Yellow Perch

Perca flavescens és una espècie de peix de la família dels pèrcids i de l'ordre dels perciformes.

Morfologia

Els mascles poden assolir els 50 cm de longitud total i els 1.910 g de pes.^[2]

Distribució geogràfica

Es troba a Nord-amèrica.^[2]

Referències

Bibliografia

• Eschmeyer, William N. Genera of Recent Fishes. San Francisco (Califòrnia): California Academy of Sciences, 1990, p. iii + 697. ISBN 0-940228-23-8.
• Eschmeyer, William N. (ed.). Catalog of Fishes (en anglès). vol. 1-3. San Francisco (Califòrnia),: California Academy of Sciences, 1998, p. 2905 (Special Publication of the Center for Biodiversity Research and Information, núm. 1). ISBN 0-940228-47-5.
• Helfman, Gene S.; Collette, Bruce; Facey. The diversity of fishes (en anglès). Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Science, 1997.
• Moyle, Peter B.; Cech, Joseph J. Fishes: An Introduction to Ichthyology (en anglès). 4a edició. Upper Saddle River, Nova Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 2000.
• Nelson, Joseph S. Fishes of the World (en anglès). 3a edició. Nova York: John Wiley and Sons, 1994.
• Wheeler, Alwyne. The World Encyclopedia of Fishes (en anglès). 2a edició. Londres: Macdonald, 1985.

Der Amerikanische Flussbarsch (Perca flavescens) ist vom eurasischen (Perca fluviatilis) nur wenig verschieden. Dennoch steht heute fest, dass er eine eigene, „gute“ Art darstellt – da die beiden sich gar nicht lebensfähig kreuzen lassen.

Merkmale

Es gibt eine Anzahl von Merkmalen, in denen sich die zwei Arten statistisch unterscheiden. So hat der Amerikanische Barsch etwas mehr Sattelbinden (Querstreifen; 5–9) als der eurasische (5–8), die ventralen Flossen sind weniger rötlich, die Maximalgröße scheint geringer zu sein (Gewicht 2 kg bei ca. 40 cm gegenüber 10 kg bei ca. 65 cm Länge!). Der schwarze Dorsalisfleck ist weniger ausgeprägt. Die Färbung ist mehr grün-golden als grün-silbern. Anatomisch unterscheidet er sich dadurch, dass das Praedorsale (der erste, vergrößerte Interneuralknochen vor der ersten Rückenflosse) ein Muskelsegment weiter hinten liegt als bei der europäischen Art.

Flossenformeln:

• P. flavescens: D1 XII – XIV; D2 II/12–13. A II/7 – 9. 51 – 61 Seitenlinienschuppen.
• P. fluviatilis: D1 XIII – XIX; D2 I/15 – 18; A II/8 – 11. 39 – 42 Wirbel. 56 – 77 Seitenlinienschuppen.

Vorkommen

Der in den USA Yellow Perch (Gelber Barsch) genannte Amerikanische Flussbarsch kommt in ganz Nordamerika östlich der Rocky Mountains vor – wo nicht durch natürliche Ausbreitung, so durch menschliche Hilfe (heute in allen zusammenhängenden Unionsstaaten). Das hängt damit zusammen, dass er von der Bevölkerung als Sport-, aber auch als Speisefisch mehr geschätzt wird als unser Barsch. Der Gelbe Barsch steht besonders im Gebiet der Großen Seen im Ansehen, wo man zu Beginn der 1970er Jahre jährlich über 10.000 Tonnen vermarkten konnte. Seit jener Zeit ist die Fangmenge – aus im Wesentlichen noch nicht geklärten Ursachen – aber derart zurückgegangen, dass der Fisch lokal unter Schutz gestellt werden musste, Brutanstalten in Betrieb gingen und sogar schon Massen-Käfigaufzuchten durchgeführt werden, um Restaurants zu beliefern. Besonders im Winter ist es schwierig, ohne Importe von Filets des europäischen Perca fluviatilis aus der EU durchzukommen – der Herkunftsnachweis ist aber zur Information der Verbraucher mittels PCR-Untersuchung leicht möglich.^[1]

Einzelnachweis

1. ↑ Rex M. Strange, Carol A. Stepien: Yellow (Perca flavescens) and Eurasian (P. fluviatilis) perch distinguished in fried fish samples by DNA analysis. Fishery Bulletin, 107, 2007, S. 292–295 (PDF, englisch).

Literatur

• E. Herman, W. Wiley, L. Wiegert, M. Burdick: The yellow perch: Its life history, ecology and management. Wisconsin Conservation Department, Madison 1959.

Weblinks

– Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien

Amerikanischer Flussbarsch auf Fishbase.org (englisch)

• J. M. Hinshaw: Species Profile: Yellow Perch, Perca flavescens auf The Fish Site vom Juli 2006 (abgerufen am 14. Dezember 2010)
• Pam Fuller: Perca flavescens – natürliche und anthropogene Verbreitung in den Bundesstaaten der USA, USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, Florida, vom 17. Februar 2010 (abgerufen am 14. Dezember 2010)
• Perca flavescens in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2013.2. Eingestellt von: NatureServe, 2012. Abgerufen am 27. Januar 2014.

Kelduahven.

Kelduahven (Perca flavescens) on pohjasamerikkalaine ahvenluadu.

Sary okun, ya-da amerikan okuny^[1] (lat. Perca flavescens) — süýji suw balygy, maşgala okunlylar (Percidae) görnüşi okunlylaryñ (Perciformes). Derýa okunyna hem meñzeş derýa okunyny (Perca fluviatilis), ýöne olardan kiçiräk bolmagy bilen tapawutly, ulurak agzy we sary, gyzyl däl gyýrugy bilen, tapawutlydyr. Bu okun derýa okunyna şeyle bir anatomiki-ekologigi meñzeş, käbir alymlar soñky görnüş hökmünde çaklaýarlar, we öz gezeginde şeýle atlandyrýarlar Perca fluviatilis flavescens. Bu görnüşiñ nesil berijiligi gibritizasiýa ýagdaýynda ýaşaýjylykly we sagdyn nesil döredip bilýärler

Daşky görnüşi

Sary okun

Uly sary okunyñ uzynlygy — 10 dan 25 sm., massasy bolsa — 500g. çenli bolup bilýär. Bellenen dünýä rekordynyñ okuny agramy — 1,91 kg., 1865 ýylda tutulan derýasynda Delawer (ABŞ).^[2]. Uly urkaçylary adatça erkeklerinden ulurakdyr. Sary-ýaşyl reklere boýalan: arkasy goýy-ýaşyl, käbir gõrnüşlerinde altyn-goñur reñke geçyär; gapdallary sary, sary-ýaşyl ya-da med-ýaşylly, 6—9 sany goýy wertikal çyzykly. Garny ak ýa-da käte açyk-sary. Erkek osoblarynda reñkleri açykrak bolyar.

Sary okonyñ bedeni uzyn owal görnüşdedir; gapdal çyzyjaklary 57—62 beden teññejiklerini tutýar., arka ýüzgüji 12—13 şöhle özünde saklaýar, anal ýüzgüji — 7—8. Kellesi biraz yza gözüne tarap gidýär, hökgi ýagdaýyny hyýallandyrýar; ýañaklary 8—10 hatar teññejikden ybarat.

Köplügi

Bu görnüş Demirgazyk Amerika demirgazyk — günortasynda Kanadada ABŞ-nyñ demirgazyk — gündogarynda, merkezi Kanada, Beýik köller raýonlarynda, Gündogar Karolina ştatlarynda ABŞ-da. Şeýle-de bu görnüş adam tarapyndan ABŞ-nyñ g. o. — d. g. ýaýradylan. Britan Kolumbiýasynyñ Kanadanyñ g. b. — da.

Sary okun ekologiki ukyplydyr: ýokary akymly derýalarda hem, köldir ýaplarda hem ýaşap bilýärler; hemme ýerde hem suw otulara ýakyn ýaşaýar.

