Information on this species is sparse but because it is a very popular aquarium fish one could assume it is not endangered. The Virtual Science Centre Project says that the Archerfish "is fairly common" but that the destruction of mangrove swamps could cause a great decline in its numbers. (Virtual Science Project, 1996)
T. jaculatrix is approximately 25 cm in length on average and has variable coloring, but is almost always silver-bodied with black vertical stripes or has a yellow hue with black stripes. (Tropical Tank 2000; Nelson 1994)
Other Physical Features: bilateral symmetry
T. jaculatrix is found almost exclusively in mangrove swamps, but can also be found to varying degrees in prawn ponds and river mouths (Tropical Tank, 2000; FreshAquariam, 2000). T. jaculatrix can survive in a wide range of water habitats, from fresh water to salt water, and in temperatures ranging from 25 to 30 degrees C (Tropical Tank, 2000). In almost all instances T. jaculatrix is found at or near the top depths of its aquatic environment, thus facilitating its predatory habits. (Neale, no date)
Aquatic Biomes: lakes and ponds; rivers and streams; coastal
Toxotes jaculatrix can be found in India, New Guinea, Australia, the Phillipines, Southeast Asia, and Oceania. (ISIS, 2000; Virtual Science Centre Project, 1996)
Biogeographic Regions: oriental (Native ); australian (Native ); indian ocean (Native ); pacific ocean (Native )
VISION:
T. jaculatrix is able to control its vision in such a way as to make the index of refraction of water to air negligible (it can see from water to air without any distortions in spacial arrangerment) so that it can easly track and "shoot" its airborn prey. T. jaculatrix accomplishes this through special adatations in the eye which give the fish an unusually large area on the retina in which the Archerfish can focus an image and still have it be clear.(Brown,1957) This adaptation allows the Archerfish to look through water into the air without having to take into account any distortions in spacial arrangement that come about due to the differences in the indices of refraction of water and air.
One other possible way the Archerfish deals with minimizing the indices of refraction of water is by lining up almost directly underneath its prey before shooting, thus making the effective difference in what the Archerfish sees from the water compared to what it would see from the air almost null. (Luling, 1963)
SPITTING- the reason it's called the "Archerfish":
The way in which the Archerfish spits water at its prey is not known in great detail, but the following information is known. The Archerfish is able to spit water by building up pressure in the mouth by producing for on the bones of the mouth (hyoid and lower jaw), while at the same time closing off any passage for water to any place besides the front of the mouth. These actions in turn produce a positive pressure which forces the water inside the mouth to be forcefully ejected from the small opening at the front of the mouth. (Elshoud, 1985)
Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical
T. jaculatrix is widely sought after as an aquarium fish.
T. jaculatrix feeds mainly on terrestrial insects by spitting water at them, thus knocking them out of the air and into the water. For this reason, T. jaculatrix is called the "Archerfish". T. jaculatrix can shoot its prey from as far as 125cm away. The Archerfish is also known to eat worms, shrimp, and other small animals. (Virtual Science Centre, 2000; Tropical Tank, 2000; About, 2000; Nelson, 1994)
Reproductive habits of T. jaculatrix have not been formally studied at this time.
Toxotes jaculatrix és una espècie de peix de la família dels toxòtids i de l'ordre dels perciformes.[5]
El cos (d'oval a romboide, moderadament comprimit i amb les fileres d'escates en disposició horitzontal) fa 30 cm de llargària màxima[6] (encara que la més normal és de 20).[6] Cos de color argentat i amb una sèrie de ratlles fosques, de les quals la primera travessa l'ull i la darrera la base de l'aleta caudal. Boca gran i dirigida cap a dalt.[7] 4 espines i 11-13 radis tous a l'aleta dorsal i 3 espines i 15-17 radis tous a l'anal. Aleta caudal truncada i pectorals punxegudes. Aleta dorsal contínua i col·locada en la meitat posterior del cos. Aletes dorsal, anal i pelvianes negroses; caudal de clara a fosca i pectorals pàl·lides. La quarta (de vegades, la tercera) espina de l'aleta dorsal és la més allargada de la susdita aleta. Ulls grans. Boca moderadament gran, proctràctil i amb la mandíbula inferior sortint. Angle de la mandíbula oblic. Maxil·lar prim, escatós i sense un os suplementari. Dents vil·liformes a les mandíbules, el vòmer i els palatins. Escates moderadament grans, ctenoides i estenent-se sobre el cap i les aletes imparelles. Galtes i opercle amb escates. 26-30 escates a la línia lateral, la qual és contínua i es corba per sobre de les aletes pectorals. Presenta com una mena de ranura longitudinal al sostre de la boca, la qual esdevé un tub quan la llengua hi pressiona per llençar un doll d'aigua.[8][9]
És un reproductor ovípar,[7] pelàgic i no protegeix ni la posta d'ous flotants[8] ni els alevins després de la fresa.[10]
S'alimenta durant el dia d'insectes, aranyes i matèria vegetal flotant que troba a la superfície. És famós per la seua capacitat per a fer caure els insectes que es troben en alguna fulla o branca fora de l'aigua (fins a 150 cm de distància) mitjançant l'emissió d'un doll d'aigua amb gran força i precisió de la seua boca i, a més, compensant la refracció de la llum.[11][12][13][14]
És un peix d'aigua dolça i salabrosa, associat als esculls,[15][16] amfídrom[17] i de clima tropical (25 °C-30 °C),[18] el qual viu en petits grups[19] als estuaris de manglars salobres, rius i rierols[6][20] des de l'Índia[6][21] (incloent-hi les illes Andaman)[22][23] fins a Birmània,[6][24] Tailàndia,[25][26][27][28] Malàisia,[29][30][31][32][33][34] les illes Ryukyu,[35][36][37][38][39][40][41] les illes Filipines,[42][43][44][45][46][43][47][48][49][50] Indonèsia,[19][51][52][53][54] Timor Oriental,[55][56] Vanuatu,[12][57] les illes Salomó,[12][58][59] Papua Nova Guinea,[12][60][61] la república de Palau[36][62][63][64][65] i el nord d'Austràlia[66] (el Territori del Nord, Queensland i Austràlia Occidental).[3][9][20][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76]
Necessita un aquari bastant gran (mínim 300 litres) i que imiti un biòtop de manglar, amb brots i arrels de mangle. Si, a més, és un aquari descobert i s'hi col·loquen plantes o branques sortint del recipient es pot gaudir de la visió de la seua habilitat per a empaitar i caçar insectes. Entre els seus companys d'aquari ideals (si es vol realitzar un aquari de temàtica geogràfica i amb peixos que acceptin o tolerin la mateixa mena d'aigua que aquesta espècie) es troben Scatophagus argus, Monodactylus argenteus, Monodactylus sebae, tetraodòntids i Etroplus maculatus. I, pel que fa a les plantes, les que millor s'adapten a les condicions de l'aigua salabrosa són Ceratopteris thalictroides, Egeria densa, Sagittaria, Vallisneria, Microsorum pteropus i el mangle.[77]
És inofensiu per als humans, venut fresc als mercats locals d'Indonèsia i d'altres països del Sud-est asiàtic[8] i [9] i forma part del comerç internacional de peixos d'aquari.[78]
Toxotes jaculatrix és una espècie de peix de la família dels toxòtids i de l'ordre dels perciformes.
