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The Grey Angel, Pomacanthus arcuatus, is often confused as P. paru, being very similar in appearance and having about the same range of habitat and collection. The close relationship between the two term them as "sibling species"

( http://www.wetwebmedia.com/FrAng.htm).
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Kilarski, S. 2000. "Pomacanthus paru" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pomacanthus_paru.html
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Stacey Kilarski, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Morphology

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Size: Adults can reach a maximum length of 41.1 cm.

Coloration: The appearance of P. paru differs greatly between juveniles and adults. Young P. paru are a dark brown to black color with thick, curved yellow bands across the head and body. As an adult, the yellow bands fade except for one yellow bar at the outer base of the pectoral fin. The scales turn black with yellow rims and the face becomes light blue with a white chin and mouth region.

Body shape: The disc-shaped Angelfish family is distinguished by a strong, curved, projecting spine on the lower edge of the preopercle bone and the absence of a pelvic axillary process. On juveniles, the spine is serrate and smoothes out in the adult form. The stout spine found on the gill cover gives P. paru its name (Pom= "cover", acanthus= "spine"), and distinguishes them from the closely related butterflyfishes (Allen 1985, Helfman 1997, Nelson 1999).

Other Physical Features: bilateral symmetry

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Kilarski, S. 2000. "Pomacanthus paru" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pomacanthus_paru.html
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Habitat

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They are found in coral reef areas in depths of less than forty meters. At night, P. paru seek cover, usually returning to the same place every night. They are often associated with rocky, broken bottoms, coral reefs, and grassy flats, which provide sufficient hiding places and enough coverage.

Physically, P. paru does well under a broad range of conditions. They are eurayhaline, meaning they tolerate a wide span of salinity. Temperatures in the mid seventy degrees are optimal for this species (Allen 1985, http://www.hood.edu/academic/biology/frenchangelfish.htm).

Aquatic Biomes: reef

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Kilarski, S. 2000. "Pomacanthus paru" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pomacanthus_paru.html
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Distribution

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Pomacanthus paru are abundant along coral reefs along both sides of the Atlantic. The distribution in the Western Tropical Atlantic ranges from Florida and the Bahamas to Brazil. In the Eastern Atlantic, they are found in West Africa and Cape Verde Island. It also has recently been introduced to Bermuda (Allen 1985, Eli 2000).

Biogeographic Regions: atlantic ocean (Native )

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Trophic Strategy

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P. paru are mostly omnivorous. Juveniles feed on a mix of algae and detritus with occasional parasites, acquired from other fish. The diet of adults is made up mostly of sponges. They also consume tunicates, gorgonians, hydroids, zoantharians and coral as alternative sources of food (Allen 1985, Eli 2000).

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Kilarski, S. 2000. "Pomacanthus paru" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pomacanthus_paru.html
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Benefits

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P. paru has economic importance in the commercial aquarium trade and is collected by means of non-damaging nets. They are sold for a minimum of fifty-six dollars in the aquarium trade. The high tolerance to physical changes, disease-resistance, and longevity establishes this species as an ideal aquarium specimen. This hardiness enables aquarium owners to enjoy the beauty and elegance of this fish in their homes

There is minor commercial fishery use of P. paru. Their flesh has been marketed and is used for human consumption in Singapore and Thailand (Eli 2000, http://www.wetwebmedia.com/FrAng.htm).

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Benefits

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none known

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Kilarski, S. 2000. "Pomacanthus paru" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pomacanthus_paru.html
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Conservation Status

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US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Kilarski, S. 2000. "Pomacanthus paru" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pomacanthus_paru.html
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Behavior

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Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical

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Kilarski, S. 2000. "Pomacanthus paru" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pomacanthus_paru.html
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Reproduction

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Maturity is reached at an age of 3.4 years. Reproduction is a pair-spawning, egg-scattering process. The egg-filled female travels with the male to the surface where both the eggs and sperm are released into the water. The eggs develop in beds of floating plankton where the young grow until they can travel down to the coral reef (Allen 1985, http://www.hood.edu/academic/biology/frenchangelfish.htm).