Iýmitleniş

Bu görnüş ýyrtyjy balyklar toparyndadyr, ol ownuk balyklar, suwdaky möjekleri bilen, rak şekilli we molýusklary. Öz awyny göz görüjiligi bilen tapýar, şonuñ üçin diñe günüñ ýagty wagtlarynda awa çykýarlar, günde iki gezek iýmitlenýärler — irden we agşam; awynyñ köp bölegi liçinkalardan durýar liçinkany we çekirtge, esasan hem maý — iýul aylary. Ýaş sary okunlar köp mör — möjeklerden iýmitlenýärlerplanktona, uly okunlar bolsa, lososyñ işbilleri bilen, korýuşgalary, we ozūniñ görnüşiniñ hem ownuklary bilen iýmitlenýärler.

Köpeliş

Köpeliş döwri ýylda bir gezek ýaz aýlarynda bolup geçýär, buzly döwürleriñ geçmeginde buzy, adatça gije ýa-da irden. Köpelişde işbiller tötänden otlaryñ we kökleriñ aralaryna zyñylýar, höwürtge ýasamazdan. Işbiljagazlar çyzyjak görnüşde we ýantar reñkindedir, we çydamly massa örtülendir, we bul her ďürli oñurgasyzlardan we infeksiýalardan gorap saklaýar. Urkaçysynyñ göwrümine görä we 10-4000 işbil guzlaýandyr. Köpeliş döwründe 2-25 erkek okunlary urkaçynyñ guzlan işbillerini plotlaýarlar. Işbilleriñ ösüş döwri 12-25 gije-gündiz dowam edýär, suwuñ temperaturasyna görä (ýyly suwda işbiller çalt özleşýärler).

Kaynag

1. ↑ Решетников Ю. С., Котляр А. Н., Расс Т. С., Шатуновский М. И. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Рыбы. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1989. — С. 251. — 12 500 экз. — ISBN 5-200-00237-0.
2. ↑ IGFA World Record | All Tackle Records | Perch, yellow

The yellow perch (Perca flavescens), commonly referred to as perch, striped perch, American perch, American river perch or preacher is a freshwater perciform fish native to much of North America. The yellow perch was described in 1814 by Samuel Latham Mitchill from New York. It is closely related, and morphologically similar to the European perch (Perca fluviatilis); and is sometimes considered a subspecies of its European counterpart.^[4] Other common names for yellow perch include American perch, coontail, lake perch, raccoon perch, ring-tail perch, ringed perch, and striped perch.

Latitudinal variability in age, growth rates, and size have been observed among populations of yellow perch, likely resulting from differences in day length and annual water temperatures. In many populations, yellow perch often live 9 to 10 years, with adults generally ranging from 4 to 10 in (10 to 25 cm) in length.

The world record yellow perch (18 in (46 cm); 4 lb 3 oz (1.9 kg)) was caught in May 1865 in Bordentown, New Jersey by Dr. C. Abbot.^[5] It is the longest-standing record for a freshwater fish in North America.^[6]

Description

The yellow perch has an elongate, laterally compressed body^[4] with a subterminal mouth^[7] and a relatively long but blunt snout which is surpassed in length by the lower jaw.^[8] Yellow perch have many fine teeth.^[4] Their bodies are rough to the touch because of their ctenoid scales.^[7] Like most perches, the yellow perch has two separate dorsal fins.^[8] The anterior, or first, dorsal fin contains 12–14 spines while the second has 2–3 spines in its anterior followed by 12–13 soft rays. The anal fin has 2 spines and 7–8 soft rays.^[7] The opercula tips are spined, and the anal fin has two spines.^[4] The pelvic fins are close together, and the homocercal caudal fin is forked. Seven or eight branchiostegal rays are seen.^[4]

The upper part of the head and body varies in colour from bright green through to olive or golden brown.^[8] The colour on the upper body extends onto the flanks where it creates a pattern of 6–8 vertical bars over a background of yellow or yellowish green.^[8] They normally show a blackish blotch on the membrane of the first dorsal fin between the rearmost 3 or 4 spines.^[7] The colour of the dorsal and caudal fins vary from yellow to green while the anal and pelvic fins may be yellow through to silvery white;^[8] in spawning season, males develop pronounced red or yellow color on their lower fins.^[7] The pectoral fins are transparent and amber in colour. The ventral part of the body is white^[8] or yellow.^[9] The juvenile fish are paler and can have an almost whitish background colour.^[7] The maximum recorded total length is 50 centimetres (20 in)—although they are more commonly around 19.1 centimetres (7.5 in)—and the maximum published weight is 1.9 kilograms (4.2 lb).^[3]

Distribution

Yellow perch are native to the tributaries of the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans, and the Great Lakes–St. Lawrence River and Mississippi River basins in North America. In Canada, its native range extends throughout Nova Scotia and Quebec north to the Mackenzie River. It also is common in the northwest to Great Slave Lake and west into Alberta.^[4]: 4 In the United States, the native range extends south into Ohio and Illinois, and throughout most of the northeastern United States. Native distribution was driven by postglacial melt from the Mississippi River.^[4]: 3–4 It is also considered native to the Atlantic Slope basin, extending south to the Savannah River. There is also a small, likely native population in the Dead Lakes region of the Apalachicola River system in Florida.^[10][11]

The yellow perch has also been widely introduced for sport and commercial fishing purposes. It has also been introduced to establish a forage base for bass and walleye. These introductions were predominantly performed by the U.S. Fish Commission in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.^[4]: 4 However, unauthorized introductions have likely occurred from illegal introductions, dispersal through connected waterways, and use as live bait.^[4]: 5–6 The current native and introduced range in the United States is through northern Missouri to western Pennsylvania to South Carolina and north to Maine, with introduced populations in the northwest and southwest portions of the United States.^[12] It has been extirpated in Arkansas.^[12] Introductions in Canada have been less intense than in the United States. It was primarily limited to the lakes in the Peace River drainage of British Columbia, but has currently expanded to other bordering areas since.^[4] A population in Swan Lake of the Peace River drainage, however, may be indigenous.^[4]: 4 The yellow perch has been introduced to China and Japan.^[13]

Habitat

Yellow perch are commonly found in the littoral zones of both large and small lakes, but also inhabit slow-moving rivers and streams, brackish waters, and ponds. Due to human intervention, they are currently found in many man-made lakes, reservoirs, and river impoundments. The perch are most abundant in lakes that may be warm or cool and are extremely productive in smaller lakes where they can dominate unless controlled by predation.^[4]

Biology

Yellow perch typically reach sexual maturity in 2–3 years for males and 3–4 years for females. They are iteroparous, spawning annually in the spring when water temperatures are between 2.0 and 18.6 °C (35.6 and 65.5 °F). Spawning is communal and typically occurs at night. Yellow perch are oviparous, as eggs are fertilized externally. Eggs are laid in a gelatinous strand (commonly 10,000–40,000), a characteristic unique among North American freshwater fishes. Egg strands are commonly draped over weeds, the branches of submerged trees or shrubs, or some other structure. Eggs hatch in 11–27 days, depending on temperature and other abiotic factors.^[14] They are commonly found in the littoral zones of both large and small lakes, but they also inhabit slow-moving rivers and streams, brackish waters, and ponds. Yellow perch commonly reside in shallow water, but are occasionally found deeper than 15 m (49 ft) or on the bottom.^[4]

In the northern waters, perch tend to live longer and grow at a slower rate. Females in general are larger, grow faster, live longer, and mature in 3–4 years compared to males, which mature in 2–3 years at a smaller size. Most research has showed the maximum age to be about 9–10 years, with a few living past 11 years. The preferred temperature range for the yellow perch is 17 to 25 °C (63 to 77 °F), with an optimum range of 21 to 24 °C (70 to 75 °F) and a lethal limit in upwards of 33 °C (91 °F) and a stress limit over 26 °C (79 °F). Yellow perch spawn once a year in spring using large schools and shallow areas of a lake or low-current tributary streams. They do not build a redd or nest. Spawning typically takes place at night or in the early morning. Females have the potential to spawn up to eight times in their lifetimes.^[4]

A small aquaculture industry in the US Midwest contributes about 90,800 kg (200,200 lb) of yellow perch annually, but the aquaculture is not expanding rapidly.^[4] The yellow perch is absolutely crucial to the survival of the walleye and largemouth bass in its range.^[4] Cormorants feed heavily on yellow perch in early spring, but over the entire season, only 10% of their diet is perch.^[15]