Stříkoun lapavý (Toxotes jaculatrix) je ryba z řádu ostnoploutvých (Perciformes) a čeledi stříkounovitých (Toxotidae). Patří do rodu Toxotes, vědecký název zní Toxotes jaculatrix. Rodové jméno pochází z řečtiny a znamená „lukostřelec”. Druh popsal Peter Simon Pallas roku 1767. Stříkoun lapavý měří nejčastěji kolem 20 cm, největší jedinci však mohou být až o 10 cm delší. Ryba má stříbrnou barvu a po stranách těla výrazné znaky. Hřbetní ploutev se nachází blízko zadní strany těla. Jako u jedné z mála ryb se oči vyvinuly tak, aby umožňovaly binokulární vidění. Stříkoun lapavý je znám pro svou schopnost vypuzovat proud vody z tlamy, kterou „sestřeluje” kořist, jako je hmyz, z vegetace nad vodní hladinou. Někteří jedinci jsou schopni zasáhnout kořist i ve 2 až 3 metrech nad vodou a po pádu hmyzu do vody se k němu mohou dostat během 50 milisekund. Hmyz sedící na nízko položených větvích mohou také lovit tak, že po něm vyskočí.
Stříkoun lapavý se vyskytuje ve vnitrozemských i oceánských vodách, nejčastěji v ústí řek a v mangrovníkových bažinách. Obývá především Indo-Pacifik a vody okolo Austrálie. Během života se pohybuje mezi sladkou, slanou a brakickou vodou. O rozmnožování této ryby není známo velké množství informací. Poprvé se stříkouni třou, jakmile dosáhnou délky asi 10 cm, a najednou mohou naklást 20 000 až 150 000 vajíček. Vzhledem k jejich zbarvení se někdy stříkouni lapaví chovají jako akvarijní ryby, avšak péče o ně je složitá, a proto se nehodí do většiny domácích akvárií.
Tento druh je chován přibližně v sedmi desítkách evropských zoo.[2] V Česku se jedná o Zoo Brno, Zoo Ostrava a Zoo Praha a dále Mořský svět Praha a Rybářské muzeum Vodňany.[2] V pražské zoo je stříkoun lapavý od roku 2004 k vidění v pavilonu Indonéská džungle.[3]
V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku Banded archerfish na anglické Wikipedii.
Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu stříkoun lapavý ve Wikimedia Commons
Stříkoun lapavý (Toxotes jaculatrix) je ryba z řádu ostnoploutvých (Perciformes) a čeledi stříkounovitých (Toxotidae). Patří do rodu Toxotes, vědecký název zní Toxotes jaculatrix. Rodové jméno pochází z řečtiny a znamená „lukostřelec”. Druh popsal Peter Simon Pallas roku 1767. Stříkoun lapavý měří nejčastěji kolem 20 cm, největší jedinci však mohou být až o 10 cm delší. Ryba má stříbrnou barvu a po stranách těla výrazné znaky. Hřbetní ploutev se nachází blízko zadní strany těla. Jako u jedné z mála ryb se oči vyvinuly tak, aby umožňovaly binokulární vidění. Stříkoun lapavý je znám pro svou schopnost vypuzovat proud vody z tlamy, kterou „sestřeluje” kořist, jako je hmyz, z vegetace nad vodní hladinou. Někteří jedinci jsou schopni zasáhnout kořist i ve 2 až 3 metrech nad vodou a po pádu hmyzu do vody se k němu mohou dostat během 50 milisekund. Hmyz sedící na nízko položených větvích mohou také lovit tak, že po něm vyskočí.
Stříkoun lapavý se vyskytuje ve vnitrozemských i oceánských vodách, nejčastěji v ústí řek a v mangrovníkových bažinách. Obývá především Indo-Pacifik a vody okolo Austrálie. Během života se pohybuje mezi sladkou, slanou a brakickou vodou. O rozmnožování této ryby není známo velké množství informací. Poprvé se stříkouni třou, jakmile dosáhnou délky asi 10 cm, a najednou mohou naklást 20 000 až 150 000 vajíček. Vzhledem k jejich zbarvení se někdy stříkouni lapaví chovají jako akvarijní ryby, avšak péče o ně je složitá, a proto se nehodí do většiny domácích akvárií.
Tento druh je chován přibližně v sedmi desítkách evropských zoo. V Česku se jedná o Zoo Brno, Zoo Ostrava a Zoo Praha a dále Mořský svět Praha a Rybářské muzeum Vodňany. V pražské zoo je stříkoun lapavý od roku 2004 k vidění v pavilonu Indonéská džungle.