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Kilarski, S. 2000. "Pomacanthus paru" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pomacanthus_paru.html
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Diagnostic Description

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Black, the scales of the body , except those at front from nape to abdomen, rimmed with golden yellow; a broad orange-yellow bar at pectoral absent; dorsal filament yellow; chin whitish; outer part of iris yellow; eye narrowly rimmed below with blue (Ref. 13442)
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Recorder
Rodolfo B. Reyes
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Life Cycle

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This species manifests apparent permanent pairing and monogamy. During most of the observation period, a single pair swam slowly in a side-to-side orientation at a height of 25 to 75 cm above the reef. No conspicuous courtship displays were evident, nor was there any evidence of sexual identity, i.e., the female was not obviously swollen with eggs. Shortly after sunset, the pair ascended in a broad, shallow arc off the bottom, traversing approximately 7 to 10 m while ascending to a height of 2 to 3 m. As the pair ascended, each angled its body slightly, with their venters in close proximity, if not actually touching. This position was held throughout the peak of the arc, with the pair diverging on the descent. Other pairs in the area were seen making similar arcing movements elsewhere on the reef at approximately the same time. It was difficult to see if there were gametes released in the event. There was no interference between pairs during spawning. Monogamous mating is observed as both obligate and social (Ref. 52884).
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Morphology

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Dorsal spines (total): 10; Dorsal soft rays (total): 29 - 31; Analspines: 3; Analsoft rays: 22 - 24
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Trophic Strategy

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Common in shallow reefs. Usually in pairs, often near sea fans (Ref. 9710). Feed on sponges, algae, bryozoans, zoantharians, gorgonians and tunicates (Ref. 9626). Browser fish (Ref. 33499).
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Pascualita Sa-a
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Biology

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Common in shallow reefs. Usually in pairs, often near sea fans (Ref. 9710). Feed on sponges, algae, bryozoans, zoantharians, gorgonians and tunicates (Ref. 9626). Oviparous (Ref. 240), monogamous (Ref. 52884). Spawning pairs are strongly territorial, with usually both members vigorously defending their areas against neighboring pairs (Ref. 38726). Juveniles tend cleaning stations where they service a broad range of clients, including jacks, snappers, morays, grunts, surgeonfishes, and wrasses. At the station the cleaner displays a fluttering swimming and when cleaning it touches the clients with its pelvic fins (Ref. 40094). Flesh considered good quality; marketed fresh (Ref. 3797). Has been reared in captivity (Ref. 35419).
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Importance

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fisheries: minor commercial; aquarium: commercial; price category: high; price reliability: very questionable: based on ex-vessel price for species in this family
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Franzosen-Kaiserfisch ( German )

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Der Franzosen-Kaiserfisch (Pomacanthus paru) ist eine Art der Gattung Pomacanthus aus der Familie der Kaiserfische (Pomacanthidae). Er ist ein naher Verwandter des Grauen Kaiserfisches (Pomacanthus arcuatus).

Erscheinungsbild

Franzosen-Kaiserfische werden bis zu 38 Zentimeter lang. Ihre Körpergrundfarbe ist dunkel, schiefergrau, mit gelben Rändern an den Schuppen. Die Kehlregion ist einfarbig dunkelgrau. Die Schnauze ist weiß. Rücken- und Afterflosse haben eine fadenartige Verlängerung.

Junge Franzosen-Kaiserfische sind schwarz mit fünf senkrechten gelben Streifen am Körper.

Verbreitung

Er lebt im tropischen und subtropischen Atlantik, von der Küste Brasiliens bis nach Florida, bei den Bermudas und in der südlichen Karibik. Außerdem lebt er im östlichen Atlantik, an der Küste Westafrikas. Franzosen-Kaiserfische haben große Reviere von über 1000 m², in denen sie paarweise oder einzeln leben.

Ernährung

Franzosen-Kaiserfische ernähren sich von Schwämmen, Seescheiden, Moostierchen, Hydrozoen, Gorgonien, Fischlaich, Seegras und Algen.

Aquarienhaltung

Franzosen-Kaiserfische werden gelegentlich zur Haltung in Meerwasseraquarien importiert. Verantwortliche Liebhaber sollten vom Kauf absehen, da man Tieren dieser Größe keinen angemessenen Lebensraum bieten kann.

Besonderheiten

Der Franzosen-Kaiserfisch wird in manchen Ländern, vor allem in den Tropen, als Speisefisch gegessen.

Literatur

  • Gerald R. Allen: Falter- und Kaiserfische. Band 2: Atlantik, Karibik, Rotes Meer und Indo-Pazifik. Neuauflage. Mergus Verlag, Melle 1979, ISBN 3-88244-002-3.
  • Hans A. Baensch, Robert A. Patzner: Meerwasser-Atlas. Band 6: Non-Perciformes (Nicht-Barschartige), sowie Falter- und Kaiserfischer. Mergus-Verlag, Melle 1999, ISBN 3-88244-116-X.

Weblinks

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Franzosen-Kaiserfisch: Brief Summary ( German )

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Der Franzosen-Kaiserfisch (Pomacanthus paru) ist eine Art der Gattung Pomacanthus aus der Familie der Kaiserfische (Pomacanthidae). Er ist ein naher Verwandter des Grauen Kaiserfisches (Pomacanthus arcuatus).

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French angelfish

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The French angelfish (Pomacanthus paru) is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a marine angelfish belonging to the family Pomacanthidae. It occurs in the Western Atlantic Ocean.