According to VanDeValk et al. (2002), "Cormorant consumption of adult yellow perch was similar to angler harvest, but cormorants consumed almost 10 times more age‐2 yellow perch and only cormorants harvested age‐1 yellow perch. Cormorants and anglers combined harvested 40% of age‐1 and age‐2 yellow perch and 25% of the adult yellow perch population. Total annual mortality of adult percids has not changed since cormorant colonization. Although cormorant consumption of adult percids has little effect on harvest by anglers, consumption of subadults will reduce future angler harvest of yellow perch and, to a lesser extent, walleyes."^[16]

Life history

Juvenile yellow perch

Yellow perch spawn once a year in spring using large schools and shallow areas of a lake or low-current tributary streams. They do not build a redd or nest. Females have the potential to spawn up to eight times in their lifetimes. Two to five males go to the spawning grounds first and are with the female throughout the spawning process. The female deposits her egg mass, and then at least two males release their milt over the eggs, with the total process taking about five seconds. The males stay with the eggs for a short time, but the females leave immediately. No parental care is provided for the eggs or fry. The average clutch size is 23,000 eggs, but can range from 2,000 to 90,000. The egg mass is jelly-like, semibuoyant, and can reach up to 2 m long. The egg mass attaches to some vegetation, while the rest flows with the water current. Other substrate includes sand, gravel, rubble, and submerged trees and brush in wetland habitat. Yellow perch eggs are thought to contain a chemical in the jelly-like sheath that protects the eggs and makes them undesirable since they are rarely ever eaten by other fish. The eggs usually hatch in 8–10 days, but can take up to 21 days depending on temperature and proper spawning habitat. Yellow perch do not travel far during the year, but move into deeper water during winter and return to shallow water in spring to spawn. Spawning occurs in the spring when water temperatures are between 6.7 and 12.8°C. Growth of fry is initiated at 6–10°C, but is inactive below 5.3°C. Larval yellow perch survival is based on a variety of factors, such as wind speed, turbidity, food availability, and food composition. Immediately after hatching, yellow perch head for the pelagic shores to school and are typically 5 mm long at this point. This pelagic phase is usually 30–40 days long.^[4]

Sexual dimorphism is known to occur in the northern waters where females are often larger, grow faster, live longer, and mature in 3–4 years. Males mature in 2–3 years at a smaller size. Perch do not grow as large in the northern waters, but tend to live longer. Maximum age estimates vary widely. The age of the perch is highly based on the condition of the lake. Most research has shown the maximum age to be approximately 9–10 years, with a few living past 11 years. Yellow perch have been proven to grow the best in lakes where they are piscivorous due to the lack of predators. Perch do not perform well in cold, deep, oligotrophic lakes. Seasonal movements tend to follow the 20°C isotherm and water temperature is the most important factor influencing fish distribution. Yellow perch commonly reside in shallow water, but are occasionally found deeper than 15 m or on the bottom. Their optimum temperature range is 21–24°C, but have been known to adapt to warmer or cooler habitats. The common lethal limit is 26.5°C, but some research has shown it to be upwards of 33°C with a stress limit at anything over 26°C. To grow properly, yellow perch prefer a pH of 7 to 8. The tolerable pH ranges have been found to be about 3.9 to 9.5. They also may survive in brackish and saline waters, as well as water with low dissolved oxygen levels.^[4]

Ecology

Primarily, age and body size determine the diets of yellow perch. Zooplankton is the primary food source for young and larval perch. By age one, they shift to macroinvertebrates, such as midges and mosquitos. Large adult perch feed on invertebrates, fish eggs, crayfish, mysid shrimp, and juvenile fish. They have been known to be predominantly piscivorous and even cannibalistic in some cases. About 20% of the diet of a yellow perch over 32 g (1.1 oz) in weight consists of small fish. Maximum feeding occurs just before dark, with typical consumption averaging 1.4% of their body weight.^[4]

Their microhabitat is usually along the shore among reeds and aquatic weeds, docks, and other structures. They are most dense within aquatic vegetation, since they naturally school, but also prefer small, weed-filled water bodies with muck, gravel, or sand bottoms. They are less abundant in deep and clear open water or unproductive lakes. Within rivers, they only frequent pools, slack water, and moderately vegetated habitat. They frequent inshore surface waters during the summer. Almost every cool- to warm-water predatory fish species, such as northern pike, muskellunge, bass, sunfish, crappie, walleye, trout, and even other yellow perch, are predators of the yellow perch. They are the primary prey for walleye Sander vitreus, and they consume 58% of the age zero and 47% of the age one yellow perch in northern lakes. However, in shallow natural lakes, largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides may be most influential in structuring the quality of yellow perch populations. In Nebraska's Sandhill lakes, the mean weight and quality of yellow perch is not related to invertebrate abundance, but is related to the abundance of largemouth bass. The three primary factors influencing quality panfish populations are predators, prey, and the environment.^[17]

In eastern North America, yellow perch are an extremely important food source for birds such as double-crested cormorants. The cormorants specifically target yellow perch as primary prey. Other birds also prey on them, such as eagles, herring gulls, hawks, diving ducks, kingfishers, herons, mergansers, loons, and white pelicans. High estimates show that cormorants were capable of consuming 29% of the age-three perch population.^[18] Yellow perch are effective at escaping predation seasonally by lake trout and other native fishes during summer, perhaps due to the high thermal tolerance of yellow perch.^[4]: 19

Perch are commonly active during the day and inactive at night except during spawning, when they are active both day and night. Perch are most often found in schools. Their vision is necessary for schooling and the schools break up at dusk and reform at dawn. The schools typically contain 50 to 200 fish, and are arranged by age and size in a spindle shape. Younger perch tend to school more than older and larger fish, which occasionally travel alone, and males and females often form separate schools. Some perch are migratory, but only in a short and local form. They also have been observed leading a semianadromous life. Yellow perch do not accelerate quickly and are relatively poor swimmers. The fastest recorded speed for a school was 54 cm/s (12.08 mph), with individual fish swimming at less than half that speed.^[4]

Some examples of parasites and diseases that afflict yellow perch include the epizootic bacterium Flavobacterium columnare,^[19] red worm Eustrongylides tubifex,^{[4]: 14–15} cnidarians of subphylum Myxozoa^{[20]: 760 [21]} including brain parasite Myxobolus neurophilus,^[19][22] broad tapeworm Diphyllobothrium latum,^[20]: 760 and parasitic copepods Ergasilus spp.^{[4]: 14–15}

Current management

Managers employed management techniques at Drummond Island, Michigan, such as harassing the cormorants and killing them as needed. Overall, the harassment deterred 90% of cormorant foraging attempts, while killing less than 6% on average at each site; yellow perch abundance increased significantly due to their being the predominant prey of cormorants by total number and weight at that lake.^[23] Lakes in South Dakota without suitable spawning substrate have had conifers introduced, such as short-needle spruce, to increase both spawning habitat and hatching success. Managers have identified seven key unauthorized pathways for the introduction of the yellow perch to non-native regions: shipping, recreational and commercial boating, construction of new canals and water diversions, releases from live food fish markets, releases from the aquarium and water garden trade, use of live bait, and illegal introductions to create new fisheries. The most likely unofficial pathways are illegal introductions, dispersal through connected waterways, and live bait. Many authorized introductions by natural resources agencies have taken place, as well, due to the sport-fishing demand.^[4]

In 2000, the parasite Heterosporis spp. was discovered in yellow perch on the Eagle River Chain of Lakes in Vilas County in Wisconsin, and has since been found in Minnesota, Michigan, and Ontario. The parasite does not infect people, but can infect many important sport and forage fish including the yellow perch. It does not kill the infected fish, but the flesh of a severely infected fish becomes inedible when the fish dies and the spores are then spread through the water to infect another fish. That concerns commercial fisherman in the Great Lakes regions that depend on these fish. The infected perch are not marketable. The current infection rates are 5% of harvest. Viral hemorrhagic septicemia is another serious disease in perch in the Great Lakes region. It has already killed thousands of drum in Lake Ontario and caused a large die-off of yellow perch in Lake Erie in 2006. Ontario is restricting commercial bait licenses as a precaution against this disease. Outside its native range, very few diseases or parasites have been found.^[4]

