur and potential seed sources are removed, dispersal of Colorado pinyon seeds by animals becomes particularly important in the reestablishment of tree seedlings. Birds in particular may cache seeds at "considerable distances" from the seed source [68]. Seeds cached within the shade of shrubs or trees are more likely to germinate and establish seedlings [59,62,71,86]. For more information on seed dispersal and Colorado pinyon succession following fire, please see the "Biological and Ecological Characteristics" section of this FEIS species summary.

FIRE REGIMES: Pinyon-juniper stands can support stand-replacing fires [63], though presettlement fire regimes were likely a mixture of surface and crown fires with intensities and frequencies dependent on site productivity [125]. Natural fires may be infrequent due to a sparseness of vegetation combined with an infrequency of lightning in some areas [25,62,86]. Floyd and others [44] estimated the "natural" fire turnover times of pinyon-juniper woodlands in southern Colorado at approximately 400 years, with fires largely the result of lightning strikes. Keeley [86] estimated the natural fire frequency of pinyon-juniper woodlands at 100 to 300 years. The woodlands are described as "resilient" with a minimum fire-free interval of 100 years and an unlimited maximum fire-free interval [86]. However, of 10 fire-scarred Colorado pinyon trees collected from 3 locations in New Mexico, multiple fire scars reflected a mean point fire interval for the trees of 27.5 years, with a range of intervals from 10 to 49 years [16]. A 208-year fire chronology of an eastern California pinyon-juniper woodland (based on fire scarred trees) suggests that fires burned somewhere within the <100-acre study area every 8 years [67]. Gottfried and others [62] estimate fire intervals ranging from 10 to 50 years for surface fires and >200 years for crown fires in the Middle Rio Grande Basin. Other studies report surface fire intervals of 20 to 30 years, and standwide fires occurring at 15 to 20 year intervals in New Mexico [125]. The variation in fire intervals in Colorado pinyon  is the result of differences in fuel loading and composition; where vegetation is sparse and unable to carry fire, fire-free intervals are much longer than in areas with a well-developed understory or greater tree density.

The amount of fine fuels varies with habitat type, stand history, and climatic conditions. Fuel loadings of more than 11 tons per acre (25,000 kg/ha) are considered heavy [125]. Fine fuels in many open pinyon-juniper stands range from 600 to 1,000 pounds per acre (635-998 kg/ha), and approximately 600 to 700 pounds per acre (635-726 kg/ha) are required to sustain surface fires [14]. Open pinyon-juniper stands (average canopy cover 12.4 to 21.8%) at Los Alamos, New Mexico, contained an average of 17,666 pounds per acre (20,033 kg/ha) of downed woody fuels and 22,347 pounds per acre (25,342 kg/ha) of total surface fuels [122]. Stands of moderate tree density where overstory competition reduces the herbaceous fuel and the trees are widely spaced are less likely to burn. Closed pinyon-juniper stands do not have understory shrubs to carry a surface fire, and do not burn until conditions are met to carry a crown fire [14]. Key conditions for crown fires include sufficient canopy closure to promote fire spread between trees, abundance of dead woody fuels on the surface and as standing snags, and extreme weather conditions (low humidity and high winds) [62,125].

Fire intervals in Colorado pinyon are difficult to quantify because living fire-scarred trees are rare: Colorado pinyon is often killed directly by fire or indirectly due to increased susceptibility to heart rot [16,125]. Though fire-scarred Colorado pinyon verify fire occurrence in pinyon-juniper communities, they are not a reliable indicator of fire frequency. Localized stand-replacing fires do occur in pinyon-juniper woodlands, and the absence of frequent fire in pinyon-juniper communities likely results in increased tree cover and tree density, encouraging crown fires rather than surface fires [67].

Due to the slow establishment and growth of Colorado pinyon, repeated fires maintain earlier seral stages in these communities [25,31,80,86]. Repeated burning every 20 to 40 years may eventually replace pinyon-juniper woodlands with shrub communities because shrubs colonize areas much faster than trees can re-establish [86,87], while the absence of fire eventually allows Colorado pinyon to replace extensive shrub vegetation [87]. Frequent fire may prevent the expansion of Colorado pinyon into grasslands, based on the perception that periodic fires burned these grasslands often enough to kill tree seedlings while they are most susceptible to fire. In the absence of frequent fire, seedlings become established in the grassland, eventually converting it to a woodland or savanna community. The effectiveness of fire in restricting the spread of Colorado pinyon (and juniper) depends on fire frequency and intensity of the fire, with the time required for seedlings to reach 4 feet (1.2 m) tall a critical determinant of the effective fire interval [130].

Fire return intervals for plant communities and ecosystems in which Colorado pinyon occurs are summarized below. Find further fire regime information for the plant communities in which this species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under "Find FIRE REGIMES".

Community or Ecosystem Dominant Species Fire Return Interval Range (years) saltbush-greasewood Atriplex confertifolia-Sarcobatus vermiculatus desert grasslands Bouteloua eriopoda and/or Pleuraphis mutica 5-100 plains grasslands Bouteloua spp. 125] curlleaf mountain-mahogany* Cercocarpus ledifolius 13-1000 [4,142] mountain-mahogany-Gambel oak scrub C. ledifolius-Quercus gambelii Arizona cypress Cupressus arizonica Rocky Mountain juniper Juniperus scopulorum 125] blue spruce* Picea pungens 35-200 pine-cypress forest Pinus-Cupressus spp. 3] pinyon-juniper Pinus-Juniperus spp. 125] Mexican pinyon P. cembroides 20-70 [119,154] Colorado pinyon* P. edulis 10-400+ [44,62,86,125] interior ponderosa pine* P. ponderosa var. scopulorum 2-30 [3,7,103] Arizona pine P. ponderosa var. arizonica 2-10 [3] galleta-threeawn shrubsteppe Pleuraphis jamesii-Aristida purpurea 125] Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir* Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca 25-100 [3] oak-juniper woodland (Southwest) Quercus-Juniperus spp. 125] *fire return interval varies widely; trends in variation are noted in the species summary
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Anderson, Michelle D. 2002. Pinus edulis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/pinedu/all.html

Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)

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RAUNKIAER [135] LIFE FORM:
Phanerophyte
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Habitat characteristics

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Colorado pinyon is found on level or gently rolling uplands [39] to moderately steep and very steep slopes (27-75%) [72]. It also occurs in riparian areas in the Southwest [42] and on slopes adjacent to river drainages [72]. Colorado pinyon sites include dry foothills, plateaus, mesas, mountain slopes, and canyon sides [2,64,72,98,112,166]. The distribution of Colorado pinyon in pinyon-juniper woodlands may be limited by Colorado pinyon's lack of tolerance for water stress on low elevational, xeric sites [8,174]. At high elevations, distribution may be limited by low temperatures or competition with ponderosa pine [8]. Moisture is likely the most critical factor controlling the distribution, composition, and density of pinyon-juniper woodlands [58], though the distribution of Colorado pinyon may also be affected by soil characteristics [174].

Elevation: Pinyon-juniper woodlands occur in the foothills above desert shrub or grassland vegetation but below ponderosa pine forest [25,101,127]. Colorado pinyon occurrence ranges from 4,500 to 9,000 feet (1,400-2,700 m) elevation [26,64,112,127,139]. In pinyon-juniper woodland, Colorado pinyon tends to increase in abundance with increasing elevation, while junipers decrease [25,34,123,127]. Colorado pinyon is not generally affected by topographic position (aspect or steepness of slope), other than its prevalence relative to juniper [129,131]. The following table presents information on the elevational distribution of Colorado pinyon by state:

State Elevation range References Arizona 4,000-7,500 feet (1,220-2,280 m); upper limit of 6,500 feet  (1,980 m) on north-facing slopes [38,39,69,85,96,115,174] California 4,200-8,850 feet (1,280-2,700 m) [73,156] Colorado Occurs from 5,200 to 9,000 feet (1,580-2,750 m); abundant from 7,000 to 7,900 feet (2,100-2,400 m) [72,96,166,166,174] New Mexico 5,000-8,850 feet (1,520-2,700 m) [2,109] Texas >6000 feet (1,830 m) [147] Utah 5,000-8,400 feet (1,520-2,560 m) in Utah; upper limit of 8,400 feet (2,560 m) on south-facing slopes [82,107,174]

Climate: Colorado pinyon occurs in the warm, semiarid climate of the Southwest (Arizona, New Mexico) and in the cold, semiarid climate of the mountainous west (Nevada, Utah, Colorado) [34]. Summers in the pinyon-juniper zone are hot and winters relatively cold. A high percentage of clear days, intense solar radiation, and windy conditions favor high evapotranspiration rates [139], and precipitation generally exceeds evapotranspiration only during December, January, and February [39]. Growth is limited primarily by low precipitation in the Southwest, while in the mountainous west it is limited by both freezing temperatures and low precipitation [34].

Temperature and precipitation in the pinyon-juniper zone vary in relation to elevation and geographic location [131]. Colorado pinyon occurs on sites experiencing approximately 120 frost-free days and 4 to 20 inches (102-520 mm) of annual precipitation, with variable seasonal distribution [39,108,139,168,176]. In the southern portion of the pinyon-juniper woodland distribution, precipitation peaks occur during the summer fed by moisture from the Gulf of Mexico. In the more northern areas, precipitation from convection storms occurs in July and August, and winter storms from the Pacific coast provide moisture during the cool season [131,139,176]. Colorado pinyon is mostly dependent on soil moisture stored from winter precipitation. Much of summer rainfall is ineffective due to runoff after heavy thunderstorms and high evaporation [159]. Colorado pinyon occurs in zones that are generally 6 degrees warmer than in the vegetation zone above and 5 degrees cooler than the zone below [39].

Colorado pinyon is tolerant of cold and drought [101,176]. According to field studies using simulated rainfall events, Colorado pinyon can respond effectively to both monsoon precipitation and small rainfall events [170].

Soils: Colorado pinyon occurs on a wide range of soil types and is not limited by the character or geologic origin of soils [139,176]. Soils of these communities may be shallow to moderately deep and are often rocky, well drained, and low in fertility [34,64,72,127]. Colorado pinyon growing in deeper soils generally grow faster than those in shallow soils [159]. Colorado pinyon occurs on a range of parent materials, including sandstone, limestone, shale, basalt, granite, and mixed alluvium [34,39,69,127,147].

Soils under well-developed pinyon-juniper stands are completely occupied by tree roots, limiting understory growth [112,139]. The lateral roots of the tree species efficiently access interspaces in these communities for soil water and nutrients, further impacting herbaceous species [15,90]. In addition, understory vegetation is reduced by shading and potentially by allelopathic effects [35]. Colorado pinyon accumulates nutrients beneath the tree canopy [34,157]. Organic carbon and nitrogen are greater under pinyon-juniper canopies than in interspaces, especially under mature canopies as compared to younger or more recently disturbed stands [89,90,123]. In addition to accumulations of organic matter, concentrations of soluble salts (Na, Ca, Mg, and K) are significantly higher (p<0.05) under Colorado pinyon canopies than in adjacent shrub-dominated areas. Accrual of nitrate and sulfate is also evident under Colorado pinyon trees, as is higher average concentration of phosphorus and boron, which may be phytotoxic to some herbaceous species [9]. Colorado pinyon litter is specifically associated with a reduction of blue grama production [79].

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Anderson, Michelle D. 2002. Pinus edulis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/pinedu/all.html

Habitat: Cover Types

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This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

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SAF COVER TYPES [36]:




210 Interior Douglas-fir

216 Blue spruce

217 Aspen

220 Rocky Mountain juniper

237 Interior ponderosa pine

239 Pinyon-juniper

240 Arizona cypress

241 Western live oak
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Anderson, Michelle D. 2002. Pinus edulis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/pinedu/all.html

Habitat: Ecosystem

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This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

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ECOSYSTEMS [53]:




FRES21 Ponderosa pine

FRES23 Fir-spruce

FRES29 Sagebrush

FRES30 Desert shrub

FRES33 Southwestern shrubsteppe

FRES34 Chaparral-mountain shrub

FRES35 Pinyon-juniper

FRES38 Plains grasslands

FRES40 Desert grasslands
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Habitat: Plant Associations

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This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

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KUCHLER [93] PLANT ASSOCIATIONS:




K018 Pine-Douglas-fir forest

K019 Arizona pine forest

K021 Southwestern spruce-fir forest

K023 Juniper-pinyon woodland

K031 Oak-juniper woodland

K032 Transition between K031 and K037

K037 Mountain-mahogany-oak scrub

K038 Great Basin sagebrush

K040 Saltbush-greasewood

K059 Trans-Pecos shrub savanna
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Anderson, Michelle D. 2002. Pinus edulis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/pinedu/all.html

Habitat: Rangeland Cover Types

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This species is known to occur in association with the following Rangeland Cover Types (as classified by the Society for Range Management, SRM):

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SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES [146]:




411 Aspen woodland

412 Juniper-pinyon woodland

413 Gambel oak

415 Curlleaf mountain-mahogany

416 True mountain-mahogany

417 Littleleaf mountain-mahogany

420 Snowbrush

421 Chokecherry-serviceberry-rose

422 Riparian

501 Saltbush-greasewood

503 Arizona chaparral

504 Juniper-pinyon pine woodland

505 Grama-tobosa shrub

509 Transition between oak-juniper woodland and mahogany-oak association

724 Sideoats grama-New Mexico feathergrass-winterfat

725 Vine mesquite-alkali sacaton

735 Sideoats grama-sumac-juniper
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Immediate Effect of Fire

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Colorado pinyon is very sensitive to fire and may be killed by even low-severity surface burns [44,110], especially when trees are less than 4 feet (1.2 m) tall [14,25,34,117,172].  Colorado pinyon is particularly susceptible when individuals are >50% defoliated by fire [29]. Fire kill of Colorado pinyon may be more extensive on flat to gently rolling terrain; in rough terrain, islands of unburned trees may be left on ridges and hills [5,6,23]. Crown fires kill Colorado pinyon of all age classes [172].
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Anderson, Michelle D. 2002. Pinus edulis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/pinedu/all.html

Importance to Livestock and Wildlife

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Livestock grazing is an important use of pinyon-juniper woodlands [34]. Pinyon-juniper communities provide food and shelter for deer, elk, pronghorn, wild horses, small mammals, and both game and nongame bird species [112,134]. They also provide habitat for coyotes, mountain lions, and bobcats [134], and are important winter habitat for goshawks [63].

Pinyon-juniper woodlands are important winter ranges for mule deer [34,98], providing cover, shelter, and understory forage [34]. Colorado pinyon provides browse for mule deer, though it is not substantially utilized [10,17,94]. It may constitute 1 to 5% of mule deer winter diets [91].

