dcsimg

Comments

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Amaranthus dubius, a morphologically deviant allopolyploid, is very close genetically to both A. spinosus (sect. Centrusa) and members of sect. Amaranthus. This species most probably originated as a result of ancient hybridization between A. spinosus and either A. hybridus or A. quitensis (W. F. Grant 1959; T. N. Khoshoo and M. Pal 1972; M. Pal and T. N. Khoshoo 1965; J. D. Sauer 1967b; V. Srivastava et al. 1977). Amaranthus nothosect. Dubia Mosyakin & K. R. Robertson (A. sect. Amaranthus × A. sect. Centrusa), was proposed to accommodate A. dubius (S. L. Mosyakin and K. R. Robertson 1996).
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
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Flora of North America Vol. 4: 415, 425, 426 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Comments

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Article reporting naturalization (in Hualien, Taiwan) appeared after publication of the family treatment for the Flora of China. See CHEN Shih-Huei & Ming-Jou Wu. 2007. Notes on four newly naturalized plants in Taiwan. Taiwania 52(1): 59-69).
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Flora of China Vol. 5 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
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Description

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Plants glabrous or sparsely pubescent in distal parts. Stems erect, green, branched, 0.3-1 m. Leaves: petiole of proximal leaves equaling or longer than blade, becoming shorter distally; blade rhombic-ovate or ovate to elliptic, 3-12 × 2-8 cm, base broadly cuneate, margins entire, apex slightly acuminate to obtuse and faintly emarginate, mucronate. Inflorescences terminal panicles and axillary spikes; panicles erect or often drooping, green, dense, branched, leafless at least distally. Bracts lanceolate, shorter than 2 mm, shorter than tepals, apex spinescent. Pistillate flowers: tepals 5, oblong-spatulate to oblong, not clawed, 1.5-2 mm, apex acute, often very shortly mucronate; style branches strongly spreading, shorter than body of fruit; stigmas 3. Staminate flowers usually clustered at tips of inflorescence branches, sometimes gathered in proximal glomerules (as in A. spinosus); tepals 5, equal or subequal; stamens 5. Utricles ovoid or subglobose, 1.5-2 mm, slightly shorter than tepals, smooth to irregularly wrinkled, dehiscence regularly circumscissile. Seeds dark reddish brown to black, subglobose or lenticular, 0.8-1 mm diam., shiny, smooth. 2n = 64.
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Flora of North America Vol. 4: 415, 425, 426 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Distribution

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introduced; Fla.; West Indies; South America; introduced and locally naturalized Europe, Asia, Africa.
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Flora of North America Vol. 4: 415, 425, 426 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flowering/Fruiting

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Flowering summer-fall in tropics, various seasons in subtropics.
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Flora of North America Vol. 4: 415, 425, 426 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Habitat

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Waste places, disturbed habitats; 0-100m.
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Flora of North America Vol. 4: 415, 425, 426 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Habitat & Distribution

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Native of the New World but now widely naturalized in the tropics and subtropics.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
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Flora of China Vol. 5 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of China @ eFloras.org
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Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
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Derivation of specific name

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dubius: uncertain, doubtful
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Mark Hyde, Bart Wursten and Petra Ballings
bibliographic citation
Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T. and Ballings, P. (2002-2014). Amaranthus dubius Mart. ex Thell. Flora of Zimbabwe website. Accessed 28 August 2014 at http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=122130
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Comprehensive Description