Description

Juvenile

The French angelfish has a laterally compressed body which is almost circular in shape. The head is deep with a short snout ending in a small mouth which contains numerous bristle-like teeth. There is an obvious spine at the corner of the preoperculum while there are no spines on the operculum or under the eye.[3] The dorsal fin contains 10 spines and 29-31 soft rays while the anal fin contains 3 spines and 22-24 soft rays. This species attains a maximum total length of 41.1 centimetres (16.2 in).[2] The juveniles are almost completely black apart from five vertical yellow bands the first around the mouth and the last at the caudal peduncle, the bands on the body are curved. The caudal fin has yellow margins. The adults are also mainly black but most of the scales on the body have a golden-yellow edge. They have a white mouth and a yellow orbit. The pectoral fins have a wide orange-yellow band and the dorsal fin has a long yellow filamentous extension growing from its soft-rayed part.[4]

Distribution

The French angelfish is found in the western Atlantic from New York and the Bahamas to Brazil, and also the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean, including the Antilles, Roatan, and the eastern Atlantic from around Ascension Island and St. Paul's Rocks.[2]

Habitat and biology

The French angelfish is found at depths between 3 and 100 m (9.8 and 328.1 ft). It is common on rocky and coral reefs where it is normally encountered in pairs, frequently in the vicinity of sea fans. Its diet comprises sponges, algae, bryozoans, zoantharians, gorgonians, hydroids, coral[5] and tunicates. These pairs are highly territorial, and typically both vigorously defending their territory from their neighbours. Juveniles act as cleaner fish, establishing cleaning stations where they remove ectoparasites and clean a wide range of other fish species. Species recorded as being clients of juvenile French angelfish, include jacks, snappers, morays, grunts, surgeonfishes and wrasses..[1] When they are trying to draw client fish to the cleaning station the juvenile displays by using a fluttering swimming motion and as it cleans it touches the recipient of its service with its pelvic fins.[2] These fish are active during the daylight hours, but seek shelter in their designated hiding spot where they return every night.[6] They can produce a knocking sound when alarmed.[7]

The pair normally swim a short distance above the reef. There are no obvious courtship displays or clear sexual dimorphism. At dusk, the pair swam upwards in a wide, shallow curve from the substrate, travelling around 7 to 10 m horizontally as they climb to a 2 or 3 m (6 ft 7 in or 9 ft 10 in). As they ascend, both angle their bodies slightly, with their vents very close together, even touching. They hold this posture throughout the zenith of their curve separating as they descend. Neighbouring pairs were observed undertaking similar movements above the reef at roughly the same time. The observers were unable to ascertain if gametes were released in these displays. Neighbouring pairs were not seen interfering with these displays.[2] This species is a protogynous hermaphrodite, the female can change sex to become a male if no male is present.[7]

Systematics

The French angelfish was first formally described as Chaetodon paru by the German physician and naturalist Marcus Elieser Bloch (1723–1799) with the type locality given as Brazil and Jamaica.[8] The species is placed by some authorities in the subgenus Pomacanthus,. The specific name of this species, paru is the Portuguese name for this species.[9]

Utilisation

The French angelfish is common in the aquarium trade, collection and export to the United States and European markets being common in Brazil. it has been bred in captivity.[1] It is harvested for food, its flesh being considered highly palatable, although it has been reported to be a source of ciguatera poisoning in humans.[2]

References

  1. ^ a b c Pyle, R.; Myers, R.F.; Rocha, L.A.; Craig, M.T. (2010). "Pomacanthus paru". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T165898A6160204. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T165898A6160204.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2019). "Pomacanthus paru" in FishBase. December 2019 version.
  3. ^ "Species: Pomacanthus paru, French angelfish". Shorefishes of the Greater Caribbean online information. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
  4. ^ "Pomacanthus paru". Saltcorner!. Bob Goemans. 2012. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
  5. ^ "Pomacanthus paru (French Angelfish)".
  6. ^ Globe Rover. "French Angelfish". Globe Rove. Retrieved 2013-07-09.
  7. ^ a b "Pomacanthus paru". reefapp.net. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
  8. ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Pomacanthus". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
  9. ^ Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara (21 July 2020). "Order ACANTHURIFORMES (part 1): Families LOBOTIDAE, POMACANTHIDAE, DREPANEIDAE and CHAETODONTIDAE". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 27 February 2021.

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French angelfish: Brief Summary

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The French angelfish (Pomacanthus paru) is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a marine angelfish belonging to the family Pomacanthidae. It occurs in the Western Atlantic Ocean.

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Pomacanthus paru ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El Pomacanthus paru es una especie de pez marino perciforme pomacántido.

