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Saddleback Clownfish

Amphiprion polymnus (Linnaeus 1758)

Trophic Strategy

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Occurs inshore (Ref. 75154). Inhabits silty lagoons and harbors (Ref. 7247). Diurnal species (Ref. 113699).
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Drina Sta. Iglesia
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Morphology

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Dorsal spines (total): 10 - 11; Dorsal soft rays (total): 16 - 18; Analspines: 2; Analsoft rays: 12 - 14
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Life Cycle

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Benthic spawner. Oviparous, distinct pairing during breeding (Ref. 205). Eggs are demersal and adhere to the substrate (Ref. 205). Males guard and aerate the eggs (Ref. 205). Length at sex change = 9.2 cm TL (Ref. 55367). Also Ref. 240, 7471.
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Diagnostic Description

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Description: Overall orange to dark brown, head bar broad white, saddle from middle of dorsal fin to variable extent below, caudal fin black part tapering posteriorly (Ref. 90102). Some geographical variations and in PNG often with much orange ventrally (Ref. 48636).
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Biology

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Adults inhabit silty lagoons and harbors. Monogamous (Ref. 55367). A protandrous hermaphrodite (Ref. 32166). Oviparous, distinct pairing during breeding (Ref. 205). Eggs are demersal and adhere to the substrate (Ref. 205). Males guard and aerate the eggs (Ref. 205). Associated with the anemones: Heteractis crispa and Stichodactyla haddoni (Ref. 5911). Has been reared in captivity (Ref. 35420, 35423).
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Importance

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fisheries: of no interest; aquarium: commercial
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分布

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分布於西太平洋區,由印尼、馬來西亞至所羅門群島,北至日本南部,南至澳洲。台灣南部有發現,但罕見。
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利用

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本身體色豔麗以及與海葵共生之習性,使其成為受歡迎之水族觀賞魚。目前已能人工繁殖。
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描述

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體呈橢圓形而側扁,標準體長為體高之 1.7-2.0倍。吻短而鈍。眼中大,上側位。口小,上頜骨末端不及眼前緣;齒單列,圓錐狀。眶下骨及眶前骨具放射性鋸齒;各鰓蓋骨後緣皆具鋸齒。體被細鱗;側線之有孔鱗片 34-35個。背鰭單一,軟條部不延長而略呈圓形,硬棘X-XI,軟條 12-16;臀鰭硬棘II-III,軟條12-16;胸鰭鰭條18-19;雄、雌魚尾鰭皆呈截形或圓形。體由黃褐色至黑色,各鰭暗褐色;胸鰭黃色或淡色;尾鰭上下葉緣具白寬帶環繞。眼後具一寬垂直白色;背鰭軟條部延伸至肛門另具一白色斜寬帶,此帶隨著成長而逐漸退縮呈鞍狀斑。
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棲地

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主要棲息於底質為沙地之潟湖及含沙地之礁區,棲息深度可達約30公尺。主要和生長在沙地的海葵行共生之行為,喜歡共生的海葵有/Heteractis crispa/及/Stoichactis haddoni/等,體表之黏液可保護自己不被海葵傷害。行一夫一妻制。雜食性,以藻類和浮游生物為食。
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Amphiprion polymnus ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Amphiprion polymnus

Amphiprion polymnus és una espècie de peix de la família dels pomacèntrids i de l'ordre dels perciformes.[4]

Morfologia

Reproducció

És monògam i hermafrodita.[7][8]

Hàbitat

Viu a zones de clima tropical (30°N-25°S), associat als esculls de corall, a 2-30 m de fondària[9] i en simbiosi amb les anemones Heteractis crispa i Stichodactyla haddoni.[10][5]

Distribució geogràfica

Es troba al Pacífic occidental: Illes Ryukyu,[11] la Xina,[12] el Vietnam, Taiwan, el Golf de Tailàndia,[13] Indonèsia,[14] Filipines, Austràlia (el Territori del Nord i el Golf de Carpentària), Nova Guinea,[15] Nova Bretanya i Salomó.[5]

Observacions

Es pot criar en captivitat.[16][17]

Referències

  1. Bloch M. E. & Schneider J. G. 1801. M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae iconibus cx illustratum. Post obitum auctoris opus inchoatum absolvit, correxit, interpolavit Jo. Gottlob Schneider, Saxo. Berolini. Sumtibus Auctoris Impressum et Bibliopolio Sanderiano Commissum. Systema Ichthyol. . i-lx + 1-584. Pls. 1-110.
  2. Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae, Ed. X. (Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata.) Holmiae. Systema Nat. ed. 10 v. 1: i-ii + 1-824.
  3. «Amphiprion polymnus». Catalogue of Life. (anglès) (anglès)
  4. The Taxonomicon (anglès)
  5. 5,0 5,1 5,2 FishBase (anglès)
  6. Lieske, E. i R. Myers 1994. Collins Pocket Guide. Coral reef fishes. Indo-Pacific & Caribbean including the Red Sea. Haper Collins Publishers, 400 p.
  7. Allsop, D.J. i S.A. West 2003. Constant relative age and size at sex change for sequentially hermaphroditic fish. J. Evol. Biol. 16(2003):921-929.
  8. Moyer, J.T. i A. Nakazono 1978. Protandrous hermaphroditism in six species of the anemonefish genus Amphiprion in Japan. Jap. J. Ichthyol. 25(2):101-106.
  9. Allen, G.R. 1991. Damselfishes of the world. Mergus Publishers, Melle, Alemanya. 271 p.
  10. Fautin, D.G. i G.R. Allen 1992. Field guide to anemonefishes and their host sea anemones. Western Australian Museum, Francis Street, Perth.
  11. Masuda, H., K. Amaoka, C. Araga, T. Uyeno i T. Yoshino 1984. The fishes of the Japanese Archipelago. Vol. 1. Tokai University Press, Tòquio, Japó. 437 p.
  12. Huang, Z. 2001. Marine species and their distribution in China's seas. p. 404- 463. Vertebrata. Smithsonian Institution, Florida. 598 p.
  13. Monkolprasit, S., S. Sontirat, S. Vimollohakarn i T. Songsirikul 1997. Checklist of Fishes in Thailand. Office of Environmental Policy and Planning, Bangkok. 353 p.
  14. Kuiter, R.H. i T. Tonozuka 2001. Pictorial guide to Indonesian reef fishes. Part 2. Fusiliers - Dragonets, Caesionidae - Callionymidae. Zoonetics, Austràlia. 304-622 p.
  15. Kailola, P.J. 1987. The fishes of Papua New Guinea: a revised and annotated checklist. Vol. II Scorpaenidae to Callionymidae. Research Bulletin Núm. 41, Research Section, Dept. of Fisheries and Marine Resources, Papua Nova Guinea.
  16. Moe, A.M. Jr. 1992. The marine aquarium handbook. Beginner to breeder. Green Turtle Publication, Florida, Estats Units. 318 p.
  17. Terver, D. 1971. Comportement de ponte, reproduction et developpement embryonnaire d'un poisson-clown (Amphiprion polymnus). Piscic. Fr. 26:9-23.