Skyttefisken (Toxotes jaculatrix) er en brakvandsfisk, der kan forme sin tunge til en slags rør og kan skyde vand 2-3 meter op i luften. Så blæser den et insekt eller det bytte den har valgt omkuld bare ved at "spytte" på den. og så kan den spise sit bytte. Den lever ved flodmundinger i Sydøstasien.
Skyttefisken (Toxotes jaculatrix) er en brakvandsfisk, der kan forme sin tunge til en slags rør og kan skyde vand 2-3 meter op i luften. Så blæser den et insekt eller det bytte den har valgt omkuld bare ved at "spytte" på den. og så kan den spise sit bytte. Den lever ved flodmundinger i Sydøstasien.
Der Schützenfisch oder Spritzfisch (Toxotes jaculatrix) gehört zur Familie der Schützenfische (Toxotidae). Der barschverwandte Fisch wird etwa 20 cm lang und bis zu zwölf Jahre alt. Er fällt durch eine nahezu gerade Stirn-Rücken-Linie und ein oberständiges Maul auf. Sein Name rührt von seiner einzigartigen Jagdtechnik her, bei der er mit einem Wasserstrahl Insekten von umliegenden Uferpflanzen herunterschießt.
Der Schützenfisch ist in den küstennahen tropischen Brackwassergebieten vom Roten Meer über Indien, China, Thailand, die Philippinen bis nach Australien beheimatet. Am häufigsten findet man ihn in Ästuaren und Lagunen von Mangrovenwäldern. Da die Brackwässer dort sehr flach sind, unterliegen sie während der Tiden starken Schwankungen der Temperatur (23 bis 28 °C) und des Salzgehaltes. Dies erfordert eine besonders hohe ökologische Toleranz (Euryökie) und hat vermutlich dazu geführt, dass sich nur wenige Arten der Schützenfische gebildet haben. Neben Toxotes jaculatrix sind sechs weitere Arten der Gattung der Schützenfische (Toxotes) bekannt. Äußerliche Geschlechtsunterschiede wie auch Unterarten treten bei Schützenfischen nicht auf.
Der Artenarmut entspricht eine relativ hohe Anzahl von Individuen. Dies erklärt das auffällig konfliktbereite Verhalten gegenüber seinen Artgenossen. Die Konkurrenz wird zudem durch das knappe Nahrungsangebot in den flachen Gewässern geschürt. Artfremden Fischen gegenüber ist er aber friedlich. Toxotes jaculatrix hält sich stets im Brackwasser auf.
Wie viele Fische, die dicht an der Oberfläche leben, ernährt sich auch der Schützenfisch vornehmlich von noch lebenden Insekten, die ins Wasser gefallen sind. Um das Angebot an Fliegen, Heuschrecken, Ameisen etc. zu vergrößern, hat er eine eindrucksvolle und effektive Jagdtechnik entwickelt. Dabei schießt er seine Beute mit einem scharfen, gezielten Wasserstrahl von den Blättern oder Halmen umstehender Uferpflanzen herunter. (Auch Colisa-Arten können das.) Dazu stellt er sich mit dem ganzen Körper steil auf, bildet durch Herandrücken der Zunge an die obere Gaumenrinne ein Abschuss-„Rohr“ und presst das Wasser durch Zusammendrücken der Kiemendeckel aus dem leicht geöffneten Maul, das sich direkt an der Oberfläche befindet. Dieses „Schießen“ ist aus dem bei allen Fischen vorhandenen Spuck-Reflex („Husten“) entstanden, der dazu dient, nicht Fressbares von der Kiemenreuse und aus der Mundhöhle zu entfernen (vgl. auch das Spucken der Balistidae).
Durch den steilen Abschusswinkel lässt sich zum einen die Flugbahn leichter berechnen, zum anderen fallen die Insekten relativ nah ins Wasser und können schnell als „eigene Beute“ gesichert werden. Da die Augen unter Wasser bleiben, kann zudem der zu berechnende Brechungswinkel zwischen Wasser und Luft klein gehalten werden. Der Strahldruck und die Zielsicherheit sind dabei erstaunlich gut entwickelt worden. Manche Exemplare treffen noch auf vier Meter Entfernung nur wenige Zentimeter große Objekte.
Der Schützenfisch stimmt auch die Stärke des Wasserstrahls auf die Größe des Ziels ab, indem er bei gleich bleibender Strahlgeschwindigkeit die Wassermenge variiert.[1] War der erste „Schuss“ nicht erfolgreich, so versucht der Fisch es noch einmal (auch mehrmals).
Schützenfische kann man in sehr kleinen Gruppen (Konkurrenz!) sowohl in Süßwasser, Brackwasser oder Seewasser halten. Ein Brackwasseraquarium erfüllt allerdings die Voraussetzungen am besten.
Das Wasser sollte eine Temperatur zwischen 25 und 30 °C haben. Das Aquarium sollte etwa 2 Meter lang sein und darf nur bis zu einem Drittel gefüllt werden, um den natürlichen Lebensraum gut imitieren zu können. Am oberen Aquarienrand kann man dann Insekten fliegen lassen und den Beute-Erwerb beobachten. Gelingt die Imitation der natürlichen Verhältnisse nicht, verlieren die Fische schnell das Interesse an ihrer spektakulären Jagdtechnik.