provided by North American Flora
Amaranthus dubius Mart. PI. Hort. Erlang. 197. 1814
Amaranthus tristis Willd. Hist. Amaranth. 21, at least in part. 1790. Not A. tristis I/. 1753.
Amaranthus incomptus Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. Suppl. 64, hyponym. 1813.
Amaranthus tristis xanthostachys Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13 2 : 260. 1849.
Amaranthus tristis flexuosus Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13 2 : 260. 1849.
Amaranthus tristis leptostachys Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13 2 : 260. 1849.
Amaranthus dubius xanthostachys Thellung, in Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mittel-Eur. Fl. 5: 266. 1914.
Amaranthus dubius flexuosus Thellung, in Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mittel-Eur. Fl. 5: 266. 1914.
Amaranthus dubius leptostachys Thellung, in Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mittel-Eur. Fl. 5: 266. 1914.
Stems rather slender, erect, 3-10 dm. high, succulent, simple or much branched, green* glabrous, rarely pubescent about the inflorescence; leaves numerous, the petioles 2-9 cm. long, slender, the blades ovate or rhombic-ovate, 2-12 cm. long, 1.2-8 cm. wide, acute to rounded at the apex, the tip rounded and usually emarginate, rounded, obtuse, or acutish at the base, thin, deep-green, glabrous, or rarely pubescent when young, rather inconspicuously nerved; flowers monoecious, green or whitish, in slender, dense, terminal or axillary, simple or paniculate, usually drooping spikes 5-25 cm. long and 4-12 mm. thick, these often interrupted below, dense clusters of flowers sometimes present in the axils of the leaves; bracts ovate or oval, acute, scarious except for the* midnerve and the pungent tip, usually shorter than the sepals but often equaling or rarely slightly exceeding them; sepals of the staminate flowers oblong-ovate or oval, acute or acutish, mucronate, 1 -nerved, scarious; sepals of the pistillate flowers oblong to ovate, 1.5-2 mm. long, obtuse or acutish, often emarginate, mucronate, scarious, 1 -nerved, erect, distinct; stamens 5; style-branches 3, long and slender; utricle subglobose, slightly longer than thick, not compressed, usually exceeding the sepals, thin-walled, slightly rugulose, dehiscent at the middle; seed rotund, 1 mm. in diameter, usually sharpedged, dark reddish-brown or black, lustrous.
Type locality: Described from cultivated plants.
Distribution: Common nearly throughout the West Indies; southwestern Mexico and Yucatan ; also in tropical South America ; adventi ve in Europe.
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bibliographic citation
Paul Carpenter Standley. 1917. (CHENOPODIALES); AMARANTHACEAE. North American flora. vol 21(2). New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY
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Espinac xinès ( Catalan; Valencian )

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L'espinac xinès (Amaranthus dubius) és una espècie de planta comestible dins la família amarantàcia.

Distribució

És originari d'Euràsia i Àfrica. Ha estat introduït a Florida, Carib i Amèrica del Sud.

Descripció

Normalment fa 80-120 cm d'alt. Hi ha varietats verdes i vermelles i altres de colors mesclats. La varietat verda és gairebé igual a l'amarant gràcil. És una espècie ruderal.

Gastronomia

A Àsia s'aprecien molt les seves fulles[1] i també a Àfrica.[2] Es pot menjar cru o cuit en curry[3] i en bhajis.[4] En la llengua bantu d'Uganda rep el nom de Doodo[5] i es talla fi i es menja amb cebes i tomàquets.

Referències

  1. «Edible Amaranth».
  2. Grubben, G.J.H; Denton, O.A.. Prota Foundation. Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 2. Vegetables. Wageningen: Backhuys, 2004.
  3. «Curry with fresh amaranth» (en anglès).
  4. «Red Amaranth sidedish (Tamdi bhajji randayi)» (en anglès).
  5. Goode, P.M.. Edible Plants of Uganda (en anglès). Organització de les Nacions Unides per a l'Agricultura i l'Alimentació (FAO), 989.

Enllaços externs

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Espinac xinès Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
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Espinac xinès: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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L'espinac xinès (Amaranthus dubius) és una espècie de planta comestible dins la família amarantàcia.

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Zepina ( Haitian; Haitian Creole )

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Amaranthus

Zepina se yon legim.

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Otè ak editè Wikipedia

அரைக்கீரை ( Tamil )

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அரைக்கீரை (About this soundஒலிப்பு ) அல்லது குப்பை கீரை என்பது தமிழர் சமையலில் இடம்பெறும் கீரைகளில் ஒன்றாகும். சித்த மருத்துவத்தில் காய்ச்சல், குளிர் சன்னி, கப நோய் போன்ற நோய்களுக்கு மருந்தாக இக்கீரை கூறப்பட்டுள்ளது. தோசை, கூட்டு, சூப், கூட்டல், வடை, மசியல் என பல வகைகளில் அரைக்கீரையை உணவில் சேர்த்துக் கொள்ளலாம். இது கீரையாகத் தெற்காசியாவிலும் தென்கிழக்காசியாவிலும் .[1] ஆப்பிரிக்காவிலும் போற்றி உண்ணப்படுகிறது.[2] அரைக்கீரை உடலுக்கு வெப்பத்தை கொடுப்பதினால் மகப்பேறு பெற்ற பெண்களுக்கு ஒரு முக்கிய உணவாக அளிக்கபடுகிறது. அதோடு பிரசவத்தால் எற்படும் உடல் மெலிவை போக்கி, உடலுக்குச் சக்தியையும், பலத்தையும் கொடுக்கின்றது.[3]