Bibliografia

  • Allen, G.R. 1975. Damselfishes of the South Seas. T.F.H. Publications, Inc., Neptune City, Nova Jersey. 240 p.
  • Allen, G.R. 1975. The anemone fishes. Their classification and biology. Segona edició. T.F.H. Publications, Inc., Neptune City, Nova Jersey.
  • Allen, G.R. i P.L. Munday 1994. Kimbe Bay rapid ecological assessment: the coral reefs of Kimbe Bay (West New Britain, Papua New Guinea), Volum 3: Fish diversity of Kimbe Bay. The Nature Conservancy, South Pacific program Office, Auckland, Nova Zelanda. 107 p.
  • Allen, G.R. i M. Adrim 2003. Coral reef fishes of Indonesia. Zool. Stud. 42(1):1-72.
  • Baensch, H.A. 1992. Neue Meerwasser-Praxis. Tetra Verlag, Melle, Alemanya.
  • Balon, E.K. 1990. Epigenesis of an epigeneticist: the development of some alternative concepts on the early ontogeny and evolution of fishes. Guelph Ichthyol. Rev. 1:1-48.
  • Eschmeyer, William N.: Genera of Recent Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco, Califòrnia, Estats Units. iii + 697. ISBN 0-940228-23-8 (1990).
  • Eschmeyer, William N., ed. 1998. Catalog of Fishes. Special Publication of the Center for Biodiversity Research and Information, núm. 1, vol. 1-3. California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco, Califòrnia, Estats Units. 2905. ISBN 0-940228-47-5.
  • Hardy, J.D. Jr. 2003. Coral reef fish species. NOAANational Oceanographic Data Center. NODC Coral Reef Data and Information Management System. Estats Units. 537 p.
  • Helfman, G., B. Collette i D. Facey: The Diversity of Fishes. Blackwell Science, Malden, Massachusetts (Estats Units), 1997. ISBN 1-4051-2494-6.
  • Herre, A.W.C.T. 1953. Check list of Philippine fishes. Res. Rep. U.S. Fish Wild. Serv., (20):977 p.
  • Hoese, D.F., D.J. Bray, J.R. Paxton i G.R. Allen 2006. Fishes. A Beasley, O.L. i A. Wells (eds.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Volum 35. ABRS & CSIRO Publishing: Australia Part 1, pp. xxiv 1-670; Part 2, pp. xxi 671-1472; Part 3, pp. xxi 1473-2178.
  • Masuda, H. i G.R. Allen 1993. Meeresfische der Welt - Groß-Indopazifische Region. Tetra Verlag, Herrenteich, Melle. 528 p.
  • Mohsin, A.K.M., M.A. Ambak i M.N.A. Salam 1993. Malay, English, and scientific names of the fishes of Malaysia. Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malàisia, Occasional Publication Núm. 11.
  • Moyle, P. i J. Cech.: Fishes: An Introduction to Ichthyology, 4a edició, Upper Saddle River, Nova Jersey, Estats Units: Prentice-Hall. Any 2000. ISBN 0-13-011282-8.
  • Nelson, J.S. 2006: Fishes of the world. Quarta edició. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, Nova Jersey, Estats Units. 601 p. ISBN 0-471-25031-7.
  • Randall, J.E. i K.K.P. Lim (eds.) 2000. A checklist of the fishes of the South China Sea. Raffles Bull. Zool. Suppl. (8):569-667.
  • Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea i W.B. Scott 1991. World fishes important to North Americans. Exclusive of species from the continental waters of the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. (21):243 p.
  • Thresher, R.E. 1984. Reproduction in reef fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Inc. Ltd., Neptune City (Estats Units). 399 p.
  • Werner, T.B i G.R. Allen 1998. Reef fishes of Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea. A T. Werner i G. Allen (eds). A rapid biodiversity assessment of the coral reefs of Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea. RAP Working Papers 11, Conservation International, Washington DC.
  • Werner, T.B. i G.R. Allen 2000. A rapid marine biodiversity assessment of the Calamianes Islands, Palawan province, Philippines. RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment 17. Washington DC:Conservation International.
  • Wheeler, A.: The World Encyclopedia of Fishes, 2a edició, Londres: Macdonald. Any 1985. ISBN 0-356-10715-9.