The seeds of Colorado pinyon are an important food source for birds, particularly Clark's nutcracker [18,21], scrub jays, and pinyon jays [21]. Clark's nutcracker  preferentially harvest seed from trees with large cone crops. Cones chosen for seed removal also tend to have more seeds as well as more viable seeds, potentially resulting in differential reproductive success of Colorado pinyon [22]. Seeds are an important food for small mammals, primarily chipmunks and squirrels [21].

Palatability/nutritional value: Colorado pinyon browse is unpalatable to domestic cattle, sheep, and, horses [28]. The seeds are rich in protein and unsaturated fats, containing essential amino acids, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals [81,98].

Cover value: Colorado pinyon provides good cover for elk, mule deer, white-tailed deer, pronghorn, upland game birds, small nongame birds, and small mammals [28,39]. Pinyon-juniper woodlands also provide important cover for coyotes [54].

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Anderson, Michelle D. 2002. Pinus edulis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/pinedu/all.html

Key Plant Community Associations

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Colorado pinyon forms a characteristic woodland community with Utah juniper (Juniperus
osteosperma) known as the pinyon-juniper woodland
[26,73,98,104,167]. In this community, Utah juniper often extends to lower elevations without the Colorado pinyon component, while
Colorado pinyon grows at elevations above Utah juniper. The pinyon-juniper woodland often forms large
continuous stands, as for example in the western part of the Uinta Basin [26]. Other pinyon (Pinus spp.) and juniper (Juniperus spp.)
species occurring in these woodlands
include singleleaf pinyon (P. monophylla), Parry pinyon (P.
quadrifolia), Mexican pinyon (P. cembroides), alligator juniper (J. deppeana), Rocky Mountain juniper (J.
scopulorum), and California juniper (J. californica) [74,104,153,156,163].
Colorado pinyon is generally replaced by singleleaf pinyon in pinyon-juniper woodlands on the western edge of its
distribution [167].

Shrub species occurring as understory dominants with Colorado pinyon are pointleaf
manzanita (Arctostaphylos pungens) [102,153], big sagebrush (Artemisia
tridentata) [102,153,169], true mountain-mahogany (Cercocarpus montanus) [11,72,74,102,153,169], rubber
rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus nauseosus) [11,102,153], Stansbury cliffrose (Purshia
mexicana var. stansburiana), antelope bitterbrush (Purshia
tridentata) [102,153],
Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii) [51,64,72,74,102,153], gray oak (Q. grisea) [74], wavyleaf oak
(Q. undulata) [102,153], blackbrush (Coleogyne ramosissima) [102,153], Nevada
ephedra (Ephedra nevadensis), broom snakeweed (Gutierrezia
sarothrae) [169], and plains prickly-pear (Opuntia polyacantha) [51]. Herbaceous
species occurring as understory dominants with Colorado pinyon include blue grama
(Bouteloua gracilis) [51,74,102,153], Arizona fescue (Festuca arizonica) [102,153],
mountain muhly (Muhlenbergia montana) [74],
New Mexico muhly (M. pauciflora) [153], mutton grass (Poa
fendleriana) [102,153], galleta (Pleuraphis jamesii) [51], Columbia needlegrass
(Achnatherum nelsonii) [102,153], and sand bluestem (Andropogon
gerardii var. paucipilus) [102].


Classifications identifying Colorado pinyon as a plant community dominant are
listed below:



Arizona [11,69,83,102,104,153]

California [156]
Colorado [1,72,83]

Nevada [169]
New Mexico [11,51,52,74,83,102,104,153]
Utah [83,169]
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Life Form

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Tree
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Occurrence in North America

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AZ CA CO NM NV
OK TX UT WY

MEXICO
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Other uses and values

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The edible seeds of Colorado pinyon are gathered from native stands and marketed commercially [26,34,49,105,112,133,147,167]. Traditionally, these seeds were an important dietary supplement for Native Americans in the Southwest [19,30,81,98,116]. Traditional Native American uses for Colorado pinyon pitch include medicinal purposes and waterproofing of baskets and clay water bottles [30,81,116]. Colorado pinyon is used for Christmas trees [34,40,49,105] and landscaping [49].

Wood Products: The wood of Colorado pinyon is narrow-ringed, hard, and very brittle [64]. Wood products from Colorado pinyon include fuelwood, charcoal, mine timbers, railroad crossties, lumber, fenceposts, and pulpwood [30,34,49,64,98,105,112,116,167].

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Phenology

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Phenology of Colorado pinyon has been studied infrequently, primarily due to the lack of easily observed, periodic phenophases. Observed phases include the emergence of male and female cones, pollination, when cones reach their full size, and when cones begin to open. Both male and female cones emerge in May or June from buds formed the previous year. The growth of these conelets stops around the last week of August -- at the end of the 1st summer their dimensions are only about 1/7 those of ripe cones -- and is resumed the following May. Cones and seeds then reach their full size in July and mature by September of the 2nd year. Cones open in late September and October [5,59,159]. In pinyon pines (P. edulis, P. monophylla, P. cembroides), male and female cones open for pollination during the late spring and early summer. Pollen is only dispersed for a few days and reaches a maximum in the last week of March. Natural germination of Colorado pinyon seed usually takes place the 1st spring following dispersal. Under favorable conditions however, seed may germinate during the summer or early fall [159].
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Plant Response to Fire

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The reestablishment of Colorado pinyon following fire is solely by seed [44]. Seedlings may appear within the 1st year following fire [172], but several decades may be required before many seedlings establish. Following a fire in a pinyon-juniper stand in southern Colorado, Colorado pinyon began establishing at postfire year 25 [31].
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Anderson, Michelle D. 2002. Pinus edulis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/pinedu/all.html

Post-fire Regeneration

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POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY [152]:
Tree without adventitious bud/root crown
Secondary colonizer (on-site or off-site seed sources)
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Anderson, Michelle D. 2002. Pinus edulis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/pinedu/all.html

Regeneration Processes

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Colorado pinyon regenerates solely from seed; asexual regeneration has not been documented [5]. The natural reproduction of Colorado pinyon is limited due to unfavorable climate, infertility of the seed, rapidly declining germination of seed produced, and loss of seed to vertebrates and insects [159].

Breeding system: Colorado pinyon is generally monoecious [34,48,59,97,139,167]. The upper crown of Colorado pinyon tends to bear more ovulate than staminate cones and the opposite is true of the lower crown, though there may be broad overlap [97]. Some dioecious individuals do occur [48,59]. Dioecy may be more prevalent in younger age classes, perhaps as an adaptation to arid environments or other stress [47,48,59]. Dioecy may also occur in response to site factors, with male trees potentially predominating on south-facing slopes; however, clear connections between site conditions and Colorado pinyon breeding systems have not been established [46]. In 1 study, monoecious trees produced significantly more (p<0.001) empty seeds than female dioecious trees, and seedlings from monoecious trees were shorter and less vigorous than seedlings from dioecious trees [48]. Laboratory experiments have found 57% survival of self-pollinated cones and 83% survival of outcrossed cones. Outcrossed cones produced more seeds per cone than self-pollinated cones [97].

Pollination: The pollen of Colorado pinyon is carried for miles by the wind [34,97].

Seed production: Colorado pinyon may start bearing cones at 25 years. Good seed production occurs on trees that are 75 to 100 years old, with maximum seed production occurring on trees 160 to 200 years of age [34,59,139,159]. Large seed crops are produced every 3 to 7 years and are adversely impacted by water stress [40,61,112,139]. The periodicity of seed crops is related to the drain of nutrients required to produce a large crop and the time required for nutrients to be replenished [40]. Cones require 3 years to mature [59,61,108,139]. Colorado pinyon cones and seeds are attacked by a variety of insect species, which may destroy large portions of seed crops [121,139].

Seed dispersal: The wingless seeds of Colorado pinyon are dispersed by birds [5,20,34,68,98,101,112,166] and small mammals, primarily squirrels and chipmunks [5,20,21,34,68,112]. Four species of birds cache Colorado pinyon seeds: Clark's nutcrackers, scrub jays, pinyon jays, and Steller's jays [34,68,139]. However, most seeds are cached outside the elevational range of Colorado pinyon by Clark's nutcracker and to some extent, pinyon and Steller's jays. Scrub jays that live permanently in pinyon-juniper woodlands cache substantial numbers of seeds, making these birds locally important in Colorado pinyon regeneration [68].

Failure of Colorado pinyon cones to open, possibly due to a wetter spring moisture regime, renders seeds more difficult to access and reduces seed dispersal, particularly dispersal by small mammals [43]. 

On sloping sites, Colorado pinyon seeds may be washed "some distance away" by runoff [64].

Seed banking: In general, Colorado pinyon has short-lived seeds. As a result, seeds form only a temporary seed bank, with most seeds germinating the spring following dispersal. The potential for a large temporary seed bank is high following years of good seed production, while in other years the seed bank is likely sparse [20].

Germination: Colorado pinyon seeds generally germinate in the shade of a tree or shrub rather than in open grassland [34,58,105]. Germination occurs in response to moisture and moderate temperatures of 65 to 75 degrees Fahrenheit (18-24 oC). It occurs in the spring after snowmelt and/or warming temperatures [32,34,58,59,112]. If moisture conditions are not suitable, Colorado pinyon seeds may not germinate until the summer monsoon season [59]. Floyd [47] found that germination of Colorado pinyon occurs optimally at a mean temperature of 68 degrees Fahrenheit (20 oC) and 15 hours of light, with germination rates ranging from 25 to 65% [47]. Cold stratification may result in more rapid seed germination [60]. Floyd [45] found that germination and establishment of Colorado pinyon may be enhanced under a Gambel oak canopy, possibly due to increased moisture retention by litter, shading, decreased evapotranspiration in oak stands, and reduced seed predation. One study found higher Colorado pinyon germination rates when scrub jays cached seeds under junipers or near/under bushes, while very few seeds germinated if cached in the open [68].

Viability of fresh seeds varies between 85 and 95%. Seed viability decreases rapidly in 1 year or less, and the rate of germination is low [34,112].

Seedling establishment/growth: Reproduction of Colorado pinyon is generally sparse and scattered due to removal of seeds by birds and mammals [64], and seedling establishment is dependent on chance dispersal to favorable sites and ample rainfall [86]. More seedlings establish under trees or shrubs than away from them [59,71,86]. Colorado pinyon seedlings require extra moisture or shade until their elongating taproots reach deeper substrates [117]. Taproots of 1-year-old seedlings in northern Arizona averaged 8 inches (20.5 cm) long with a range of 6.7 to 10.6 inches (17-27 cm). Height of 1-year-old Colorado pinyon seedlings averaged 2 inches (5 cm) on northern Arizona sites [71]; growth was estimated at 1 inch per year for the first 10 years [34,105]. Biomass of 1-year-old seedlings is distributed evenly between shoot and root growth [71]. Seedlings growing in partial shade until they reach about 12 inches (30 cm) in height experience better early growth than those in complete shade under mature trees [71,112]. Water is the primary limiting factor in seedling survival and growth [112]. Competition for moisture usually results in the suppression of smaller trees, though they gradually resume normal growth when released from severe competition [59,112]. Saplings grow 4 to 6 inches (10-15 cm) in height annually, and mature trees grow 2 to 4 inches (5-10 cm) annually [59,139]. Mean annual diameter growth of Colorado pinyon is approximately 0.7 inch (1.8 cm) per decade when trees are about 50 years old [139].

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Anderson, Michelle D. 2002. Pinus edulis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/pinedu/all.html

Regional Distribution in the Western United States

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This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):

BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS [12]:




4 Sierra Mountains

7 Lower Basin and Range

10 Wyoming Basin

11 Southern Rocky Mountains

12 Colorado Plateau

13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
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Anderson, Michelle D. 2002. Pinus edulis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/pinedu/all.html

Successional Status

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More info for the terms: climax, cohort, cover, density, fire severity, presence, seed, severity, shrub, shrubs, succession

Pinyon-juniper stands have slow succession rates [44,80]. Colorado pinyon occurs as an early to late-seral or climax species [31,34,172]. Following a fire in a pinyon-juniper stand in southern Colorado, Colorado pinyon began establishing in postfire year 25 [31]. Successional pathways of pinyon-juniper stands are indeterminate, and conditions after disturbance are generally less stable than the late seral, tree-dominant communities [63]. Factors that influence the pattern of succession after fire include past use history, site factors, moisture regime, stand age when disturbed, fire severity, presence of residual trees, and the presence of animal dispersal agents [14,141]. Seedlings may appear as early as the 1st postfire year [172], potentially the result of effective seed dispersal by animals, a wet moisture regime, and suitable shady sites provided by residual trees.

The general successional recovery after fire in dense stands of pinyon-juniper begins with the establishment of annuals, a stage that may peak in the 2nd and 3rd postfire years. A perennial grass stage follows, in which perennials are more abundant than annuals, with a shrub stage developing soon after. The re-establishment of trees during the shrub stage then leads to the pinyon-juniper climax, presuming no further fire occurrence [5,14,25,32,57,131,141]. The suppression of shrubs by mature trees may take up to 100 years [31,32], and climax stands may require 300 years to develop [25]. Frequent disturbance in these woodlands maintains earlier seral stages (e.g. the open shrub stage) [25,63,80]. As pinyon-juniper crown cover increases, cover, productivity, and density of understory species decrease. The understory is generally most productive, diverse, and responsive to disturbance when pinyon-juniper crown cover is at or below 20%. When crown cover exceeds 20 to 30%, understory thinning accelerates [77]. "Old-growth" stands of pinyon-juniper are fairly open and contain a cohort of dominant old, slow-growing trees with little or no understory of grass or shrubs. Down dead material is common, as is dead material on the live trees [113].

Colorado pinyon is intolerant of shade in all but the seedling stage of its growth [58,64,139,141,159]. "Nurse plants" are required during this stage to protect the seedlings from excessive drying and heating [14].

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Anderson, Michelle D. 2002. Pinus edulis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/pinedu/all.html

Taxonomy

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The currently accepted scientific name of Colorado pinyon is Pinus edulis
Engelm. (Pinaceae) [26,41,73,84,85,109,133,166,167].

Where the ranges of both species overlap, Colorado pinyon frequently
hybridizes with singleleaf pinyon (P. monophylla)
[27,95,96,98,99,100,106]. The eastern edge of the Great Basin is the rough boundary
between Colorado and singleleaf pinyons, and forms a "zone of
hybridization" [95]. Colorado pinyon also hybridizes
with Mexican pinyon (P. cembroides) [106].

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Anderson, Michelle D. 2002. Pinus edulis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/pinedu/all.html

Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites

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More info for the terms: seed, stratification

Colorado pinyon is used to rehabilitate mined areas and critical habitats that have been damaged by fire [61,173].

Artificial regeneration: Dormancy of Colorado pinyon seeds is broken by soaking the seed for 1 to 2 days, followed by cold stratification at temperatures between 33 and 41 degrees Fahrenheit for 0 to 60 days [61,92].

