Pharaoh Ant

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Mravenec faraon (Monomorium pharaonis) je asi 2 mm velký, žlutý nebo světle hnědý druh mravence.

Popis

Jde o velmi známého domácího škůdce. Původně pochází z Indonésie či Afriky, v současnosti se vyskytuje po celém světě. Mravenec je teplomilný, proto se zdržuje ve vytápěných domácnostech. Na rozdíl od většiny jiných druhů mravenců se v jedné kolonii vyskytuje více královen (2 až 200).^[zdroj?] Jedna královna žije pouze tři měsíce, což je nejkratší známá doba u mravenců.^[zdroj?] Kolonie může mít stovky tisíc jedinců.^[zdroj?] Sousední kolonie spolu navzájem nesoupeří, což rovněž není u mravenců běžné.^[zdroj?]

Potrava

Mravenci faraon jsou všežraví, dokážou se přiživit na všem, co v domácnostech najdou, od sladkých potravin až po krmiva pro zvířata. Nejraději mají potravu bílkovinnou, takže se často pouští do masa, ať už syrového nebo tepelně upraveného.

Škodlivost a likvidace

Mravenec faraon je nebezpečný zejména vinou roznášení chorob a kontaminace potravin. Nelze jej hubit insekticidy, toto počínání je rozežene po celém objektu. Je možné přerušit cestičky mravenců medem, zubní pastou či lepidlem, anebo je posypat prostředky k tomu určeným či sypkou kyselinou boritou. Mravenci, již přijdou do kontaktu s kontaminovanou plochou, donesou do hnízda na svých tělíčkách použitou chemikálii a otráví královnu. ^[zdroj?] V objektu může být hnízd mnoho, proto je třeba návnadu rozmístit na různá místa.

Literatura

• HÖLLDOBLER, Bert, WILSON, Edward O. Cesta k mravencům. Praha: Academia 1997. ISBN 80-200-0612-5.

Externí odkazy

• Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu mravenec faraon ve Wikimedia Commons
• Mravenec faraon | způsob života, potrava, zdravotní rizika, ochrana, hubení | studentský projekt atlas škůdců

Die Pharaoameise (Monomorium pharaonis) ist eine der kleinsten Ameisenarten und gehört zur Unterfamilie der Knotenameisen (Myrmicinae). Sie ist ursprünglich in Asien beheimatet und wurde im 19. Jahrhundert in Europa eingeschleppt. Sie lebt vorrangig in Gebäuden mit gleichbleibend hoher Temperatur und wird als Krankheitsüberträger bekämpft.

Pharaoameisenbefall

Merkmale

Die Arbeiterinnen sind 2 mm lang, bernsteingelb und haben eine dunkle Hinterleibspitze. Auf dem Verbindungsstiel zwischen Brust und Hinterleib finden sich zwei auffällige Höcker. Die Männchen sind etwas größer und schwarz gefärbt. Die Königin ist bis zu 4,5 Millimeter groß und etwas dunkler als die Arbeiterinnen. Die Nester ihrer Kolonien legt die Pharaoameise an gut versteckten Stellen im Mauerwerk an. Dabei wird die wärmste Stelle im Haus bevorzugt. Ein Nest enthält immer mehrere Königinnen. Ungestörte Populationen können aus über 300.000 Einzeltieren bestehen. Wird eine Kolonie zu groß, werden Tochterkolonien angelegt, die am Anfang noch mit der Mutterkolonie in Verbindung stehen, sich aber später auch verselbständigen können. Die Pharaoameise ist ein Allesfresser und bevorzugt zucker- und stark eiweißhaltige Stoffe, ernährt sich aber auch von allen Arten von Lebensmitteln. Anders als die in Mitteleuropa einheimischen Ameisen ist die Pharaoameise das ganze Jahr über aktiv.

Vorkommen

Die Pharaoameise kann in den gemäßigten Breiten nur an warmen Orten wie geheizten Räumen überleben, den Winter könnte sie nicht im Freien überleben. Daher lebt sie vorrangig in Gebäuden mit gleichbleibend hoher Temperatur, z. B. Krankenhäuser, Großküchen, Treibhäuser, Bäckereien oder ähnlichem. Sie lebt auch in Privathaushalten.

Verbreitung

Die eigentliche Heimat der Pharaoameise ist Asien, woher sie im 19. Jahrhundert durch Verkehr und Handel nach Europa eingeschleppt wurde. Ihre ursprüngliche Herkunft wird in Ostindien vermutet. Heutzutage ist sie ein weltweit verbreiteter Kulturfolger.

Wirkungsschäden

Die Pharaoameise kann in Krankenhäusern unter Wundverbände von Patienten kriechen, da sie von Blut und Eiter angelockt wird. Wegen ihrer geringen Größe und ihrer Vorliebe für Ritzen und Spalten kann sie zudem in medizinische Geräte wie Kanülen, Katheter etc. eindringen und diese dadurch verunreinigen. Da sie auch Krankheiten übertragen kann, stellt die Pharaoameise ein ernstzunehmendes Problem in Krankenhäusern dar und wird deshalb bekämpft.

Die Ameisen können auch in Computer eindringen, da sie durch die günstigen Temperaturen angelockt werden. Dort können sie Systemabstürze und Elektrobrände verursachen.

Die Bekämpfung der Pharaoameise ist wegen der versteckten Lage der Nester schwierig. Das Abtöten der Arbeiterinnen mit sofort wirkenden Insektiziden hat wenig Wirkung, da die Verluste von den Königinnen im Nest schnell wieder ersetzt werden. Daher werden die Pharaoameisen nur mit Fraßgiften bekämpft, die auch ins Nest getragen und dort an die Königin und die Brut verfüttert werden.

Pharaoameise in Größenrelation

Namen

Der Name der Pharaoameise beruht auf der irrtümlichen Verbindung ihres Auftretens mit den ägyptischen Plagen.