Lange Zeit galt es als schwierig, Schützenfische in Aquarien nachzuziehen, da über das Fortpflanzungsverhalten im natürlichen Verbreitungsgebiet nur wenig bekannt ist. Noch heute sind praktisch alle im Handel erhältlichen Schützenfische keine Nachzuchten, sondern Wildfänge. Die vermutlich weltweit erste erfolgreiche Aufzucht von Schützenfischen in menschlicher Obhut gelang 2011 der Stuttgarter Wilhelma.[2]
Die eigentümliche und physikalisch hochinteressante Jagdtechnik ist von den Forschern noch nicht vollständig enträtselt. In Experimenten mit operanter Konditionierung konnte gezeigt werden, dass der Schützenfisch nicht nur nach kurzer Zeit zwischen echter Beute und Attrappe unterscheiden kann, sondern auch den Zusammenhang zwischen Größe und Entfernung seiner Beute sehr schnell lernt. So passt er die abgefeuerte Wassermenge der Größe seiner Beute an, um Energie zu sparen.[1]
Der Schützenfisch oder Spritzfisch (Toxotes jaculatrix) gehört zur Familie der Schützenfische (Toxotidae). Der barschverwandte Fisch wird etwa 20 cm lang und bis zu zwölf Jahre alt. Er fällt durch eine nahezu gerade Stirn-Rücken-Linie und ein oberständiges Maul auf. Sein Name rührt von seiner einzigartigen Jagdtechnik her, bei der er mit einem Wasserstrahl Insekten von umliegenden Uferpflanzen herunterschießt.
Ang kataba (Toxotes jaculatrix)[1][2] ay isang uri ng maliit na isda.[3]
Ang lathalaing ito na tungkol sa Hayop ay isang usbong. Makatutulong ka sa Wikipedia sa nito.
Ang kataba (Toxotes jaculatrix) ay isang uri ng maliit na isda.
The banded archerfish (Toxotes jaculatrix) is a brackish water perciform fish of the archerfish genus Toxotes. It is silvery in colour and has a dorsal fin towards the posterior end. It has distinctive, semi-triangular markings along its sides.[3] It is best known for its ability to spit a jet of water to "shoot down" prey.[2][4] Larger specimens may be able to hit prey 2 to 3 metres (6 ft 7 in to 9 ft 10 in) away.[4] The banded archerfish may reach the displaced prey within 50 milliseconds of its hitting the water.[5]
The name (binomial as well as common) refers to Sagittarius the archer, because of the unusual method banded archerfish use to capture prey. Banded archerfish are found in Indo-Pacific and Oceanian waters, generally in river mouths and mangrove estuaries. They move between fresh, salt, and brackish water over the course of their lifetime, though not to breed. Because of their markings and silvery colour, banded archerfish are sometimes kept as aquarium fish, though they are difficult to care for and not recommended for most home aquaria.[2]
Toxotes jaculatrix were originally described by Peter Simon Pallas in 1767. Since then, several synonyms (such as Labrus jaculatrix and Sciaena jaculatrix) and misspellings (Toxotes jaculator) have come into use.[6][2]
Toxotes is Greek for "bowman" or "archer", and specifically refers to Sagittarius.[7] The species name jaculatrix is related to the English jaculate and means "thrower" or "caster" (of a dart or arrow). Both the common name and binomial name refer to the banded archerfish's habit of catching prey by shooting "arrows" of water through its mouth.[8]
Banded archerfish have four dorsal spines, 11 to 13 dorsal soft rays, three anal spines (of which the third is longest)[3] and 15 to 17 anal soft rays.[2] The first spine is always the shortest; the rays become shorter toward the posterior end.[3] There are about 23 scales between the first dorsal spine and the posterior nostrils.[3] Certain areas of the body are tinged green. The back of the fish is olive-green or brown.[3] The dorsal fin is yellowish-green and located towards the posterior end, and its base is shorter than that of the anal fin.[3] The caudal fin is "dirty green" and about the same height until the point of attachment, where it becomes shallower.[3] The anal fin is silver.[9]
The body of the banded archerfish is oblong in shape and raised on the posterior side. The body is generally silver-white in colour, though varying colourations, such as yellow, have been observed.[3] Four to six broad black bars may be present on the dorsal side.[4][9] The first bar is found anterior to the operculum, the bony plate covering the gills, and the second is found behind the operculum. The third bar is found below the origin of the dorsal fin, the fourth bar below the soft dorsal, and the fifth (if any) on the area between the anal fin and caudal fin (caudal peduncle).[3] These bars become shorter as the fish ages. The lateral line curves upwards at the area between the fourth and ninth lateral scales.[3] Banded archerfish can reach a maximum length of 30 centimetres (12 in); however, average length is about 20 centimetres (7.9 in).[2]
Banded archerfish have large eyes, which, unlike many other fishes, are positioned for binocular vision.[9] The head is slightly shorter than the body, with a distinctively pointed snout. Juveniles may be yellow-green to brown on the dorsal side and silvery on the ventral side. The juveniles' flanks are grey-green.[9] Some banded archerfish have irregular yellow patches between their bands.[10]
The possibility of sexual dimorphism in banded archerfish has not been investigated.[11]
The banded archerfish and its relative the largescale archerfish (Toxotes chatareus) are sometimes grouped and sold together under the label "archerfish".[12] However, the banded archerfish has four dorsal spines whereas largescale archerfish has five. The banded archerfish usually has four to five wedge-shaped bands, but largescale archerfish has six or seven spots and shorter bands in a regular, alternating pattern.[12] Unlike the silvery banded archerfish, the largescale is sooty in colour. The banded archerfish may also be confused with the smallscale archerfish, Toxotes microlepis. These are more difficult to distinguish, but the most striking difference is in the last two bands. While both species have four or five wedge-shaped bands, those of the banded archerfish extend to the dorsal fin, whereas those of the smallscale archerfish do not; there are two spots on the dorsal fin separate from the main bar.[12]
Banded archerfish are omnivorous. In the daytime, they come to the surface to feed on floating matter. Their diet comprises plant matter and insects, which they are able to "shoot down".[2] Banded archerfish are also able to capture prey by jumping out of the water and seizing it from low overhanging branches. Young archerfish form small schools while learning aim, increasing the chance that at least one shot will hit the target. Their diet also comprises underwater prey, including crustaceans and small fishes.[13]