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Anderson, Michelle D. 2002. Pinus edulis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/pinedu/all.html

Associated Forest Cover

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Pinyon is a minor component of the following forest cover types (61): Bristlecone Pine (Society of American Foresters (Type 209), Interior Douglas-Fir (Type 210), Rocky Mountain Juniper (Type 220), Interior Ponderosa Pine (Type 237), Arizona Cypress (Type 240), and Western Live Oak (Type 241). It is an integral component in Pinyon-Juniper (Type 239) over a large area. However, as the type extends westward, pinyon is replaced by singleleaf pinyon (Pinus monophylla) in Nevada and some localities in western Utah and northwestern Arizona (4,67). Southward along the Mexican border, Mexican pinyon (P. cembroides var. bicolor), recently given separate species status as border pinyon (P. discolor), becomes the dominant tree in the woodlands (6,48,49).

Common associates of pinyon over most of its range are oneseed juniper (Juniperus monosperma) and Utah juniper (J. osteosperma); redberry juniper (J. erythrocarpa), also a one-seeded juniper, is confined to the southern portion. Alligator juniper (J. deppeana) and Rocky Mountain juniper (J. scopulorum) are also found in some localities (1,4,67). Oneseed juniper predominates in east-central Arizona and most of New Mexico, and extends into western Texas and south-central Colorado. Rocky Mountain juniper is also a common component in northern New Mexico and the western half of Colorado, but it is found over most of the woodlands as well. It usually grows at higher elevations and is seldom dominant in the stand. Utah juniper is the codominant associate in Utah, northern Arizona, western Colorado, and northwestern New Mexico. At higher, more mesic elevations in southern and western New Mexico and westward into central Arizona, alligator juniper commonly forms a component of stands.

Although pinyon-juniper woodlands consist of relatively few tree species, stands exhibit considerable diversity in appearance and composition (4). Some have nearly closed canopies of a single tree species with little or no understory vegetation. Others are open, with widely scattered pines, junipers, or both among grasses and shrubs. A typical pinyon-juniper woodland, with its many-branched trees resembling shrubs, has the appearance of a stunted coniferous forest.

Any particular stand usually contains only a few different plant species, but because of the wide distribution of the type, the total flora associated with woodlands is quite varied (4,67,73). Common tree and shrub associates include: Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii), gray oak (Q. grisea), shrub live oak (Q. turbinella), true mountain-mahogany (Cercocarpus montanus), curlleaf mountain-mahogany (C. ledifolius), antelope bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata), big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata), black sagebrush (A. nova), serviceberry (Amelanchier spp.), rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus spp.), Mexican cliffrose (Cowania mexicana), Apache-plume (Fallugia paradoxa), skunkbush (Rhus trilobata), Mormon-tea (Ephedra spp.), yucca (Yucca spp.), opuntia (Opuntia spp.), broom snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae), and buckwheat (Eriogonum spp.).

Some of the more important herbaceous plants are goosefoot (Chenopodium graveolens), rock goldenrod (Solidago pumila), gilia (Gilia spp.), penstemon (Penstemon spp.), segolily (Calochortus nuttallii), globemallow (Sphaeralcea spp.), white aster (Aster hirtifolius), hymenopappus (Hymenopappus filifolius var. lugens), Indian ricegrass (Oryzopsis hymenoides), dropseed (Sporobolus spp.), needle-and-thread (Stipa comata), squirreltail (Sitanion hystrix), Junegrass (Koeleria pyramidata), galleta (Hilaria jamesii), blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis), sideoats grama (B. curtipendula), ring muhly (Muhlenbergia torreyi), western wheatgrass (Agropyron smithii), bluebunch wheatgrass (A. spicatum), slender wheatgrass (A. trachycaulum), downy chess (Bromus tectorum), and threeawn (Arisitada spp.).

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Climate

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The pinyon-juniper type occupies the lowest and warmest forested zone in the United States, with a climate generally characterized as semiarid, and locally as dry subhumid (65). Summers are hot and winters relatively cold, especially in northern locations and at high elevations. A high percentage of clear days, intense solar radiation, and windy conditions favor high evapotranspiration rates (67).

Annual precipitation, which varies widely throughout the type because of differences in elevation, topography, and geography, ranges from 250 mm (10 in) at low elevations where the type adjoins the desert or grassland vegetation to 560 mm (22 in) or higher at the upper reaches (62,67,73). Locally, amounts as high as 690 mm (27 in) have been recorded, as along the Mogollon Rim in northern Arizona (15).

Seasonal distribution, which also varies considerably, is related to prevailing storm patterns. In eastern New Mexico, for example, approximately 75 percent of the annual precipitation occurs during the warm season (April through September) from storms originating in the Gulf of Mexico, whereas the percentage decreases as these summer storms lose intensity during their northwesterly movement (62). Nevertheless, summer precipitation throughout much of northern Arizona and the south-central and eastern portions of Utah is still about equal to, or slightly greater than, winter moisture (14,42). Furthermore, as much as one-third of the rainfall may occur during July and August (67). In contrast, woodlands of Nevada and northern Utah receive more precipitation during the cool season (October through March), primarily from Pacific winter and spring storms (13,14). Snow depths are not great, except at higher elevations and more northerly latitudes, but even then, melt generally occurs within a few days, especially on south-facing slopes (62).

The mean annual temperature in pinyon-juniper woodlands varies from 4° to 16° C (40° to 61° F); extremes may fall to -35° C (-31° F) and reach 44° C (112° F). January means may be as low as -10° C (14° F) in the more northerly portion of the type, and about 6' C (430 F) near the southern limits. Mean July temperatures are less variable, ranging from 20° to 27° C (68° to 81° F). The frost-free period ranges from about 90 to 205 days, the shorter period typifying more northerly latitudes and higher elevations (59,67,73).

Because of wide variation in temperature and the amount and distribution of precipitation, the following classification has been proposed to better characterize the climate of pinyon-juniper woodlands in Arizona and New Mexico (62):

Precipitation Climate Winter Summer mm Cool, moist 230 to 280 180 to 230 Warm, moist 250 to 330 150 to 230 Cool, winter dry 130 to 180 180 to 230 Warm, winter dry 100 to 180 200 to 280 Cold, winter dry 100 to 150 200 to 250 Cold, summer dry 180 to 230 100 to 150 Warm, summer dry 180 to 230 100 to 150 in Cool, moist   9 to 11 7 to 9 Warm, moist 10 to 13 6 to 9 Cool, winter dry 5 to 7 7 to 9 Warm, winter dry 4 to 7   8 to 11 Cold, winter dry 4 to 6   8 to 10 Cold, summer dry 7 to 9 4 to 6 Warm, summer dry 7 to 9 4 to 6
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Damaging Agents

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Small pinyons 1 to 2 m (3 to 6 ft) tall are readily killed by fire, but larger trees appear more resistant. Fire is generally not a serious problem, however, because stands are open and understory fuels are sparse. Where vegetation is dense and weather conditions favorable, fire has been effective as a treatment for converting woodlands to grasslands (3,18,40).

Among insects most commonly attacking the vegetative portion of trees are pinyon pitch nodule moth (Petrova albicapitana arizonensis), tiger moth (Halisidota ingens), mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae), pinyon sawfly (Neodiprion edulicolus), adelgid (Pineus coloradensis), pinyon needle scale (Matsucoccus acalyptus), pine needle scale (Chionaspis pinifoliae), Arizona fivespined ips (Ips lecontei), pinyon ips (Ips confusus), pinyon needle miner (Coleotechnites edulicola), pinyon tip moth (Dioryctria albovittella), and gallmidges (Pinyonia spp., Janetiella spp., and Contarinia spp.) (22,24,27,28,63,67). The most damaging cone and seed insects include cone moths (Eucosma bobana) and the pinyon cone beetle (Conophthorus edulis). Many species of nematodes, especially in the Helocotylenchus, Tylenchus, and Xiphinema genera, are parasitic on pinyon roots, but their effect on growth in natural stands is unknown (53).

A number of foliage diseases have been reported on pinyon, including needle casts (Elytroderma deformans and Bifusella saccata) and needle rusts (Coleosporium jonesii and C. crowellii) (36,67). Pinyon blister rust (Cronartium occidentale) and pinyon dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium divaricatum) cause stem diseases, the latter being considered the major pathogen of pinyon. Verticicladiella wagenerii, a root rot, is also ranked high as a damaging agent; principal heart rots are red-ring rot (Phellinus pini) and brown cubical rot (Fomitopsis pinicola). Armillaria mellea and Phaeolus schweinitzii are not particularly important diseases, but both cause root rot and butt rot.

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Flowering and Fruiting

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Pinyon is considered monoecious, the male and female strobili being borne on the same tree (67). However, dioecy has been observed under certain environmental conditions associated with moisture stress and insect damage (23,74). Although ovulate cones require most of three growing seasons to mature, the stages of growth vary with elevation, weather, and individual trees. In general, winter buds containing the strobili primordia begin to form in August, and by October of the first year are fully formed. Bud growth the following year is resumed near the first of May for staminate cones, and about mid-May for ovulate cones. By mid-June, staminate cones are mature, and ovulate cones become visible and receptive to pollen. Pollination is completed by the end of June when cone scales close, and a period of rapid growth of cones and seed commences, terminating at the end of August. During the third year, conelets start growth about the first of May, and fertilization occurs in early July. Shortly thereafter, cones and seeds reach full size, and seed coats darken and harden. Seeds mature early in September, and cone opening begins during mid-month and extends for about a 50-day period.

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Genetics

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Population Differences A form of pinyon that extends southeastward from northwestern Arizona into southwestern New Mexico in the mountains south of the Mogollon Rim has been classified as a taxonomic variety, P. edulis var. fallax (47). Others considered it a local variant of singleleaf pinyon (44). More recently, however, it has been recognized as a subspecies of a newly described species of nut pine- Pinus californiarum subsp. fallax (Arizona single-needle pinyon) (5).

Practically no information is available regarding population differences of pinyon. Considering the wide range of the species and the different environmental conditions under which it grows, differences would be expected. It has been reported that seed size is relatively consistent from year to year in individual trees but varies among trees (67). Also, some trees generally produce more cones than others, and some bear larger cones with more seeds per cone.

Races and Hybrids No races of pinyon have been recorded. Natural hybridization has been reported between pinyon and singleleaf pinyon in three zones common to the species-the eastern edge of the Great Basin, the mountains south of the Colorado Plateau, and areas adjacent to the Colorado River and its major drainages (44). The two species also have been artificially crossed. Pinyon and the newly described Arizona single-needle pinyon also are known to hybridize (5).

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Growth and Yield

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Pinyon grows best on the higher, wetter sites of the woodland zone, just below the ponderosa pine type (40,67). At these elevations trees reach their tallest heights and tend to develop single stems. At lower elevations, in contrast, bushy and sprawling crowns are characteristic. Pinyons may be multistemmed, although to a lesser extent than junipers. They usually exhibit straight, but short and rapidly tapering boles, which diverge into many large sinuous branches.

Growth of pinyon, though maintained with little loss of vigor throughout the life of the tree, is extremely slow. Height growth of saplings, for example, is only about 10 to 15 cm (4 to 6 in) yearly, and mature trees grow even more slowly, averaging 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in) per year. Diameter growth also is slow, especially on poor sites, where 80 to 100 years can elapse before diameters at breast height reach even 10 to 15 cm (4 to 6 in). On better soils, however, 150-year-old trees may grow to a diameter of 30 cm (12 in). Mean annual diameter growth of pinyon culminates at about 1.8 cm (0.7 in) per decade, when trees are approximately 50 years old. The gross annual increment on sample plots in northern New Mexico woodlands also reflects the slow growth rate, averaging about 0.42 m³/ha (6 ft³/acre) for pinyon alone, and 0.66 m³/ha (9.5 ft³/acre) for all species. Gross cordwood increment for all species was 0.88 m³/ha (0.14 cord/acre) (38,66,67).

Pinyon is a long-lived tree, maturing in 75 to 200 years. Dominant trees in a stand are often 400 years old, and pinyons 800 to 1,000 years old have been found. Depending on the site, mature trees range between 3.0 and 15.5 m (10 to 51 ft) in height and 15 to over 76 cm (6 to 30 in) in d.b.h. Although large trees are common, especially in northern New Mexico, pinyons generally are small trees, usually less than 10.7 m (35 ft) tall and 46 cm (18 in) in diameter (66,67). The largest living pinyon recorded grows in New Mexico and measures 172 cm (68 in) in d.b.h., 21.0 m (69 ft) in height, and has a crown spread of 15.8 m (52 ft) (2).

Because of the growth habit of woodland species, tree volumes are not only difficult to measure but can vary more than 300 percent for trees of the same diameter. There is less variation in well-formed trees, however, and the gross volume of a representative pinyon with a basal diameter of 30 cm (12 in) and 7.6 m (25 ft) tall is 0.22 m³ (7.7 ft³), measured to a 10-cm (4-in) top. Woodland volumes vary considerably, depending on species composition and density. In northern New Mexico and Arizona, mixed stands may contain cordwood volumes ranging from about 5.0 to 157.4 m³/ha (0.8 to 25 cords/acre), with average volumes of about 69.3 m³/ha (11 cords/acre). Cordwood volumes of nearly pure pinyon stands average about 75.6 m³/ha (12 cords/acre). Low volumes are a reflection of the small trees generally associated with woodlands. The average size tree in many New Mexico stands is only 15 cm (6 in) in diameter at ground line and about 2.7 m (9 ft) tall (16,67).

The density of pinyon in woodlands varies considerably, ranging from few or none to several hundred stems per hectare. Nevertheless, the density in a typical northeastern Arizona stand averages about 235/ha (95/acre) in stems less than 7.6 cm (3 in) in d.b.h.; 200/ha (81/acre) from 7.6 to 15 cm (3 to 6 in) in d.b.h.; and 89/ha (36/acre) more than 15 cm (6 in) in d.b.h. (67). Mixed woodlands are denser and more productive than pure stands of either pinyon or juniper, and can approach or exceed 3,459 stems/ha (1,400/acre) (9,57). The higher values have been attributed to differences in rooting habit and drought tolerance of the two species. The shallower penetrating roots of pinyons limit interspecific root competition for soil moisture in mixed stands. This, combined with the lower photosynthetic rate of pinyons compared to that of junipers at higher water stresses, allows more complete site utilization in mixed stands (10,25,57). The average number of pinyons suitable for Christmas trees varies from a few trees per acre to a fairly large number.

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Reaction to Competition

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Pinyon is a sun-adapted plant and is classed as intolerant of shade (67). It also appears unable to compete with grasses for moisture during the seedling stage following germination (4).