மேற்கோள்கள்

  1. Edible Amaranth
  2. Grubben, G.J.H. & Denton, O.A. (2004) Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 2. Vegetables. PROTA Foundation, Wageningen; Backhuys, Leiden; CTA, Wageningen.
  3. Arai Keerai Benefits in Tamil
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அரைக்கீரை: Brief Summary ( Tamil )

provided by wikipedia emerging languages

அரைக்கீரை (About this soundஒலிப்பு ) அல்லது குப்பை கீரை என்பது தமிழர் சமையலில் இடம்பெறும் கீரைகளில் ஒன்றாகும். சித்த மருத்துவத்தில் காய்ச்சல், குளிர் சன்னி, கப நோய் போன்ற நோய்களுக்கு மருந்தாக இக்கீரை கூறப்பட்டுள்ளது. தோசை, கூட்டு, சூப், கூட்டல், வடை, மசியல் என பல வகைகளில் அரைக்கீரையை உணவில் சேர்த்துக் கொள்ளலாம். இது கீரையாகத் தெற்காசியாவிலும் தென்கிழக்காசியாவிலும் . ஆப்பிரிக்காவிலும் போற்றி உண்ணப்படுகிறது. அரைக்கீரை உடலுக்கு வெப்பத்தை கொடுப்பதினால் மகப்பேறு பெற்ற பெண்களுக்கு ஒரு முக்கிய உணவாக அளிக்கபடுகிறது. அதோடு பிரசவத்தால் எற்படும் உடல் மெலிவை போக்கி, உடலுக்குச் சக்தியையும், பலத்தையும் கொடுக்கின்றது.

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விக்கிபீடியா ஆசிரியர்கள் மற்றும் ஆசிரியர்கள்

Byaekroem ( Zhuang; Chuang )

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Amaranthus tricolor0.jpg

Byaekroem(苋菜), gij mbaw de dwg luenxyingz roxnaeuz lingzyingz, gij saej ndaw ganj de dwg mbwk lai. Gwn gij byaekroem naengz cawzseuq gij ndiepdoeg.

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Amaranthus dubius

provided by wikipedia EN

Amaranthus dubius, the red spinach, Chinese spinach, (simplified Chinese: 苋菜; traditional Chinese: 莧菜; pinyin: xiàncài), spleen amaranth, hon-toi-moi, yin choy, hsien tsai, or Arai keerai (அரை கீரை) is a plant species. It belongs to the economically important family Amaranthaceae.

This plant is native to South America, Mexico, and the West Indies, however; it is widely introduced throughout the world. The species occurs locally in France and Germany and is naturalized or invasive in tropical and subtropical regions of the United States (Florida and Hawaii), Africa, Asia, Australia and the Pacific.[1]

Description

Usually it grows to a size of 80–120 centimetres (31–47 in). It has both green and red varieties, as well as some with mixed colors. The green variety is practically indistinguishable from Amaranthus viridis.

It flowers from summer to fall in the tropics, but can flower throughout the year in subtropical conditions. It is a ruderal species, usually found in waste places or disturbed habitats.

Amaranthus dubius is considered to be a morphologically deviant allopolyploid. It is very close genetically to Amaranthus spinosus and other Amaranthus species.

As food

This species is valued as a leafy vegetable throughout South and Southeast Asia[2] and also in Africa.[3] It may be eaten raw in thoran or cooked in curry[4] and bhajis.[5] In Uganda, it is commonly cooked with onions, tomatoes and peanut sauce.[6]

References

  1. ^ CABI, 2019. Amaranthus dubius. [original text by Duilio Iamonico] In: Invasive Species Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/isc.
  2. ^ Edible Amaranth
  3. ^ Grubben, G.J.H. & Denton, O.A. (2004) Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 2. Vegetables. PROTA Foundation, Wageningen; Backhuys, Leiden; CTA, Wageningen.
  4. ^ Curry with fresh amaranth
  5. ^ Red Amaranth sidedish (Tamdi bhajji randayi)
  6. ^ Goode, P.M. (1989) Edible Plants of Uganda. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

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Amaranthus dubius: Brief Summary

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Amaranthus dubius, the red spinach, Chinese spinach, (simplified Chinese: 苋菜; traditional Chinese: 莧菜; pinyin: xiàncài), spleen amaranth, hon-toi-moi, yin choy, hsien tsai, or Arai keerai (அரை கீரை) is a plant species. It belongs to the economically important family Amaranthaceae.