Banded archerfish have mouths adapted to spit jets of water over distance, usually to knock prey into the water. The banded archerfish shoots the jet of water by raising its tongue against the roof of its mouth, forming a tube. The opercula then close quickly, pressurizing water along the tube.[4] Most archerfish are able to spit at a range of 150 centimetres (59 in),[2] though some larger specimens may be capable of ranges of up to 2 to 3 metres (6 ft 7 in to 9 ft 10 in).[4] When a prey is shot down, the banded archerfish begins to move towards the place where it will land within 100 milliseconds and can reach it within 50 ms of its hitting the water.[5]
A study found that banded archerfish could be trained to hit moving targets at an accuracy rate of greater than 50%.[14] According to this study, the ability to hit moving targets is a complex learned behaviour, and can be learnt from other members of the school. The study concluded that fish could shoot more accurately after observing other members of the school shooting.[14]
The banded archerfish is able to hit targets with a high degree of accuracy, despite refraction of light at the water-air interface. It was believed that they are able to achieve this level of accuracy by positioning their bodies to shoot from directly under the intended target.[9] However, later studies have found that banded archerfish are able to achieve great accuracy even at angles, suggesting that they are somehow able to compensate for refraction.[14][15] This may also suggest that banded archerfish are capable of three-dimensional tasks.[15]
The shooting behaviour of the banded archerfish is affected by the presence of conspecifics (members of the same species). When conspecifics are visible, this archerfish usually takes longer to shoot, aims more often, and shoots from a closer distance. This is hypothesized to occur to decrease the possibility of kleptoparasitism occurring.[16]
The breeding habits of the banded archerfish are not well known. Banded archerfish first begin to breed when they are about 10 centimetres (3.9 in) long.[9] The banded archerfish reproduces by spawning. There are reports that banded archerfish go to saltwater reefs to spawn, but these have not been confirmed.[17] Archerfish lay 20,000 to 150,000 eggs at a time.[13] Banded archerfish rarely breed in captivity.[10]
The banded archerfish inhabits the Indo-Pacific and waters off northern Australia, and less frequently those on the southern coast of Australia.[11] It can be found from India eastwards to the Philippine Islands, southwards to Australia, as well as in waters off the Solomon Islands and the Indonesian Archipelago.[2] It has been observed as far east as the New Hebrides (now known as Vanuatu).[18] The banded archerfish occurs mainly in areas of brackish water. Mangrove estuaries are its primary habitat, though it occasionally moves upstream into freshwater rivers. It is associated with reefs and has been reported to occur near overhanging vegetation.[2] While they may move between fresh and salt water during their life cycle, they do not do so to breed.[19]
Banded archerfish are fairly common in the Indo-Pacific and are not currently endangered.[1] They have a minor commercial role in fisheries and may be sold fresh in markets or collected for the aquarium trade.[2] Population may face some decline through the destruction of their mangrove swamp habitat and by pollution.[13]
Species in the genus Toxotes, including the banded archerfish, are kept as aquarium fish.[2] In aquaria, the banded archerfish can grow up to 25 centimetres (9.8 in) long.[10] They swim at the top level of the aquarium. Banded archerfish can be kept in small groups of three to five;[17] fish of the same size get along but fish that are larger may be aggressive towards those that are smaller,[11] and even try to eat them.[17] They may live from five to eight years in captivity, and occasionally nine or ten. Banded archerfish need warm water, usually between 25 and 30 °C (77 and 86 °F).[11] The aquarium should be large with middling amounts of plant growth and plenty of space for swimming. It should be at least 20 to 30 centimetres (7.9 to 11.8 in) deep.[11]
Banded archerfish are generally not recommended for average home aquaria despite their attractive appearance because they are difficult to care for and require special conditions.[17] Banded archerfish prefer to shoot and capture live food rather than be fed flake food, and are therefore difficult to feed.[11] They need brackish water as well as a tall canopy. In the wild they are able to jump out of the water to capture prey on overhanging branches; a tall canopy is required to prevent their jumping out of the aquarium.[17] Banded archerfish should be kept in an aquarium with a volume of at least 45 to 55 US gallons (170 to 210 L; 37 to 46 imp gal), though a greater volume is preferred.[10] Because of such difficulties in caring for banded archerfish, the species has not yet been successful in captivity.[11]
The banded archerfish (Toxotes jaculatrix) is a brackish water perciform fish of the archerfish genus Toxotes. It is silvery in colour and has a dorsal fin towards the posterior end. It has distinctive, semi-triangular markings along its sides. It is best known for its ability to spit a jet of water to "shoot down" prey. Larger specimens may be able to hit prey 2 to 3 metres (6 ft 7 in to 9 ft 10 in) away. The banded archerfish may reach the displaced prey within 50 milliseconds of its hitting the water.
The name (binomial as well as common) refers to Sagittarius the archer, because of the unusual method banded archerfish use to capture prey. Banded archerfish are found in Indo-Pacific and Oceanian waters, generally in river mouths and mangrove estuaries. They move between fresh, salt, and brackish water over the course of their lifetime, though not to breed. Because of their markings and silvery colour, banded archerfish are sometimes kept as aquarium fish, though they are difficult to care for and not recommended for most home aquaria.
El pez arquero de bandas (Toxotes jaculatrix) es una especie de pez perciforme del género Toxotes. Es de color plateado y tiene una aleta dorsal hacia el extremo posterior. Tiene marcas distintivas semi-triangulares a lo largo de sus lados.[3] Es conocido por su capacidad de escupir un chorro de agua para "derribar" a sus presas.[4] Se encuentran en aguas del Indo-Pacífico y Oceanía, generalmente en la boca de los ríos, manglares y estuarios. Se mueven entre agua dulce, salada y agua salobre a lo largo de su vida.
El pez arquero de bandas (Toxotes jaculatrix) es una especie de pez perciforme del género Toxotes. Es de color plateado y tiene una aleta dorsal hacia el extremo posterior. Tiene marcas distintivas semi-triangulares a lo largo de sus lados. Es conocido por su capacidad de escupir un chorro de agua para "derribar" a sus presas. Se encuentran en aguas del Indo-Pacífico y Oceanía, generalmente en la boca de los ríos, manglares y estuarios. Se mueven entre agua dulce, salada y agua salobre a lo largo de su vida.