Secondary succession following fire or other severe disturbance in pinyon-juniper woodlands appears to follow the general successional model shown in figure 1 (3). However, the first herbaceous species to become established after a fire are often those that were present in the stand before disturbance (19). The shrub stage, often consisting of sagebrush, a common associate in the woodlands, becomes prominent after about 12 years (11). Junipers, which appear to have a wider ecological amplitude than pinyons because of their greater drought resistance, are usually the first trees to regenerate (10,12,75). They rapidly increase in density after 45 years, and dominate the site at 70 years. Thereafter, pinyons tend to succeed junipers at rates determined by available seed sources until the shrub understory is essentially eliminated. If disturbances are less severe, as when cabling, chaining, or bulldozing is used to remove tree cover for range improvement, many small surviving pinyons and junipers and newly established seedlings, reforest the site in about 2 to 3 decades (55,56,64). Under some conditions, however, natural regeneration can take much longer (60).


Figure 1- Possible series and pathways of secondary succession
following disturbance in pinyon-juniper woodlands (3).


Considerable evidence has accumulated to show that the woodlands, especially those dominated by singleleaf pinyon, are invading areas below their historic elevational limits (3,12,17,41). Furthermore, tree density appears to be increasing in some stands that existed before the invasion period. Pinyon-juniper woodland expansion since the time of settlement has been attributed to several factors, including possible climatic changes, control of fire, increased populations of seed-dispersing birds and mammals, and reduced competition from grasses resulting from overgrazing by livestock or the allelopathic influence of juniper foliage and litter (20,39).

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Rooting Habit

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The rooting habit of pinyon is characterized by both lateral and vertical root systems (67), but roots of pinyons less than 3 m (10 ft) tall have been traced to depths 6.4 m (21 ft) in underlying rock (25). Taproots and some laterals that penetrate downward, however, grow horizontally when they encounter an impenetrable horizon or bedrock. Laterals develop at a depth of about 15 to 41 cm (6 to 16 in) and can exceed the crown radius by a factor of two or more. Taproot growth of seedlings is rapid, averaging 17 to 27 cm (7 to 11 in) in length for 1-year-old seedlings (35). The extensive root system and relatively rapid rate of root elongation, especially of young seedlings, enhance the ability of pinyon to survive under and environments.

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Seed Production and Dissemination

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Trees reach cone-bearing age when relatively young: 25 years old and 1.5 to 3.0 m (5 to 10 ft) tall. Seeds are not produced in quantity, however, until age 75 to 100, but the long-lived pinyons continue to bear for a few centuries. A mature pinyon usually has a broad and rounded or irregular crown, which is often almost as wide as the tree height. Such trees are the heaviest seed producers, since cones are found mostly in the upper half of the crown near the ends of branches. Each cone contains about 10 to 20 seeds, which average only 4,190/kg (1,900/lb) because of their large size. A large tree in a good crop year may yield over 9.1 kg (20 lb) of seed, and better stands will produce an estimated 336 kg/ha (300 lb/acre). Germinative capacity of seeds may range between 83 and 96 percent; germinative energy is about 80 percent in 7 days (9,30,67,68).

Cone crops are either good or poor, often with cones practically absent, but seldom intermediate (67). Although good crops tend to be localized and occur at irregular and infrequent intervals, some are found nearly every year somewhere over the widespread range of the species. Furthermore, cone bearing tends to be synchronous over large geographical areas, a condition considered to be an evolved mechanism to counteract seed predation (46). On an average, substantial crops are produced every 4 to 7 years, but shorter intervals of 2 to 5 years elapse with individual trees or in certain localities (9). Generally, crops occur more frequently on better sites over the optimum range of pinyon than at the extreme limits.

The large, wingless seeds of pinyon are not adapted to wind dissemination. Instead, seed dispersal beyond tree crowns depends upon the behavior of four corvid species of birds- Clark's nutcracker, Steller's jay, scrub jay, and pinyon jay (8). Although these species eat great quantities of seed during the fall and may be greater predators than rodents, they also cache large amounts for consumption during ensuing winter months. Some of these buried seeds are not recovered by the birds, thus providing a seed source for subsequent germination and seedling establishment, particularly if caches are located in a suitable microenvironment, such as alongside shrubs or downed trees (46). Steller's and scrub jays collect seed only from open cones. In contrast, pinyon jays and Clark's nutcrackers forage from green cones, from which seeds are deftly extracted, and then from open cones as the season progresses (8,71).

Clark's nutcrackers and Steller's jays probably contribute little towards regenerating existing woodland sites because their caches are located at higher elevations in ponderosa pine and mixed conifer forests or in the ecotone above pinyon-juniper woodlands (8). Thus, these species tend to expand woodlands to upper elevations. In contrast, scrub jays and pinyon jays cache seeds in woodland areas, the former in small, local territories, whereas the latter transport seeds up to 12 kilometers (7.5 mi).

Pinyon jays live in flocks of 50 to 500 birds, and it has been estimated that during a substantial seed year in New Mexico, about 4.5 million seeds were cached by a single flock (46). Even scrub jays, which do not exhibit flock behavior can be important seed dispersers-a single pair of birds may harvest and cache about 13,000 seeds from a particular crop. Pinyon jays can carry an average of up to 56 seeds in an expandable esophagus. Scrub jays lack this adaption, and the amount of seed that can be transported at one time is limited to 5 or fewer seeds held in the mouth and bill. The majority of caches by pinyon and scrub jays are single-seeded, and are located in the transition zone between mineral soil and the overlying organic material (8,71).

Although rodents are known to cache seed, they should not be considered effective seed dispersers because caches are located in middens or underground chambers where conditions are not suitable for germination or seedling establishment. Instead, rodents, such as cliff chipmunks, pinyon mice, and woodrats, are major predators, caching as much as 35 to 70 liters (1 to 2 bu) of good seed (46,67). Furthermore, limited data indicate that rodents consume large quantities of seeds taken from bird caches (32).

It has been suggested that pinyon trees and seed eating birds have evolved coadaptive traits that enhance survival of both organisms. The seed dispersing and caching behavior of birds appears related to certain traits of the trees: large, thin-coated seeds with high energy values, different colored seedcoats that aid visually oriented seed harvesters to distinguish edible from aborted seeds, upward orientation of cone and scale angle for increased seed visibility, and prolonged seed retention in open cones because of cone orientation and deep depressions and small flanges on cone scales (70). Furthermore, the mutual dependence of birds and trees appears more complex than just their respective roles of seed dispersing and food providing agents. Gonadal activity of pinyon jays, for example, is increased before the breeding season by the combined effect of photoperiod, the appearance of cones, and a diet of seeds (46).

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Seedling Development

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Natural regeneration is difficult to achieve, primarily because of unfavorable climatic conditions, but seed predation and heavy grazing pressure, especially by sheep and goats, also play a role (67). Although pinyon grows best in full sunlight and can germinate in the open, seedlings must be protected from the harsh environment (21,31,35,46,49). Regeneration is usually achieved in the shade of tree canopies, under shrubs such as rabbitbrush, mountain-mahogany, and sagebrush, or alongside fallen trees.

Optimum germination temperature for pinyon seed is about 21° C (70° F). Germination is epigeal (68). Preliminary studies indicate that germination can be significantly improved by washing seeds for 48 hours in running tap water. Cold stratification for 30 or 60 days increases speed of germination but not the percentage. Treatment with hydrogen peroxide to suppress mold and enhance germination generally is not effective. Seeds germinate in spring and summer following dispersal, depending on soil moisture and temperature, with summer germination coinciding with the onset of the rainy season. Also, seedling establishment probably depends on an adequate moisture supply during the first summer (29,30,54,66,68). Growth throughout the seedling stage is extremely slow, often with only primary needles developing the first year, and subsequent height growth averaging 2.5 to 5.0 cm (1 to 2 in) per year (67).

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Soils and Topography

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Pinyon-juniper woodlands are located mainly on the more rocky plateaus, mesas, foothill terraces, and lower mountain slopes; shrubs or grasses grow on finer soils in intervening valleys, canyons, or shallow washes. Such discontinuities have been attributed to fire history and soil-related differences. The oldest pinyons are frequently found on steep, rocky sites where fire occurrence and severity are probably lower than in intervening areas, and consequently less damaging to trees (37,41,67,73).

Discontinuities ascribed to soil differences may in fact be related to the greater amounts of water that coarser soils make available to the tree, as the different soils are adjacent and there are no obvious differences in climatic factors. Furthermore, pinyon-juniper woodlands are found on a wide variety of soil depths and textures that range from coarse, rocky gravels to fine, compacted clays, indicating little if any correlation between these conditions and the presence of pinyon. Depth and texture, however, could affect productivity (37,45,62,67).

Woodlands also are associated with a broad range of soil Great Groups, of which Haplustalfs of the order Alfisols, Ustochrepts of the order Inceptisols, and Ustorthents of the order Entisols are the most common (37,52,76). Parent materials are equally varied. Sedimentary sandstones, limestones, and shales are most common, but materials of igneous origin, such as cinders and basalt, and those from metamorphic sources, also are found (40,62,67). In some soils, carbonates may accumulate and form a petrocalcic horizon (hardpan) that may extend as deep as 1.5 m (5 ft), but is usually much shallower. Upper layers of woodland soils generally exhibit pH values ranging from about 7 to 8.4, but at higher and wetter elevations, soils tend to be slightly acid in reaction, approaching 6.5 (31,37,43,45,69).

Pinyon-juniper woodlands are found between the low plains covered by grassland, desert shrub, or chaparral vegetation and the high mountains just below the zone dominated by either submontane shrubs or ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa). The lower limit of growth is probably related more to the inability of pinyon trees- especially seedlings- to tolerate water stress arising from decreasing precipitation and subsequent reduction of total moisture, rather than to soil or temperature factors. In contrast, the upper limit appears to be a function of greater biotic competition resulting from increased moisture (10,67).

In elevation, the woodlands lie mostly between 1370 and 2440 m (4,500 and 8,000 ft) (67). Individual pinyons, however, may extend up to 3200 m (10,500 ft) on south- and west-facing slopes in the mixed conifer forests of Arizona (70), while scattered juniper trees may descend to 910 m (3,000 ft) (41). Although the range in any given locality is considerably narrower, the elevational band occupied by woodlands is a rather uniform span of about 610 m (2,000 ft). There is a tendency, however, for the entire band to decrease in elevation in a southeasterly direction (72). In Arizona, the majority of the type is found between 1370 and 1980 m (4,500 and 6,500 ft), whereas in Colorado, the band extends from 1830 to 2440 m (6,000 to 8,000 ft). The bulk of the woodland in New Mexico and Utah occupies a zone from 1520 to 2130 m (5,000 to 7,000 ft).

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Special Uses

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Firewood is the product derived from pinyon-juniper woodlands that has been used most widely and for the longest time and it continues to be the primary energy source for the rural population of small communities in much of the Southwest (9,60). Pinyon is preferred for fuelwood since it has a higher heat value than any of its associates except the oaks and burns with a pleasing and distinctive aroma.

Although pinyon has physical properties similar to those of ponderosa pine and is suitable for processing, it is not extensively used for sawn products because of poor growth form and small size (9,51). Specialized woodworking shops use pinyon for novelties, and small sawmills produce mine timbers and railroad ties. The ties are used primarily in open pit mines because of their toughness and resistance to breakage during frequent rail line shifts. Pinyon has been used for pulping in the Southwest, but only to alleviate shortages of normally used mill-residue chips and pulpwood of other species. It is also occasionally processed for charcoal.

The edible nuts of pinyon are probably the most valuable product of the species and are in great demand because of their delicate flavor (9,67). Annual nut crops have been estimated to average between 454 000 and 907 000 kg (1 to 2 million lb), reaching 3.6 million kg (8 million lb) in an exceptionally productive year. Commercial crops are practically nonexistent in some years, however. Nuts are commonly sold and consumed after roasting in the shell, but small quantities are sold raw. A limited retail market exists for shelled nuts, which have also been used in candies and other confections.

Pinyons have been cut for private use for Christmas trees for many years and have recently appeared on commercial lots (9). In states with large acreages of pinyon-juniper woodlands, up to 40 percent of the yearly harvest in the past has been reported as pinyon. Demand has decreased since 1960, however, when 294,000 trees were harvested, ranking pinyon as 13th nationally. The decline has been attributed to an increasing supply of other plantation-grown species and the scarcity of high-quality trees in easily accessible stands.

Pinyon-juniper woodlands over the past 400 years have been, and will continue to be, grazed extensively (62). Furthermore, range improvement practices to increase forage for wildlife and livestock have removed the woodland trees over large areas. Woodland watersheds also have been mechanically cleared or chemically treated in the past, but future treatments may be limited to specific areas, because the possibility of generally increasing water yield does not appear promising (7,9,15).

Pinyon-juniper woodlands provide a habitat for a varied wildlife population (26). Mule deer, white-tailed deer, elk, desert cottontail, mountain cottontail, and wild turkey provide increasing hunter recreation. Pinyon nuts are a preferred food for turkeys, but in poor seed years, juniper mast is extensively consumed (58). Similarly, deer subsist on browse species, but pinyon is a common food particularly during harsh winters with deep snows (33,34).

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Vegetative Reproduction

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Pinyon is not known to reproduce vegetatively.

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Distribution

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As a codominant with juniper species (Juniperus spp.), pinyon trees predominate in pinyon-juniper woodlands of the semidesert zone, which cover nearly 24.7 million ha (61 million acres), extending from Texas to California (9). Woodlands in which pinyon is the major pine species cover about 14.9 million ha (36.9 million acres) in Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah. Outliers in California, Oklahoma, Texas, and Wyoming contribute a relatively insignificant acreage to the total (48). However, the outlier in California has been considered a population of 2-needled individuals of single-leaf pinyon (Pinus monophylla), and more recently, a new species, California single-needle pinyon (Pinus californiarum) (5,44).


- The native range of pinyon.

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Brief Summary

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Pinaceae -- Pine family

Frank P. Ronco, Jr.

Pinyon (Pinus edulis) is a small, drought-hardy, long-lived tree widespread in the southwestern United States. Its common name is derived from the Spanish piñon which refers to the large seed of pino (pine). For this reason the tree is known in the Southwest and throughout its range by this Spanish equivalent (49). Other common names are Colorado pinyon, nut pine, two-needle pinyon, and two-leaf pinyon (50). Its heavy, yellow wood is used primarily for fuel. Because of their delicate flavor its seeds are in much demand, making them its most valuable product.