This plant is native to South America, Mexico, and the West Indies, however; it is widely introduced throughout the world. The species occurs locally in France and Germany and is naturalized or invasive in tropical and subtropical regions of the United States (Florida and Hawaii), Africa, Asia, Australia and the Pacific.

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Amaranthus dubius ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Amaranthus dubius es una especie de las Fanerógamas. Crece hasta 2,5 m de altura. A. dubius Mart. es conocida comúnmente como pira dulce, bledo o bleo. Es suculenta de color morado rojizo, florescencia verde cremosa reunida en espigas compactas.[1]

 src=
Inflorescencia
 src=
Vista de la planta

Descripción

Planta anual que alcanza un tamaño de 0.05–0.6 m de alto, tallos postrados, ascendentes o erectos, las ramas surgiendo generalmente cerca de la base, glabros o hacia arriba a veces con dispersos tricomas cortos; monoicas. Hojas rómbico-ovadas o angostamente elípticas, 1–2.5 (–4) cm de largo y 0.7–1.4 (–2.5) cm de ancho, redondeadas o ligeramente emarginadas en el ápice, cuneadas o atenuadas en la base, glabras. Cimas más o menos completas, inflorescencia completamente laxa de cimas distantes con hojas caulinares subyacentes o con la parte superior terminal compacta y espiciforme, la flor central de cada cima estaminada, bráctea angostamente triangular u ovada de 0.9–2 mm de largo, nervio principal cortamente excurrente, bractéolas obviamente más cortas que las flores, las 2 inferiores ampliamente lanceoladas, 0.7–1.4 mm de largo, nervio principal verde y cortamente excurrente, las superiores similares; flores estaminadas con 5 tépalos iguales, angostamente lanceolados, 1.2–1.5 mm de largo, más anchos cerca de la mitad, mucronados, filamentos 0.7–1.5 mm de largo, anteras 0.4–0.7 mm de largo; flores pistiladas con 5 tépalos iguales, angostamente ligulados, 1.3–2 mm de largo, ligeramente más anchos arriba de la mitad, obtusos o mucronados en el ápice, endurecidos y cortamente connados en la base, con 1–2 nervios laterales en la mitad superior, nervio principal verde, escariosos, estilo 0.2–0.3 mm de largo, engrosado y con apariencia esponjosa, estigmas 3, 0.2–0.3 mm de largo. Utrículo gruesamente rugulado, circuncísil; semilla gruesamente lenticular,0.9–1 mm de diámetro, lisa y lustrosa, café obscura.[2]

Distribución, hábitat y control

Es una especie muy frecuente y está en sitios transitados o en alrededores abandonados de viviendas y sabana. Heliconia y se reproduce por semillas. Parece ser que bajo ciertas condiciones puede ser tóxica al ganado por la acumulación de nitratos.

El control preemergente se logra mediante el uso de diferentes sustancias químicas empleadas en agronomía, como: ureas sustituidas, Triazina y pendimentalín.

El control postemergente se logra con Picloran, Dicamba, Paraquat y Glifosato.

Florece de verano a otoño en el trópico, y en los subtrópicos florece en varias estaciones. Se lo encuentra en lugares de basura e inhabitados. Se la introdujo a Florida, las Antillas, Sudamérica, y naturalizada localmente en Europa, Asia, y África.

A. dubius es un desvío morfológico alopoliploide. Está muy cerca genéticamente de Amaranthus spinosus y de otras Amaranthaceae. Se creyó que era un híbrido de A. spinosus con otra Amaranthus hybridus o Amaranthus quitensis.

Taxonomía

Amaranthus dubius fue descrito por Mart. ex Thell. y publicado en La flore adventice de Montpellier 203. 1912.[2]

Etimología

Amaranthus: nombre genérico que procede del griego amaranthos, que significa "flor que no se marchita".[3]

dubius: epíteto latino que significa "dudoso, incierto".[4]

Sinonimia
  • Amaranthus dubius var. flexuosus Thell.
  • Amaranthus dubius var. leptostachys Thell.
  • Amaranthus dubius var. xanthostachys Thell.
  • Amaranthus tristis Willd.
  • Amaranthus tristis var. flexuosus Moq.
  • Amaranthus tristis var. xanthostachys Moq.[5]