Ampujakala (Toxotes jaculatrix) on Indonesian ja Pohjois-Australian jokisuiden murtovesissä elävä n. 30 cm pitkä kala, jota pidetään joskus myös akvaariokalana.
Ampujakala on kuuluisa saalistustavastaan. Se syö pääasiassa veden varaan joutuneita hyönteisiä, mutta osaa pudottaa niitä veden yllä olevilta lehdiltä puhaltamalla tarkasti tähdätyn vesisuihkun sitä kohti. Ampujakalan suuontelon katossa on ura, jota vasten se painaa kielensä jolloin syntyy ohut putki. Veden ruiskuttamiseen tarvittavan paineen se saa aikaan pumppaamalla kiduksillaan ja lopuksi se vapauttaa veden laskemalla kielensä jäykän kärjen joka toimii venttiilinä. Se osaa myös napata hyönteisen lehdeltä hyppäämällä.[2]
Ampujakala on sivuilta litistynyt ja sillä on tummia poikkiraitoja kyljissään. Sillä on vain yksi selkäevä joka on lähellä pyrstöevää. Päälaki on tasainen ja silmät ovat suuret, mikä helpottaa vesisuihkun kohdistamista saalistettaessa.[3]
Ampujakala (Toxotes jaculatrix) on Indonesian ja Pohjois-Australian jokisuiden murtovesissä elävä n. 30 cm pitkä kala, jota pidetään joskus myös akvaariokalana.
Le Toxote ou Poisson archer à bandes noires[1] (Toxotes jaculatrix) est une espèce de poissons archers. Il est connu pour sa manière unique de cracher un jet d'eau sur sa proie[2].
Bien qu'il soit rarement proposé en magasin, c'est un poisson intéressant à maintenir en aquarium, en aquaterrarium ou en paludarium.
Toxotes jaculatrix est originaire des côtes du Sud de l'Asie: Inde, Thaïlande en particulier dans le fleuve Chao Phraya, Viêt Nam, Sud de la Chine, Philippines, Bornéo, Sumatra, Polynésie et sporadiquement au Sud de l'Australie.
Il vit dans les eaux légèrement saumâtre des estuaires et des mangroves.
Toxotes jaculatrix a un corps allongé et comprimé verticalement, les tons varient entre gris, blanc, argenté selon les provenances, avec un reflet jaune sur la partie supérieure du corps. Décoré de cinq rayures transversales noires. Il possède une mâchoire inférieure légèrement proéminente. Il mesure moins de 10 à 12 cm en aquarium. En milieu naturel, il est beaucoup plus grand, mesurant en moyenne 20 cm et parfois jusqu'à 30 cm[3]. Il n'y a pas de dimorphisme sexuel. Toxotes jaculatrix possède de grands yeux, placés de manière atypique et lui permettant une bonne vision binoculaire. Il peut corriger la réfraction de la lumière à l'interface eau-air pour viser ou atteindre sa proie située hors de l'eau[4].
Il est souvent confondu avec Toxotes chatareus, mais on distingue nettement la teinte générale plutôt cuivrée et la forme plus effilée chez chatareus. Il possède cinq rayons durs de l'épine dorsale tandis que Jaculatrix en possède quatre.
Toxotes jaculatrix possède la capacité d'envoyer un jet d'eau à 2 m au-dessus de la surface. Ceci est permis par la formation d'un tube formé d'une part par un sillon taillé dans le palais et d'autre part avec le bord de la langue. L'eau contenue dans ce tube est éjectée lorsque l'animal ferme ses ouïes[4].
La force du jet croit avec la taille des proies visées (divers insectes, araignées, lézards...). Chaque jet est toujours dix fois plus puissant que nécessaire pour déloger la proie, ce qui laisse une bonne marge de sécurité.
Les jeunes poissons-archers à bandes noires ont un tir moins précis que les adultes, c'est pourquoi il arrive qu'ils coopèrent entre eux en groupant leurs tirs pour faire tomber une proie dans l'eau.
Quand la proie reste malgré tout accrochée à son support, le poisson-archer saute parfois hors de l'eau pour l'attraper, faisant un bond pouvant atteindre 30 cm de haut[5].
Toxotes jaculatrix est insectivore, il s'alimente d'insectes et autres petites proies dans son milieu naturel, les eaux saumâtres des estuaires à mangrove de l'Asie du Sud-Est. Mais en aquarium il accepte aussi la nourriture congelée classiques (vers de vase, artémia), mais rechigne souvent les aliments en granulés et les paillettes. Le mieux est de le nourrir d'insectes, comme des mouches, sauterelles, petits grillons, blattes...
Prévoyez grand, la cuve devra faire 300 litres pour accueillir quatre ou cinq poissons archers. L'aquarium classique planté convient parfaitement, il peut être maintenu en aquarium communautaire sous quelques conditions. Le poisson archer demande une eau très légèrement saumâtre, à raison de 5 g. par litre d'eau. C'est un gros mangeur donc un grand pollueur, il nécessite donc une filtration importante. Il s'agit d'un poisson calme et attentif qui n'aime pas du tout les turbulences, le rejet du filtre devra être brisé.
Ovipare. On ne sait pas grand-chose sur sa reproduction en milieu naturel, mais il se serait reproduit dans un aquarium public. Le dimorphisme sexuel est inexistant.
Le Toxote ou Poisson archer à bandes noires (Toxotes jaculatrix) est une espèce de poissons archers. Il est connu pour sa manière unique de cracher un jet d'eau sur sa proie.
Bien qu'il soit rarement proposé en magasin, c'est un poisson intéressant à maintenir en aquarium, en aquaterrarium ou en paludarium.