Fishing

Yellow perch caught by fishing

Yellow perch are a popular sport fish, prized by both recreational anglers and commercial fishermen for their delicious, mild flavor. Because yellow perch are among the finest flavored pan fish, they are occasionally misrepresented on menus within the restaurant industry. White perch, rock bass, and many species of sunfish (genus Lepomis) are sometimes referred to as "perch" on menus. The voracious feeding habits of yellow perch make them fairly easy to catch when schools are located, and they are frequently caught by recreational anglers targeting other species. Perch at times attack lures normally used for bass such a 3" tubes, Rapala minnows, and larger curl tail grubs on jigheads, and small, brightly colored casting spoons, but the simplest way to catch them is to use light line, 4 to 8# test and light, unpainted jig heads, 1/32–1/16 oz. Too many small soft plastic lure designs to mention can catch all panfish, but minnow-shaped lures with a quivering tail work much of the time, so long as the retrieval speed is slow and the lure is fished at the depth the perch are swimming. Thin, straight-tail grubs require the slowest speed of retrieval and are preferred when the bite is slow, which is much of the time.

Some good baits for perch include worms, live and dead minnows, small freshwater clams, crickets, and any small lure resembling any of these. Larger perch are often caught on large live minnow on a jighead, especially when fished over weed beds. Bobbers, if used, should be spindle type for the least resistance when the bait is struck, but small, round bobbers work well, too, yet indicate any slight pull of the bait. Raising the rod tip is usually more than enough force to set the hook.

Some yellow perch fisheries have been affected by intense harvesting, and commercial and recreational harvest rates often are regulated by management agencies. In most aquatic systems, yellow perch are an important prey source for larger, piscivorous species, and many fishing lures are designed to resemble yellow perch.

Aquaculture

Yellow perch kept in aquarium.

Yellow perch is a viable species for aquaculture. This species has shown a net weight gain between 37 and 78 grams over a three-year period in a study that raised yellow perch in outdoor ponds.^[24] Yellow perch meet several characteristics that make a species fit for aquaculture. Some such characteristics are as follows: they are low on the food chain, needing an optimal protein content of 21-27%, are accepting of pelleted fish feed, grow well in high densities due to their schooling nature, and the fish do not turn cannibalistic at high densities.^[25] When grown in ponds or tanks, yellow perch do not exhibit off flavors compared to wild caught yellow perch. These fish become sexually mature before they reach market size under natural conditions. Yellow perch rely on environmental cues, such as cooler temperatures, to mature. Controlling the temperature of the system allows yellow perch to be grown to market size before they mature.^[25][26][27]

Market

Yellow perch

For over 100 years, Canada and the United States have been commercially harvesting yellow perch in the Great Lakes with trapnets, gillnets, and poundnets. In Canada, the estimated catch in 2002 was 3,622 tons with a value of $16.7 million, second only to walleye at $28.2 million.^[4]: 15 The greatest demand in the United States is in the north-central region, where nearly 70% of all yellow perch sales in the US occur within 80 km (49.7 mi) of the Great Lakes.^[4]: 16 Yellow perch is one of the easiest fish to catch, and can be taken in all seasons, and tastes great. Therefore, it is a desirable sport fish in some locations within the US and Canada. It even makes up around 85% of the sport fish caught in Lake Michigan.^[4]: 16

The market demand for wild yellow perch has decreased due to overfishing in the 1960s and 1970s but farmed perch has become more popular. Farmed yellow perch reduce the need for mass harvesting from bodies of water. In 2000 farmed perch on the domestic and international markets were often the same or similar quality to wild perch.^[26]

Etymology

According to Brown, Runciman, Bradford and Pollard (2009), the genus name, Perca, is derived from ancient Greek for "perch" and the specific epithet, flavescens, is Latin for "becoming gold" or "yellow colored".^[4]: 2 Perca may also mean "dusky".^{[20]: 761 [28]}

References

La Flava perko (Perca flavescens) estas specio de perko troviĝanta en Usono kaj Kanado, kie ĝi estas ofte aludita per mallongigo perko. La Flava perko aspektas simila al la Eŭropa perko, sed estas pli pala kaj pli flaveca (kio aperas ankaŭ en la latina scienca nomo), kun malpli da ruĝo en la naĝiloj. Ili havas ses al ok malhelajn, vertikalajn striojn ĉe ĉiu flanko. La Flava perko estas en la sama familio kiel aliaj perkedoj, sed en diferenca familio disde la Blanka perko, Morone americana.

La grando de la Flava perko povas ege varii inter diversaj akvejoj, sed plenkreskuloj estas kutime 10-25.5 cm longaj. Tiu perko povas vivi ĝis 11 jaroj, kaj pli maljunaj perkoj estas ofte multe pli grandaj ol averaĝe; la maksimuma registrita longo estis de 53.3 cm kaj la plej granda rekorda pezo estis de 2.0 kg.^[1]

La Flava perko atingas la pinton de la seksa matureco je 1 al 3 jaroj de aĝo ĉe maskloj kaj je 2 al 3 jaroj de aĝo ĉe inoj. Ovodemetado okazas fine de aprilo aŭ komence de majo; inoj demetas 10,000 al 40,000 ovojn ĉe algoj, aŭ ĉe la branĉoj de arboj aŭ arbustoj kiuj iĝis metitaj en akvo. Post fekundigo, okazas eloviĝo post 11 al 27 tagoj, depende de temperaturo kaj aliaj veterkondiĉoj.

Fiŝkaptado

Ĝenerala priskribo

Geografia distribuado

Ekologio

Vivohistorio

Administrado

Notoj

1. ↑ http://wrec.igfa.org/WRecordsList.aspx?lc=AllTackle&cn=Perch,%20yellow

Perca flavescens es una especie de peces de la familia Percidae en el orden de los Perciformes.

Morfología

Los machos pueden llegar alcanzar los 50 cm de longitud total y los 1,910 g de peso.^[2]​

Distribución geográfica

Se encuentran en Norteamérica.

Referencias

Bibliografía

• Eschmeyer, William N., ed. 1998. Catalog of Fishes. Special Publication of the Center for Biodiversity Research and Information, núm. 1, vol. 1-3. California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco, California, Estados Unidos. 2905. ISBN 0-940228-47-5.
• Fenner, Robert M.: The Conscientious Marine Aquarist. Neptune City, Nueva Jersey, Estados Unidos : T.F.H. Publications, 2001.
• Helfman, G., B. Collette y D. Facey: The diversity of fishes. Blackwell Science, Malden, Massachusetts, Estados Unidos , 1997.
• Hoese, D.F. 1986: . A M.M. Smith y P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlín, Alemania.
• Maugé, L.A. 1986. A J. Daget, J.-P. Gosse y D.F.E. Thys van den Audenaerde (eds.) Check-list of the freshwater fishes of Africa (CLOFFA). ISNB, Bruselas; MRAC, Tervuren, Flandes; y ORSTOM, París, Francia. Vol. 2.
• Moyle, P. y J. Cech.: Fishes: An Introduction to Ichthyology, 4a. edición, Upper Saddle River, Nueva Jersey, Estados Unidos: Prentice-Hall. Año 2000.
• Nelson, J.: Fishes of the World, 3a. edición. Nueva York, Estados Unidos: John Wiley and Sons. Año 1994.
• Wheeler, A.: The World Encyclopedia of Fishes, 2a. edición, Londres: Macdonald. Año 1985.

Perka horia (Perca flavescens) Percidae familiako ur gezako arraina da, Ipar Amerikan bizi dena. Kolorez horixka da. Bizkarreko bi hegalak ia erabat bereizita ditu.^[1]

Perka horiak senide estua du perka arrunt (Perca fluviatilis) europarra. Biak morfologikoki oso antzekoak izan arren, anatomikoki eta genetikoki ezberdinak dira.^[2]

Erreferentziak

Kelta-ahven (Perca flavescens) on pohjoisamerikkalainen ahvenlaji. Sitä tavataan Yhdysvalloissa ja Kanadassa. Laji muistuttaa suuresti eurooppalaista serkkuaan ahventa. Lajit on joskus luettu yhdeksi ja samaksi, mutta nykyisin ne luetaan eri lajeiksi. Kala on urheilukalastajien suosioissa. Suurin tunnettu kelta-ahven on painanut 1,91 kiloa. Kalan luuranko eroaa euraasialaisesta ahvenesta vain yhden luun perusteella. Evissä on vähemmän punaväriä ja yleisväritys on keltaisempi.