Literatur

• M. Ludwig, H. Gebhardt, H. W. Ludwig, S. Schmidt-Fischer: Neue Tiere & Pflanzen in der heimischen Natur. Einwandernde Arten erkennen und bestimmen. BLV München 2000, ISBN 3-405-15776-5

Weblinks

– Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien

• Informationen zur Infektionsgefahr durch exotische Ameisen bei Ameisenwiki

The pharaoh ant (Monomorium pharaonis) is a small (2 mm) yellow or light brown, almost transparent ant notorious for being a major indoor nuisance pest, especially in hospitals.^[1] A cryptogenic species, it has now been introduced to virtually every area of the world, including Europe, the Americas, Australasia and Southeast Asia. It is a major pest in the United States, Australia, and Europe.^[2][3]

This species is polygynous—each colony contains many queens—leading to unique caste interactions and colony dynamics. This also allows the colony to fragment into bud colonies quickly.

Pharaoh ants are a tropical species, but they also thrive in buildings almost anywhere, even in temperate regions provided central heating is present.

Physical characteristics

A pharaoh ant worker near the tip of a ball point pen

Pharaoh workers are about 1.5 to 2 millimeters long, a little more than 1/16-inch. They are light yellow to reddish brown in color with a darker abdomen. Pharaoh ant workers have a non-functional stinger used to generate pheromones.^[4] The petiole (narrow waist between the thorax and abdomen) has two nodes and the thorax has no spines. Pharaoh ant eyesight is poor and they possess on average 32 ommatidia.^[5] The antennal segments end in a distinct club with three progressively longer segments.

Males are about 3mm long, black, winged (but do not fly). Queens are dark red and 3.6–5mm long. They initially have wings that are lost soon after mating, but do not fly.^[6]

Life cycle

The pharaoh ant queen can lay hundreds of eggs in her lifetime. Most lay 10 to 12 eggs per batch in the early days of egg production and only four to seven eggs per batch later. At 27 °C (80 °F) and 80 percent relative humidity, eggs hatch in five to seven days. The larval period is 18 to 19 days, pre-pupal period three days and pupal period nine days. About four more days are required to produce sexual female and male forms. From egg to sexual maturity, it takes the pharaoh ant about 38 to 45 days, depending on temperature and relative humidity. They breed continuously throughout the year in heated buildings and mating occurs in the nest. Mature colonies contain several queens, winged males, workers, eggs, larvae, pre-pupae and pupae.^[3]

Colony proliferation

Each colony produces sexually reproductive individuals roughly twice a year. However, colonies raised in a laboratory can be manipulated to produce sexuals at any time of year. Colonies proliferate by "budding"^[3] (also called "satelliting" or "fractionating"), where a subset of the colony including queens, workers and brood (eggs, larvae and pupae) leave the main colony for an alternative nest site.

Pharaoh ant colonies appear to prefer familiar nests to novel nests while budding. This suggests the ability for colonies to remember certain qualities of their living space. However, if the novel (unfamiliar) nest is of superior quality, the colony may initially move toward the familiar, but will eventually select the unfamiliar. The colony assumes the familiar nest is preferable, unless they sense better qualities in the novel nest. This decision-making process seeks to minimize the time the colony is without a nest while optimizing the nest the colony finally chooses.^[7]

Monomorium pharaonis worker with single sugar crystal

The number of available budding locations has a large effect on colony fragmentation. A large number of bud nests results in small colony fragments, indicating that the colony has the ability to control size and caste ratios. However, a minimum group size of 469 individuals appears preferred by the species. Amount of fragmentation does not have an effect on food distribution. After budding, nest units do not compete for resources, but rather act cooperatively. This is evolutionarily explained by the high amount of genetic relatedness among these nest units. In addition, major disturbances to the central nest cause the colony to abandon it and flee to a bud nest. Thus, nest units may exchange individuals after budding occurs, further explaining their cooperative behavior.^[8]

In Australia, Monomorium species is particularly successful. This fact is particularly curious because of the presence of a very aggressive ant family, Iridomyrmex, which is quite proficient at interference competition. Iridomyrmex ants are able to quickly seek out food sources and prevent other ant species from reaching them. However, unlike other ant species, Monomorium species, despite their unaggressive nature and small size, are able to thrive even in areas where Iridomyrmex dominates. This success can be attributed to their efficient foraging strategy, and their novel use of venom alkaloids, repellant chemical signals. With these two behaviors, Monomorium species can rapidly monopolize and defend food sources.^[9]

Pheromones

Close-up.

Pharaoh ants utilize three types of pheromones. One is a long-lasting attractive chemical that is used to build a trail network. It remains detectable even if the ants do not use the trail for several days. Pharaoh ants cease activity at night and begin each day of work at around 8 am, yet parts of the trail network are identical each day.^[10] The second pheromone is also attractive, but will decay to imperceptible amounts in a matter of minutes without reapplication. This pheromone is useful in marking food sources, as these are unpredictable and the colony must be able to respond to environmental changes quickly. Individuals will not waste their time on an unprofitable trail route. The third pheromone is a repellant.^[11] Pharaoh ants were the first species found to use a negative trail pheromone. If an individual finds an unprofitable area with little food or significant danger, it will release this repellant pheromone, which will warn others and cause them to look elsewhere. While positive pheromones indicating lucrative foraging sites are very common in social insects, the pharaoh ant's negative pheromone is highly unusual.^[12] Like the food source marker, the negative pheromone is volatile, decaying roughly two hours after being emitted. It may even be insecticidal in some cases.^[10] It is so powerful that an individual can detect it from 30 millimetres (1.2 in) away. Pharaoh ants utilize this pheromone near forks in the trail network, and an ant that detects it will begin to walk in a zigzag manner.^[11]

Both the attractive and repellent pheromones are utilized in the decision-making an ant must make while foraging. The repellent pheromone is especially useful in the repositioning of trails after a new food source has been introduced. It also helps prevent ants from concentrating on an undesirable trail. Thus, the repellant pheromone makes the pharaoh ant a particularly efficient forager.^[13] Despite their extreme importance, there is an adaptive value to using pheromones sparingly, as it streamlines communication during important decision-making situations, such as a nest migration.^[14]

Foraging

Pharaoh ants use a positive feedback system of foraging. Each morning, scouts will search for food. When one finds it, it will instantly return to the nest. This causes several ants to follow the successful scout's trail back to the food source. Soon, a large group will be upon the food. Scouts are thought to use both chemical and visual cues to remain aware of the nest location and find their way.^[15] If the colony is exploring a new region, they employ a land rush tactic, in which a large number of foragers randomly search, constantly releasing pheromones.^[10]