Ikan pemanah (bahasa Inggris: Archerfish banded), atau Toxotes jaculatrix, adalah ikan air payau dari genus archerfish Toxotes . Hal ini keperakan dalam warna dan memiliki sirip punggung menjelang akhir posterior. Memiliki khas, semi-segitiga tanda sepanjang sisinya. Hal ini paling dikenal karena kemampuannya untuk meludah sebuah jet air untuk "menembak jatuh" mangsa. Spesimen yang lebih besar mungkin mampu memukul mangsa 2 sampai 3 meter (6 kaki 7 sampai 9 ft 10 in) pergi. Ikan Pemanah dapat mencapai mangsa dalam 50 milidetik.
Nama (binomial serta umum) mengacu pada Sagitarius pemanah, karena penggunaan metode yang tidak biasa pada ikan pemanah untuk menangkap mangsanya. Ikan pemanah ditemukan di Indo-Pasifik dan Oseania perairan, umumnya di muara sungai dan hutan bakau muara . Mereka bergerak di antara segar, garam, dan air payau selama hidup mereka, meskipun tidak untuk berkembang biak. Karena tanda-tanda dan warna keperakan, ikan pemanah kadang-kadang disimpan sebagai ikan akuarium, meskipun mereka sulit dirawat dan tidak direkomendasikan untuk akuarium rumah.
Makanan ikan pemanah merupakan serangga-serangga kecil, seperti: laba-laba, lalat, lebah, capung, dll.
Ikan pemanah (bahasa Inggris: Archerfish banded), atau Toxotes jaculatrix, adalah ikan air payau dari genus archerfish Toxotes . Hal ini keperakan dalam warna dan memiliki sirip punggung menjelang akhir posterior. Memiliki khas, semi-segitiga tanda sepanjang sisinya. Hal ini paling dikenal karena kemampuannya untuk meludah sebuah jet air untuk "menembak jatuh" mangsa. Spesimen yang lebih besar mungkin mampu memukul mangsa 2 sampai 3 meter (6 kaki 7 sampai 9 ft 10 in) pergi. Ikan Pemanah dapat mencapai mangsa dalam 50 milidetik.
Nama (binomial serta umum) mengacu pada Sagitarius pemanah, karena penggunaan metode yang tidak biasa pada ikan pemanah untuk menangkap mangsanya. Ikan pemanah ditemukan di Indo-Pasifik dan Oseania perairan, umumnya di muara sungai dan hutan bakau muara . Mereka bergerak di antara segar, garam, dan air payau selama hidup mereka, meskipun tidak untuk berkembang biak. Karena tanda-tanda dan warna keperakan, ikan pemanah kadang-kadang disimpan sebagai ikan akuarium, meskipun mereka sulit dirawat dan tidak direkomendasikan untuk akuarium rumah.
Makanan ikan pemanah merupakan serangga-serangga kecil, seperti: laba-laba, lalat, lebah, capung, dll.
Toxotes jaculatrix is een straalvinnige vissensoort uit de familie van schuttersvissen (Toxotidae).[1] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1767 door Pallas.
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
Skytterfisk (Toxotes jaculatrix) er en art i gruppen skytterfisker (Toxotidae). Den lever i brakkvann, i elver, bekker og mangrove-estuarer. Den blir opptil 30 cm lang.
Den er kjent for sin evne til å spytte en vannstrøm for å skyte ned bytte. Større eksemplarer kan treffe insekter to til tre meter unna.
(en) Toxotes jaculatrix (Pallas, 1767) Banded archerfish - FishBase
Denne iktyologirelaterte artikkelen er foreløpig kort eller mangelfull, og du kan hjelpe Wikipedia ved å utvide den. Skytterfisk (Toxotes jaculatrix) er en art i gruppen skytterfisker (Toxotidae). Den lever i brakkvann, i elver, bekker og mangrove-estuarer. Den blir opptil 30 cm lang.
Den er kjent for sin evne til å spytte en vannstrøm for å skyte ned bytte. Større eksemplarer kan treffe insekter to til tre meter unna.
Strzelczyk indyjski[3], pryskacz[4], strzelczyk[5] (Toxotes jaculatrix) – słodkowodna ryba z rodziny strzelczykowatych. Często hodowana jako ryba akwariowa.
Głównie w słonawych, mangrowych ujściach rzek obszaru od Zatoki Adeńskiej, poprzez wybrzeża Indii i Azji południowo-wschodniej, po Australię.
Ryba przypowierzchniowa, poluje w charakterystyczny sposób: strąca owady do wody, wystrzeliwując z pyska strumień wody na odległość kilkudziesięciu centymetrów. Strumień wody powstaje w tubie, uformowanej z języka zaczepionego o rowek w podniebieniu. Woda zostaje wyrzucona z pyska przez wysokie ciśnienie spowodowane skurczem komory skrzelowej. Długość wystrzeliwanego przez rybę strumienia wody może osiągać nawet 1,6 metra[6].
W akwarium dorasta zwykle do 16 cm (w zależności od wielkości zbiornika, w którym przebywają). W środowisku naturalnym z reguły są większe i dorastają do 25-30 cm.
Stwierdzono, że nie ma żadnego zagrożenia dla populacji strzelczyka indyjskiego[7]. Nie mniej w Czerwonej Księdze Gatunków Zagrożonych 2018 widnieje notka o konieczności śledzenia trendów zmian liczebności jego populacji i rejestracji potencjalnych zagrożeń[2].
Ryby są spokojne, jeśli występują całą ławicą, złożoną z osobników o podobnych rozmiarach, w przeciwnym wypadku mogą być agresywne w stosunku do mniejszych ryb.
Strzelczyk indyjski, pryskacz, strzelczyk (Toxotes jaculatrix) – słodkowodna ryba z rodziny strzelczykowatych. Często hodowana jako ryba akwariowa.
O peixe-arqueiro (Toxotes jaculatrix) é um peixe do gênero Toxotes.
A partir de compressões rápidas da cavidade oral que obrigam a água a sair por um tubo formado pela língua pressionada pelo palato estriado, este peixe consegue ejetar água a distâncias de 1,5 m.[2] Também caça insetos que sobrevoam a água.