Su nombre común en inglés es French angelfish, o pez ángel francés. En español vernáculo se denomina chivirica francesa, banderita, cachama negra, gallineta negra o isabelita negra.[2]

Es una especie relativamente común en su rango de distribución geográfica y con poblaciones estables.[1]​ Su carne es considerada de buena calidad y comercializada para consumo humano en Singapur y Tailandia.[3][4]​ Es una especie también comercializada en acuariofilia.

Morfología

Es un pez ángel típico, con un cuerpo corto y comprimido lateralmente, y una pequeña boca con dientes diminutos. Solamente tiene una aleta dorsal, al contrario que muchos perciformes, y su primer espina se desarrolla en un filamento sobresaliente. Tiene 10 espinas dorsales, entre 29 y 31 radios blandos dorsales, 3 espinas anales y entre 22 y 24 radios blandos anales.[5]​ Cuenta con una robusta espina en el opérculo braquial, que en los juveniles es aserrada y se suaviza en los adultos.[6]

De adulto posee una vistosa librea: la coloración base del cuerpo y las aletas es negra, y tiene las escamas bordeadas de amarillo dorado, excepto las situadas en la parte anterior, entre la nuca y el abdomen. La base de la aleta pectoral tiene una ancha franja amarillo-naranja. El filamento de la primera espina dorsal es amarillo. La tonalidad de la cabeza es azul grisáceo, con la mandíbula y boca blanquecina, un anillo amarillo rodeando el ojo y bordeado en azul en su parte inferior.

Los especímenes jóvenes tienen la coloración de la cabeza, cuerpo y aletas negra, con las escamas bordeadas en dorado, como los adultos, pero añaden a su librea 5 rayas amarillas verticales: la primera delante de la boca, la segunda detrás del ojo, la tercera desde el filamento dorsal hasta el vientre, la cuarta desde el tercio posterior de la aleta dorsal hasta el centro de la aleta anal, que tiene un filamento en el ángulo, y la quinta raya en la base de la aleta caudal, que está bordeada de amarillo.

Los machos, que son mayores que las hembras, miden hasta 41,1 centímetros de largo,[7]​ aunque su tamaño más normal en machos adultos es de 28 cm.[3]

Hábitat y comportamiento

Es una especie nerítica, asociada a arrecifes y clasificada como no migratoria. Aunque, siendo nativa del océano Atlántico occidental, se han reportado localizaciones de ejemplares vagabundos en la costa occidental africana.[1]

Su rango de profundidad es entre 3 y 100 metros,[8]​ aunque se localizan hasta los 127 m de profundidad, y en un rango de temperaturas entre 19.64 y 28.50ºC.[9]

Es común en arrecifes coralinos soleados, dónde ocurre normalmente en parejas, y cerca de gorgonias marinas.[10]​ Es una especie fuertemente territorial, defendiendo las parejas su territorio con gran agresividad frente a otras parejas invasoras.[11]​ Por la noche busca refugio entre corales, rocas o algas, normalmente volviendo cada noche al mismo sitio.[6]

Los juveniles suelen organizar "estaciones de limpieza", dónde desparasitan ejemplares de peces de mayor tamaño, como carángidos, pargos, morenas, cirujanos o lábridos. En la estación, el limpiador despliega una natación agitada, y cuando está limpiando, toca con sus aletas pélvicas al "cliente".[12]​ A su vez, los adultos de P. paru son limpiados por especímenes de Thalassoma noronhanum o de Elacatinus figaro, habiendo sido observados estos comportamientos en el archipiélago de Noronha y en São Paulo, Brasil.[13]

Distribución geográfica

Se distribuye en el océano Atlántico, siendo especie nativa de Anguilla; Antigua y Barbuda; Aruba; Bahamas; Barbados; Belice; Bonaire; Brasil; Islas Cayman; Colombia; Costa Rica; Cuba; Curazao; Dominica; Estados Unidos; Guyana Francesa; Granada; Guadalupe; Guatemala; Guyana; Haití; Honduras; Jamaica; Martinica; México; Montserrat; Nicaragua; Panamá; Puerto Rico; República Dominicana; San Cristóbal y Nieves; Saint Lucia; Saint Martin (parte francesa); Saint Vincent y las Grenadines; Sint Maarten (parte holandesa); Suriname; Trinidad y Tobago; Turks y Caicos; Venezuela e Islas Vírgenes, tanto las británicas, como las estadounidenses.[1]

Alimentación

El pez ángel francés se alimenta de esponjas, tunicados, briozoos, pólipos de corales del orden Zoantharia y gorgonias, así como de algas, anfípodos y copépodos.[7][14]​ Los juveniles se alimentan de una mezcla de algas y detritus, así como de parásitos que limpian de otros peces.[15][5]