Kelta-ahvenia tavataan järvissä ja joskus suurissa joissa. Ne viettävät talvensa syvänteissä, ja siirtyvät keväällä matalikoille kutemaan.^[2] Kelta-ahven on bassin tärkeä ravintokala.

Kelta-ahvenen luontaisia saalistajia ihmisen lisäksi ovat: hauki (Esox lucius), jättihauki (Esox masquinongy), amerikanharmaalokki (Larus smithsonianus), Pomoxis suvun kalat, Salvelinus confluentus, harmaanieriä (Salvelinus namaycush) ja valkosilmäkuha (Sander vitreus).^[3]

Lähteet

Aiheesta muualla

Perca flavescens (peilipalvelin) FishBase. Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (toim.). (englanniksi)

• ITIS: Perca flavescens (englanniksi)

Perca flavescens

La perchaude (Perca flavescens) est une espèce de poissons dulcicoles appartenant à la famille des percidés. Ubiquitaire en Amérique du Nord, elle s'adapte bien à toutes sortes d'habitats : grands lacs, petits étangs ou rivières tranquilles.

Migration

L’origine probable de ce percidé serait des populations venues de l’Asie du Nord-est et qui auraient envahi l'Amérique du Nord durant le Pléistocène. La perchaude et la perche, considérées comme des espèces distinctes, possèdent une morphologie et des modes de vie équivalents. Le seul caractère connu qui distingue morphologiquement Perca flavescens de Perca fluviatilis est l’os prédorsal, qui s’étend chez la perchaude entre la première et la deuxième épine dorsale alors qu’il est antérieur à la première épine dorsale chez la perche. La perchaude a été introduite dans de nombreux plans d’eau au Canada.

Distribution

Ce poisson est abondant dans les lacs et cours d'eau du Canada et des États-Unis. Il aurait été introduit en Europe. La perchaude est originaire des régions sud du Canada, ainsi que du nord-est des États-Unis et du nord des Plaines de ce pays. Aujourd’hui, aux États-Unis, elle est répandue du Maine à la Floride, puis vers l’ouest jusqu’au nord du Missouri, à l’est du Kansas et le nord-ouest du Montana. De plus, elle a été introduite dans presque tous les États situés à l’est et à l’ouest de sa distribution originale. Au Canada, l’espèce se trouve dans toutes les provinces : en Nouvelle-Écosse, au Nouveau-Brunswick, au Québec (de Baie-Comeau à la Baie James), en Ontario, dans le centre du Manitoba, en Saskatchewan, dans la région du Grand Lac des Esclaves, dans le Sud de l’Alberta et dans la région de Kootenay, Okanagan et Pend Oreille. La large répartition et diversité d’habitats de cette espèce reflètent sa grande adaptabilité écologique, un facteur important pour son élevage. Les perchaudes aiment les endroits dégagés des grands lacs, étangs, rivières à faible courant, aux eaux claires parsemées de végétation aquatique. À l’occasion on les retrouve dans les eaux saumâtres. C’est un poisson qui tolère la présence des métaux ce qui explique sa large distribution et son abondance dans les zones minières et fonderies du Canada.

Identification

Les couleurs de la perchaude, dans son habitat naturel, permettent de la différencier hors de tout doute. Les bandes alternées, triangulaires sont uniques pour les poissons nord-américains. Elle a deux nageoires dorsales. La première est formée de rayons épineux et tranchants, tandis que la seconde est souple. Sa forme est plus élancée que les achigans ou les crapets, mais plus trapue que les dorés. Il est important de ne pas la confondre avec son homologue européenne, la perche commune. Bien qu'elle y ressemble beaucoup, sa taille est plus modeste.

Nutrition

La perchaude se nourrit principalement d'insectes, de petits poissons (alevins), d'œufs et de crustacés^[1]. Son alimentation varie beaucoup en fonction de sa taille. Le brochet constitue l'un des principaux prédateurs de la perchaude adulte. Plus petite, elle a de nombreux prédateurs, y compris les individus de sa propre espèce de plus grande taille.

Une étude scientifique a constaté (1990) que cette espèce (comme la perche soleil et un siluridé autochtone, et comme les jeunes salmonidés) grandit plus et plus vite dans les réservoirs créés par les barrages de castors que dans un milieu comparable sans castors^[2].

Anatomie

Le corps de la perchaude est allongé et ovale. Sa longueur moyenne se situe entre 10 et 25 cm et elle pèse en moyenne entre 50 et 200 g. Ce poisson possède deux nageoires dorsales bien séparées. La première, située plus près de la tête, est épineuse (13 à 15 épines), haute et arrondie ; la seconde localisée à proximité de la nageoire caudale, est plus petite que la précédente ; elle possède une à deux épines suivies de douze à quinze rayons mous. La nageoire anale porte deux épines. Le bout des opercules se termine par une pointe piquante. Le pédoncule caudal est long et étroit ; la nageoire caudale est peu fourchue. Ses écailles sont bordées de petites épines. Les mâchoires sont munies de nombreuses petites dents.

La coloration de la perchaude varie selon sa taille et son habitat. Des barres noires en forme de V sur chaque côté du corps caractérisent ce poisson. Au nombre d’environ sept, elles débutent sur le dos du poisson pour se terminer sur le ventre. Le dos et la face dorsale de la tête varient du vert brillant au brun doré. Les nageoires pelvienne et anale sont ordinairement orange brillant. La coloration des mâles est plus intense que celle des femelles en période de frai.

Les écailles sont des cténoïdes, les opercules sont en grande partie nus, la poitrine et le ventre sont squameux, la ligne latérale est complète, haute et peu arquée. Le péritoine est argenté ; l’intestin est bien différencié, il existe 3 caeca pyloriques courts et épais. On dénombre 38 à 41 vertèbres et il n’existe pas de tubercules nuptiaux.

Reproduction

La fraie de la perchaude a lieu tôt au printemps. Selon les régions et les conditions atmosphériques, la reproduction débute en mars pour se terminer en mai et même en juin. La température optimale pour la reproduction de la perchaude se situe entre 7,8 °C et 11,1 °C. Les adultes recherchent alors des eaux peu profondes pourvues de végétation. Les petits mâles accèdent aux frayères les premiers, les femelles suivent. La reproduction se déroule durant la nuit ou très tôt le matin. Elle a lieu, en général, à des endroits où il y a la présence de plantes submergées avec quelques tiges, racines, des branches et des broussailles. Chaque perchaude y accrochera son ruban d’œufs. À défaut de ces structures, ce poisson frayera sur le sable ou le gravier. Il ne construit pas de nids comme d’autres espèces de poissons. Il ne semble pas y avoir d’observations sur l’acte reproducteur lui-même, mais on croit qu’il n’implique qu’une seule grande femelle et plusieurs mâles qui vont et viennent en une file longue et compacte, les premiers mâles pressant leur museau contre la femelle. Chaque femelle gravide peut être suivie par quinze à vingt-cinq mâles; ils fertilisent les œufs lorsqu’ils sont relâchés. Le nombre d’œufs pondus varie entre 2 000 à 90 000 selon la taille de la femelle. Un œuf mesure environ 3,5 mm une fois gonflé d’eau. Ces œufs, à demi flottants, sont contenus dans un tube ou un cordon aplati, gélatineux et transparent, plié en accordéon. Certains cordons peuvent mesurer plus de 2 mètres de longueur par 4 cm de largeur. Les œufs ne reçoivent aucun soin de leurs parents, toutefois, ils contiendraient une substance qui décourage leur prédation par d’autres poissons. L’incubation des œufs dure normalement de 8 à 10 jours; cependant, cette période peut atteindre près d’un mois lorsque la température de l’eau se situe autour de 8 °C. Les femelles croissent plus rapidement que les mâles. Elles dépassent rarement 36 cm de longueur. Leur poids n’excède presque jamais 500 grammes. L’aération des œufs en incubation provient de l’eau circulant à travers le cordon. Lorsqu’ils éclosent, les jeunes larves mesurent environ 5 mm. Durant quelques jours, elles se nourrissent du contenu de leur sac vitellin et par la suite, elles mangent du plancton. Les mâles peuvent atteindre la maturité sexuelle à l’âge de 1 à 2 ans et les femelles sont matures à 2 à 3 ans. Une perchaude vit en moyenne jusqu’à l’âge de 9 ans, l’âge maximal atteint est de 17 ans. La croissance est extrêmement variable et fortement influencée par le type d’habitat dans lequel elle vit. C'est un poisson à croissance lente, environ 2,5 cm annuellement.