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Amphiprion polymnus: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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 src= Amphiprion polymnus

Amphiprion polymnus és una espècie de peix de la família dels pomacèntrids i de l'ordre dels perciformes.

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Sattelfleck-Anemonenfisch ( German )

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Der Sattelfleck-Anemonenfisch (Amphiprion polymnus) gehört zu den Riffbarschen (Pomacentridae). Durch seinen breiten Sattelfleck unterhalb der Rückenflosse unterscheidet er sich von allen anderen Anemonenfischen.

Er lebt in den Korallenriffen des Südchinesischen Meeres und in den Gewässern um die Inselwelt Indonesiens, der Philippinen, Taiwans, der Ryūkyū-Inseln, Neuguineas, der Salomon-Inseln, und des australischen Northern Territory.

Amphiprion polymnus wird bis zu 12 Zentimeter lang.

Er akzeptiert zwei Arten von Symbioseanemonen als Partner.

Exemplare, die in Symbiose mit der Lederanemone leben sind meistens melanistisch. Nur die weißen Streifen und die weiße Zeichnung der Schwanzflosse sind noch vorhanden.

Flossenformel: Dorsale X–XI/16–18, Anale II/12–14

Literatur

  • Dapne G Fautin, Gerald R Allen: Anemonenfische und ihre Wirte, Tetra-Verlag (1994), ISBN 3-89356-171-4

Weblinks

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Sattelfleck-Anemonenfisch: Brief Summary ( German )

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Der Sattelfleck-Anemonenfisch (Amphiprion polymnus) gehört zu den Riffbarschen (Pomacentridae). Durch seinen breiten Sattelfleck unterhalb der Rückenflosse unterscheidet er sich von allen anderen Anemonenfischen.

Er lebt in den Korallenriffen des Südchinesischen Meeres und in den Gewässern um die Inselwelt Indonesiens, der Philippinen, Taiwans, der Ryūkyū-Inseln, Neuguineas, der Salomon-Inseln, und des australischen Northern Territory.

Amphiprion polymnus wird bis zu 12 Zentimeter lang.

Er akzeptiert zwei Arten von Symbioseanemonen als Partner.

Die Lederanemone (Heteractis crispa) Die Teppichanemone (Stichodactyla haddoni)

Exemplare, die in Symbiose mit der Lederanemone leben sind meistens melanistisch. Nur die weißen Streifen und die weiße Zeichnung der Schwanzflosse sind noch vorhanden.

Flossenformel: Dorsale X–XI/16–18, Anale II/12–14

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Saddleback clownfish

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Amphiprion polymnus, also known as the saddleback clownfish or yellowfin anemonefish, is a black and white species of anemonefish with a distinctive saddle. Like all anemonefishes it forms a symbiotic mutualism with sea anemones and is unaffected by the stinging tentacles of the host anemone. It is a sequential hermaphrodite with a strict sized-based dominance hierarchy: the female is largest, the breeding male is second largest, and the male non-breeders get progressively smaller as the hierarchy descends.[3] They exhibit protandry, meaning the breeding male will change to female if the sole breeding female dies, with the largest non-breeder becomes the breeding male.[4]

Description

A. polymnus is a small sized fish which grows up to 13 centimetres (5.1 in). In any anemonefish group, the female is always larger than the male, but in this species the male is almost equal in size to the female. Its body has a stock appearance, oval shape, compressed laterally and with a round profile.[5] The body color ranges from dark brown to yellow orange and this species has two or three white bars. The white head bar is thick and located just behind the eyes. A large white abbreviated saddle shape or slanted white bar across the middle of the fish's body makes it quite obvious to see how it got the name Saddleback.[4] In some varieties, typically those specimens initially associated with Heteractis crispa anemone, the saddle shape may extend up onto the fish's Dorsal fin with a third white bar or margin located across the caudal peduncle,[4] (pictured in taxobox). The external edge of the caudal and the anal fins are underlined with a white line. The snout and the pectoral fin are in any case of color variation orange yellow to brownish orange.[6]

Color variations

Melanistic variation has also been partially correlated with the fish's host anemone. Specimens associated with Heteractis crispa tend to be darker than those associated with Stichodactyla haddoni. Aquarium specimens have been observed becoming lighter or darker after accepting a new host anemone species, sometimes within a few hours.[4]

Similar species

Historically anemonefish have been identified by morphological features, color pattern in the field, while in a laboratory other features such as scalation of the head, tooth shape and body proportions.[4] These features have been used to group species into complexes and A. polymnus is part of the saddleback complex with A. sebae and A. latezonatus.[7] Genetic analysis has shown that A. latezonatus did not fit within this clade and has a monospecific lineage.[8][9] The yellow tail of A. sebae distinguishes that species from A. polymnus.[4]

Distribution and habitat

A. polymnus is found in the center of the Indo-Pacific area, known as the Coral Triangle, from the Philippines to Indonesia and New Guinea.It is also found in northern Australia, Melanesia and to the Ryukyu Islands of southern Japan.[4] Adults inhabit silty lagoons and harbour areas in depth range from 2 to 30 metres (6.6 to 98.4 ft).[10][11]

Host anemones

The relationship between anemonefish and their host sea anemones is not random and instead is highly nested in structure.[12] A. polymnus is a specialist, being hosted by 2 out of the 10 host anemones: [4][11][12]

Diet

Like all anemonefish, A. polymnus is omnivorous and its diet is based on zooplankton, small benthic crustaceans and algae.[13]

Behaviour

A. polymnus has a diurnal activity, is aggressively territorial and is dependent on its host sea anemone which it uses as a shelter for the group and for the nest. The anemonefish can also defend the anemone against some reef fishes which could eat the tentacles such as butterflyfishes.[6] Both species of sea anemone, which host A. polymnus, are known to bury themselves in the sand when they are under stress, leaving the fish vulnerable to predation. It has been suggested that the almost equal size of the male is an adaptation to allow it to elude predators by erratic swimming in the water column or covering the relatively long distance to shelter in coral rubble.[14]