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Physical Description

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Tree, Shrub, Evergreen, Monoecious, Habit erect, Trees without or rarely having knees, Tree with bark rough or scaly, Young shoots 3-dimensional, Buds resinous, Leaves needle-like, Leaves alternate, Needle-like leaf margins entire (use magnification), Needle-like leaf margins finely serrulate (use magnification or slide your finger along the leaf), Leaf apex acute, Leaves < 5 cm long, Leaves < 10 cm long, Leaves blue-green, Needle-like leaves somewhat rounded, Needle-like leaves not twisted, Needle-like leaf habit erect, Needle-like leaves per fascicle mostly 2, Needle-like leaf sheath early deciduous, Twigs glabrous, Twigs pubescent, Twigs viscid, Twigs not viscid, Twigs without peg-like projections or large fascicles after needles fall, Berry-like cones orange, Woody seed cones < 5 cm long, Seed cones bearing a scarlike umbo, Umbo with obvious prickle, Bracts of seed cone included, Seeds brown, Seeds wingless, Seed wings narrower than body.
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Pinus edulis ( Azerbaijani )

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Pinus edulis (lat. Pinus edulis) - şamkimilər fəsiləsinin şam ağacı cinsinə aid bitki növü.

Mənbə

Blue Pine (Pinus wallichiana) at Bhandakthathaatch (8000 ft) I IMG 7363.jpg İynəyarpaqlılar ilə əlaqədar bu məqalə qaralama halındadır. Məqaləni redaktə edərək Vikipediyanı zənginləşdirin. Etdiyiniz redaktələri mənbə və istinadlarla əsaslandırmağı unutmayın.
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Pinus edulis: Brief Summary ( Azerbaijani )

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Pinus edulis (lat. Pinus edulis) - şamkimilər fəsiləsinin şam ağacı cinsinə aid bitki növü.

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Pinus edulis ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Tango Globe of Letters.svg
L'article necessita millores de traducció.
es.


El Pinus edulis és un arbre que pertany a la família de les Pinaceae, gènere pinus i és nadiu del sud-oest dels Estats Units i el nord de Mèxic. Es classifica de vegades com a Pinus cembroides varietat edulis.

Dins dels Estats Units, aquests tipus de pins se'ls anomena pels noms en anglès de Colorado Pinyon o Piñon Pine; i se'ls troba principalment en els estats d'Arizona, Utah, Colorado i Nou Mèxic. Creix en els pendents situats entre els 1200 i 2400 metres d'altitud. Sovint s'associa amb Juniperus osteosperma formant un tipus de bosc característic.

El tronc assoleix unes dimensions màximes de 6 metres d'altura i 20 cm de diàmetre. L'escorça oscil·la entre el gris i el marró vermellós, és rugosa i es divideix en plaques.

Les fulles són acícules d'entre 4 i 8 cm de longitud en grups de 2 unitats. Produeix pinyes de 6 cm de llarg que contenen llavors comestibles.[1][2][3][4]

El Pinus edulis és l'arbre oficial de l'estat de Nou Mèxic (Estats Units).


Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Pinus edulis Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
  1. Gymnosperm Database: Pinus edulis (anglès)
  2. A.Lopez Lillo, J.M. Sánchez de Lorenzo Cáceres: Árboles en España, manual de identificación, 1998, Isbn 84-7114-957-5. Consultat el 25-11-2010 (castellà)
  3. Flora of North America: Pinus edulis. Consultat el 25-11-2010 (anglès)
  4. Us Forest Service: Pinus edulis (anglès)



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Pinus edulis: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El Pinus edulis és un arbre que pertany a la família de les Pinaceae, gènere pinus i és nadiu del sud-oest dels Estats Units i el nord de Mèxic. Es classifica de vegades com a Pinus cembroides varietat edulis.

Dins dels Estats Units, aquests tipus de pins se'ls anomena pels noms en anglès de Colorado Pinyon o Piñon Pine; i se'ls troba principalment en els estats d'Arizona, Utah, Colorado i Nou Mèxic. Creix en els pendents situats entre els 1200 i 2400 metres d'altitud. Sovint s'associa amb Juniperus osteosperma formant un tipus de bosc característic.

El tronc assoleix unes dimensions màximes de 6 metres d'altura i 20 cm de diàmetre. L'escorça oscil·la entre el gris i el marró vermellós, és rugosa i es divideix en plaques.

Les fulles són acícules d'entre 4 i 8 cm de longitud en grups de 2 unitats. Produeix pinyes de 6 cm de llarg que contenen llavors comestibles.

El Pinus edulis és l'arbre oficial de l'estat de Nou Mèxic (Estats Units).


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Borovice jedlá ( Czech )

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 src=
Stařešina
 src=
Mladík
 src=
Semenáč
 src=
Dvojité jehlice
 src=
Šištice v době opylování
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Soužití borovice s jalovcem

Borovice jedlá (Pinus edulis) je druh severoamerické borovice, jež má v šiškách jedlá semena, která se konzumují jako tzv. "piniové oříšky", v Evropě známé hlavně ze středomořské oblasti produkované borovicí pinie. Borovice jedlá je nevysoký, jehličnatý strom pocházející z jihozápadu Spojených států amerických a přilehlého severního Mexika, kde se vyskytuje v řídkých světlých lesích nejčastěji společně s některými jalovci, jako Juniperus deppeana, Juniperus monosperma, Juniperus osteosperma a Juniperus pinchotii. Borovice jedlá je národním stromem státu Nové Mexiko.[2][3]

Rozšíření

Roste v polopouštních a skalnatých horských oblastech severoamerických států Arizona, Kalifornie, Colorado, Nové Mexiko, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah a Wyoming a na území spolkového státu Chihuahua v severním Mexiku. Ve společnosti jalovců a menšího počtu borovic jiných druhů tam vytváří porosty o celkové rozloze okolo 200 000 km², které díky nízkému rozvětvení stromů a keřů mají vzhled zakrslého jehličnatého lesa. Roste v místech vysokého počtu jasných dnů, intenzivního slunečního záření a dále s horkými léty a poměrně chladnými zimami, zejména v severních lokalitách a vyšších polohách.

Do české přírody byla tato dřevina vnesena až roku 1927, kdy byla vysázen do zámeckého parku v Průhonicích. Dodnes se jedná o druh pěstovaný v České republice jen vzácně.[2][3][4]

Ekologie

Obvykle roste ve výšce od 900 do 3200 m, v oblastech s průměrnými srážkami 250 až 560 mm a teplotním průměrem v nejchladnějším měsíci -10 až -6 °C a v nejteplejším +20 až +27 °C, délka bezmrazého období tam obvykle trvá v rozmezí od 90 do 205 dnů. Srážky i teplota se zásadně proměňují s nadmořskou výškou i zeměpisnou šířkou, v nižších výškách na hranici s travnatou vegetací bývá množství srážek menší a teplota naopak vyšší. Borovice jedlá přežívá v teplotní zóně UK 5, kde zimní teplota klesá k -28 °C. Vyskytuje se na skalnatých plošinách, horských terasách, nižších horských svazích, v kaňonech i na úpatí hor. Je dlouhověkým stromem, nejstarší exempláře mívají okolo 400 roků a nacházejí se nejčastěji na strmých skalnatých stanovištích, kde je téměř vyloučená možnost vzniku požárů. Mladé stromy vysoké 1 až 2 m jsou snadno zničeny i drobným požárem, starší jsou odolnější. Kořenový systém sahá buď velmi hluboko (přes 6 m), nebo na skalnatém podloží roste do šíře a překračují až dvojnásobně poloměr koruny.

Je podstatnou součástí polosuché vegetace Severní Ameriky rostoucí na plytké až kamenité půdě, kde často vyrůstá z trhlin v pískovci, vápenci, čediči nebo břidlici. Upřednostňuje půdu lehkou, písčitou nebo hlinitou a suchou či vlhkou dobře odvodněnou, její zásaditost či kyselost není příliš podstatná, stejně jako nedostatek živin. Toleruje velmi kyselou půdu stejně jako sucho, nesnáší však zasolení a nemůže růst ve stínu. Opadané jehličí vylučuje alelopatické látky snižující klíčivost semen a omezuje tak výskyt suchých travin a nízkých keřů vyrůstajících v blízkosti; malé množství potencionálního paliva pak snižuje intenzitu případného lesního požáru. Ploidie druhu je 2n = 24.[2][3][5][6]

Popis

Borovice jedlá je středně vysoký, jednodomý strom, vyrůstá do výše okolo 15 m, kmen mívá hrubý nejvýše 60 až 80 cm a červenohnědou kůru nepravidelně zbrázděnou a šupinatou. Kuželovitá koruna bývá zaoblená, hustá a poměrně nepravidelná, široká téměř jako výška stromu, v nižší nadmořské výšce má strom často několik kmenů a keřovitý vzhled. V Novém Mexiku roste strom vysoký 21 m s průměrem kmene 172 cm a korunou širokou 16 m. Jehlice dlouhé 2 až 4 cm a široké 1 až 1,5 mm rostou ve svazečcích po dvou, jsou modrozelené až žlutozelené, zakřivené, poměrně tuhé a vytrvalé čtyři až šest let. Průduchy mají po obou stranách, na vnitřní jsou četnější a vytvářejí tam světlé pruhy.

Samčí šištice jsou elipsoidní, asi 7 mm velké, vyrůstají ve shlucích na koncích větviček a jsou nažloutlé až červenohnědé, po vyprášení pylu opadávají. Samičí jsou kulovité, asi 3 cm velké, rostou na vrcholech větviček, jsou nachově zbarvené, mají pět až deset plodných šupin a pod každou dvě vajíčka. Semena dozrávají druhým rokem po opylení na přelomu léta a podzimu, jsou hnědá, vejčitá, 10 až 15 mm dlouhá a nemají křídlo. Šišky zůstávají na stromech dlouho po otevření, stejně jako semena v nich.[2][3][5][6][7][8]

Rozmnožování

Tato dřevina není samosprašná a její vajíčka se úspěšně opylí jen pylem přineseným větrem z jiného stromu, semena vzniklá samosprašně jsou zakrslá a neschopná klíčení. Roste velmi pomalu, v mládí asi 10 až 15 cm a v dospělosti 5 až 10 cm ročně, na vlhkých místech roste rychleji. Prvá semena se objevují až v 25 létech, nejvíce jich produkuje ve věku 75 až 100 roků, plodí do 250 až 350 let, jejich množství se mění ve třech či pětiletých intervalech. Šiška obsahuje 10 až 20 semen, velký strom při dobré úrodě vyprodukuje 9 kg semen, jeden kilogram je tvořen asi 4000 semen.

Celkový vývoj do zralosti semen trvá tři roky. Pupeny šištic se začínají utvářet prvým rokem v období od srpna do října. Koncem dubna druhého roku začínají z pupenů vyrůstat šištice a v polovině června se jejích vajíčka opylí a do podzimu se pomalu vyvíjejí. Od počátku května třetího roku šištice opět rostou a v srpnu až září již bývají semena zralá a šišky s hluboko posazenými semeny se otvírají.

Borovice jedlá se rozmnožuje pouze semeny která jsou bezkřídlá, poměrně těžká a větrem jsou roznášena jen na krátké vzdálenosti; vegetativně se nemnoží. Hlavními šiřiteli jsou ptáci vybírající ze šišek zralá semena a dělající si jejich zásoby na zimní měsíce. Mnohé z nich ztratí nebo nenajdou a na jaře některá z nich vyklíčí. Za nejdůležitější rozšiřovače jsou považovaní ti, kteří své skrýše tvoří v půdě a mimo blízké husté lesy, kde by semena nevzklíčila. Jsou to sojka mexická a hlavně sojka modrá, která létá do vzdálenosti až 12 km a ve voleti odnese najednou i padesát semen a ukládá je jednotlivě; žije v hejnech po 50 až 500 ptáků. Za méně úspěšné rozsévače jsou považováni ořešník americký a sojka Stellerova, kteří si skrýše zřizují v blízkosti plodných stromů. Množství takto uskladněných semen v zimě najdou a sežerou hlodavci.

Při umělém rozmnožování se semena stratifikují v chladu a na jaře se vysazují, optimální teplota pro klíčení je 21 °C. Semenáče mají chabé kořeny a je vhodné je co nejdříve vysázet na trvalá stanoviště.[2][3][6][9]

Význam

Dřevo stromu je žluté, těžké a je primárním palivem pro venkovské obyvatelstvo v místech výskytu, je preferováno pro vyšší výhřevnost než mají běžná ostatní (vyjma dubů) a příjemnou vůni při hoření na otevřeném ohništi. V současnosti je ho pouze nemnoho zpracováváno na řezivo kvůli malé velikosti kmenů a jejich nerovnému, většinou pokřivenému růstu; při těžebním boomu koncem 19. století se však hojně využívalo jako důlní výdřeva. Vyrábí se z něj kvalitní dřevěné uhlí vhodné i pro průmysl a buničina, mladé stromky se již po mnoho let používají jako vánoční stromky.

Nejhodnotnějším produktem borovice jedlé jsou poživatelná semena "piniové oříšky". U stromů rostoucích v indiánských rezervacích vlastní jednotlivé indiánské kmeny právo na jejich sklizeň, která má pro ně historicky značný kulturní a ekonomický význam. Semena jsou bohatá na olej, bílkoviny a thiamin, jedí se syrová, pečená nebo dušená, melou se na mouku a peče se z nich "chléb". Uvádí se, že ročně se na americkém trhu prodá asi 450 tun těchto semen. Indiáni jedí i staženou spodní kůru z kmene a hrubších větví, která nakrájená na plátky se suší, mele a používá místo mouky při pečení chleba nebo k zahušťovaní omáček. Kmeny stromů bývají někde periodicky zraňovány a malé množství vytékající pryskyřice sloužívá k hydroizolace a lepení, případnou destilaci se z ní získává terpentýn, jeho produkce však není příliš rentabilní.[2][3][5][9]

Galerie

Odkazy

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
  2. a b c d e f SVOBODOVÁ, Věra. BOTANY.cz: Borovice jedlá [online]. O. s. Přírodovědná společnost, BOTANY.cz, rev. 16.12.2014 [cit. 2018-12-08]. Dostupné online. (česky)
  3. a b c d e f RONCO JR., Frank P. Silvics manual 1: Pinus edulis [online]. United States Department of Agriculture, U. S. Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Asheville, NC, USA, rev. 11.2014 [cit. 2018-12-08]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  4. FARJON, Aljos. Catalogue of Life: Pinus edulis [online]. Naturalis biodiverzity Center, Leiden, NL, rev. 31.01.2014 [cit. 2018-12-08]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  5. a b c FARJON, Aljos. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Pinus edulis [online]. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, rev. 2013 [cit. 2018-12-08]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  6. a b c EARLE, Christopher J. The Gymnosperm Database: Pinus edulis [online]. Christopher J. Earle, The Gymnosperm Database [cit. 2018-12-08]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  7. Dendrologie.cz: Pinus edulis [online]. Petr Horáček a J. Mencl, rev. 08.06.2007 [cit. 2018-12-08]. Dostupné online. (česky)
  8. KRAL, Robert. Flora of North America: Pinus edulis [online]. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA, USA [cit. 2018-12-08]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  9. a b Plants For a Future: Pinus edulis [online]. Plants For a Future, Dawlish, Devon, UK [cit. 2018-12-08]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)

Externí odkazy

Rod borovice (Pinus) Podrod
Pinus
Evropa Asie Amerika
borovice Banksovaborovice arizonskáborovice Balfourovaborovice bahenníborovice Coulterovaborovice dlouholistáborovice Douglasovaborovice durangskáborovice Elliottovaborovice Engelmannovaborovice Hartwegovaborovice ježatáborovice karibskáborovice Jeffreyovaborovice kadidlováborovice mičoakánskáborovice Montezumovaborovice ostnitáborovice paprsčitáborovice pavejmutkaborovice pichlaváborovice pokroucenáborovice pozdníborovice Sabineovaborovice smolnáborovice těžkáborovice Torreyovaborovice tuháborovice uzavřenáborovice virginskáborovice zúženáPinus apulcensisPinus cubensisPinus tropicalisPinus yecorensis
Podrod
Strobus
Evropa Asie Amerika
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Borovice jedlá: Brief Summary ( Czech )

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 src= Stařešina  src= Mladík  src= Semenáč  src= Dvojité jehlice  src= Šištice v době opylování  src= Soužití borovice s jalovcem

Borovice jedlá (Pinus edulis) je druh severoamerické borovice, jež má v šiškách jedlá semena, která se konzumují jako tzv. "piniové oříšky", v Evropě známé hlavně ze středomořské oblasti produkované borovicí pinie. Borovice jedlá je nevysoký, jehličnatý strom pocházející z jihozápadu Spojených států amerických a přilehlého severního Mexika, kde se vyskytuje v řídkých světlých lesích nejčastěji společně s některými jalovci, jako Juniperus deppeana, Juniperus monosperma, Juniperus osteosperma a Juniperus pinchotii. Borovice jedlá je národním stromem státu Nové Mexiko.