Économie

La perchaude occupe un vaste territoire et une grande variété d’habitats, vit en bancs et se rassemble près du rivage au printemps. Tous ces facteurs la rendent facilement accessible aux pêcheurs, tant commerciaux que sportifs. Se nourrissant activement à l’année longue, elle peut être pêchée aussi bien en été qu’en hiver (pêche sur glace par exemple). Ce percidé est capturé commercialement de l’Ohio à l’Alberta. Elle est aussi largement exploité dans le fleuve St-Laurent et les Grand lacs. Les prises dans le lac St Pierre au Québec atteint parfois quelques centaines de tonnes. On la vend à l’état frais ou congelé presque partout. Sa chair est blanche, floconneuse, délicieuse et populaire. Des restaurants spécialisés bordent les grands lacs et les pêcheurs commerciaux peuvent offrir 3 000 000 de livres annuellement. Elle a été une des espèces à être exploitée à la senne, dans les grands lacs, du milieu jusqu'à la fin des années 1800. La production, les débarquements commerciaux et les prix commandés par cette espèce dépendent de bien de facteurs, tels que la variation des classes d’âge, nombres de pêcheurs, présence ou absence de prédateurs et taux de croissance suivant la température et la nourriture. L’industrie de la perchaude est considérée comme la plus importante des Grands Lacs, bien que les pêcheries commerciales sont en déclin à peu près partout dans l’Est de l’Amérique du Nord y compris celle du lac St Pierre. La cause serait la surexploitation du recrutement. Une pêche commerciale de cette espèce existe, principalement dans le réseau hydrographique du fleuve St-Laurent. C'est la principale pêcherie, sur le plan de la valeur monétaire, en Ontario. La perchaude est reconnue comme relativement facile à pêcher. Sa chair, tendre, rappelle celle de la sole. Par contre, les gros spécimens se montrent beaucoup plus difficiles à pêcher et ils sont très convoités. C'est un poisson prisé dans certaines régions et considéré comme un indésirable dans d'autres cours d'eau, tels ceux où elle n'est pas native et où sa taille reste modeste. La population étant actuellement en déclin dans le lac Saint-Pierre, la pêche tant commerciale que sportive est sujette à un moratoire depuis 2012^[3]. Cette interdiction complète découle d'une chute des populations à la fin des années 1990. Cet évènement est causé par la perte d'habitats propice à la fraie et d'une diminution de la qualité de l'eau, lié directement à l'augmentation de l'agriculture traditionnelle (monoculture, mise à nue des sols à l'automne, ajout d'engrais et de pesticides, etc.) dans la zone littorale du lac Saint-Pierre. Une évaluation en 2019 des populations de perchaudes du lac Saint-Pierre ne démontrait aucune amélioration de la situation depuis 2016^[4].

Intérêts scientifiques

Dans le contexte de l’écotoxicologie des métaux, la perchaude apparaît comme l’espèce la plus pertinente, en effet, elle est particulièrement intéressante dans l’étude des effets des métaux dans les systèmes d’eau douce. Exposés à de l’eau contaminée, ces poissons accumulent les métaux (Kraemer et al. 2006). Elles se prêtent aussi aux études de toxicologie des métaux (Pierron et al. 2009) et permettent en général d’évaluer l’impact des métaux sur la santé des poissons (Gauthier et al. 2008).

Références

Voir aussi

La perca gialla americana (Perca flavescens (Mitchill, 1814)) è un pesce d'acqua dolce appartenente alla famiglia Percidae, diffuso in America Settentrionale.^[1]

Distribuzione e habitat

Questa specie è diffusa nella maggioranza del territorio del continente nordamericano, dall'Artico al bacino del Mississippi, lungo la costa atlantica.

Vive in laghi, fiumi, stagni e torrenti. Non disdegna l'acqua salmastra e i laghi salati. Solitamente frequentano acque limpide con abbondante vegetazione sommersa.

Descrizione

Presenta un aspetto robusto ma idrodinamico e scattante. Possiede due pinne dorsali, un'anteriore più grande e spinosa mentre la seconda è più piccola. Le pinne sono ampie e robuste, dai bordi arrotondati. La bocca, tipica del predatore, è larga e protrudibile.

Raggiunge una lunghezza massima di 50 cm.

Biologia

Riproduzione

Specie ovipara, depone decine di migliaia di uova (da 3.000 a 100.000^[2]) che abbandona nel substrato delle aree di riproduzione. Non vi sono cure parentali.

Predatori

Questa specie è predata da numerosi altri pesci predatori (salmonidi, centrarchidi, altri percidi, lucci, bottatrici e anguille americane)^[3].

Alimentazione

Un adulto nel suo ambiente naturale

Perche pescate nel Lago Superiore, Canada

P. flavescens è un pesce predatore: si nutre di insetti, crostacei, pesci e molluschi^[4].

Pesca

È oggetto di pesca sportiva e commerciale per l'alimentazione umana.

Acquariofilia

Ospitata solamente in acquari pubblici, viste le dimensioni e le richieste ambientali.

Note

De Amerikaanse gele baars (ook 'geketende baars', 'gestreepte baars' en 'jackbaars' genoemd, Perca flavescens) is een straalvinnige vis uit de familie van echte baarzen (Percidae), orde van baarsachtigen (Perciformes). De vis kan maximaal 50 centimeter lang en 1910 gram zwaar worden. De hoogst geregistreerde leeftijd is 11 jaar.

Leefomgeving

De Amerikaanse gele baars komt voor in zoet- en brakwater. De soort komt voor in gematigde wateren in het noorden van Noord-Amerika, zuidelijk tot South Carolina en westelijk tot Minnesota, op een diepte tot 56 meter.

Relatie tot de mens

De Amerikaanse gele baars is voor de visserij van aanzienlijk commercieel belang. In de hengelsport wordt er weinig op de vis gejaagd. Hij is bekend bij de hengelaars als een trage, goed eetbare vis. De soort kan worden bezichtigd in sommige openbare aquaria. Voor de mens is de Amerikaanse gele baars ongevaarlijk.

Externe link

• Foto's van de Amerikaanse gele baars op FishBase

• Froese, R., D. Pauly. en redactie. 2005. FishBase. Elektronische publicatie. www.fishbase.org, versie 06/2005.

Okoń żółty, także okoń północnoamerykański^[2] (Perca flavescens^[3]) – gatunek drapieżnej ryby z rodziny okoniowatych (Percidae), opisany po raz pierwszy przez Samuela Lathama Mitchilla w 1814 roku^[2][5].

Występowanie i biotop

Naturalny zasięg występowania gatunku obejmuje część Ameryki Północnej, począwszy od północno-wschodniej Kanady, przez jej centralne i południowe części, aż do północno-zachodniej części Stanów Zjednoczonych. Występuje w rejonie Wielkich Jezior Północnoamerykańskich i w zlewniach wschodniego wybrzeża Stanów Zjednoczonych, na południu aż do rzeki Santee w Karolinie Południowej. Ponadto, gatunek ten został introdukowany w południowo-zachodniej części Stanów Zjednoczonych^[3], a także w kanadyjskiej Kolumbii Brytyjskiej. Gatunek żyjący w zarośniętych siedliskach w wodach słodkich i słonawych^[2], zarówno stojących, jak i szybko płynących^[2]. Gatunek unika wód zbyt ciepłych i zimnych, preferuje wody czyste o umiarkowanej temperaturze^[2], nie muliste i zmętniałe, tolerując przy tym wody o niskim stężeniu tlenu^[2].