Conservation status

Anemonefish and their host anemones are found on coral reefs and face similar environmental issues. Like corals, anemones contain intracellular endosymbionts, zooxanthellae, and can suffer from bleaching due to triggers such as increased water temperature or acidification. The other threat to anemonefish is collection for the marine aquarium trade where anemonefish make up 43% of the global marine ornamental trade, and 25% of the global trade comes from fish bred in captivity, while the majority are captured from the wild,[15][16] accounting for decreased densities in exploited areas.[17] While bleaching is a significant threat to anemonefish and their host anemones, there is evidence suggesting that collection compounds the localised impact of bleaching.[18] This species was not evaluated in the 2012 release of the IUCN Red List.

In the aquarium

A. polymnus has been bred in captivity.[6] The protection of a host anemone is not required in an aquarium and attempting to keep either of the species of anemones commonly associated with this fish in a captive aquarium environment is not recommended, even for experienced aquarists. This is due to the poor survival rate of wild collected specimens and the overall shortened lifespans these normally centarian organisms often experience in captivity.

References

  1. ^ Jenkins, A.; Allen, G.; Myers, R.; Yeeting, B. & Carpenter, K.E. (2017). "Amphiprion polymnus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T188579A1896440. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T188579A1896440.en.
  2. ^ Bailly N, ed. (2014). "Amphiprion polymnus (Linnaeus, 1758)". FishBase. World Register of Marine Species.
  3. ^ Buston PM (May 2004). "Territory inheritance in clownfish". Proc. Biol. Sci. 271 (Suppl 4): S252–4. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2003.0156. PMC 1810038. PMID 15252999.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Fautin, Daphne G.; Allen, Gerald R. (1997). Field Guide to Anemone Fishes and Their Host Sea Anemones. Western Australian Museum. ISBN 9780730983651. Archived from the original on 18 October 2014.
  5. ^ Lieske, E.; Myers, R. (2001). Coral reef fishes. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691089959.
  6. ^ a b c "Amphiprion polymnus". Encyclopedia of Life.
  7. ^ Goemans, B. "Anemonefishes". Retrieved 20 September 2015.
  8. ^ Litsios, G.; Sims, C.; Wüest, R.; Pearman P.B.; Zimmermann, N.E.; Salamin N. (2012). "Mutualism with sea anemones triggered the adaptive radiation of clownfishes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 12 (11): 212. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-12-212. PMC 3532366. PMID 23122007.
  9. ^ DeAngelis, R. "What we really know about the diversity of Clownfish". Retrieved 20 September 2015.
  10. ^ Allen, Gerald R. (1991). Damselfishes of the world. Mergus. ISBN 9783882440089.
  11. ^ a b Bray, Dianne. "Saddleback Anemonefish, Amphiprion polymnus". Fishes of Australia. Retrieved 4 October 2015.
  12. ^ a b Ollerton J; McCollin D; Fautin DG; Allen GR (2007). "Finding NEMO: nestedness engendered by mutualistic organization in anemonefish and their hosts". Proc R Soc B Biol Sci. 274 (1609): 591–598. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3758. PMC 1766375. PMID 17476781.
  13. ^ Vilcinskas, Andreas (2002). La vie sous-marine des tropiques [Marine life of the tropics] (in French). Paris: Vigot. ISBN 978-2-7114-1525-0.
  14. ^ Moyer, J.T.; Steene, R.C. (1979). "Nesting Behavior of the Anemonefish Amphiprion polymnus". Japanese Journal of Ichthyology. 26 (22). doi:10.11369/jji1950.26.209.
  15. ^ Dhaneesh, K.V.; R. Vinoth; Swagat Gosh; M. Gopi; T.T. Ajith Kumar; T. Balasubramanian (2013). Sundaresan, J. (ed.). Hatchery Production of Marine Ornamental Fishes: An Alternate Livelihood Option for the Island Community at Lakshadweep. Climate Change and Island and Coastal Vulnerability. Vol. 17. Capital Publishing Company. pp. 253–265. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6016-5_17. ISBN 978-94-007-6015-8.
  16. ^ Taylor, M.; Green, E. & Razak, T. (2003). From ocean to aquarium: A global trade in marine ornamental species (PDF). UNEP world conservation and monitoring centre (WCMC). pp. 1–64. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
  17. ^ Shuman, Craig; Gregor Hodgson; Richard F. Ambrose (2005). "Population impacts of collecting sea anemones and anemonefish for the marine aquarium trade in the Philippines". Coral Reefs. 24 (4): 564–573. doi:10.1007/s00338-005-0027-z. S2CID 25027153.
  18. ^ Jones, A.M.; Gardner, S.; Sinclair, W. (2008). "Losing 'Nemo': bleaching and collection appear to reduce inshore populations of anemonefishes". Journal of Fish Biology. 73 (3): 753–756. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.01969.x.

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Saddleback clownfish: Brief Summary

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Amphiprion polymnus, also known as the saddleback clownfish or yellowfin anemonefish, is a black and white species of anemonefish with a distinctive saddle. Like all anemonefishes it forms a symbiotic mutualism with sea anemones and is unaffected by the stinging tentacles of the host anemone. It is a sequential hermaphrodite with a strict sized-based dominance hierarchy: the female is largest, the breeding male is second largest, and the male non-breeders get progressively smaller as the hierarchy descends. They exhibit protandry, meaning the breeding male will change to female if the sole breeding female dies, with the largest non-breeder becomes the breeding male.