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Pinus edulis ( German )

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Pinus edulis ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Kiefern (Pinus). Sie ist im westlichen Nordamerika heimisch. Die Art erträgt Trockenheit und bildet große, essbare Samen aus. Die Art zählt wie auch die Einblättrige Kiefer (Pinus monophylla) zur Pflanzengesellschaft der Pinyon-Kiefern. Pinus edulis ist der Staatsbaum des US-Bundesstaates New Mexico.

Beschreibung

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Nadeln
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Zweig mit Zapfen
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Zapfen mit Samen
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Samen

Habitus

Pinus edulis ist ein immergrüner Baum, der im Freistand eine Wuchshöhe von rund 15 Metern, in Ausnahmefällen bis zu 21 Meter und Stammdurchmesser von 0,6 bis 1,7 Meter erreicht. Die Art bildet meist eine buschige Krone aus. Die biegsamen Zweige und jungen Triebe sind ziemlich dick.

Nadeln

Die zugespitzten, an der Oberseite dunkelgrünen und an der Unterseite deutlich blaugrünen Nadeln werden zwischen 2 und 4 Zentimeter lang. Sie weisen keinerlei Zähnung auf und sind relativ derb, ziemlich dick und ein wenig einwärts gekrümmt. Jede Nadel besitzt im Querschnitt zwei, selten einen, Harzkanäle. Die Nadeln stehen meist paarweise an Kurztrieben. Bei einigen Populationen können bis zu 25 % der Bäume dreinadelig sein. Bäume mit nur einer Nadel je Kurztrieb sind nur sehr selten.

Blüten, Zapfen und Samen

Pinus edulis ist einhäusig-getrenntgeschlechtig (monözisch) und wird mit rund 25 Jahren mannbar. Die Anlage der Blütenzapfen beginnt im August bis September und ist im Oktober abgeschlossen. Die Blütezeit beginnt im Mai und die Bestäubung erfolgt meist im Juni. Die männlichen Blütenzapfen sind 7 Millimeter lang und gelblich bis rotbraun gefärbt. Von der Bestäubung bis zur Reife benötigen die fast kugeligen Zapfen etwa 26 bis 27 Monate. Die reifen, hellgelben und schwach grün getönten Zapfen sind zwischen 3 und 6 Zentimeter lang und 4 und 7 Zentimeter breit. Sie bestehen aus 20 bis 24 Zapfenschuppen und sitzen an bis zu 3 Millimeter langen Stielen. Die Zapfen sind oft klebrig vom Harz und enthalten 20 bis 40 Samen. Die 10 bis 15 Millimeter großen, hellgelb bis rotbraun gefärbten und ungeflügelten Samen sind essbar. Das Tausendkorngewicht beträgt rund 239 Gramm. Die Samen werden hauptsächlich durch Vögel verbreitet (Ornithochorie). Eine große Rolle spielen dabei der Florida-Buschhäher (Aphelocoma coerulescens), der Nacktschnabelhäher (Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus) und der Kiefernhäher (Nucifrage columbiana).

Borke

Äste und junge Stämme besitzen eine glatte, graue Borke. Ältere Stämme besitzen eine rotbraune und unregelmäßig aufgerissene Borke. Diese Borke wird zwischen 2 und 3 Zentimeter dick. Die Rinde der Zweige und Jungtriebe ist anfangs hell orangebraun, wird später dunkelbraun und grau.

Holz

Das gelblichbraune Kernholz wird von einem schmalen und fast weißen Splint umgeben. Das harte, spröde und sehr harzreiche Holz ist meist sehr engringig. Die Darrdichte liegt zwischen 0,43 und 0,62 g/cm³.

Wurzelsystem

Pinus edulis bildet, sofern es die Bodenstruktur zulässt, ein tiefreichendes Pfahlwurzelsystem mit weitreichenden Lateralwurzeln aus. Die Pfahlwurzel kann in Tiefen von bis zu 6,4 Metern vordringen, die Mehrzahl der Wurzel findet man jedoch in Tiefen von bis zu 50 Zentimetern an. In Nordwestcolorado bildet die Art Ektomykorrhizen mit Cenococcum geophilum, Rhizopogon ellenae und Rhizopogon pinyonensis. Endomykorrhizen wurden bisher nicht beobachtet.

Chromosomenzahl

Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 24.[1]

 src=
Verbreitungsgebiet

Verbreitung und Lebensraum

Das Verbreitungsgebiet von Pinus edulis liegt im küstenfernen Südwesten der USA und den südlichen Rocky Mountains. Es umfasst dabei die US-Bundesstaaten Oklahoma, Colorado, Wyoming, New Mexico, Texas, Arizona, Kalifornien und Utah, es reicht noch ein Stück weit bis in das nördliche Mexiko hinein. Die Gesamtfläche der mit Pinus edulis bestockten Wälder beträgt rund 14,9 Millionen Hektar.[2]

Sie besiedelt Standorte in semiariden und trockenen subhumiden[2] Regionen. Man findet sie in Höhenlagen von 900 bis 3.200[2] Metern. Die Temperaturen schwanken zwischen +44 °C[2] im Sommer und −35 °C[2] im Winter. Der jährliche Niederschlag liegt zwischen 250 und 700 mm. Es werden Böden unterschiedlichster Mächtigkeit und Struktur besiedelt. Des Spektrum reicht dabei von groben Kiesen bis hin zu kompakten Tonböden. An den pH-Wert des Bodens werden nur geringe Ansprüche gestellt, als optimal gilt jedoch ein pH-Wert von 7 bis 8.

Je nach Standort bildet Pinus edulis Mischbestände mit dem Wüsten-Beifuß (Artemisia tridentata), mit Artemisia nova, mit Cercocarpus ledifolius, mit Cercocarpus montanus, mit Cowania mexicana, mit Fallugia paradoxa, mit Gutierrezia sarothrae, dem Alligator-Wacholder (Juniperus deppeana), dem Einsamigen Wacholder (Juniperus monosperma), dem Utah-Wacholder (Juniperus osteosperma), dem Rocky-Mountain-Wacholder (Juniperus scopulorum), mit Juniperus pinchotii, der Gambeleiche (Quercus gambelii), mit Quercus grisea, mit Quercus turbinella, mit Purshia tridentata und mit dem Dreilappingen Sumach (Rhus trilobata). Verschiedene Arten der Felsenbirnen (Amelanchier), Meerträubel (Ephedra), Opuntien (Opuntia), Palmlilien (Yucca), Chrysothamnus und Eriogonum treten mit unterschiedlicher Häufigkeit in Pinus edulis-Beständen auf. Der Unterwuchs wird Großteils durch Aster hirtifolius, das Blaubüschel-Weizengras (Agropyron spicatum), Agropyron smithii, Agropyron trachycaulum, das Moskitogras (Bouteloua gracilis), Bouteloua curtipendula, die Dach-Trespe (Bromus tectorum), Calochortus nuttallii, Chenopodium graveolens, das Pyramiden-Schillergras (Koeleria pyramidata), Hilaria jamesii, Hymenopappus filifolius, Muhlenbergia torreyi, Petradoria pumila, das Indianische Reisgras (Oryzopsis hymenoides), Sitanion hystrix, Stipa comata sowie Arten der Gattungen Bartfaden (Penstemon), Arisitada, Gilia, Sphaeralcea und Sporobolus gebildet.[2]

Nutzung

Aufgrund der geringen Abmessungen und der schlechten Stammformen hat das Holz keine wirtschaftliche Bedeutung als Bauholz. Die Art wird jedoch häufig als Brennholz und als Christbaum genutzt. Die essbaren Samen sind nährstoffreich und wohlschmeckend. Sie werden schon lange verzehrt und gehandelt. Sie stellten eine wichtige Nahrungsquelle für viele Indianerstämme dar. Sie werden auch noch heute geerntet und meist in gerösteter Form verspeist. Die jährlich kommerziell genutzte Menge liegt zwischen 500.000 und 900.000 Kilogramm. Aufgrund der geringen Wuchsleistung wird die Art nur selten für Aufforstungen herangezogen. Vor allem in Trockengebieten stellt sie aber ein willkommenes Element in der Landschaftspflege und zum Erhalt von Wassereinzugsgebieten dar.

Krankheiten und Schädlinge

Da die Bäume meist sehr lückig stehen und eine leicht entzündliche Strauch- und Krautschicht meist fehlt spielen Waldbrände eine geringe Rolle. Als bedeutendster Krankheitserreger wird die Zwergmistel Arceuthobium divaricatum angesehen der unter anderem Hexenbesen bildet und den Baum schwächt und in so anfälliger für andere Erreger macht. Der Pilz Cronartium occidentale, die Nadelroste Coleosporium crowellii, Coleosporium jonesii sowie die Nadelschütteerreger Bifusella saccata und Elytroderma deformans werden gelegentlich schädlich. Wurzelfäule wird durch Hallimasche (Armillaria) und Verticicladiella wagenerii ausgelöst. Die beiden Borkenkäferarten Ips confusus und Ips lecontei können in bestimmten Jahren Bestände von mehreren tausend Hektar abtöten. In den Jahren 2002 und 2003 war in den US-Bundesstaaten Arizona, Utah, New Mexico und Colorado ein weiträumiges Massensterben von Pinus edulis zu verzeichnen; durch anhaltende Trockenheit und hohe Temperaturen wurden die Bäume so geschwächt, dass sie von Holzkäfern wie Ips confusus zum Absterben gebracht wurden[3]. Fraßschäden der Laus Matsucoccus acalyptus rufen eine Nadelbräunung hervor. Als Zapfen- und Samenschädlinge sind der Käfer Conophthorus edulis und die Motte Eucosma bobana von wirtschaftlicher Bedeutung. Coleotechnites edulicola miniert die Nadeln, ruft dabei jedoch nur geringe Schäden hervor. Neodiprion edulicola, sowie Arten der Gattungen Contarinia und Janetiella bilden Pflanzengallen an der Nadelbasis welche anscheinend aber keine Schädigung des Baumes hervor rufen. Baumstachler schälen die Rinde von Ästen und Stämmen was in extremen Fällen zum Absterben des Baumes führen kann.

Systematik

Pinus edulis gehört zur Untersektion Cembroides in der Sektion Parrya innerhalb der Untergattung Strobus. In den letzten Jahren wurde die geographisch-genetische Situation von Pinus edulis erforscht. Obwohl innerartliche Unterschiede vorliegen wird die Art nicht in geographische Rassen unterteilt. Ein Synonym für die Art ist Pinus cembroides Zucc. var. edulis (Engelm.) Voss. Natürliche Kreuzungen finden mit der Einblättrigen Kiefer (Pinus monophylla) im westlichen Utah wo sich die Verbreitungsgebiete der beiden Arten überlappen statt. Im nordwestlichen und mittleren Arizona findet man auch natürliche Kreuzungen mit einer Unterart Pinus monophylla subsp. californiarum (D.K.Bailey) Silba.

Quellen

Einzelnachweise

  1. Tropicos. [1]
  2. a b c d e f Silvics of North America
  3. wissenschaft-online.de Hitze führte zu Kiefer-Massensterben
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Pinus edulis: Brief Summary ( German )

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Pinus edulis ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Kiefern (Pinus). Sie ist im westlichen Nordamerika heimisch. Die Art erträgt Trockenheit und bildet große, essbare Samen aus. Die Art zählt wie auch die Einblättrige Kiefer (Pinus monophylla) zur Pflanzengesellschaft der Pinyon-Kiefern. Pinus edulis ist der Staatsbaum des US-Bundesstaates New Mexico.

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Pinus edulis

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Pinus edulis, the Colorado pinyon, two-needle piñon, pinyon pine, or simply piñon,[2] is a pine in the pinyon pine group whose ancestor was a member of the Madro-Tertiary Geoflora[3][a] (a group of drought resistant trees) and is native to the United States.

Distribution and habitat

The range in the U.S. is in Colorado, southern Wyoming, eastern and central Utah, northern Arizona, New Mexico, western Oklahoma, southeastern California, and the Guadalupe Mountains in far western Texas, as well as northern Mexico.[5] It occurs at moderate elevations of 1,600–2,400 metres (5,200–7,900 ft), rarely as low as 1,400 m (4,600 ft) and as high as 3,000 m (9,800 ft). It is widespread and often abundant in this region, forming extensive open woodlands, usually mixed with junipers in the pinyon-juniper woodland plant community. The Colorado pinyon (piñon) grows as the dominant species on 4.8 million acres (19,000 km2 or 7,300 sq mi) in Colorado, making up 22% of the state's forests. The Colorado pinyon has cultural meaning to agriculture, as strong piñon wood "plow heads" were used to break soil for crop planting at the state's earliest known agricultural settlements.

There is one known example of a Colorado pinyon growing amongst Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) and limber pine (Pinus flexilis) at nearly 3,170 metres (10,400 ft) on Kendrick Peak in the Kaibab National Forest of northern Arizona.

Description

The piñon pine (Pinus edulis) is a small to medium size tree, reaching 10–20 feet (3.0–6.1 m) tall and with a trunk diameter of up to 80 centimetres (31 in), rarely more. Its growth is "at an almost inconceivably slow rate" growing only six feet (1.8 meters) in one hundred years under good conditions.[6] for an average growth of 0.72 inch (18 millimeters)per year. The bark is irregularly furrowed and scaly. The leaves ('needles') are in pairs, moderately stout, 3–5.5 cm (1+182+18 in) long, and green, with stomata on both inner and outer surfaces but distinctly more on the inner surface forming a whitish band.