Opis morfologiczny

Długość ciała dorosłych osobników okonia żółtego zwykle mieści się w zakresie 10-25 cm, średnia notowana to ok. 19 centymetrów^[5], waga natomiast zwykle nie przekracza 0,5 kg, samice są zwykle większe od samców, okazy o większych wymiarach zdarzają się rzadko^[2]. Formalnie udokumentowany rekord świata połowu tego gatunku miał miejsce w 1865 roku w rzece Delawere w stanie New Jersey, w Stanach Zjednoczonych i wynosił 1,91 kg^[5][6]. Ciało tego gatunku jest wysokie i owalne w przekroju – spłaszczone, pokryte bardzo drobnymi, szorstkimi łuskami. Ubarwienie poszczególnych okazów zmienia się wraz z ich wiekiem. Starsze osobniki posiadają ubarwienie w odcieniach żółci, złotawym do miedzianego i zielonym, młodsze osobniki są bielawo-zielonkawe. Wszystkie ryby tego gatunku posiadają na swoich bokach od 6 do 8 ciemnych pionowych pasów^[2]. Część brzuszna osobników tego gatunku jest barwy białej do jasnożółtej. Żółty kolor płetw odbytowych i brzusznych samców, może ulegać tymczasowej zmianie na kolor pomarańczowy do czerwonego w czasie tarła^[2]. Maksymalna odnotowana długość życia gatunku to około 11 lat^[5].

Odżywianie

Gatunek ten zaliczany jest do drapieżników, którym staje się już w młodym wieku. Początkowo narybek okonia żółtego odżywia się głównie zooplanktonem, a w miarę szybkiego wzrostu drobnymi skorupiakami i pierścienicami m.in: rakami, kiełżami, pijawkami. W naturalnych warunkach, rzadziej odżywiają się owadami m.in: larwami jętek, ważek głównie w okresie od maja do lipca, a w późniejszym czasie mniejszym narybkiem innych gatunków ryb^[3], na które polują stadnie.

Samiec okonia żółtego

Rozmnażanie

Do pierwszego tarła dochodzi w czasie gdy samica osiągnie wiek około 3-4 lat, samce natomiast osiągają dojrzałość około rok wcześniej. Gatunek odbywa tarło raz w roku, wczesną wiosną, tuż po zniknięciu ostatnich lodów na przełomie kwietnia i maja^[2], zwykle nocą lub wczesnym rankiem. Po zakończonym tarle, zapłodniona ikra w liczbie średnio około 23 tysięcy sztuk^[2], składana jest losowo na roślinności podwodnej i korzeniach, bez wcześniejszego budowania gniazd. Złożone jaja skupione są w grupy lub nitki, pokryte gęstą i kleistą masą śluzu, która chroni je przed uszkodzeniami i zapewnia przylepność do roślinności. Rozwój jaj aż do wylęgu zależy od temperatury wody i trwa 8-10 dni^[2]. Wylęgający się narybek ma długość około 4-7 mm^[2]. W ciągu pierwszego roku życia narybek dorasta do około 77 mm w przypadku samców i około 137 mm w przypadku samic^[7].

Interakcje międzygatunkowe

Na osobnikach gatunku pasożytują orzęski (m. in. z rodzajów Ichthyobodo i Trichodina) oraz przywry (m.in. z rodzaju Gyrodactylus)^[8].

Zagrożenia gatunku

Okoń żółty jest gatunkiem o kategorii LC czyli "Gatunku najmniejszej troski" w Czerwonej księdze gatunków zagrożonych, istotnymi zagrożeniami dla gatunku jest popularność połowów tego gatunku w Stanach Zjednoczonych, jak również rosnące zanieczyszczenie wód. W wodach o temperaturze wyższej niż optymalna u P. lutescens częściej rozwijają się choroby bakteryjne, powodowane przez Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium^[8].

Przypisy

Bibliografia

• T.G. Brown, B. Runciman, M.J. Bradford, S. Pollard: A Biological Synopsis of Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens) (ang.). W: Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 2883 [on-line]. Fisheries and Oceans Canada Science Branch, Pacific Region Pacific Biological Station, 2009, 2883 s. 6,7,8,10,11. [dostęp 2015-06-26]. ISSN 0706-6473.
• Maureen Mecozzi: YELLOW PERCH (Perca flavescens) (ang.). Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, sierpień 2008. s. 2,3,4,5. [dostęp 2015-06-26].

Bibanul galben (Perca flavescens) este o specie de biban nativă Statelor Unite și Canadei, unde este numit doar biban. Bibanul galben este similar bibanului european, dar sunt mai galbeni, cu mai puțin roșu pe înotătoare. Pe laterale sunt prezente 6-8 dungi verticale închise la culoare.

Bibanii galbeni variază mult fizic, dar adulții sunt în medie lungi de 10-25,5 cm și cântăresc aproximativ 150 g. Bibanii pot trăi până la 11 ani, iar cei mai în vârstă sunt de obicei mai mari decât media; lumgimea maximă înregistrată este de 53,3 cm, iar cel mai greu biban a avut 1,91 kg.

Bibanii ating maturitatea sexuală între unu și trei ani în cazul masculilor și între doi și trei ani în cazul femelelor. Depunerea icrelor are loc la sfârșitul lunii aprilie și începutul lunii mai, depunând între 5000 și 100000 de ouă printre alge sau ramurile copacilor care au devenit imerși. După fertilizare, puii eclozează între 11 și 27 de zile, în funcție de temperatură și alte condiții meteorologice.

Bibanii galbeni sunt pești cu o aromă foarte fină, ceea ce a dus la utilizarea greșită a numelui lor în industria restaurantelor. Deși în meniuri se specifică uneori "Biban", se servesc alte specii, de obicei din familia Centrarchidae.

Pescuit

Cea mai bună perioadă pentru pescuitul bibanilor este între iunie și noiembrie în regiunile mai reci, deși pot fi găsiți tot timpul anului. Sunt întâlniți frecvent în locuri stâncoase, paturi de alge sau porțiuni de râuri umbrite.

Referințe

• NatureServe - Perca flavescens
• Fishbase.org - Yellow perch
• Animal Diversity Web - Yellow perch
• Cross-breeding of Yellow and European perch

• Ellis, Jack (1993). The Sunfishes-A Fly Fishing Journey of Discovery. Bennington, VT: Abenaki Publishers, Inc. ISBN 0-936644-17-6.

• Rice, F. Philip (1964). America's Favorite Fishing-A Complete Guide to Angling for Panfish. New York: Harper Row.

• Rice, F. Philip (1984). Panfishing. New York: Stackpole Books. ISBN 0-943822-25-4.

Gul abborre^[4] eller nordamerikansk abborre^[4] (Perca flavescens^[5]) är en fiskart som finns i Nordamerika. Den ingår i släktet Perca och familjen abborrfiskar.^[6][7] Inga underarter finns listade.^[6]

Utseende

En avlång fisk med tydlig, böjd sidolinje och två ryggfenor; den främre med 12 till 14 hårda taggstrålar, den bakre med 12 till 13 mjukstrålar samt 2 till 3 taggstrålar. Analfenan har 2 taggstrålar och 7 till 8 taggstrålar. Som hos den vanliga abborren är fjällen kölade, vilket gör att huden känns sträv vid beröring. Även färgteckningen påminner om abborrens, med 6 till 8 mörka tvärstrimmor längs kroppen. Grundfärgen är dock mera guldgul, även om ungfiskarna är ljusare, mer vitaktiga. På bakre delen av den främre ryggfenan finns ofta en svart fläck. Buk- och analfenorna har vanligen en gul till rödaktig anstrykning, speciellt på hanen under parningstiden.^[8] Som mest kan arten bli 50 cm lång och väga 1,91 kg, men blir vanligtvis inte mycket mer än 19 cm.^[9] Honorna växer snabbare och blir ofta större än hanarna.^[8]