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Amphiprion polymnus ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El pez anémona ensillado (Amphiprion polymnus) es una especie de peces de la familia Pomacentridae, en el orden de los Perciformes.

Pertenecen a los denominados peces payaso, o peces anémona, y viven en una relación mutualista con anémonas Heteractis crispa y Stichodactyla haddoni.

Morfología

Presenta dos variantes de coloración: una, naranja oxidado, con una franja blanca ancha en la cabeza, otra, también blanca, en la mitad de la espalda, con forma de silla de monta, y un amplio margen blanco en la aleta caudal; la otra forma es de coloración casi negra, con las dos primeras franjas blancas en cabeza y cuerpo, a menudo con amarillo o naranja en el hocico, aletas pectorales y en la aleta caudal.[2]​ La franja blanca de en medio, en algunos ejemplares, se prolonga hasta el vientre.

Cuenta con 10-11 espinas y 16-18 radios blandos dorsales; 2 espinas y 12-14 radios blandos anales.[3]

Las hembras pueden llegar alcanzar los 13 cm de longitud total.[4]

Reproducción

Es monógamo y hermafrodita secuencial protándrico,[5]​ esto significa que todos los alevines son machos, y que tienen la facultad de convertirse en hembras, cuando la situación jerárquica en el grupo lo permite, siendo el ejemplar mayor del clan el que se convierte en la hembra dominante, ya que se organizan en matriarcados.[6]

Su género es algo fácil de identificar, ya que la hembra, teóricamente es la más grande del clan. Cuando esta muere, el pequeño macho dominante se convierte en una hembra.

Son desovadores bénticos. El número de huevos oscila entre 100 y 1000 por puesta, dependiendo del tamaño y experiencia de la madre. Los huevos son demersales, de forma elíptica, y adheridos al sustrato. La reproducción se produce en cuanto comienza a elevarse la temperatura del agua, aunque, como habitan en aguas tropicales, se pueden reproducir casi todo el año. El macho prepara el lugar de la puesta, en un sustrato duro cercano a una anémona, y, tras realizar las maniobras del cortejo, espera a que la hembra fije los huevos allí, y los fertiliza. Posteriormente, agita sus aletas periódicamente para oxigenar los embriones, y elimina los que están en mal estado. Tras un periodo de 6-7 días, cuando los alevines se liberan, no reciben atención alguna de sus padres. Deambulan en aguas superficiales en fase larval durante 8 a 12 días, posteriormente descienden al fondo en busca de una anémona, y mutan a su coloración juvenil.

Alimentación

Se alimenta de algas bénticas y pequeños invertebrados[7]​ del zooplancton, como copépodos y larvas.

Hábitat y comportamiento

Es un pez de mar, de clima tropical (30°N-25°S), y asociado a los arrecifes de coral, que vive entre 2-30 m de profundidad.[8]​ De adultos frecuentan lagunas limosas y puertos.

Mantiene una relación mutualista con anémonas Heteractis crispa y Stichodactyla haddoni.

Distribución geográfica

Se encuentra en el Pacífico occidental: desde las Islas Ryukyu al norte, hasta Australia (el Territorio del Norte y el Golfo de Carpentaria) al sur, e Islas Salomón al este.

Está presente en Australia, Camboya, China, Filipinas, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japón, Malasia, Papúa Nueva Guinea, islas Salomón. Singapur, Taiwán, Tailandia y Vietnam. Siendo cuestionable su presencia en India y Mozambique.[9]

Galería

Observaciones

Puede ser criado en cautividad.

Referencias

  1. Bailly, N. (2015). Amphiprion polymnus (Linnaeus, 1758). In: Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2015) FishBase. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=212781 Registro Mundial de Especies Marinas. Consultado el 16 de mayo de 2015.
  2. http://www.fishesofaustralia.net.au/Home/species/318#summary Archivado el 4 de octubre de 2015 en Wayback Machine. Fishes of Australia: web divulgativa del consorcio OzFishNet y el Victoria Museum, Australia.
  3. FishBase (en inglés)
  4. Lieske, E. y R. Myers 1994. Collins Pocket Guide. Coral reef fishes. Indo-Pacific & Caribbean including the Red Sea. Haper Collins Publishers, 400 p.
  5. Allsop, D.J. and S.A. West, (2003) (en inglés) Constant relative age and size at sex change for sequentially hermaphroditic fish. J. Evol. Biol. 16(2003):921-929.
  6. Allen, G.R., (1986) (en inglés) Pomacentridae. p. 670-682. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
  7. http://www.fishbase.org/TrophicEco/FoodItemsList.php?vstockcode=8396&genus=Amphiprion&species=polymnus FishBase: Lista de alimentos de A. polymnus. Consultado el 15 de mayo de 2015.
  8. Allen, G.R. (1991) Damselfishes of the world. Mergus Publishers, Melle, Germany. 271 p.
  9. http://www.fishbase.org/Country/CountryList.php?ID=8086&GenusName=Amphiprion&SpeciesName=polymnus FishBase: Lista de países de A. polymnus. Consultado el 15 de mayo de 2015.