Even though M. pharaonis is most often thought an indoor pest, foraging has been found to be more prevalent outside. Even inside colonies were found to forage close to windows, indicating a propensity for outdoor environment.^[1]

Trails

Even though scouts search independently, they use a distinct trail system that remains somewhat constant from day to day. The system consists of one to four trunk routes. Every scout uses one of these trunks in the beginning and end of its food search. In this way, the trunks get continuous chemical reinforcement and do not change much. Each trunk divides into many branch routes. These will change based on food availability.^[15]

The organization of foraging trails is strongly affected by the health of the colony and the availability of food. Food deprivation induces a higher amount of foraging ant traffic, compared to a non-deprived population. If a food source is presented to the food deprived colony, this traffic was further increased, an indication of the pharaoh ant's recruitment tactic. If food is not present, a colony will extend its trails to a wider radius around the nest. Logically, number of trails and forager traffic is largest near a food source.^[16]

While pheromones explain the pharaoh ant's foraging ability, each forager's capability to find its way back to the nest requires a different explanation. In fact, the pharaoh ant relies on geometry to show it the way home. Each fork in the trail system spreads at an angle between 50 and 60 degrees. When returning to the nest, a forager that encounters a fork will almost always take the path that deviates less from its current direction. In other words, it will never choose an acute angle that would drastically change its direction. Using this algorithm, each forager is able to find its way back to the nest. If the fork angle is experimentally increased to an angle between 60 and 120 degrees, M. pharaonis foragers were significantly less able to find their nest. This method of decision-making reduces the wasted energy that would result from traveling in the wrong direction and contributes to the pharaoh ant's efficiency in foraging.^[17]

Feeding

Upon scouts’ return with food, the queens will attempt to beg for their share. Depending on food availability and each individual's condition, a scout may refuse the queen's entreaties and even run away from her.^[18] The decision of an individual to give up food to the queen may be beneficial in situations of plentiful food, as a healthy queen can reproduce and propagate the colony's genes. However, when food is highly scarce, an individual's own survival can outweigh this potential benefit. She will therefore refuse to give up food.

A queen may also feed on secretions from larvae. This creates a positive feedback loop in which more larvae will provide more food to queens who can in turn produce more larvae.^[19]

If a large amount of larvae results in a surplus of secretions, pharaoh ants will store the excess in the gasters of a unique caste, the replete workers. Members of this group have enormous gasters and can regurgitate their stored food when needed. In this way, the colony has a cushion against food shortages.^[20]

Pharaoh ants have a sophisticated strategy for food preference. They implement two related behaviors. The first is known as satiation. The workers will at first show a strong preference for a particular food type. However, if this food is offered alone, with no other options, for several weeks, workers will afterward show a distinct preference for a different type of food. In this way, the ants become satiated on a certain food group and will change their decision. The second behavior is called alternation. If given the continuous choice between food groups, pharaoh ants will tend to alternate between carbohydrate-rich foods and protein-rich foods. These satiation and alternation behaviors are evolutionarily adaptive. The decision to vary the type of food consumed ensures that the colony maintains a balanced diet.^[21] Edwards & Abraham 1990's result is appropriate for highly competitive environments, and consistent with a high intake:expenditure ratio.^[22]

Caste system

Monomorium pharaonis, similar to other invasive ants, is polygynous, meaning its colonies contain many queens (up to 200). It is hypothesized that polygyny leads to lower levels of nestmate recognition in comparison to monogynous species due to the expected higher levels of genetic diversity. Because these colonies lack nestmate recognition, there is no hostility between neighbouring colonies, which is known as unicoloniality.^[23]

Many invasive ants display unicoloniality. The adaptive value of this nonaggression among colonies has to do with avoiding unnecessary injury and allowing proper resource allocation, ensuring success for all the colonies. Low nestmate recognition, caused in part by polygyny, also has a biochemical basis in M. pharaonis. Cuticular hydrocarbons are compounds, often found on antennae, that allow for communication in many social insects. In ant species, these compounds play an especially key role in nestmate recognition. Differences in cuticular hydrocarbons are detected by other ant species, who respond accordingly. However, all pharaoh ant colonies have the same hydrocarbons on their antennae. This leads to ineffective nestmate recognition, and nonaggression between colonies.^[23]

Dorsal view of an alate pharaoh ant

Pharaoh ant colonies contain many queens. The ratio of queens to workers is variable and dependent on the size of the colony. An individual colony normally contains 1,000–2,500 workers, but often a high density of nests gives the impression of massive colonies. In a small colony, there will be more queens relative to workers. In addition, individuals will be larger than those in a more populous colony.^[24] This ratio is controlled by the workers in the colony. Larvae that will produce workers have characteristic hairs all over them, while larvae that will produce sexual males or females are bare. It is thought that workers can use these distinguishing features to identify larvae. Workers may cannibalize larvae in order to ensure a favorable caste ratio. This decision to cannibalize is largely determined by the present caste ratio. If plenty of fertile queens are present, for example, the workers may eat sexual larvae. The caste ratios are controlled in an attempt to maximize the growth of the colony.^[25] For example, in a small colony, the ratio of queens to workers is increased. This in turn increases the potential for reproduction, allowing colony growth. Conversely, in a large colony, the high worker to queen ratio maximizes the foraging capacity of the nest, helping sustain the population size.^[24]

Nest demographic

The Pharaoh ant is a polygynous species that has a relatively low worker to queen ratio of around 12.86. This allows the pharaoh ants to be able to exert social control over the size of the colony and the size of each caste. In the average nest, there are around 170 ± 8 queens, which comprises around 5.2% of the total population, whereas there are around 2185 ± 49 workers, which make up around 66.6% of the population. This low worker to queen ratio is usually associated with swift changes in the nest and may be why pharaoh ants form many new nest buds quickly.^[26] To branch out and form a new bud nest, pharaoh ants need a minimum of 469 ± 28 individuals, which explains how they proliferate so quickly.^[27]