Reproducción

Esta especie es dioica, ovípara[16]​ y monógama.[17]​ La fertilización es externa, desovando en parejas. El protocolo consiste en que la pareja nada suavemente en orientación paralela, a una altura entre 25 y 75 cm sobre el arrecife. Después del atardecer, la pareja asciende bruscamente en un arco desde el fondo, atravesando de 7 a 10 m, hasta que alcanza una altura de 2 o 3 m. Tras el ascenso, la pareja junta sus cuerpos, uniendo muy próximamente, o tocando, sus vientres. Cuando deshacen el arco recorrido separan sus cuerpos, volviéndolos a unir en el pico del arco, cerca de la superficie.[18]

No cuidan a sus alevines.[19]​ Alcanzan la madurez con 3.4 años.[20]

Mantenimiento

El pez ángel francés es una especie fácil de mantener en cautividad, dada la gran tolerancia a diferentes condiciones de salinidad y otros parámetros del agua.[6]

No es apto para acuario de arrecife, ya que picoteará los corales. Requiere un acuario de, al menos, 680 litros para un solo espécimen, duplicando esa cantidad si se alberga una pareja. El acuario deberá contar con rocas y cuevas para que pueda esconderse.[21]

Aunque se adapta fácilmente, la alimentación deberá contar con sustancias vegetales y de esponjas, además acepta artemia y mysis, o alimento en escamas o pellets. Se le puede preparar una mezcla de mejillón, gamba, calamar y espinacas. Se recomienda alimentar en pequeñas cantidades y tres veces al día.

La especie ha sido reproducida y criada en cautividad.[22]

Galería

Referencias

  1. a b c d Pyle, R., Myers, R., Rocha, L.A. & Craig, M.T (2010). «Pomacanthus paru». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2014.2 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235.
  2. http://www.fishbase.org/comnames/CommonNamesList.php?ID=1118&GenusName=Pomacanthus&SpeciesName=paru&StockCode=1134
  3. a b Burgess, W.E. (1978). Pomacanthidae. In W. Fischer (ed.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Central Atlantic (Fishing Area 31). Vol. 3. FAO, Rome. p. [var. pag.]
  4. https://web.archive.org/web/20020223005540/http://wetwebmedia.com/FrAng.htm
  5. a b Allen, G.R. (1985). Butterfly and angelfishes of the world. Vol. 2. 3rd edit. (en inglés). Mergus Publishers, Melle, Germany.
  6. a b c «http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/». Consultado el 19 de septiembre de 2014.
  7. a b Cervigón, F. (1993). Los peces marinos de Venezuela. Volume 2. Fundación Científica Los Roques, Caracas,Venezuela. p. 497 p.
  8. Maugé, L.A., 1990. Pomacanthidae. p. 841. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon, SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2.
  9. http://www.iobis.org/mapper/?taxon_id=699928
  10. Lieske, E. and R. Myers, 1994. Collins Pocket Guide. Coral reef fishes. Indo-Pacific & Caribbean including the Red Sea. Haper Collins Publishers, 400 p.
  11. Moyer, J.T., R.E. Thresher and P.L. Colin, 1983. Courtship, spawning and inferred social organization of American angelfishes (genera Pomacanthus, Holacanthus and Centropyge: Pomacanthidae). Environ. Biol. Fish. 9(1):25-39
  12. Sazima, I., R.L. Moura and C. Sazima, 1999. Cleaning activity of juvenile angelfish, Pomacanthus paru, on the reefs of the Abrolhos Archipelago, western South Atlantic. Environ. Biol. Fish. 56(4):399-407.
  13. http://www.fishbase.org/Ecology/FishEcologySummary.php?StockCode=1134&GenusName=Pomacanthus&SpeciesName=paru
  14. http://www.fishbase.org/TrophicEco/FoodItemsList.php?vstockcode=1134&genus=Pomacanthus&species=paru
  15. Eli, A. 2000. "ICLARM - Fish Base Project" (On-line). Accessed Oct. 24, 2000 at http://www.fishbase.org
  16. Thresher, R.E., 1984. Reproduction in reef fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Inc. Ltd., Neptune City, New Jersey. 399 p.
  17. Whiteman, E.A. and I.M. Côté, 2004. Monogamy in marine fishes. Biol. Rev. 79:351-375.
  18. Moyer, J.T., R.E. Thresher and P.L. Colin 1983 Courtship, spawning and inferred social organization of American angelfishes (genera Pomacanthus, Holacanthus and Centropyge: Pomacanthidae). Environ. Biol. Fish. 9(1):25-39. (Ref. 38726)   http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=38726&speccode=1118 External link.
  19. Thresher, R.E., 1982. Courtship and spawning in the emperor angelfish Pomacanthus imperator, with comments on reproduction by other pomacanthid fishes. Mar. Biol. 70(2):149-156.
  20. https://web.archive.org/web/20020622122752/http://www.hood.edu/academic/biology/frenchangelfish.htm
  21. http://animal-world.com/encyclo/marine/angels/FrenchAngelfish.php
  22. Moe, M., 1975. Rearing Atlantic angelfish. Mar. Aquarist 7(7):17-26.