Bibliografía

  • Eschmeyer, William N., ed. 1998. Catalog of Fishes. Special Publication of the Center for Biodiversity Research and Information, núm. 1, vol. 1-3. California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco, California, Estados Unidos. 2905. ISBN 0-940228-47-5.
  • Fenner, Robert M.: The Conscientious Marine Aquarist. Neptune City, Nueva Jersey, Estados Unidos : T.F.H. Publications, 2001.
  • Helfman, G., B. Collette y D. Facey: The diversity of fishes. Blackwell Science, Malden, Massachusetts, Estados Unidos , 1997.
  • Hoese, D.F. 1986: . A M.M. Smith y P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlín, Alemania.
  • Maugé, L.A. 1986. A J. Daget, J.-P. Gosse y D.F.E. Thys van den Audenaerde (eds.) Check-list of the freshwater fishes of Africa (CLOFFA). ISNB, Bruselas; MRAC, Tervuren, Flandes; y ORSTOM, París, Francia. Vol. 2.
  • Moyle, P. y J. Cech.: Fishes: An Introduction to Ichthyology, 4a. edición, Upper Saddle River, Nueva Jersey, Estados Unidos: Prentice-Hall. Año 2000.
  • Nelson, J.: Fishes of the World, 3a. edición. Nueva York, Estados Unidos: John Wiley and Sons. Año 1994.
  • Wheeler, A.: The World Encyclopedia of Fishes, 2a. edición, Londres: Macdonald. Año 1985.

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Amphiprion polymnus: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El pez anémona ensillado (Amphiprion polymnus) es una especie de peces de la familia Pomacentridae, en el orden de los Perciformes.

Pertenecen a los denominados peces payaso, o peces anémona, y viven en una relación mutualista con anémonas Heteractis crispa y Stichodactyla haddoni.

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Amphiprion polymnus ( Basque )

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Amphiprion polymnus Amphiprion generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Pomacentridae familian sailkatzen da.

Banaketa

Erreferentziak

  1. Froese, Rainer & Pauly, Daniel ed. (2006), Amphiprion polymnus FishBase webgunean. 2006ko apirilaren bertsioa.

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Amphiprion polymnus: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Amphiprion polymnus Amphiprion generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Pomacentridae familian sailkatzen da.

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Satulavuokkokala ( Finnish )

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Satulavuokkokala (Amphiprion polymnus) on koralliriuttojen pyöreämuotoinen kala, jota pidetään myös meriakvaarioissa.

Koko ja ulkonäkö

Satulavuokkokala kasvaa noin 13 cm pitkäksi. Kalan pohjaväri on tummanruskea, lähes musta. Silmän takana ja pyrstön tyvessä on valkea raita. Kalan keskiosassa on valkoinen satulanmuotoinen kuvio.

Alkuperä

Satulavuokkokalat elävät Intian valtameren itäosissa ja Tyynenmeren länsiosissa.[2]

Käyttäytyminen ja lisääntyminen

 src=
Satulavuokkokaloja ja merivuokko Itä-Timorissa

Satulavuokkokalat elävät symbioosissa merivuokon kanssa. Sen suosimia lajeja ovat Stichodactyla haddoni ja Heteractis crispa.[3]

Lähteet

  1. Jenkins, A., Allen, G., Myers, R., Yeeting, B. & Carpenter, K.E.: Amphiprion polymnus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017.3. 2017. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 4.1.2017. (englanniksi)
  2. Amphiprion polymnus (peilipalvelin) FishBase. Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (toim.). (englanniksi)
  3. The Clownfishes, Damsels of the subfamily Amphiprionae, Part 1 Wet Web Media

Aiheesta muualla

Tämä kaloihin liittyvä artikkeli on tynkä. Voit auttaa Wikipediaa laajentamalla artikkelia.
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Satulavuokkokala: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Satulavuokkokala (Amphiprion polymnus) on koralliriuttojen pyöreämuotoinen kala, jota pidetään myös meriakvaarioissa.

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Amphiprion polymnus ( French )

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Poisson-clown à selle blanche, Poisson-clown à selle de cheval

Amphiprion polymnus, communément nommé Poisson-clown à selle blanche ou Poisson-clown à selle de cheval, est une espèce de poisson marin de la famille des Pomacentridés.

Description

Le Poisson-clown à selle blanche est un poisson de petite taille pouvant atteindre 13 cm de long.

Son corps est d'apparence trapue, de forme ovale, comprimé latéralement et avec un profil arrondi[1]. Il existe de multiples variations géographiques surtout au niveau des deux teintes de fond de cette espèce de poisson-clown. La couleur sombre dorsale va du brun au noir et son étendue au niveau de la zone ventrale est variable soit totale ou partielle. La teinte claire, quant à elle, va du jaune orangé au brun orangé avec une répartition ventrale variable.

 src=
Poisson-clown à selle de cheval, île de Ko Tao, Thaïlande

Toutefois le museau est toujours de teinte claire ainsi que les nageoires pectorales. Un bandeau blanc plus ou moins large passe en arrière de l’œil, une tache blanche, dite « selle », de dimension variable est présente au centre du dos et s'étend sur la partie postérieure de la nageoire dorsale. Le bord externe de la nageoire caudale et anale sont bordés d'un trait blanc[2]

Distribution

Cette espèce fréquente les eaux tropicales du centre du bassin Indo-Pacifique[3].

Habitat

Le Poisson-clown à selle de cheval apprécie les récifs coralliens et plus particulièrement lorsque ces derniers ont un fond plutôt vaseux et limoneux ou sableux entre 3 et 35 m de profondeur ; et les zones portuaires entre 2 et 3 m de profondeur[4].

Il vit en association avec deux espèces d'anémones de mer: Heteractis crispa (Anémone cuir) et Stichodactyla haddoni (Anémone carpette)[1][5].

Alimentation

Amphiprion polymnus est omnivore, il se nourrit d'algues, de petits crustacés benthiques et de zooplancton[2].

Comportement

Le Poisson-clown à selle blanche a une activité diurne. Il est hermaphrodite protandre, c'est-à-dire que l'animal est d'abord mâle puis devient femelle, et vit en harem au sein duquel la hiérarchie est très marquée et basée sur l'agressivité physique constante du dominant envers les dominés.

Il est territorial et lié à son anémone[3]. Ce n'est pas un poisson nageur, il demeure toujours à proximité directe de son hôte et s'en éloigne d'à peine quelques mètres pour chercher sa nourriture.