The cones are globose, 3–5 cm (1+14–2 in) long and broad when closed, green at first, ripening yellow-buff when 18–20 months old, with only a small number of thick scales, with typically 5–10 fertile scales. The cones open to 4–6 cm (1+122+14 in) broad when mature, holding the seeds on the scales after opening. The seeds are 10–14 mm (38916 in) long, with a thin shell, a white endosperm, and a vestigial 1–2 mm (132332 in) wing.

The species intermixes with Pinus monophylla sbsp. fallax (see description under Pinus monophylla) for several hundred kilometers along the Mogollon Rim of central Arizona and the Grand Canyon resulting in trees with both single- and two-needled fascicles on each branch. The frequency of two-needled fascicles increases following wet years and decreases following dry years.[7] The internal anatomy of both these needle types are identical except for the number of needles in each fascicle suggesting that Little's 1968 designation [8] of this tree as a variety of Pinus edulis is more likely than its subsequent designation as a subspecies of Pinus monophylla based entirely upon its single needle fascicle.

It is an aromatic species. Essential oil can be extracted from the trunk, limbs, needles, and seed cones. Prominent aromatic compounds from each portion of the tree include α-pinene, sabinene, β-pinene, δ-3-carene, β-phellandrene, ethyl octanoate, longifolene, and germacrene D.[9]

Ecology

The seeds are dispersed by the pinyon jay, which plucks them out of the open cones. The jay, which uses the seeds as a food resource,[10] stores many of the seeds for later use, and some of these stored seeds are not used and are able to grow into new trees. The seeds are also eaten by wild turkey, Montezuma quail, and various mammals.[11]

History

Colorado pinyon was described by George Engelmann in 1848 from collections made near Santa Fe, New Mexico on Alexander William Doniphan's expedition to northern Mexico in 1846.

It is most closely related to the single-leaf pinyon, which hybridises with it occasionally where their ranges meet in western Arizona and Utah. It is also closely related to the Texas pinyon, but is separated from it by a gap of about 100 kilometres (62 mi) so does not hybridise with it.

An isolated population of trees in the New York Mountains of southeast California, previously thought to be Colorado pinyons, have recently been shown to be a two-needled variant of single-leaf pinyon from chemical and genetic evidence. Occasional two-needled pinyons in northern Baja California, Mexico have sometimes been referred to Colorado pinyon in the past, but are now known to be hybrids between single-leaf pinyon and Parry pinyon.

Uses

The edible seeds,[10] pine nuts, are extensively collected throughout its range; in many areas, the seed harvest rights are owned by Native American tribes, for whom the species is of immense cultural and economic importance.[12] They can be stored for a year when unshelled.[11]

Archaeologist Harold S. Gladwin described pit-houses constructed by southwestern Native Americans c. 400–900 CE; these were fortified with posts made from Pinyon trunks and coated with mud.[13]

Colorado pinyon is also occasionally planted as an ornamental tree and sometimes used as a Christmas tree.

The piñon pine (Pinus edulis) is the state tree of New Mexico.

See also

References

  1. ^ This designation has as a part of it a term, 'Tertiary', that is now discouraged as a formal geochronological unit by the International Commission on Stratigraphy.[4]
  1. ^ Farjon, A. (2013). "Pinus edulis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T42360A2975133. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42360A2975133.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ "New Mexico Secretary of State: KID'S Corner". Archived from the original on 2008-05-01. Retrieved 2009-05-09.
  3. ^ Axelrod, Daniel I. (July 1958). "Evolution of the madro-tertiary geoflora" (PDF). The Botanical Review. 24 (7): 433–509. doi:10.1007/BF02872570. S2CID 23776866.
  4. ^ Ogg, James G.; Gradstein, F. M.; Gradstein, Felix M. (2004). A geologic time scale 2004. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-78142-6.
  5. ^ Moore, Gerry; Kershner, Bruce; Craig Tufts; Daniel Mathews; Gil Nelson; Spellenberg, Richard; Thieret, John W.; Terry Purinton; Block, Andrew (2008). National Wildlife Federation Field Guide to Trees of North America. New York: Sterling. p. 92. ISBN 978-1-4027-3875-3.
  6. ^ Rehorn, John T. (Winter–Spring 1997). "The Gift". American Forests. 103 (1): 28 caption.
  7. ^ Cole, Ken; Fisher, Jessica; Arundel, Samantha; Canella, John; Swift, Sandra (2008). "Geographical and climatic limits of needle types of one- and two-needled pinyon pines". Journal of Biogeography. 35 (2): 357–369. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01786.x. PMC 3001037. PMID 21188300.
  8. ^ Little, Elbert (1968). "Two new pinyon varieties from Arizona". Phytologia. 17: 329–342.
  9. ^ Poulson A, Wilson TM, Packer C, Carlson RE, Buch RM. "Essential oils of trunk, limbs, needles, and seed cones of Pinus edulis (Pinaceae) from Utah". Phytologia. 102 (3): 200–207.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ a b Whitney, Stephen (1985). Western Forests (The Audubon Society Nature Guides). New York: Knopf. p. 414. ISBN 0-394-73127-1.
  11. ^ a b Peattie, Donald Culross (1953). A Natural History of Western Trees. New York: Bonanza Books. pp. 68–69.
  12. ^ Fischer, Karen (December 6, 2021). "In New Mexico, Money Grows on Trees". Eater. Retrieved December 6, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  13. ^ Peattie, Donald Culross (1953). A Natural History of Western Trees. New York: Bonanza Books. p. 70.
  • Ronald M. Lanner, 1981. The Piñon Pine: A Natural and Cultural History. University of Nevada Press. ISBN 0-87417-066-4.

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Pinus edulis: Brief Summary

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Pinus edulis, the Colorado pinyon, two-needle piñon, pinyon pine, or simply piñon, is a pine in the pinyon pine group whose ancestor was a member of the Madro-Tertiary Geoflora (a group of drought resistant trees) and is native to the United States.

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Pinus edulis ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Pinus edulis es un árbol que pertenece a la familia de las pináceas, del género Pinus es nativo del suroeste de Estados Unidos y el norte de México. Se clasifica a veces como Pinus cembroides variedad edulis.

Distribución y hábitat

Dentro de Estados Unidos se le llama "Colorado Pinyon" o "Pine Pinyon"; se encuentra principalmente en los estados de Arizona, Utah, Colorado y Nuevo México. Medra en las laderas situadas entre los 1200 y 2400 metros de altitud. A menudo se asocia con Juniperus osteosperma formando un tipo de bosque característico.

Descripción

El tronco alcanza unas dimensiones máximas de 6 metros de altura y 20 cm de diámetro. La corteza oscila entre el gris y el marrón-rojizo, es rugosa y se divide en placas.

Las hojas son acículas de entre 4 y 8 cm de longitud en grupos de 2 unidades. Produce piñas de 6 cm de largo que contienen semillas comestibles.[2][3][4][5]

Pinus edulis es el árbol oficial del estado de Nuevo México (Estados Unidos).

Taxonomía

Pinus edulis fue descrita por George Engelmann y publicado en Memoir of a Tour to Northern Mexico: connected with Col. Doniphan's Expedition in 1846 and 1847 88. 1848.[6]

Etimología

Pinus: nombre genérico dado en latín al pino.[7]

edulis: epíteto latino que significa "comestible".[8]

Sinonimia
  • Caryopitys edulis (Engelm.) Small
  • Pinus cembroides subsp. edulis (Engelm.) A.E.Murray
  • Pinus cembroides var. edulis (Engelm.) Voss
  • Pinus monophylla var. edulis (Engelm.) M.E.Jones[9][10]

Referencias

  1. Conifer Specialist Group (1998). «Pinus edulis». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2006 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 12 de mayo de 2006.
  2. Gymnosperm Database: Pinus edulis
  3. A.Lopez Lillo, J.M. Sánchez de Lorenzo Cáceres: Árboles en España, manual de identificación, 1998, ISBN 84-7114-957-5. Consultado el 25-11-2010
  4. Flora of North America: Pinus edulis. Consultado el 25-11-2010
  5. US Forest Service: Pinus edulis
  6. «Pinus edulis». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultado el 11 de abril de 2013.
  7. En Nombres Botánicos
  8. En Epítetos Botánicos
  9. «Pinus edulis». World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Consultado el 11 de abril de 2013.
  10. Pinus edulis en PlantList

Bibliografía

  1. Correll, D. S. & M. C. Johnston. 1970. Man. Vasc. Pl. Texas i–xv, 1–1881. The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson.
  2. Cronquist, A.J., A. H. Holmgren, N. H. Holmgren & Reveal. 1972. Vascular Plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. 1: 1–271. In A.J. Cronquist, A. H. Holmgren, N. H. Holmgren, J.L. Reveal & P. K. Holmgren (eds.) Intermount. Fl.. Hafner Pub. Co., New York.
  3. Farjon, A. K., J. A. Pérez de la Rosa & B. T. Styles. 1997. Field Guide Pines Mexico Central America 1–147. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  4. Flora of North America Editorial Committee, e. 1993. Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Fl. N. Amer. 2: i–xvi, 1–475.
  5. Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Fl. Great Plains i–vii, 1–1392. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence.
  6. Munz, P. A. 1974. Fl. S. Calif. 1–1086. University of California Press, Berkeley.
  7. Munz, P. A. & D. D. Keck. 1959. Cal. Fl. 1–1681. University of California Press, Berkeley.
  8. Perry, J. P. 1991. Pines Mex. Centr. Amer. 1–231. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon.

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Pinus edulis: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Pinus edulis es un árbol que pertenece a la familia de las pináceas, del género Pinus es nativo del suroeste de Estados Unidos y el norte de México. Se clasifica a veces como Pinus cembroides variedad edulis.

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Pinus edulis ( French )

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Distribution géographique naturelle

Pinus edulis est un arbre appartenant à la famille des Pinacées, au genre Pinus et au groupe de pins à pignons dont l'ancêtre était membre de la Flore Madro-Tertiaire (un groupe d'arbres résistant à la sécheresse) [réf. souhaitée] et est originaire des États-Unis.

Répartition et habitat

Il pousse dans le Colorado, le sud du Wyoming, l'Utah oriental et central, le nord de l'Arizona, le Nouveau-Mexique et les monts de Guadalupe à l'ouest du Texas. [2] Il pousse à des altitudes comprises entre 1 600 et 2 400 mètres, exceptionnellement jusqu'à 1 400 mètres et aussi haut que 3 000 mètres. Il est très répandu et souvent abondant dans cette région, formant de vastes étendues boisées aérées, généralement mélangé avec des genévriers formant la communauté de plantes Pinus edulis-genièvre. Il est l'espèce dominante sur 19 000 kilomètres carrés au Colorado, soit 22 % des forêts de l’État. Il a une signification culturelle dans l'histoire de l'agriculture, son bois dur ayant servi à faire le « pommeau des charrues » utilisées pour briser le sol au début de la colonisation agricole.

Il y a un exemple connu d'une Pinus edulis croissant parmi l'épinette d'Engelmann (Picea engelmannii) et le pin flexible (Pinus flexilis) à près de 3 170 mètres sur le mont Kendrick dans la forêt nationale de Kaibab au Nord de l'Arizona.

Galerie

Notes et références

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 src= Distribution géographique naturelle

Pinus edulis est un arbre appartenant à la famille des Pinacées, au genre Pinus et au groupe de pins à pignons dont l'ancêtre était membre de la Flore Madro-Tertiaire (un groupe d'arbres résistant à la sécheresse) [réf. souhaitée] et est originaire des États-Unis.

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Pinus edulis ( Icelandic )

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Pinus edulis er fura ættuð frá vesturhluta Norður-Ameríku.

Útbreiðsla og búsvæði

Hún vex frá Colorado, suður Wyoming, austur og mið Utah, norður Arizona, Nýja-Mexíkó, vestur Oklahoma, suðaustur Kalifornía, og Guadalupe Mountains vestast í Texas.[2] Hún er meðalhátt til fjalla, í 1600 til 2400m hæð, sjaldan niður að 1400m en fer jafnvel upp í 3000m hæð. Hún er útbreidd og jafnvel algeng á svæðinu, og myndar umfangsmikla opna skóga, oft í bland við eini.

Lýsing

Pinus edulis er lítið til meðalstórt tré, og verður 10 til 20m há, með að 80 sm stofnþvermáli, sjaldan meira. Börkurinn er óreglulega sprunginn og hreistraður. Barrnálarnar eru tvær saman, í meðallagi breiðar, 3 til 5,5 sm langar og grænar, með loftaugum á innri hlið og ytri hlið nálanna en mest á innri hliðinni og mynda hvíta rönd þar. Könglarnir eru hnattlaga, 3 til 5 sm langir og breiðir lokaðir, grænir í fyrstu, og og verða fölgulir við þroska eftir 18 til 20 mánuði, með fáar þykkar köngulskeljar, yfirleitt eru 5 til 10 frjóar (með fræ). Þegar könglarnir opnast við þroska verða þeir 4 til 6 sm breiðir, og haldast fræin á þeim eftir opnun. Fræin eru 10 til 14 mm löng, með þunnri skel, hvítri fræhvítu, og vængstubb um 1-2 mm langan; þeim er dreift af fuglinum Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus, sem tínir fræin úr opnum könglunum. Fuglarnir geyma mörg fræjanna til að nota síðar, og eru þau stundum ekki nýtt og verða að nýjum trjám.

Tegundin blandast við Pinus monophylla sbsp. fallax (sjá lýsingu undir Pinus monophylla) á nokkurra hundruða kílómetra svæði meðfram Mogollon Rim í mið Arizona og Miklugljúfrum sem er orsök trjáa með stökum og tvem nálum saman í búnti á hverri grein. Algengi tveggja nála eykst á rökum árum og minnkar eftir þurr ár.[3] Innri gerð nálanna er nær sú sama sem styður skoðun Little's 1968 [4] á því sem afbrigði af Pinus edulis fremur en undirtegund af Pinus monophylla.

Nytjar

 src=
Könglar P. edulis

Ætum fræjunum (furuhnetur) er mikið safnað um allt útbreiðslusvæðið; á mörgum svæðum er uppskerurétturinn í höndum indíánaættflokka, en tegundin er gríðarmikilvæg efnahagslega og menningarlega.

Pinus edulis er stundum plantað sem skrauttré eða notað sem jólatré.