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Pomacanthus paru: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El Pomacanthus paru es una especie de pez marino perciforme pomacántido.

Su nombre común en inglés es French angelfish, o pez ángel francés. En español vernáculo se denomina chivirica francesa, banderita, cachama negra, gallineta negra o isabelita negra.​

Es una especie relativamente común en su rango de distribución geográfica y con poblaciones estables.​ Su carne es considerada de buena calidad y comercializada para consumo humano en Singapur y Tailandia.​​ Es una especie también comercializada en acuariofilia.

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Pomacanthus paru ( Basque )

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Pomacanthus paru Pomacanthus generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Pomacanthidae familian sailkatzen da.

Banaketa

Erreferentziak

  1. Froese, Rainer & Pauly, Daniel ed. (2006), Pomacanthus paru FishBase webgunean. 2006ko apirilaren bertsioa.

Ikus, gainera

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Pomacanthus paru: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Pomacanthus paru Pomacanthus generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Pomacanthidae familian sailkatzen da.

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Pomacanthus paru ( French )

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Poisson-ange français

Le Poisson-ange français (Pomacanthus paru) est un poisson tropical de la famille des Pomacanthidae.

Répartition et habitat

On trouve le poisson ange français principalement dans les mers chaudes des Caraïbes, de Floride, du golfe du Mexique jusqu'au Brésil. Il nage dans les récifs qui lui assurent une bonne protection et peut ainsi se réfugier dans les anfractuosités des roches. Il vit entre 5 et 6 mètres de profondeur et peut être facilement observé car il est peu farouche. Il se déplace souvent accompagné d'un ou deux congénères.

Description

Comme beaucoup de poissons, le poisson ange français connaît plusieurs stades de développement au cours desquelles sa morphologie et ses couleurs changent. Ainsi peut on distinguer :

  1. Le stade juvénile : le jeune poisson se caractérise par un corps noir traversé verticalement par 6 grandes rayures jaunes qui partent de la tête jusqu'à l'extrémité de la queue. Ses nageoires ventrales et anales sont tachées de bleues à leur extrémité. Sa taille se situe alors entre 2,5 et 7,5 cm.
  2. Le stade intermédiaire : le poisson ressemble beaucoup à l'adulte. Son corps est alors gris/bleu fonce avec des milliers de petites écailles jaunes parsemées sur son flanc. Son œil et sa bouche sont encerclés de jaune. Deux rayures jaunes verticales sur la tête et sur le corps sont visibles. Ses nageoires dorsales, ventrales et anales se terminent en forme de pointe verticale.
  3. Stade adulte : Le poisson mesure entre 25 et 45 cm maximum. Il est gris bleuté très foncé, une tache jaune est visible autour des yeux, sur sa nageoire pectorale. Des écailles jaunes se trouvent en grand nombre sur ses flancs. Sa bouche est blanche.
Changement de la livrée
 src=
Stade juvénile
 src=
Stade intermédiaire
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Stade adulte

Divers

Au stade juvénile, ce poisson ressemble beaucoup à certains poissons demoiselle, et notamment au poisson ange gris juvénile. On peut les différencier par l'observation de la queue : en effet La queue du Paru se termine par une fine rayure jaune à l'extrémité tandis que celle du Arcuatus se termine par une bande noire et transparente.

Le poisson ange français débarrasse les gros poissons de leurs parasites.

Source

(en) Reef Fish identification, Florida, Caribbean, Bahamas de Paul Humann et Ned Deloach

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Pomacanthus paru: Brief Summary ( French )

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Poisson-ange français

Le Poisson-ange français (Pomacanthus paru) est un poisson tropical de la famille des Pomacanthidae.

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Pomacanthus paru ( Italian )

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Il pesce angelo francese (Pomacanthus paru) (Bloch, 1787) è un pesce osseo marino appartenente alla famiglia Pomacanthidae.

Distribuzione e habitat

Endemico dell'Oceano Atlantico occidentale nelle zone tropicali e subtropicali lungo le coste americane dalla Florida al Brasile compresi anche il mar dei Caraibi e il golfo del Messico. Presente anche sulle coste dell'Isola di Ascensione. Popola le barriere coralline a bassa profondità (da 3 a 100 metri)[2].