Le mutualisme est le terme qui définit le type de relation associative entre l’anémone de mer et le poisson-clown. En effet, un mucus protecteur, développé depuis le stade larvaire, est réparti sur le corps du poisson et l'immunise contre le venin urticant produit par l’anémone. Le poisson trouve un abri au sein de l’anémone. En contrepartie le poisson-clown peut servir de leurre pour attirer des proies vers l’anémone et déparasiter cette dernière. Il peut aussi défendre son anémone contre des attaques de certains poissons pouvant brouter l’anémone comme les Poissons-papillons[3].

Le mâle et la femelle A. polymnus sont presque égaux en taille alors que pour les autres espèces de Poisson-clown les femelles sont les plus grosses. Les anémones des fonds sableux que fréquente A. polymnus sont connues pour s'enfouir lorsqu'elles sont stressées. Ne pouvant pas se cacher dans le récif dans cette situation comme l'aurait fait une autre espèce, A. polymnus s'est adapté en ayant de grands mâles pour limiter la prédation[6].

Références

  1. a et b Lieske et Myers 2009
  2. a et b Vilcinskas 2002
  3. a b et c EOL, consulté le 20 mai 2013
  4. (en) G.R. Allen, Damselfishes of the world, Melle, Germany, Mergus Publishers, 1991 (ISBN 3-88244-008-2)
  5. Andrea et Antonella Ferrari (trad. de l'italien par Dominique Le Bouteiller Johnson), Guide des récifs coralliens : la faune sous-marine des corauxBarriere corraline »], Paris, Delachaux et Niestlé, coll. « Les compagnons du naturaliste », 2000 (1re éd. 1999), 288 p. (ISBN 2603011936), Poisson-clown à selle de cheval page 242
  6. (en) Jack T. Moyer et Roger C. Steene, « Nesting Behavior of the Anemonefish Amphiprion polymnus », Japanese Journal of Ichtyology, vol. 26, no 2,‎ 1979, p. 213 (lire en ligne)

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Amphiprion polymnus: Brief Summary ( French )

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Poisson-clown à selle blanche, Poisson-clown à selle de cheval

Amphiprion polymnus, communément nommé Poisson-clown à selle blanche ou Poisson-clown à selle de cheval, est une espèce de poisson marin de la famille des Pomacentridés.

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Amphiprion polymnus ( Italian )

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Il pesce pagliaccio sellato (Amphiprion polymnus (Linnaeus, 1758) è un pesce d'acqua salata appartenente alla famiglia Pomacentridae[1].

Descrizione

La livrea è molto varia e i colori dipendono dalla zona in cui vive. Gli esemplari delle Filippine sono quasi completamente neri con due marcate fasce bianche, mentre in altre zone il pesce può avere una terza banda oppure avere sfumature marroni o arancioni nelle zone nere[2].

Distribuzione e habitat

È originario delle barriere coralline dell'oceano Pacifico occidentale[3].

Biologia

Vive simbiosi con gli anemoni Heteractis crispa e Stichodactyla haddoni[3][4]. È stato frequentemente osservato mentre mangia le parti di cibo rimasto sui tentacoli del celenterato ma non utilizzato da esso[5].

Riproduzione

Questo pesce è oviparo ed ermafrodita, e i pesci più grandi sono femmine[4]. Le uova vengono deposte sul substrato e sorvegliate dai maschi[3].

Acquariofilia

Può essere allevato in acquario.

Note

  1. ^ (EN) Amphiprion polymnus, in WoRMS (World Register of Marine Species).
  2. ^ Amphiprion polymnus (Pesce pagliaccio panda), su www.casc.it. URL consultato il 22 novembre 2020 (archiviato dall'url originale il 17 settembre 2013).
  3. ^ a b c scheda su FishBase
  4. ^ a b aquportal.it Archiviato l'8 febbraio 2005 in Internet Archive.
  5. ^ Animali d'acquario, Menico Torchio e Giuseppe Mazza, edizioni IPI, Milano

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Amphiprion polymnus: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Il pesce pagliaccio sellato (Amphiprion polymnus (Linnaeus, 1758) è un pesce d'acqua salata appartenente alla famiglia Pomacentridae.

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Amphiprion polymnus ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Vissen

Amphiprion polymnus is een straalvinnige vissensoort uit de familie van rifbaarzen of koraaljuffertjes (Pomacentridae).[1] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1758 door Linnaeus.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. (en) Amphiprion polymnus. FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. 10 2011 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2011.
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Amphiprion polymnus ( Portuguese )

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O peixe-palhaço-de-sela (Amphiprion polymnus)[2] é uma espécie de peixe-palhaço do gênero Amphiprion. Ele é listrado de preto e branco.[3] Comumente é encontrado em lojas de aquários.

Referências

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Amphiprion polymnus: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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O peixe-palhaço-de-sela (Amphiprion polymnus) é uma espécie de peixe-palhaço do gênero Amphiprion. Ele é listrado de preto e branco. Comumente é encontrado em lojas de aquários.

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Amphiprion polymnus ( Vietnamese )

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Cá hề khoang cổ (Danh pháp khoa học: Amphiprion polymnus) là một loài cá hề trong họ Pomacentridae thuộc chi Amphiprion.

Phân bố

Cá Hề thường được tìm thấy ở phía Tây Thái Bình Dương, Trung Quốc, Việt Nam, Đài Loan, phía nam Indonesia, Philippines, Australia, phía tây New Guinea và quần đảo Soloman. Chúng là một trong những loài cá cảnh biển phổ biến nhất trên thế giới, được lựa chọn để thả trong những bể chứa nhiều san hô mềm, chúng khá khỏe mạnh và dễ thương khi xuất hiện bên cạnh những con san hô.