Reproduction

Mating for pharaoh ants occurs within the nests with males that are usually not from the colony which ensures genetic diversity. The queen can typically produce eggs in batches of 10 to 12 at once, but can lay up to 400 eggs every time she mates. The eggs that are produced take up to 42 days to mature from an egg to an adult. Each queen within the nest lives between 4 and 12 months.^[28]

During copulation, sperm is transferred from male to female inside a spermatophore. There are several theories regarding the adaptive value of using a spermatophore. It contains certain chemicals that may inhibit the female's sex drive. Alternatively, it may physically plug the female's gonophore. In either explanation, the spermatophore prevents the female from reproducing with another male. In essence, the use of a spermatophore is evolutionarily favorable because it increases the probability of the male's genetic code being transferred to subsequent generations by lessening potential competition from other males.^[29]

Pharaoh ant copulation, like that of many social insects, is harmful to the female. The penis valve contains sharp teeth, which latch onto a thick, soft cuticular layer in the female. This method of copulation too has an evolutionary basis. The teeth ensure sex lasts long enough for sufficient sperm transfer. Also, the pain caused to the female may, in some ways, lessen her desire to mate again.^[29]

Queen–worker relationship

When the queen ant first moves to a new nest, she will rear the first group of workers. Once a worker threshold has been reached, resources will then be invested into new males and queens. When a new nest is formed, queens are not a necessity; workers can raise new queens after finding a suitable nest site.^[24][27]

In pharaoh ant colonies new males and queen ants can be produced when the existing fertile queen is removed. When queens are absent, the workers in the nest can do two things: either rear existing sexual larvae or transport sexual larvae from other bud nests or from the main nest to its own nest. However, when there are fertile queens still within the nest, the worker ants will cannibalize the sexual larvae and will either reject or consume sexual larvae from other nests. On the other hand, the worker ants will always accept and nurture worker larvae from other nests.^[25][30] Furthermore, according to Schmidt et al., polygamous species such as pharaoh ants will have higher resource allocations towards the female caste instead of the worker caste to ensure rapid growth of new budding colonies.^[24]

Colony interaction

When social ants encounter ants from another colony, behavior can be either aggressive or non-aggressive. Aggressive behavior is very commonly seen; the attacking worker usually bites the opponent at the petiole. In non-aggressive behavior, antennation occurs when the two ants meet. In the case of Monomorium pharaonis, behavior is almost always non-aggressive even when the ants are from different colonies and of different castes.^[31] Very few cases exist where aggressive behavior is seen in these ants.

Washing

After foraging, pharaoh ants will wash themselves when a worker enters the cell. Pharaoh ants will also wash after a long feed. It has been proposed that washing has a hygienic value, keeping the nest area clean, staving off disease and disorder. Right before workers leave to forage, they also may wash themselves. However, in this instance the behavior is extremely violent, often causing the ants to fall over. It is thought that here, the washing behavior has no hygienic value and instead may be a displacement activity, a sign that the ants are deliberating whether or not to exit the nest.^[18]

Invasiveness and extermination

Budding is a major factor underlying the invasiveness of pharaoh ants. A single seed colony can populate a large office block, almost to the exclusion of all other insect pests, in less than six months. Elimination and control are difficult because multiple colonies can consolidate into smaller colonies during extermination programs only to repopulate later.

Pharaoh ants have become a serious pest in almost every type of building. They can feed on a wide variety of foods including grease, sugary foods, and dead insects. They can also gnaw holes in silk, rayon and rubber goods. Nests can be very small, making detection even more difficult.^[2] They are usually found in wall voids, under floors, or in various types of furniture.^[2] In homes, they are often found foraging in bathrooms or near food.^[3]

It is recommended not to attempt extermination using insecticidal sprays and dusts because they will cause the pharaoh ants to scatter and colonies to split, although non-repellent residual insecticides have been reported to be effective.^[32]

The recommended method to eliminate pharaoh ants is by the use of baits attractive to the species. Modern baits use insect growth regulators (IGRs) as the active substance; the ants are attracted to the bait by its food content, and take it back to the nest. Over a period of weeks the IGR prevents the production of worker ants and sterilizes the queen. Renewing the baits once or twice may be necessary.^[32]

Pharaoh and other ants have also been exterminated with baits of 1% boric acid and sugar water.^[33]

See also

• Argentine ant, another known pest species

References

Faraona formiko (Monomorium pharaonis) estas proksimume 2 mm granda, flava aŭ hele bruna specio de formiko. Temas pri tre konata hejma damaĝanto. Origine ĝi devenas el Indonezio aŭ el okcidenta Afriko, nuntempe ĝi troviĝas en la tuta mondo.

Diference de plimulto de aliaj formikaj specioj en unu kolonio de faraonoj troviĝas pli da reĝinoj (de 2 ĝis 200). La reĝino vivas sole tri monatojn, kio estas la plej mallonga konata tempo ĉe la formikoj. Unu kolonio povas havi centojn da miloj da unuopuloj. La najbaraj kolonioj komune reciproke ne rivalas, kio ankaŭ ne estas ĉe la formikoj kutima.

Formiko faraono estas danĝera precipe pro disportado de malsanoj kaj poluigo de nutraĵoj.

Vaaraosipelgas (Monomorium pharaonis) on kiletiivaliste seltsi kuuluv putukaliik.

Putukat on ka Eestis.^[1]

Viited

Välislingid

• Vaaraosipelgas andmebaasis eElurikkus

Faaraomuurahainen (Monomorium pharaonis) on pienikokoinen hiekanjyvän värinen muurahainen, joka on saapunut Suomeen todennäköisesti jostain lämpimästä maasta. Faaraomuurahaista pidetään tuhoeläimenä, sillä se mm. saastuttaa elintarvikkeita ja levittää sairaaloissa erilaisia tauteja. Muurahaisen hävittäminen on vaikeaa, sillä useimmat hyönteismyrkyt eivät yllä sen pesään.