Descrizione

Il corpo di questa specie, simile agli altri Pomacanthus come aspetto generale, è di colore fondamentalmente nero con un bordo giallo oro su ogni scaglia tranne sulla nuca e nella regione ventrale. La testa è più chiara del corpo, la regione della bocca è biancastra. Gli occhi sono bordati di giallo ed ahanno un sottile bordo blu solo nella parte inferiore. Come spesso accade nei Pomacanthidae la livrea giovanile è del tutto diversa da quella dell'adulto, in questo caso il giovane è nero con 5 strie giallo vivo verticali ed arcuate e pinna caudale quasi del tutto nera. La pinna caudale è arrotondata a tutte le età. Raggiunge una taglia massima di 41 cm[2][3].

Biologia

Vive in coppia, di solito nei pressi di gorgonie. Gli individui giovani svolgono il ruolo di "pesci pulitori" in modo simile al noto labride indopacifico Labroides dimidiatus. Tra le specie che accettano la "pulizia" ci sono carangidi, lutianidi, murene, pesci grugnitori, pesci chirurgo e labridi. Durante l'avvicinamento all'ospite effettua un nuoto particolare e durante l'attività di pulizia lo tocca ripetutamente con le pinne ventrali[2].

Riproduzione

Oviparo. Questa specie è monogama e le coppie durano per tutta la vita. Le coppie sono fortemente territoriali nei confronti dei conspecifici. Non esiste alcun corteggiamento e anche il riconoscimento del sesso è quasi impossibile. La deposizione avviene al tramonto[2].

Alimentazione

Si nutre di alghe e di invertebrati bentonici come spugne, briozoi, coralli molli, gorgonie e ascidie[2].

Pesca

Le carni sono considerate di buona qualità e viene pescato per il consumo[2].

Acquariofilia

Viene allevato e riprodotto negli acquari marini[2].

Stato di conservazione

Pomacanthus paru è una specie comune nell'areale, che è molto vasto e le popolazioni sono numericamente stabili, per questo motivo non è considerata minacciata di estinzione dalla IUCN. L'unico impatto noto è la cattura per il mercato acquariofilo, che ha prodotto però solo rarefazioni localizzate e temporanee in aree soggette a sovrapesca[1].

Note

  1. ^ a b (EN) Pomacanthus paru, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g (EN) Pomacanthus paru, su FishBase. URL consultato il 15/09/2014.
  3. ^ R. Myers E. Lieske, Collins Pocket Guide: Coral Reef Fishes - Indo-Pacific and Caribbean, Harper Collins Publishers, 1996, ISBN 0-00-219974-2.

Bibliografia

  • R. Myers E. Lieske, Collins Pocket Guide: Coral Reef Fishes - Indo-Pacific and Caribbean, Harper Collins Publishers, 1996, ISBN 0-00-219974-2.

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Pomacanthus paru: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Il pesce angelo francese (Pomacanthus paru) (Bloch, 1787) è un pesce osseo marino appartenente alla famiglia Pomacanthidae.

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Franse keizersvis ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Vissen

De Franse keizersvis (Pomacanthus paru) is een grote keizersvis uit de familie engel- of keizersvissen, die voorkomt in het westelijk deel van de Atlantische Oceaan, van Florida tot de Bahama's en Brazilië, de Golf van Mexico en Caribische Zee, inclusief de Antillen. De vis komt ook voor in het Oostelijk deel van de Atlantische Oceaan, rondom het eiland Ascension en St. Pauls Rots.

Beschrijving

De vis kan tot 40 centimeter groot worden, en heeft een plat lichaam met puntige uitlopers aan de rug- en aarsvin. De kleur is zwartachtig met goudomrande schubben op het lichaam (behalve de kin en borst) met een gele stip op de borstvinnen. Het regenboogsvlies van het oog is geelomrand. Het gebied rondom de ogen is blauw en met een gele streep omrand, de bek is wit gekleurd. Jonge exemplaren zijn zwart met verticale gele strepen.

Leefwijze

De vis bevindt zich vaak in paren in ondiepe rifgebieden, in de buurt van gorgonen. Het voedsel bestaat uit sponzen, algen, zachte koralen en mosdiertjes. Jonge exemplaren treden vaak op als poetsvissen van murenen, horsmakrelen, snappers, baarzen en doktersvissen. Na het beëindigen van de poetsbeurt raakt de vis zijn klanten met de borstvinnen aan. De vis is ovipaar en paartjes zijn monogaam. De eieren worden fel verdedigd tegen indringers en andere paren van dezelfde soort.

Externe link

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
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Franse keizersvis: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De Franse keizersvis (Pomacanthus paru) is een grote keizersvis uit de familie engel- of keizersvissen, die voorkomt in het westelijk deel van de Atlantische Oceaan, van Florida tot de Bahama's en Brazilië, de Golf van Mexico en Caribische Zee, inclusief de Antillen. De vis komt ook voor in het Oostelijk deel van de Atlantische Oceaan, rondom het eiland Ascension en St. Pauls Rots.