Đặc điểm

Cá có một màu nâu sẫm gần như đen trên cơ thể, với những sọc trắng dọc từ lưng xuống dưới bụng. Trong tự nhiên chúng thường sống ở những khu vực bãi cát nông với những rạn san hô bán cạn. Trong môi trường bể nuôi, cung cấp nhiều đá sống, tạo nhiều hang ổ và chỗ trú, nấp sẽ giúp cho cá tránh được stress, tăng cường sức chịu đựng, chống chọi bệnh tật. Cá Hề có một chế độ ăn uống có chứa thịt và thực vật như rong tảo. Chúng ăn những loại thịt như thịt cá dẹp, cá, tôm đông lạnh, chúng cần nhiều đá sống chứa rong tảo để chúng có thể tự do bổ sung các vi chất cần thiết cho cơ thể, chúng ăn gần như tất cả những gì cho vào bể.

Loài cá này có tập tính tương tự như những con cá Hề Sebae hoặc cá Hề Clarkii, nên nuôi chúng theo những nhóm nhỏ hay thành từng cặp trong thời gian sinh sản. Những con cá Hề này dường như sinh ra để làm cảnh, những con cá Hề trong bể dường như có khả năng thích nghi cao hơn cả những con cá ngoài hoang dã, tuy nhiên cả hai đều rất dễ chăm sóc. Cá Hề thích ứng tốt nhất với những bể kính có kích thước lớn hơn 30 gallons với nền cát và nhiều đá sống.

Tham khảo

  1. ^ Bailly, N. (2010). Nicolas Bailly, biên tập. Amphiprion polymnus (Linnaeus, 1758)”. FishBase. Cơ sở dữ liệu sinh vật biển. Truy cập ngày 24 tháng 12 năm 2011.
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Amphiprion polymnus: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Cá hề khoang cổ (Danh pháp khoa học: Amphiprion polymnus) là một loài cá hề trong họ Pomacentridae thuộc chi Amphiprion.

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Amphiprion polymnus ( Russian )

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Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Группа: Рыбы
Группа: Костные рыбы
Подкласс: Новопёрые рыбы
Инфракласс: Костистые рыбы
Надотряд: Колючепёрые
Серия: Перкоморфы
Подотряд: Губановидные
Семейство: Помацентровые
Подсемейство: Рыбы-клоуны (Amphiprioninae Allen, 1975)
Вид: Amphiprion polymnus
Международное научное название

Amphiprion polymnus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Синонимы
  • Amphiprion bifasciatus annamensis Chevey, 1932
  • Amphiprion intermedius Schlegel and Müller, 1839
  • Amphiprion laticlavius Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1830
  • Amphiprion trifasciatus Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1830
  • Anthias bifasciatus Bloch, 1792
  • Coracinus vittatus Gronow in Gray, 1854
  • Lutjanus jourdin Lacépède, 1802
  • Paramphiprion hainanensis Wang, 1941
  • Perca polymna Linnaeus, 1758
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ITIS 170146NCBI 96882EOL 213681

Amphiprion polymnus (лат.) — вид рыб из семейства помацентровых (Pomacentridae). Достигают в длину 12 см. Отличается от близких видов широким белым пятном позади спинного плавника. Обитатели коралловых рифов Южно-Китайского моря и прибрежных водах Индонезии, Филиппин, Тайваня, Рюкю, Новой Гвинеи, Соломоновых островов и австралийской Северной территории. Вступают в симбиоз с актиниями Heteractis crispa и Stichodactyla haddoni. Для особей, живущих в симбиозе с актинией Heteractis crispa, характерен меланизм — белыми остаются лишь полосы и рисунок хвостового плавника.

Литература

  • Dapne G. Fautin, Gerald R. Allen Anemonenfische und ihre Wirte. – Tetra-Verlag, 1994. ISBN 3-89356-171-4


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Авторы и редакторы Википедии

Amphiprion polymnus: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Amphiprion polymnus (лат.) — вид рыб из семейства помацентровых (Pomacentridae). Достигают в длину 12 см. Отличается от близких видов широким белым пятном позади спинного плавника. Обитатели коралловых рифов Южно-Китайского моря и прибрежных водах Индонезии, Филиппин, Тайваня, Рюкю, Новой Гвинеи, Соломоновых островов и австралийской Северной территории. Вступают в симбиоз с актиниями Heteractis crispa и Stichodactyla haddoni. Для особей, живущих в симбиозе с актинией Heteractis crispa, характерен меланизм — белыми остаются лишь полосы и рисунок хвостового плавника.

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鞍斑雙鋸魚 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Amphiprion polymnus
Linnaeus, 1758

鞍斑雙鋸魚,又名鞍斑海葵鱼鞍背小丑,為輻鰭魚綱鱸形目隆頭魚亞目雀鯛科的其中一

分布

本魚分布於西太平洋區,包括琉球群島中國臺灣菲律賓印尼澳洲越南等海域。

深度

水深2至30公尺。

特徵

本魚體側扁,口小。體色為深褐色,其特徵為體側具有3個白色鞍狀斑。背鰭硬棘10至11枚;軟條16至18枚;臀鰭硬棘2枚;軟條12至14枚。體長可達13公分。

生態

本魚主要生活在潟湖區,具有領域性,行一妻一妻制 (一妻一妻???????) 。屬雜食性,以藻類浮游生物為食。

經濟利用

為高經濟價值的觀賞魚。

参考文献

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维基百科作者和编辑

鞍斑雙鋸魚: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

鞍斑雙鋸魚,又名鞍斑海葵鱼、鞍背小丑,為輻鰭魚綱鱸形目隆頭魚亞目雀鯛科的其中一

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
维基百科作者和编辑