Ulkonäkö ja koko

Työläis-faaraomuurahainen on 2 mm pitkä, hiekankeltainen muurahainen. Sen takaruumiin kärki on tumma.^[1] Koiraat ovat saman kokoisia, mutta mustia. Kuningatar on noin 4 mm pitkä, ja jonkun verran tummempi kuin työläiset.^[2]

Levinneisyys

Faaraomuurahaiset ovat kotoisin tropiikista, mutta levinneet ihmisen mukana laajalle. Faaraomuurahainen lisääntyy vain kun lämpötila on yli +18 astetta, eli kylmän ilmaston maissa se majailee mielellään lämmitetyissä rakennuksissa.^[1]

Elintavat

Faaraomuutahaiset syövät eläinperäistä ruokaa kuten kuolleita hyönteisiä ja ulosteita.^[1] Toisin kuin mauriaiset, ne suosivat proteiinipitoista ravintoa kuten liha ja veri.^[3]

Faaraomuurahainen saattaa tehdä pesänsä pieniinkin rakoihin. Yhdyskuntaan kuuluu kunigatar ja joitakin työläisiä.^[1]

Lähteet

Aiheesta muualla

• Rentokil: Faaraomuurahainen (Monomorium pharaonis) ^{[vanhentunut linkki]}
• ITIS: Monomorium pharaonis (englanniksi)
• Pherobase: Semiochemicals of Monomorium pharaonis, the Pharaoh's ant (englanniksi)

Monomorium pharaonis

La Fourmi pharaon, Monomorium pharaonis, est une espèce de petits insectes de la famille des Formicidés.

C'est une espèce envahissante devenue pratiquement cosmopolite. Malgré ce que son nom pourrait suggérer, elle n'est pas originaire d'Égypte (mais plus probablement d'Afrique occidentale).

En climat tempéré, elle ne survit qu'à l'intérieur des bâtiments chauffés. Elle affectionne tout spécialement les serres tropicales et aussi les hôpitaux et autres établissements médico-sociaux, les restaurants d'entreprise, etc.

Elle multiplie ses colonies par bourgeonnement, à l'instar de presque toutes les autres fourmis invasives de petite taille (par exemple la fourmi d'Argentine (Linepithema humile), la petite fourmi de feu (Wasmannia auropunctata)), chaque nid « satellite » comprenant plusieurs reines pondeuses, ce qui rend son éradication très difficile une fois qu'elle est installée en nombre. On peut cependant contrôler sa croissance par des campagnes répétées d'appâts empoisonnés.

Contrairement à la petite fourmi de feu (Wasmannia auropunctata) qui lui ressemble superficiellement, la fourmi pharaon ne pique pas. Elle ne possède qu'un aiguillon atrophié, beaucoup trop faible pour percer la peau humaine.

Systématique

L'espèce Monomorium Pharaonis a été décrite pour la première fois par Carl Von Linné en 1758^[1].

Taille des spécimens

Les ouvrières de cette espèce sont des femelles stériles qui mesurent entre 1,5 et 2,5 mm de long. Les reines, plus grosses et plus foncées, mesurent entre 3,5 et 5 mm^[2]. On compte plusieurs reines dans une même colonie, ainsi c'est une espèce polygyne. Les mâles mesurent environ 2,8 mm. Les reines et les mâles adultes portent des ailes à l'émergence^[2].

Répartition géographique

On trouve cette fourmi presque partout dans le monde. Probablement originaire d'Afrique tropicale, elle aurait été introduite en Amérique du Nord à partir de l'Europe^[2].

Méthode pour retrouver leur colonie

Selon une étude publié dans Nature, cette espèce se remet à la géométrie pour retrouver leur chemin^[3]. En effet, deux chercheurs en informatique et un entomologiste de l'université de Sheffield (situé en Grande-Bretagne) ont analysé la manière dont ces fourmis retrouvent leur chemin^[3]. Couramment, les fourmis (certaines d'entre elles privées de vue) utilisent des phéromones. Néanmoins, En 1993, une autre étude espagnole avait montré que les réseaux de quatre espèces de fourmis présentaient invariablement un angle entre deux nouveaux embranchements compris entre 50° et 60°. Il en est de même pour les pistes de phéromones des fourmis pharaons. Francis Ratnieks, l’entomologiste qui a dirigé l'étude a déclaré que : « C'est la régularité de cet angle qui nous a fait penser que les fourmis pourraient s'en servir pour distinguer le bon chemin, celui qui leur permet de se rendre au nid de celui qui les en écarte »^[3].

Notes et références

Références taxinomiques

• (fr+en) Référence ITIS : Monomorium pharaonis
• (en) Référence NCBI : Monomorium pharaonis (taxons inclus)

Is feithid é an seangán forainn. Ball d'fhine na Formicidae atá ann.

Is síol ainmhí é an t-alt seo. Cuir leis, chun cuidiú leis an Vicipéid.
Má tá alt níos forbartha le fáil i dteanga eile, is féidir leat aistriúchán Gaeilge a dhéanamh.

De gele faraomier (Monomorium pharaonis) is een mier die oorspronkelijk uit de tropen komt, maar door handel over een groot deel van de wereld verspreid is. Gele faraomieren zijn sociale insecten die in staten leven. Gele faraomieren zijn polygyn wat inhoudt dat er meerdere koninginnen (2 tot 400) per kolonie aanwezig zijn. Daarnaast zijn er ook zo'n 1000 tot 2500 werksters per kolonie. De werksters zijn 2,2 tot 2,6 mm lang, ze zijn bruingeel en hebben een donker achterlijf. Koninginnen worden tussen de 3,5 en 4,8 mm lang, zijn bruingeel en hebben een donkere kop. De mannetjes zijn donkerbruin van kleur met lichtgele poten en antennes. Ook hebben mannetjes vleugels. Gele faraomieren hebben geen soldaatkaste en de poppen zijn naakt en wit van kleur. In tegenstelling tot de meeste mierensoorten hebben gele faraomieren geen herkenning van nestgenoten, dus kunnen kolonies dicht bij elkaar leven zonder elkaar aan te vallen.

De soort is ingedeeld in de onderfamilie knoopmieren (Myrmicinae).^[1][2] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1758 door Linnaeus.