Pinus edulis er ríkistré Nýju-Mexíkó.[5]

Tilvísanir

  1. A. Farjon (2013). Pinus edulis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2013: e.T42360A2975133. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42360A2975133.en. Sótt 15. janúar 2018.
  2. Moore, Gerry; Kershner, Bruce; Craig Tufts; Daniel Mathews; Gil Nelson; Spellenberg, Richard; Thieret, John W.; Terry Purinton; Block, Andrew (2008). National Wildlife Federation Field Guide to Trees of North America. New York: Sterling. bls. 92. ISBN 1-4027-3875-7.
  3. Cole, Ken; Fisher, Jessica; Arundel, Samantha; Canella, John; Swift, Sandra (2008). „Geographical and climatic limits of needle types of one- and two-needled pinyon pines“. Journal of Biogeography. 35: 357–369. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01786.x. PMC 3001037.
  4. Little, Elbert (1968). „Two new pinyon varieties from Arizona“. Phytologia. 17: 329–342.
  5. „New Mexico Secretary of State: KID'S Corner“. Sótt 9. maí 2009.

Heimildir

  • Ronald M. Lanner, 1981. The Piñon Pine: A Natural and Cultural History. University of Nevada Press. ISBN 0-87417-066-4

.

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Pinus edulis er fura ættuð frá vesturhluta Norður-Ameríku.

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Pinus edulis ( Italian )

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Il pino del Colorado (Pinus edulis Engelm.) è una pianta della famiglia delle Pinaceae, endemica degli Stati Uniti, ove è anche noto con il nome di Pinyon pine.

Descrizione

È un albero di piccola-media taglia che può raggiungere 10–20 m di altezza e con un tronco sino ad 80 cm di diametro.

È geneticamente correlato con il Pinus monophylla, con cui talora dà luogo a ibridizzazione, nelle aree in cui gli areali delle due specie si sovrappongono (Arizona e Utah). È anche strettamente correlato con il pino del Texas (Pinus remota), ma tra i due areali corre una distanza di oltre 100 km, cosicché non sono noti casi di ibridizzazione.

Distribuzione

L'areale di questa specie comprende il Colorado, lo Utah, l'Arizona settentrionale, il Nuovo Messico e le Guadalupe Mountains in Texas.

Cresce ad altitudini comprese tra 1400 e 3000 m, formando dense foreste, spesso in associazione con ginepri.

Usi

I pinoli del P. edulis, che come suggerisce l'epiteto specifico sono commestibili, sono raccolti ampiamente in tutto il suo bacino di distribuzione; in molte aree, il diritto di raccolta dei pinoli è prerogativa delle tribù di nativi americani, per i quali la specie è di notevole importanza economica e culturale.

Il pino del Colorado è anche utilizzato occasionalmente come pianta ornamentale e talora come albero di Natale.

È l'albero simbolo dello stato del Nuovo Messico.

Bibliografia

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Il pino del Colorado (Pinus edulis Engelm.) è una pianta della famiglia delle Pinaceae, endemica degli Stati Uniti, ove è anche noto con il nome di Pinyon pine.

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Pinus edulis ( Polish )

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Pinus edulis Engelm. – gatunek drzewa iglastego z rodziny sosnowatych (Pinaceae). Występuje w USA (Arizona, Kalifornia, Kolorado, Nowy Meksyk, Oklahoma, Teksas, Utah, Wyoming) i Meksyku (Chihuahua).

Morfologia

Pokrój
Krzew lub drzewo o koronie stożkowatej, zaokrąglonej i gęstej.
Pień
Osiąga 21 m wysokości, 60 cm średnicy. Kora czerwonobrązowa, nieregularnie spękana. Gałęzie utrzymują się na pniu czasem aż do jego podstawy.
Liście
Igły osadzone po 2 na krótkopędach, rzadko po 1 lub 3, wygięte ku szczytowi gałązki. Osiągają 2–4 cm długości, 1–1,5 mm grubości.
Szyszki
Szyszki męskie żółtawe do czerwono-brązowych. Szyszki żeńskie jajowate, po otwarciu prawie kuliste, o średnicy (3,5)4(5) cm, żywiczne. Nasiona brązowe, o długości 10–15 mm, bez skrzydełek.

Biologia i ekologia

Drzewo wiecznie zielone, wiatropylne, jednopienne. Szyszki nasienne dojrzewają w ciągu 2 lat od zapylenia, uwalniają nasiona i opadają wkrótce potem. Jedna wiązka przewodząca w liściu. Igły pozostają na drzewie przez 4–6 lat. Siewki wykształcają do 24 liścieni.

Występuje na suchych górskich zboczach, na wysokości 1500–2100 m n.p.m., sporadycznie spotykana do 2700 m.[2]. Spośród sosen z podsekcji Cembroides, tworzących lasy sosnowe na zachodzie Ameryki Północnej, zajmuje stosunkowo najchłodniejsze i najbardziej wilgotne tereny. Towarzyszą jej przedstawiciele rodzaju jałowiec (Juniperus). Lasy te zajmują ok. 14,9 milionów hektarów łącznie na terenie Arizony, Kolorado, Nowego Meksyku u Utah[3]. Na suchych stanowiskach Pinus edulis ustępuje jałowcom i pustynnym zaroślom, na wilgotnych innym drzewom leśnym, np. Pinus ponderosa. Występuje także w lasach, w których dominują: Pinus aristata, Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca, Juniperus scopulorum, Pinus ponderosa subsp. scopulorum, Cupressus arizonica, Quercus spp.

 src=
Sikora górska (Poecile gambeli) na P. edulis, Mather Point, Wielki Kanion Kolorado, Arizona

Nasiona są duże i bez skrzydełek, więc nie mogą być rozsiewane przez wiatr. Roznoszą je ptaki, głównie orzechówka popielata (Nucifraga columbiana), modrosójka czarnogłowa (Cyanocitta stelleri), Aphelocoma ultramarina i Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus. Ptaki gromadzą duże ilości nasion zakopując je w schowkach w ziemi, jako zapas pożywienia na zimę. Część kryjówek nie zostaje wykorzystana i z nasion mogą wyrosnąć nowe drzewa.

Pinus edulis jest razem z P. monophylla głównym gospodarzem rośliny pasożytniczej Arceuthobium divaricatum (pasożyt pędowy). Zainfekowane są głównie populacje w Arizonie, Kolorado, Nowym Meksyku, Teksasie i Utah[4].

Systematyka i zmienność

Synonimy: P. monophylla var. edulis, Caryopitys edulis (Engelm.) Small, P. cembroides Zucc. var. edulis (Engelm.) Voss.

Pozycja gatunku w obrębie rodzaju Pinus[5]:

  • podrodzaj Strobus
    • sekcja Parrya
      • podsekcja Cembroides
        • gatunek P. edulis
 src=
Las sosnowo-jałowcowy w pobliżu Grand Junction, Kolorado

Pinus edulis tworzy mieszańce z sosną jednoigielną (P. monophylla), jednak zasięgi tych gatunków są prawie rozłączne, więc nie zdarza się to często. Mieszańce te spotykane są na wschodnim brzegu Wielkiej Kotliny. W górach New York Mountains we wschodniej Kalifornii na skrajnie wschodnich stanowiskach rosną drzewa pierwotnie sklasyfikowane jako P. edulis, które następnie część botaników uznała za P. monophylla. Opisane zostały także jako gatunek Pinus californiarum D.K. Bailey, i chociaż klasyfikacja ta nie uzyskała szerszej akceptacji, relacja tych drzew z P. edulis i P. monophylla wymaga dalszych badań. P. edulis krzyżuje się również z P. cembroides[2].

Zagrożenia

Międzynarodowa organizacja IUCN umieściła ten gatunek w Czerwonej księdze gatunków zagrożonych, ale przyznała mu kategorię zagrożenia LC (least concern), uznając go za gatunek najmniejszej troski, o niskim ryzyku wymarcia[6]. Klasyfikację tę utrzymano w kolejnym wydaniu księgi w 2013 roku[7].

Zastosowanie

Roślina jadalna
Jadalne nasiona zbierane są przez rdzennych Amerykanów, czasem sprzedawane na lokalnym rynku[3].
Surowiec drzewny
Drewno wykorzystywane było jako budulec, obecnie jako drewno na opał[3].

Obecność w symbolice

Pinus edulis jest symbolem stanu Nowy Meksyk.

Przypisy

  1. P. F. Stevens: PINACEAE (ang.). W: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website [on-line]. 2001–.
  2. a b Christopher J. Earle: Pinus edulis (ang.). W: The Gymnosperm Database [on-line]. [dostęp 2009-09-09].
  3. a b c Russell M. Burns, Barbara H. Honkala. Silvics of North America / v.1, Pinus monticola. „Agriculture Handbook”. 654, 1990. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service (ang.). [dostęp 2009-09-11].
  4. F.G. Hawksworth, D. Wiens. Dwarf mistletoes: Biology, pathology and systematics. „Agriculture Handbook”. 709, 1996. Washington, DC: U.S.D.A. Forest Service (ang.). [dostęp 2009-09-11].
  5. Christopher J. Earle: Pinus (ang.). W: The Gymnosperm Database [on-line]. [dostęp 2009-09-09].
  6. Conifer Specialist Group (1998): Pinus edulis (ang.). W: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.1 [on-line]. [dostęp 2009-09-09].
  7. A. Farjon: Pinus edulis (ang.). W: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1 [on-line]. [dostęp 2013-08-13].
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Pinus edulis Engelm. – gatunek drzewa iglastego z rodziny sosnowatych (Pinaceae). Występuje w USA (Arizona, Kalifornia, Kolorado, Nowy Meksyk, Oklahoma, Teksas, Utah, Wyoming) i Meksyku (Chihuahua).

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Pinus edulis ( Portuguese )

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Pinus edulis é uma espécie de pinheiro originária do Novo Mundo. Faz parte do grupo de espécies de pinheiros com área de distribuição no Canadá e Estados Unidos da América (com excepção das àreas adjacentes à fronteira com o México).[1]

Ver também

Referências

  1. «Pinus edulis» (em inglês). ITIS (www.itis.gov)

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Pinus edulis: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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Pinus edulis é uma espécie de pinheiro originária do Novo Mundo. Faz parte do grupo de espécies de pinheiros com área de distribuição no Canadá e Estados Unidos da América (com excepção das àreas adjacentes à fronteira com o México).

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Pinus edulis ( Ukrainian )

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Поширення

Поширення: США (Аризона, Каліфорнія, Колорадо, Нью-Мексико, Оклахома, Техас, Юта, Вайомінг). Росте на висоті 1500–2100 (-2700) м. Знайдено на сухих гірських схилах, столових горах і плато. P. edulis є деревом штату Нью-Мексико.

Морфологічна характеристика

Однодомні вічнозелені чагарники або дерева, як правило, до 21 м у висоту і 60 см діаметра, крона конічна, округла, щільна. Кора червоно-коричнева, дрібно і нерівномірно борозниста, гребені лускаті, округлі. Бруньки від яйцеподібних до еліпсоїдних, червоно-коричневі, 0,5–1 см, смолисті. Листя по (1-) 2 (-3) в пучку, зберігаються 4–6 років, розміром 20–40 × (0,9-) 1–1,5 мм, синьо-зелені, є бліді жилкові смуги, вершина від вузько-гострої до шиловидної. Пилкові шишки еліпсоїдні, бл. 7 мм, від жовтуватого до червоно-коричневого кольору. Шишки зріють 2 роки, незабаром після втрати насіння падають, симетричні, яйцевидні, а перед відкриттям від зменшено-яйцеподібних до майже кулястих, у відкритому вигляді розмір бл. (3,5) 4 (-5) см, від блідо-жовтого до блідо-червоно-коричневого кольору, смолисті, майже сидячі на короткій ніжці. Насіння в основному від еліпсоїдного до оберненояйцевидного; тіло 10–15 мм, коричневе, безкриле. 2n = 24

Використання

Найбільш поширеним використанням даного виду є використання для опалення. Погана форма росту з точки зору лісівника робить деревину непридатною для виробництва пиломатеріалів. Найбільшу цінність представляє їстівне насіння, яке користується великим попитом і є делікатесом. Садівнича цінність обмежена, хоча в деяких місцевостях молоді дерева заготовляють як новорічні ялинки.

Загрози та охорона

Хоча вид має широке поширення, він знаходиться під загрозою у багатьох місцях у зв'язку з „покращенням площ“ для випасу великої рогатої худоби та овець, в результаті чого видалений або зменшені площі лісу на великих площах. За останнє десятиліття неодноразові засухи, в поєднанні зі спалахами збільшення соснових короїдів привели до загибелі багатьох тисяч гектарів соснових лісів. Цей вид зустрічається в декількох ПОТ, серед яких відомі національні парки.

Посилання

Галерея

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Pinus edulis ( Vietnamese )

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Pinus edulis là một loài thực vật hạt trần trong họ Thông. Loài này được Engelm. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1848.[1]

Chú thích

  1. ^ The Plant List (2010). Pinus edulis. Truy cập ngày 9 tháng 8 năm 2013.

Liên kết ngoài


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến Bộ Thông này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Pinus edulis: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Pinus edulis là một loài thực vật hạt trần trong họ Thông. Loài này được Engelm. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1848.

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Сосна съедобная ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Растения
Подцарство: Зелёные растения
Отдел: Хвойные
Класс: Хвойные
Порядок: Сосновые
Семейство: Сосновые
Род: Сосна
Вид: Сосна съедобная
Международное научное название

Pinus edulis Engelm., 1880

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ITIS 183336NCBI 3340EOL 999838IPNI 196975-2TPL kew-2561911

Сосна съедо́бная[1], или Сосна́ колора́дская (лат. Pínus édulis) — вид вечнозелёных деревьев рода Сосна семейства Сосновые.

Английское общеупотребительное название растения — Colorado Pinyon.

Распространение и экология

В естественных условиях растёт в Северной Америке, широко распространена в США (Колорадо, Юта, Аризона, Техас). Встречается на высотах от 1 600 до 2 400 м, в редких случаях на высотах 1 400 м и выше чем 3 000 м над уровнем моря.

Ботаническое описание

Достигает 10—20 м в высоту. Диаметр ствола до 80 см.

Иглы у дерева парные, 3—5,5 см в длину.

Значение и применение

Древесина устойчива против гниения, имеет хорошие механические свойства.

Примечания

  1. Русское название таксона — согласно следующему изданию:
    Шрётер А. И., Панасюк В. А. Словарь названий растений = Dictionary of Plant Names / Межд. союз биол. наук, Нац. к-т биологов России, Всерос. ин-т лек. и ароматич. растений Рос. сельскохоз. академии; Под ред. проф. В. А. Быкова. — Koenigstein: Koeltz Scientific Books, 1999. — С. 574. — 1033 с. — ISBN 3-87429-398-X.
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Сосна съедобная: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Сосна съедо́бная, или Сосна́ колора́дская (лат. Pínus édulis) — вид вечнозелёных деревьев рода Сосна семейства Сосновые.

Английское общеупотребительное название растения — Colorado Pinyon.

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