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Peixe-frade ( Portuguese )

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O Pomacanthus paru[1], comummente conhecido como Paru[2] (não confundir com as espécies Pomacanthus arcuatus e Pomacanthus rathbuni, que consigo partilham este nome) ou Peixe-frade (não confundir com a espécie Cetorhinus maximus[3], que também partilha deste nome comum), é um peixe-anjo da família Pomacantídeos, encontrado o Oceano Atlântico Ocidental desde a Flórida e Bahamas até o Brasil, incluindo o Golfo do México e as Caraíbas.

O peixe-frade normalmente habita áreas recifais rasas e nada em pares. Alimenta-se de esponjas, algas, briozoários, gorgónias e tunicados. Os jovens podem atuar como limpadores.

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Casal de peixes-frade.

Referências

  1. «Pomacanthus paru, French angelfish : fisheries, aquarium». www.fishbase.se. Consultado em 24 de abril de 2022
  2. «Paru». Michaelis On-Line. Consultado em 24 de abril de 2022
  3. S.A, Priberam Informática. «PEIXE-FRADE». Dicionário Priberam. Consultado em 24 de abril de 2022
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Peixe-frade: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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O Pomacanthus paru, comummente conhecido como Paru (não confundir com as espécies Pomacanthus arcuatus e Pomacanthus rathbuni, que consigo partilham este nome) ou Peixe-frade (não confundir com a espécie Cetorhinus maximus, que também partilha deste nome comum), é um peixe-anjo da família Pomacantídeos, encontrado o Oceano Atlântico Ocidental desde a Flórida e Bahamas até o Brasil, incluindo o Golfo do México e as Caraíbas.

O peixe-frade normalmente habita áreas recifais rasas e nada em pares. Alimenta-se de esponjas, algas, briozoários, gorgónias e tunicados. Os jovens podem atuar como limpadores.

 src= Casal de peixes-frade.
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Pomacanthus paru ( Vietnamese )

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Pomacanthus paru là một loài cá thuộc họ Pomacanthidae. Loài cá này tìm thấy ở phía tây Đại Tây Dương từ Florida và Bahamas đến Brazil, Và Ngoài ra vịnh Mexico và vùng Caribbe, bao gồm Antilles, và phía đông Đại Tây Dương từ khắp nơi trên đảo Ascension và St. Paul's Rocks, ở độ sâu từ 2 đến 100 m. Chiều dài lên tới 41 cm.

Chú thích

Tham khảo

  • Pyle, R., et al. 2010. Pomacanthus paru. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. Downloaded on ngày 3 tháng 6 năm 2013.
  • Thông tin "Pomacanthus paru" trên FishBase, chủ biên Ranier Froese và Daniel Pauly. Phiên bản tháng June năm 2006.
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Pomacanthus paru: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Pomacanthus paru là một loài cá thuộc họ Pomacanthidae. Loài cá này tìm thấy ở phía tây Đại Tây Dương từ Florida và Bahamas đến Brazil, Và Ngoài ra vịnh Mexico và vùng Caribbe, bao gồm Antilles, và phía đông Đại Tây Dương từ khắp nơi trên đảo Ascension và St. Paul's Rocks, ở độ sâu từ 2 đến 100 m. Chiều dài lên tới 41 cm.

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巴西刺蓋魚 ( Chinese )

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二名法 Pomacanthus paru
Bloch,1787

巴西刺蓋魚,俗名法國神仙,為輻鰭魚綱鱸形目鱸亞目蓋刺魚科的其中一個

分布

本魚分布於西大西洋區,包括美國南部、墨西哥尼加拉瓜巴拿馬哥斯大黎加加勒比海各島嶼、巴西哥倫比亞委內瑞拉法屬圭亞那蓋亞那蘇利南等海域。

深度

水深3公尺至100公尺。

特徵

本魚體略高,幼魚體呈黑色,魚體上有4至5條明顯的黃色垂直條紋,隨著魚的成熟,黃色的條紋褪去,魚體轉為深灰色。同時魚體鰓蓋後的大部分出現斑點,臀鰭的斑點較少,背鰭斑點較多,背鰭和臀鰭鰭條延長。背鰭硬棘10枚,軟條29至31枚;臀鰭硬棘3枚,軟條22至24枚。體長可達41公分。

生態

本魚棲息於淺水礁區。通常成對出現,時常在海扇附近,屬雜食性,以海綿藻類苔蘚蟲珊瑚蟲等為食。繁殖期時具有強烈領域性。

經濟利用

為高價值觀賞魚,較少人食用。有報告指出其體內具有雪卡魚毒。

参考文献

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巴西刺蓋魚: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

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巴西刺蓋魚,俗名法國神仙,為輻鰭魚綱鱸形目鱸亞目蓋刺魚科的其中一個

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