Vanor

Den gula abborren är en stimfisk som föredrar förhållandevis grunda, strandnära vatten^[10] som floder, strömmar, selvatten, dammar^[11] och sjöar. Den kan även gå ut i brackvatten och saltsjöar.^[9]

Arten migrerar ut till djupare vatten för att övervintra under hösten.^[8] Dock är den fortfarande aktiv under denna period.^[10]

Födan, som tas under dagen (under natten förefaller fiskarna vila på bottnen^[10]) består av insektslarver, större ryggradslösa djur som snäckor och kräftor, fiskar samt fiskägg.^[9] De små ungarna tar plankton.^[11] Arten blir inte särskilt gammal; få individer blir mycket äldre än 7 år.^[8]

Fortplantning

Hanarna blir könsmogna mellan 1 och 3 års ålder, honorna mellan 2 och 4 år. Leken sker under april till tidigt i maj vid en vattentemperatur på 7 - 11 °C då fiskarna vandrar till grunda, vegetationsrika vatten med småstens-, grus- eller sandbotten från vinterns övervintringsvatten. Hanarna anländer först. Under leken har varje hona vanligen sällskap av 2 till 5 hanar. I samband med äggläggningen simmar honan över bottnen med kroppen böjd till U-form följd av en av hanarna, medan de övriga är passiva. Därefter avger hon äggen i en lång gelésträng varpå den aktiva hanen får sällskap av minst en av de övriga, som tillsammans avger mjölke. Äggen kläcks efter 8 till 10 dagar; de nykläckta larverna är 4 till 7 mm långa, och har redan fullt utvecklade käkar, tänder och ögon. De håller sig på djupare vatten tills fenorna är fullt utvecklade. Ynglen börjar aktivt ta föda vid 7 mm längd, även om innehållet i gulesäcken inte är förbrukat.^[8]

Betydelse för människan

Arten är en populär matfisk och föremål för både yrkesmässigt fiske och sportfiske.^[9] I Stora sjöarna är den en kommersiellt viktig art för fiskare både från USA och Kanada.^[8]

Utbredning

Det ursprungliga utbredningsområdet omfattar Nordamerika från Nova Scotia och Quebec till Northwest Territories i Kanada, samt söderut till Ohio, Illinois och Nebraska. I floderna med utflöde på Atlantkusten går den ner till Santee River i South Carolina.^[9] Den gula abborren har införts till alla delstater på USA:s fastland inklusive Alaska.^[12]

Referenser

1. ^ ”'Perca flavescens (Mitchill, 1814)” (på engelska). ITIS. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=168469. Läst 21 april 2012.
2. ^ [a b c d e] Scott, W.B. and E.J. Crossman (1973) Freshwater fishes of Canada., Bull. Fish. Res. Board Can. 184:1-966.
3. ^ Eschmeyer, W.N. and Fricke R. (eds.) (2011) Catalog of fishes. Updated internet version of 05 May 2011., Catalog databases of CAS cited in FishBase (website).
4. ^ [a b] Sven O Kullander (13 september 2008). ”Naturhistoriska riksmuseets databas över fisknamn”. Naturhistoriska riksmuseet. Arkiverad från originalet den 14 december 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131214095552/http://artedi.nrm.se/fishnames/namefind.php?FormData=Perciformes&Verbosity=Listing&Submit=Skicka&MaxRecs=1000&Category=cOrder&Precision=%3D&Ordering=default. Läst 5 januari 2012.
5. ^ Page, L.M. and B.M. Burr (1991) A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico., Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. 432 p.
6. ^ [a b] Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (27 april 2011). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/perca+flavescens/match/1. Läst 24 september 2012.
7. ^ FishBase. Froese R. & Pauly D. (eds), 2011-06-14
8. ^ [a b c d e f] Sara Creque (2000). ”Perca flavescens American perch” (på engelska). Animal Diversity Web (University of Michigan). http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Perca_flavescens.html. Läst 22 april 2012.
9. ^ [a b c d e] Luna, Susan M. (15 november 2011). ”'Perca flavescens (Mitchill, 1814) American yellow perch” (på engelska). Fishbase. http://www.fishbase.org/summary/Perca-flavescens.html. Läst 21 april 2012.
10. ^ [a b c] ”Yellow Perch Perca flavescens” (på engelska). Michigan Department of Natural Resources. http://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-153-10364_18958-45696--,00.html. Läst 21 april 2012.
11. ^ [a b] ”Yellow Perch Perca flavescens” (på engelska). Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries. 2012. Arkiverad från originalet den 7 december 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20111207222010/http://www.dgif.virginia.gov/wildlife/fish/details.asp?fish=010206. Läst 21 april 2012.
12. ^ Pam Fuller & Matt Neilson (19 augusti 2009). ”Perca flavescens (yellow perch)” (på engelska). US Geological Survey. http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?SpeciesID=820. Läst 21 april 2012.

Externa länkar

• Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Gul abborre.
  Bilder & media
• Wikispecies har information om Perca flavescens.
  Artförteckning

• 1 Опис
• 2 Поширення
• 3 Харчування
• 4 Розмноження
• 5 Систематика
• 6 Джерела

1. ↑ Brown, T. G., Runciman, B., Bradford, M.J., and Pollard, S. 2009. A biological synopsis of yellow perch Perca flavescens. Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2883: i-v, 1-28.(англ.)
2. ↑ Brian, S. D., Moerke, A., Bur, M., Bassett, C., Aderman, T., Traynor, D., Singleton, R. D. Butchko, P. H., and Taylor, J. D. II 2010. Evaluation of harassment of migrating double-crested cormorants to limit depredation on selected sport fisheries in Michigan. Journal of Great Lakes Research 36(2): 215–223.(англ.)

Cá pecca vàng (danh pháp hai phần: Perca flavescens) là một loài cá rô được tìm thấy ở Hoa Kỳ và Canada, nơi nó thường được gọi bằng tên ngắn là cá pecca. Cá pecca vàng giống cá pecca châu Âu, nhưng nhạt màu và màu vàng hơn, với ít màu đỏ ở vây. Chúng có 6-8 thanh djc màu tối ở hai bên. Pecca vàng có kích thước có thể khác nhau rất nhiều giữa các vùng nước, nhưng con trưởng thành thường dài từ 10-25,5 mm. Tuổi thọ có thể đến 11 năm, và lớn hơn pecca vàng già hơn thường lớn hơn nhiều hơn mức trung bình, chiều dài tối đa được ghi nhận là 21,0 inch (53,3 cm) và trọng lượng lớn nhất được ghi nhận là 4,3 lb (1,91 kg). Các pecca vàng trưởng thành tính dục ở 1-3 năm tuổi đối với con đực và 2-3 năm tuổi đối với con cái. Thời gian sinh sản vào cuối tháng Tư hoặc đầu tháng Năm, con cái đẻ từ 10.000 đến 40.000 lên cỏ hoặc nhánh cây hoặc cây bụi ngập trong nước. Sau khi thụ tinh, trứng nở trong 11-27 ngày, tùy thuộc vào nhiệt độ và điều kiện thời tiết khác.

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

Tham khảo

• Thông tin "Perca flavescens" trên FishBase, chủ biên Ranier Froese và Daniel Pauly. Phiên bản tháng June năm 2010.
• Phương tiện liên quan tới Perca flavescens tại Wikimedia Commons

Bài viết chủ đề bộ Cá vược này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.

• x
• t
• s

• 1 Внешний вид
• 2 Распространение
• 3 Питание
• 4 Размножение
• 5 Примечания

黃鲈為輻鰭魚綱鲈形目鲈亞目河鲈科的其中一种。

特征

体侧扁，前部高而隆起，长约15厘米（5.9英寸）。身体呈淡黄色，有两条棕黑色横带。口大、下颌稍突出。背鳍两个，基部相连。

分布

分布於北美洲加拿大北極圈至五大湖區、美國大西洋岸至密西西比河的淡水、半淡鹹水流域，棲息在植被生長的湖泊、池塘、溪流，屬肉食性，以昆蟲、魚類、甲殼類、鳥類等為食，可做為觀賞魚、食用魚，適合煎、烤食用。

参考文獻

• Froese, Rainer & Daniel Pauly, eds. (2012). Perca flavescens in FishBase. 2012年6月版本

擴展閱讀