Overlast

Omdat gele faraomieren zo klein zijn en in grote koloniën leven, zijn ze in sommige plaatsen een echte plaag geworden. Vooral in ziekenhuizen kunnen ze voor veel overlast zorgen. Ze klimmen in elektronische apparatuur en eten van open wonden.^[bron?] Verder verspreiden ze parasieten en bacteriën.^[bron?] De enige efficiënte manier om deze plaagdieren in Nederland te bestrijden, is met gif, zoals mierenlokdozen. De reguliere mierenlokdozen, zoals te koop bij de drogist, zijn echter niet werkzaam bij de bestrijding van de faraomier. Derhalve dient men een speciale mierenlokdoos ter bestrijding van gele faraomieren aan te schaffen.

Deze mogen echter sinds 29 september 2007 niet meer verkocht worden, maar mochten nog wel tot een jaar na die datum gebruikt worden. De inhoud van de doosjes bevatte de giftige stof hydramethylnon, maar mieren konden dat overleven door het opsplitsen van kolonies. Met spuitmiddelen (zoals Solfac) bereikt men de nesten niet. Tevens zullen de zeer kieskeurige werksters met insecticide bespoten oppervlaktes mijden.

Op dit moment zijn er nauwelijks andere bestrijdingsmethoden voor deze mieren. De weinige bestaande bestrijdingsmiddelen zijn alleen voor professioneel gebruik bestemd. Bij overlast van gele faraomieren dient men dus te allen tijde een professioneel bestrijdingsbedrijf in te schakelen. Het beste is echter overlast te voorkomen door voedingsmiddelen goed afgesloten op te bergen en met name in de keuken zeer hygiënisch te werk te gaan.

• Gele faraomier in Nederlands Soortenregister

Faraomaur er en maurart som antagelig er opprinnelig hjemmehørende i Asia, men som med tiden har spredd seg til store deler av verden.

Maurene har et nesten gjennomsiktig utseende. De lever i grupper som kan inkludere flere dronninger. Unge dronninger parer seg uten å forlate gruppen. Nye grupper dannes ved at en del av maurene forlater gruppen.

Faraomaur er beryktede skadedyr. De kan ta bolig inne i bygninger der de kan gjøre skade på materiell. De utgjør ikke minst et problem på sykehus. Man har bekjempet dem ved å legge ut forgiftet åte som består av malt storfelever tilsatt et bormiddel som borsyre eller boraks.

Eksterne lenker

• (sv) Faraomaur hos Dyntaxa
• (en) Faraomaur i Encyclopedia of Life
• (en) Faraomaur i Global Biodiversity Information Facility
• (en) Faraomaur hos Fauna Europaea
• (en) Faraomaur hos NCBI
• (en) Faraomaur hos ITIS
• (en) Kategori:Monomorium pharaonis – bilder, video eller lyd på Wikimedia Commons
• (en) Monomorium pharaonis – galleri av bilder, video eller lyd på Wikimedia Commons
• Monomorium pharaonis – detaljert informasjon på Wikispecies

Mrówka faraona (faraonka) (Monomorium pharaonis) – gatunek mrówek z podrodziny Myrmicinae. Gatunek kosmopolityczny, synantropijny, pochodzący prawdopodobnie z Afryki Zachodniej lub Indonezji. Mrówka faraona mylona jest niekiedy z mrówką złodziejką (Solenopsis fugax). Widoczną różnicą jest budowa ich czułków – czułki mrówki złodziejki mają 10 segmentów.

Biologia

Rozwój robotnicy od jaja do dorosłej mrówki trwa około 38 dni. Samiec i samica rozwijają się w około 42 dni. Tworzy kolonie wysoce poligyniczne (do 2000 królowych), często kolonie te są wielogniazdowe (polikalia). Kolonie mogą liczyć do kilku milionów osobników^[2].

Morfologia

Królowa do 4 mm długości, zabarwiona jest nieznacznie ciemniej od robotnic. Samce mają do 2 mm długości, są czarne, z żółtawymi czułkami i odnóżami. Robotnice 1,9–2,5 mm długości, koloru od jasnożółtego do brązowoczerwonego^[3]. Oczy względnie małe, mają sześć lub osiem przyoczek. Stylik dwuczłonowy. Czułki 12-segmentowe, trzy ostatnie są zgrubione i tworzą tak zwaną buławkę. Posiada żądło.

Rójka odbywa się w gnieździe, formy seksualne pojawiają się we wrześniu i październiku^[3].

Występowanie

Zamieszkuje ludzkie siedziby. Najczęstszymi miejscami występowania są zamknięte przestrzenie o wilgotności około 80% i temperaturze 25-30 °C blisko miejsc stanowiących źródło wilgoci takie jak kuchnie, łazienki (np.: szczeliny w ścianach, wolne przestrzenie pod kafelkami). Na gniazda zaadaptowane mogą być też mniej typowe miejsca jak niedomknięte pudełka czy kasety video.

Zobacz też

• mrówkowate
• błonkoskrzydłe Polski
• myrmekologia

Przypisy

A formiga-faraó (Monomorium pharaonis), também conhecida como formiga-do-açúcar, é uma formiga pequena (2 mm) de cor amarela ou marrom claro, quase transparente, sendo uma notória praga urbana, principalmente em hospitais. A origem desta formiga é incerta, embora as alternativas mais aceitas incluam a África Ocidental e Indonésia. A formiga-faraó foi introduzida em praticamente todas as áreas do mundo, incluindo Europa, Américas, Oceania e Sudeste Asiático. Formigas-faraó são uma espécie tropical, mas elas crescem em edifícios ou em qualquer outro lugar, mesmo em regiões de clima temperado, desde que o aquecimento central esteja presente.

Comportamento da colônia

A formiga-faraó é polígínica, ou seja, suas colônias podem conter muitas rainhas (até 200). Uma colônia individual normalmente contém de 1000 a 2500 trabalhadores, mas uma elevada densidade de ninhos dá a impressão de colônias maciças. As colônias não têm o reconhecimento dos companheiros de ninho e, portanto, não há hostilidade entre colônias vizinhas, o que é conhecido como une-colônia.

Elas produzem indivíduos sexualmente reprodutivos cerca de duas vezes por ano em colônias estabelecidas, mas nas colônias laboratoriais podem ser manipulados para produzir sexualmente em qualquer época do ano.