Peixe típico dos manguezais, que por vezes entra pelos rios adentro[3], encontra-se na Ásia e na Oceânia, em países como a Indonésia, a Papuásia-Nova Guiné e na Austrália.[4][5]
O peixe-arqueiro cospe um jato de água seis vezes superior à sua força muscular para caçar, sendo que a dinâmica da água também contribui para este fenômeno.[carece de fontes?]
O primeiro relato deste comportamento foi em 1764.[carece de fontes?]
O peixe fecha as brânquias para forçar a produção do jato, que é projetado pelo ar, como uma única grande gota de água, que atinge a presa de uma tal maneira que ela se torna refeição.
O peixe consegue arrancar insetos firmemente presos à vegetação fora da água. Assim que os insetos são derrubados pelo jato, e caem na água, são devorados imediatamente pelo peixe. Esta técnica permite-lhe atingir certeiramente um inseto numa fração de segundo, mesmo se estiver a dois metros de distância.[6]
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IUCN
O peixe-arqueiro (Toxotes jaculatrix) é um peixe do gênero Toxotes.
A partir de compressões rápidas da cavidade oral que obrigam a água a sair por um tubo formado pela língua pressionada pelo palato estriado, este peixe consegue ejetar água a distâncias de 1,5 m. Também caça insetos que sobrevoam a água.
Peixe típico dos manguezais, que por vezes entra pelos rios adentro, encontra-se na Ásia e na Oceânia, em países como a Indonésia, a Papuásia-Nova Guiné e na Austrália.
O peixe-arqueiro cospe um jato de água seis vezes superior à sua força muscular para caçar, sendo que a dinâmica da água também contribui para este fenômeno.[carece de fontes?]
O primeiro relato deste comportamento foi em 1764.[carece de fontes?]
O peixe fecha as brânquias para forçar a produção do jato, que é projetado pelo ar, como uma única grande gota de água, que atinge a presa de uma tal maneira que ela se torna refeição.
O peixe consegue arrancar insetos firmemente presos à vegetação fora da água. Assim que os insetos são derrubados pelo jato, e caem na água, são devorados imediatamente pelo peixe. Esta técnica permite-lhe atingir certeiramente um inseto numa fração de segundo, mesmo se estiver a dois metros de distância.
Cá măng rổ sọc (danh pháp hai phần: Toxotes jaculatrix) là một loài cá măng rổ nước lợ thuộc chi Toxotes. Loài cá này có màu bạc và có một vây lưng vào cuối sau. Nó dấu hiệu bán tam giác nổi bật cùng hai mặt của nó. Loài cá này được biết đến với khả năng phun tia nước nước để "bắn hạ" con mồi.[3][4] Mẫu vật lớn hơn có thể có thể bắn hạ con mồi cách nó 2-3 mét.[4]
Loài cá này có đến con mồi bị tấn công trong vòng 50 mili giây sau khi tia nước bắn hạ. Toxotes jaculatrix được mô tả lần đầu tiên bởi Peter Simon Pallas trong 1767. Kể từ đó, một số danh pháp đồng nghĩa (như Labrus jaculatrix và Sciaena jaculatrix) và lỗi chính tả (Toxotes jaculator) đã được sử dụng.
Bài viết chủ đề bộ Cá vược này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Cá măng rổ sọc (danh pháp hai phần: Toxotes jaculatrix) là một loài cá măng rổ nước lợ thuộc chi Toxotes. Loài cá này có màu bạc và có một vây lưng vào cuối sau. Nó dấu hiệu bán tam giác nổi bật cùng hai mặt của nó. Loài cá này được biết đến với khả năng phun tia nước nước để "bắn hạ" con mồi. Mẫu vật lớn hơn có thể có thể bắn hạ con mồi cách nó 2-3 mét.
Loài cá này có đến con mồi bị tấn công trong vòng 50 mili giây sau khi tia nước bắn hạ. Toxotes jaculatrix được mô tả lần đầu tiên bởi Peter Simon Pallas trong 1767. Kể từ đó, một số danh pháp đồng nghĩa (như Labrus jaculatrix và Sciaena jaculatrix) và lỗi chính tả (Toxotes jaculator) đã được sử dụng.
Toxotes jaculatrix Pallas, 1767
Полосатый брызгун[1] (лат. Toxotes jaculatrix) — вид лучепёрых рыб семейства брызгуновых (Toxotidae).
Небольшая рыба длиной 15—20 см, с довольно коротким, сжатым с боков телом, вытянутым рылом, нижняя челюсть которого немного выдаётся вперёд. Довольно крупная чешуя покрывает, кроме самого тела, также хвостовой плавник и мягкую часть спинного. Окраска тела зеленоватого цвета с 4—5 широкими тёмными пятнами или полосами поперёк спины. Обитает в Индийском океане, от Ост-Индии до Австралии. Держится около берегов и охотится, выпуская струю воды из ротового отверстия, с целью сбить насекомых, сидящих на ветвях невысоко от воды.
Как аквариумная рыба стал популярным из-за необычного способа питания.
Полосатый брызгун (лат. Toxotes jaculatrix) — вид лучепёрых рыб семейства брызгуновых (Toxotidae).
Небольшая рыба длиной 15—20 см, с довольно коротким, сжатым с боков телом, вытянутым рылом, нижняя челюсть которого немного выдаётся вперёд. Довольно крупная чешуя покрывает, кроме самого тела, также хвостовой плавник и мягкую часть спинного. Окраска тела зеленоватого цвета с 4—5 широкими тёмными пятнами или полосами поперёк спины. Обитает в Индийском океане, от Ост-Индии до Австралии. Держится около берегов и охотится, выпуская струю воды из ротового отверстия, с целью сбить насекомых, сидящих на ветвях невысоко от воды.
Как аквариумная рыба стал популярным из-за необычного способа питания.