Referencias

  1. Grubben, G.J.H. & Denton, O.A. (2004) Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 2. Vegetables. PROTA Foundation, Wageningen; Backhuys, Leiden; CTA, Wageningen.
  2. a b «Amaranthus dubius». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultado el 21 de octubre de 2012.
  3. Amaranthus en Flora de Canarias
  4. en Epítetos Botánicos
  5. Amaranthus dubius en PlantList

Taxonomía, información científica y distribución

Bibliografía

  1. CONABIO. 2009. Catálogo taxonómico de especies de México. 1. In Capital Nat. México. CONABIO, Mexico City.
  2. Correa A., M. D., C. Galdames & M. N. S. Stapf. 2004. Cat. Pl. Vasc. Panamá 1–599. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama.
  3. Cowan, C. P. 1983. Flora de Tabasco. Listados Floríst. México 1: 1–123.
  4. Dodson, C. H., A. H. Gentry & F. M. Valverde Badillo. 1985. Fl. Jauneche 1–512. Banco Central del Ecuador, Quito.
  5. Eliasson, U. H. 1987. 44. Amaranthaceae. 28: 1–138. In G. W. Harling & B. B. Sparre (eds.) Fl. Ecuador. University of Göteborg and Swedish Museum of Natural History, Göteborg and Stockholm.
  6. Flora of North America Editorial Committee, e. 2003. Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, part 1. 4: i–xxiv, 1–559. In Fl. N. Amer.. Oxford University Press, New York.
  7. Funk, V. A., P. E. Berry, S. Alexander, T. H. Hollowell & C. L. Kelloff. 2007. Checklist of the Plants of the Guiana Shield (Venezuela: Amazonas, Bolívar, Delta Amacuro; Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana). Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 55: 1–584.
  8. Gibbs Russell, G. E., W. G. Welman, E. Reitief, K. L. Immelman, G. Germishuizen, B. J. Pienaar, M. v. Wyk & A. Nicholas. 1987. List of species of southern African plants. Mem. Bot. Surv. S. Africa 2(1–2): 1–152(pt. 1), 1–270(pt. 2).
  9. Hokche, O., P. E. Berry & O. Huber. 2008. 1–860. In O. Hokche, P. E. Berry & O. Huber Nuevo Cat. Fl. Vasc. Venezuela. Fundación Instituto Botánico de Venezuela, Caracas.
  10. Idárraga-Piedrahíta, A., R. D. C. Ortiz, R. Callejas Posada & M. Merello. 2011. Flora de Antioquia. Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares, vol. 2. Listado de las Plantas Vasculares del Departamento de Antioquia. Pp. 1-939.
  11. Jørgensen, P. M. & S. León-Yánez. (eds.) 1999. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75: i–viii, 1–1181.
  12. Lawesson, J. E., H. Adsersen & P. Bentley. 1987. An updated and annotated check list of the vascular plants of the Galapagos Islands. Rep. Bot. Inst. Univ. Aarhus 16: 1–74.
  13. Macbride, J. F. 1937. Amaranthaceae, Flora of Peru. Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(2/2): 478–518.

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Amaranthus dubius: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Amaranthus dubius es una especie de las Fanerógamas. Crece hasta 2,5 m de altura. A. dubius Mart. es conocida comúnmente como pira dulce, bledo o bleo. Es suculenta de color morado rojizo, florescencia verde cremosa reunida en espigas compactas.​

 src= Inflorescencia  src= Vista de la planta
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Blužninis burnotis ( Lithuanian )

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Blužninis burnotis (lot. Amaranthus dubius, angl. spleen amaranth, kin. 莧菜, pinyin: Xiàncài) – burnotinių šeimos daržovinis, vaistinis augalas, paplitęs Pietų Amerikoje.

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Amaranthus dubius ( Vietnamese )

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Amaranthus dubius là loài thực vật có hoa thuộc họ Dền. Loài này được Mart. ex Thell. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1912.[1]

Tham khảo

  1. ^ The Plant List (2010). Amaranthus dubius. Truy cập ngày 23 tháng 6 năm 2013.

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Amaranthus dubius: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Amaranthus dubius là loài thực vật có hoa thuộc họ Dền. Loài này được Mart. ex Thell. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1912.

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假刺莧 ( Chinese )

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二名法 Amaranthus dubius
Mart. ex Thell., 1912

假刺莧学名Amaranthus dubius)为莧科莧屬下的一个种。

参考文献

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假刺莧: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

假刺莧(学名:Amaranthus dubius)为莧科莧屬下的一个种。

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维基百科作者和编辑