As colônias proliferam por brotamento, onde um subconjunto da colônia, incluindo rainhas, operárias e crias (ovos, larvas e pupas) deixam a colônia principal para um sítio de nidificação alternativo. Brotamento é um importante fator subjacente à invasão de formigas-faraó. Uma única colônia pode encher um grande bloco de um escritório, quase à exclusão de todas as outras pragas de insetos, em menos de seis meses.

Eliminação e controle se tornam difíceis porque várias colônias também podem se consolidar em colônias menores e "a tempestade" de um programa de atrair apenas para repovoar quando for retirado. Formigas-faraó são um grande risco em hospitais, onde seu pequeno tamanho significa que elas podem acessar as feridas, gotejadores e instrumentação, causando a propagação da infecção hospitalar e de interferência elétrica.

Formigas-faraó tornaram-se uma séria praga em hospitais, casas de repouso, casas de apartamentos, hotéis, supermercados, estabelecimentos alimentares e outros edifícios. Alimentam-se de uma grande variedade de alimentos, incluindo geleias, mel, gordura, manteiga de amendoim, xarope de milho, sucos de frutas, assados, refrigerantes, insetos mortos e até polidor de sapato. Eles também podem roer buracos em seda, raiom e produtos de borracha.

Identificação

Formigas operárias medem de 1,5 a 2,0 milímetros de comprimento. Elas são amarelas ou marrom avermelhadas na cor com um abdômen mais escuro (porção posterior do corpo). Há um ferrão. A cintura (pecíolo, região entre o tórax e abdômen) tem dois nós e o tórax e não tem espinhos. Os olhos são pequenos e possuem em média 32 omatídeos. Possui segmentos antenais em um clube distinto, com três segmentos progressivamente mais longos.

Ciclo de Vida e Hábitos

A rainha da formiga-faraó pode botar centenas de ovos durante sua vida. A maioria bota de 10 a 12 ovos por lote, nos primeiros dias de produção de ovos e somente quatro a sete ovos por lote mais tarde. A 27 °C e 80% de umidade relativa, os ovos eclodem em cinco a sete dias. O período larval é de 18 a 19 dias, período de pré-pupa três dias e período pupal nove dias. Cerca de mais quatro dias são necessários para produzir formas sexuais femininas e masculinas. Desde o ovo até a maturidade leva cerca de 38 a 45 dias dependendo da temperatura e umidade relativa. Elas se reproduzem continuamente durante todo o ano em edifícios aquecidos e o acasalamento ocorre no ninho. Colônias maduras contêm várias rainhas e machos alados, os trabalhadores, os ovos, larvas, pré-pupa e pupa.

Formigas-faraó envolvem em um padrão de comportamento conhecido como "fracionamento", ou, mais comumente, "florescer". Parte da colônia migra para um novo local. Os ninhos podem ser muito pequenos, situados entre duas folhas de papel, nas roupas, móveis, alimentos etc. Os ninhos geralmente são feitos em vazios de parede, sob os pavimentos, atrás de rodapés, em ambientes que contenham lixo, sob pedras, no cimento ou vazios muro de pedra, em linhos, luminárias etc. Preferem áreas escuras, quentes perto de tubulações de água quente e fitas de aquecimento, banheiros, cozinhas, unidades de cuidados intensivos, salas de operação, etc. Muitas vezes são encontrados em forragem, ralos, sanitários, lavatórios, louça e outros locais insalubres, bem como em embalagens fechadas, sistemas de gotejamento intravenoso, em feridas cirúrgicas, alimentos e equipamentos médicos.

Extermínio

Formigas-faraó podem ser exterminadas colocando iscas, compostas por pedaços de fígado misturados com ácido bórico, em lugares onde há trilhas de formigas. Faz-se necessário renovar as iscas uma ou duas vezes. Recomenda-se não para exterminar com sprays e pó, porque isso fará com que elas se dispersem.

Ver também

• Formiga-argentina, com o qual a formiga-faraó pode ser confundida.

Referências

• Sudd, J. J. (1960) Anim. Behav. 8, 67-75.
• Hoelldobler, B. & Wilson, EO (1990) The Ants (Belknap, Cambridge, MA).

Faraonska mravlja, tudi Faraonka (znanstveno ime Monomorium pharaonis) je do 2,5 mm velika vrsta vsejede tropske mravlje, ki izvira iz zahodne Afrike, danes pa je razširjena že po vseh celinah, razen na Antarktiki^[1].

Faraonke v Evropi preživijo le v stalno ogrevanih stavbah in so potencialne prenašalke raznih bolezni.

Reference

1. ↑ issg Database: Ecology of Monomorium pharaonis

Faraomyra (Monomorium pharaonis) är en liten gulaktig myra som förekommer i tropiska områden världen över, men som även kan invadera uppvärmda byggnader i områden med tempererat klimat, speciellt byggnader med anknytning till distribution och lagring av livsmedel, men det förekommer också att den invaderar bostäder och sjukhus. Den betraktas som ett skadedjur, eftersom den dels äter på livsmedel avsedda för människan och dels kan sprida sjukdomar. Dess litenhet (arbetarna blir bara cirka 2 millimeter långa) och små bon gömda i sprickor och andra svåråtkomliga skrymslen gör att den ofta inte upptäcks så snabbt och är svår att bekämpa.

Drottningarnas längd är cirka 4 millimeter och hanarnas längd är upp till 3 millimeter.

Faraomyran förekom ursprungligen endast i tropiska och subtropiska trakter men har under modern tid spridit sig till de flesta städer i Europa och vidare så långt bort som till Sibirien. På 1930-talet hade den nått Köpenhamn, förekommer sporadiskt även i Sverige^[1][2]. Sommaren 2017 har den nått Landskapet Åland, Hammarland.

Levnadssätt

Faraomyrans samhällen kan, trots att de är små, innehålla ett stort antal individer och flera fortplantningsdugliga honor. Nya samhällen bildas genom att någon drottning, följd av ett antal arbetare som bär med sig ägg och larver, ger sig av från ett äldre samhälle då detta vuxit sig för stort.

Utvecklingen från ägg till fullbildad myra är mellan 5 och 7 veckor. Av denna tid utgör larvstadiet 18-24 dygn och puppstadiet varar i 9-12 dygn.

Livslängden för en drottning kan vara upp till 9 månader, medan hanen inte lever i mer än 2 eller 3 veckor.

Referenser

1. ^ ”Myrinvasion plågar boende i Rosengård”. http://www.sydsvenskan.se/malmo/myrinvasion-plagar-boende-i-rosengard/. Läst 26 augusti 2014.
2. ^ ”Tropiska myror invaderar hyreshus i Malmö” (på sv). SVT Nyheter. 3 januari 2019. https://www.svt.se/nyheter/lokalt/skane/tropiska-myror-invaderar-hyreshus-i-malmo. Läst 4 januari 2019.

• Naturhistoriska riksmuseet om faraomyra

Externa länkar

• Wikimedia Commons har media som rör faraomyra.
  Bilder & media

Monomorium pharaonis là một loài kiến nhỏ (2 mm) màu vàng hay nâu nhạt, nổi danh là một vật 6 trong nhà, nhất là trong bệnh viện.^[1] Dù không rõ nguồn gốc, loài kiến này nay đã lan rộng đến hầu hết ngõ ngách của thế giới, gồm châu Âu, châu Mỹ, châu Úc và Đông Nam Á.

Bầy của loài này có nhiều kiến chúa, tạo ra sự tương tác cấp bậc và tình trạng bầy đặc biệt. Điều này cũng cho phép một bầy nhanh phân tách ra nhiều bầy.

Dù là sinh vật nhiệt đới, M. pharaonis có thể sinh sôi ở bất kì ngôi nhà nào miền ôn đới miễn là có hệ thống làm ấm trong nhà.

Chú thích

Tham khảo

• Dữ liệu liên quan tới Myrmica pharaonis tại Wikispecies

Bài viết về kiến này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.

• x
• t
• s

• 1 Название
• 2 Распространение
• 3 Физические характеристики
• 4 Образ жизни
• 5 Борьба с муравьями в быту
• 6 Примечания
• 7 Ссылки

애집개미(Monomorium pharaonis)는 작고 거의 투명한(노랑, 갈색을 띔) 작은 가주성 개미이다. 실내에 사는 주요 해충이며, 특히 병원 또는 신도시의 아파트에서 골칫거리이다. 이 개미의 근원지는 잘 알려져 있지 않으나 추정지로는 서아프리카와 인도네시아 등이 있다. 애집개미는 남극을 제외한 거의 모든 대륙에 퍼져 있다. 애집개미들은 열대지방이 근원지인 개미의 일종이긴 하나 거의 모든 건물에 살며, 온대지방의 중앙 난방이 되는 대부분의 건물에서 서식이 가능하다.

군집 생활

애집개미는 한 군체에 여러 여왕개미를 가지며, 최대 200마리의 여왕개미가 있다. 한 군체는 보통 1000~2500마리의 일개미를 가지지만 높은 밀도로 그 수가 훨씬 많은 것처럼 보인다. 애집개미는 이웃한 애집개미 군체와 페로몬이 같은 경우가 많으므로 한 이웃 애집개미 군체의 개미는 다른 군체로 가도 제한을 받지 않는다. 애집개미는 짝짓기를 대략 일 년에 두 번씩 하는데, 이들은 개미의 일반적인 결혼비행을 하는 대신 군체 내에서 자신의 형제 또는 사촌과 교미를 하여 군체 내에서 있다가^[1] 벌의 분봉과 비슷한 행동을 하는데, 다수의 여왕개미중 일부의 여왕개미와 와 여러 일개미, 그리고 알, 애벌레, 번데기 등을 가져가서 새로운 군체를 형성한다. 이러한 특징으로 인하여 처음의 작은 애집개미 군체가 커다란 건물을 6개월 만에 거의 차지하는데, 이때 다른 해충은 대부분 사라진다. 또한 이 특징으로 없애기가 쉽지 않은데, 그 이유가 어떤 방법을 쓰든 크던 군체들이 작게 쪼개져 숨어있다가 다시 출몰하는 현상이 일어나기 때문이다. 애집개미는 병원에서 특히 골칫거리인데, 이들은 크기가 작으므로 상처, 의술 용구 등에 들어갈 수 있고, 이는 병균의 확산 및 기구의 오작동으로 이어질 수 있다.

애집개미는 꿀, 땅콩버터, 젤리, 과일 주스, 제과류, 청량음료, 죽은 곤충, 심지어는 구두약까지 먹는다. 또한 애집개미는 비단, 고무 등에 구멍을 뚫어 놓을 수 있다.

생김새

애집개미는 약 2~3mm 정도의 길이로, 연한 노랑에서 빨강을 띄는 갈색까지 색이 다양하고, 배의 색은 다른 몸 부위의 색보다 조금 짙다. 침이 있으며 배자루 마디가 2개 있다. 이들의 시력은 빈약하며 더듬이는 3개의 특히 긴 마디가 있다.

생태

애집개미의 여왕개미는 대략 수백 개의 알을 낳을 수 있다. 여왕개미들은 생애 초기에는 10~12개씩의 알을 낳지만 나중에는 4~7개씩의 알을 낳는다. 27°C의 온도와 80%의 습도에서 알들은 대략 5~7일 동안 부화된다. 애벌레 기간은 약 18~19일, 번데기 기간은 12일이고 성을 가진 개미를 탄생시키는 데에는 나흘이 더 든다. 알에서 성충까지는 38~45일이 걸리는데 이는 습도와 온도에 따라서 달라진다. 이들은 온도가 적당하기만 하면 계속 알을 낳으며 짝짓기는 군집 내에서 이루어진다. 성숙한 군체는 여러 마리의 여왕, 날개가 있는 수캐미, 일개미, 번데기, 애벌레, 알이 있다.

같이 보기

• 개미
• 아르헨티나개미: 생김새가 비슷해 애집개미와 자주 혼동된다.
• 불개미

참조

• Sudd, J. J. (1960) Anim. Behav. 8, 67–75.
• Hoelldobler, B. & Wilson, E. O. (1990) The Ants (Belknap, Cambridge, MA).

외부 링크

• Picture of a M. pharaonis
• Ohio State University Extension Fact Sheet
• Pharaoh ant on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site

각주